Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926

Bibliography

Conceptual and Comparative Works

Bisley, Nick. “Counter-Revolution, Order and International Politics.” Review of International Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 49–69.

Collier, Paul, and Nicholas Sambanis, eds. Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2005.

David, Steven R. “Internal Wars: Causes and Cures.” World Politics 49 (1997): 552–76.

Derriennic, Jean-Pierre. Les Guerres Civiles. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2001.

Forman, Eric M. “Civil War as a Source of International Violence.” Journal of Politics 34, no. 4 (1972): 1111–34.

Kalyvas, Stathis. “Civil Wars.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Carles Boix and Susan Stokes, 416–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

———. “Warfare in Civil Wars.” In Rethinking the Nature of War, edited by Isabelle Duyvesteyn and Jan Angstrom, 88–108. London: Frank Cass, 2005.

Oberschall, Anthony, and Michael Seidman. “Food Coercion in Revolution and Civil War: Who Wins and How They Do It.” Comparitive Studies in Society and History 47, no. 2 (2005): 372–402.

Sambamis, Nicholas. “What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, no. 6 (2004): 816–58.

Waldmann, Peter. “Civil War: Approaching a Tenuous Term.” In Civil Wars: Consequences and Possibilities for Regulation, edited by Heinrich Krumwiede and Peter Waldmann, 15–36. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000.

———. “The Dynamics and Consequences of Civil Wars.” In Civil Wars: Consequences and Possibilities for Regulation, edited by Heinrich Krumwiede and Peter Waldmann, 105–29. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2000.

Zawodny, Janusz. “Internal Warfare.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 7–8:499–502. London: Macmillan, 1972.

Reference Works

Acton, Edward, Vladimir Iu. Cherniaev, and William G. Rosenberg, eds. Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia. 1st ed. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1929–1947. Available online in Russian at http://gatchina3000.ru/great-soviet-encyclopedia/.

de Mowbray, Stephen A. Key Facts in Soviet History. Vol. 1, 1917–1941. London: Pinter, 1990.

Deiateli SSSR i revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia Rossii. Entsiklopedicheskii slovarʹ Granat. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1989.

Gorkin, A. P., et al., eds. Voennyi entsiklopedicheskii slovarʹ. Moscow: Ripol klassik, 2002.

Grazhdanskaia voina i voennaia interventsiia v SSSR: Entsiklopediia. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1987.

Jackson, George, and Robert Devlin. Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1989.

Jones, David R. The Military-Naval Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1978– (continued as The Military Encyclopedia of Russia and Eurasia from 2011, edited by William Reger).

Kasatonov, I. V., ed. Morskoi biograficheskii slovarʹ. St. Petersburg: Logos, 1995.

Minahan, James. The Former Soviet Union’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2004.

Nezabytye mogily: Rossiiskoe zarubezhʹe. Nekrologi 1917–1997. 6 vols. Moscow: RGB, 1999–2006.

Politicheskie partii Rossii: Konets XIX—pervaia tret’ XX veka; Entsiklopediia. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1996.

Protasov, L. G., ed. Liudi Uchreditel’nogo sobraniia: Portret v inter’ere epokhi. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2008.

Revoliutsiia i grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii, 1917–1923: Entsiklopediia. 4 Vols. Moscow: Terra, 2008. Available online in Russian at http://www.soyuzkniga.ru/encaz_e3_az.html.

Russkaia voennaia emigratsiia 20-kh–40-kh godov: Dokumenty i materialy. 5 vols. Moscow: Geia/Triada-Kh/RGGU, 1998–2010.

Russkoe zarubezh’e: Zolotaia kniga emigratsii; Pervaia tret’ XX veka; Entsiklopedicheskii biograficheskii slovar’. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1997.

Shmaglit, R. G. Beloe dvizhenie: 900 biografii krupneishikh predstavitelei russkogo voennogo zarubezhia. Moscow: Zebra, 2006.

Shukman, Harold, ed. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.

Velikaia Oktiabr’skaia Sotsialisticheskaia Revoliutsiia: Entsiklopediia. Moscow: Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 1987.

Voennaia entsiklopediia. Moscow. Voennoe izdatel’stvo, 1997–.

Volodikhin, D. M., and S. V. Volkov, eds. Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii: Entsiklopediia katastrofy. Moscow: Sibirskii tsiriul’nik, 2010.

Wieczynski, Joseph L., et al., eds. The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History. 59 vols + supplements. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1976–1996 (volumes from 1993 entitled The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History).

Zaleskii, K. A. Imperiia Stalina: Biograficheskii entsiklopedicheskii slovar’. Moscow; Veche, 2000.

http://www.hrono.ru/: An invaluable historical encyclopedia with particular focus on Russia (in Russian).

http://www.mochola.org/: Encyclopedia of materials on the emigration (in Russian).

http://www.istorypedia.com/: Historical encyclopedia with special focus on things military and the Cossacks (in Russian).

http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html: A detailed guide to Russian (and other) civil war polities (in English).

http://rusk.ru/voinstvo.php: Military history site with extensive coverage of the civil war (in English).

http://www.marxists.org/: The Marxist Internet Archive (in English).

http://www.marxists.org/glossary/index.htm: Encyclopedia of Marxism (in English).

http://militera.lib.ru/: Collection of texts on military history, including many key sources on the Russian Civil War (in Russian).

http://pygmy-wars.50megs.com/: A site devoted to conflicts in Eastern Europe and Russia, 1918–1923 (in English).

http://www.dk1868.ru/history/: Extensive library of published materials on the civil war (in Russian).

http://www.colisee.org: Collection of articles and materials relating to the history of states of Eurasia (in French).

http://www.onwar.com/: General military history site (in English).

http://fotw.net/flags/index.html: Flags of the world (in English).

http://www.nivestnik.ru/index.html: All issues of the Novyi istoricheskii vestnik, with many articles on the civil war (in Russian).

http://slovari.yandex.ru: A portal to a collection of encyclopedias (in Russian).

http://www.historyofwar.org/index.html: Encyclopedia of military history (in English).

http://www.vojnik.org/civilwar: Extensive collection of materials on the civil war (in Russian).

http://www.rkka.ru/maps1940.htm: Maps detailing military activity during the civil war (in Russian).

http://www.eleven.co.il/: Encyclopedia of Jewish affairs (in Russian).

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/index.html: Huge library of materials on Jewish affairs (in English).

http://www.rusrevolution.info/index.shtml?about: Diverse collection of materials on the Russian Revolution and Civil War (in Russian).

http://eng.plakaty.ru/: Russian posters site, with many military and propaganda works from the civil war (in English).

http://www.sobiratel.net/zasluga/Russia/Russia.htm: Russian/Soviet medals, including sections on the RSFSR and the Whites (in English and Russian).

http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org: The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, the most complete reference work on its subject.

Bibliographies

Arans, David,, ed. How We Lost the Civil War: Bibliography of Russian émigré Memoirs of the Russian Revolution, 1917–1921. Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners, 1998.

Ganin, A. V. Korpus ofitserov Generalʹnogo shtaba v gody Grazhdanskoi voiny, 1917–1922: Spravochnye materialy. Moscow: Russkii putʹ, 2009.

Grierson, Philip. Books on Soviet Russia, 1917–1942: A Bibliography and Guide to Reading. London: Methuen, 1943.

Mehnert, Klaus. Die Sovet-Union 1917–32: Systematische, mit Kommentaren versehne Bibliographie. Königsberg: Ost-Europa-Verlag, 1933.

Smele, Jonathan D., ed. The Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917–1921: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Continuum, 2003.

Victoroff-Toproff, V. Russica et Sovietica: Bibliographie des ouvrages parus en français de 1917 à 1930 inclus relatifs à ʹU.R.S.S. Saint-Cloud: éditions documentaries et bibliographiques, 1931.

http://ebsees.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/simple_search.php: European Bibliography of Slavic and East European Studies (in English).

Historiographical Works

Azovtsev, N. N., and V. P. Naumov. “Study of the History of the Military Intervention and Civil War in the USSR.” Soviet Studies in History 10, no. 4 (1971–1972): 327–60.

Bordiugov, G. A., A. I. Ushakov, and V. Iu. Churakov. Beloe delo: Ideologiia osnovy rezhimy vlasti. Moscow: Russkii Mir, 1998.

Davies, R. W. “Lenin, the Civil War and After.” In Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution, edited by R. W. Davies, 115–26. London: Macmillan, 1989.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “New Perspectives on the Civil War.” In Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History, edited by Diane Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald G. Suny, 3–23. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Goldin, V. N. Rossiia v grazhdanskoi voine: Ocherki noveishei istoriografii (vtoraia polivina 1980-x–nachalo 90-x gg). Arkhangelʹsk: Borges, 2000.

Keep, John. “Social Aspects of the Russian Revolutionary Era (1917–1923) in Recent English-Language Historiography.” East European Quarterly 24, no. 2 (1990): 159–84.

Kenez, Peter. “Western Historiography of the Russian Civil War.” In Essays in Russian and East European History: Festschrift in Honor of Edward C. Thaden, edited by Leo Schelbert and Nick Ceh, 197–215. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1995.

Smele, Jonathan D. “Russia: Civil War, 1917–1920.” In Reader’s Guide to Military History, edited by Charles Messenger, 510–15. London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001.

Ushakov, A. I. Istoriia grazhdanskoi voiny v literature russkogo zarubezhʹia: Opyt izucheniia. Moscow: Rossiia molodaia, 1993.

Documentary Collections

Akhapin, Y., comp. First Decrees of Soviet Power: Acts of Legislation, November 1917–July 1918. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1970.

Brovkin, Vladimir, ed. Dear Comrades: Menshevik Reports on the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1991.

Bunyan, James, ed. Intervention, Civil War and Communism in Russia: Documents and Materials. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936.

Bunyan, James, and H. H. Fisher, eds. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1934.

Butt, V. P., A. Brian Murphy, and Geoffrey R. Swain, eds. The Russian Civil War: Documents from the Soviet Archives. London: Macmillan, 1996.

Daly, Jonathan, and Leonid Trofimov, eds. Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 2009.

Kowalski, Ronald I., ed. The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921. London: Routledge, 1997.

Meijer, Jan M., ed. The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922, 2 Vols. The Hague/London/ Paris: International Instituut Voor Sociale Geschiedenis, 1964–1970.

Murphy, A. Brian, ed. The Russian Civil War: Primary Sources. London: Macmillan, 2000.

Piontkovskii, S., ed. Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii. Khrestomatiia (1918–1921 gg.) Moscow: Kommunisticheskiı universitet, 1925.

Pipes, Richard, ed. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996.

Wade, Rex A., ed. Documents of Soviet History. Vol. 1, The Triumph of Bolshevism, 1917–1919. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1991.

———, ed. Documents of Soviet History. Vol. 2, Triumph and Retreat, 1920–1922. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1993.

———, ed. Documents of Soviet History. Vol. 3, Lenin’s Heirs, 1923–1925. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1995.

———, ed. Documents of Soviet History. Vol. 4, Stalin Grasps Power, 1926–1928. Gulf Breeze, Fla.: Academic International Press, 1998.

http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page: The World War One Document Archive (in English).

http://revsoc.org/: Site of the Union of Revolutionary Socialists, including many historical documents (in English, Russian, and other languages).

Surveys and General Secondary Works

Anishev, A. I. Ocherki istorii grazhdanskoi voiny, 1917–1920. Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925.

Azovtsev, N. N., et al., eds. Grazhdanskaia voina v SSSR. 2 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1980–86.

Bradley, John. Civil War in Russia, 1917–1920. London: Batsford, 1975.

Brovkin, Vladimir, ed. The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

Bubnov, A. S., S. S. Kamenev, and R. P. Eidman, eds. Grazhdanskaia voina, 1918–1921. 3 vols. Moscow: Voennyi vestnik, 1928–1930.

Bullock, David. The Russian Civil War, 1918–22. Oxford: Osprey, 2008.

Carr, E. H. A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923. 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 1950–1978.

Chamberlin, William H. The Russian Revolution. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1935.

Ellis, John. “The Russian Civil War, 1917–1920.” In Armies in Revolution, 163–99. London: Croom Helm, 1973.

Footman, D. Civil War in Russia. London: Faber & Faber, 1961.

Gorky, M., et al., eds. History of the Civil War in the USSR. 2 vols. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1937–1947.

Grondijs, L. H. La Guerre en Russie et en Sibérie. Paris: Bossard, 1922.

Holquist, Peter. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Kakurin, N., N. Kovtun, and V. Sukhov. Voennaia istoriia grazhdanskoi voiny v Rossii, 1918–1920 godov. Moscow: Evrolints, 2004.

Kondrat, Vyacheslav, and Tom Hillman. Aviatsiia grazhdanskoi voiny. n.p.: Gauntlet International, 2008.

Lih, Lars T. Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Lincoln, W. Bruce. Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914–1918. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.

———. Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.

Litvin, A. L. Krasnyi i belyi terror v Rossii, 1918–1922 gg. Moscow: Iauza and Eksmo, 2004.

Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. Edinburgh: Berlinn, 2008.

Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 1919–1924. New York: Harvill, 1994.

———. The Russian Revolution, 1899–1919. New York: Harvill, 1990.

Poliakov, Iu. A. “Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii (poiska novogo videniia).” Istoriia SSSR), no. 2 (1990): 98–117.

Poliakov, Iu. A., and Iu. I. Igritskii, eds. Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii: Perekrestok mnenii. Moscow: Nauka, 1994.

Read, Christopher. From Tsar to Soviets: The Russian People and Their Revolution, 1917–1921. London: University College London Press, 1996.

———. War and Revolution in Russia, 1914–22: The Collapse of Tsarism and the Establishment of Soviet Power. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2013.

Stepanov, A I. “The Civil War in Russia: A Roundtable Discussion.” Russian Studies in History 32, no. 4 (1993–1994): 73–95.

Stone, David R. “The Russian Civil War, 1917–1921.” In The Military History of the Soviet Union, edited by Robin Higham and Frederick W Kagan, 13–33. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2002.

Swain, Geoffrey. The Origins of the Russian Civil War. London: Longman, 1995.

———. Russia’s Civil War. Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2000.

Venner, Dominique. Les Blancs et les Rouges: Histoire de la guerre civile russe, 1917–1921. Paris: Éditions Pygmalion, 1997.

Vigor, Peter Hast. “The Military Strategy of the Russian Civil War.” Study Group on the Russian Revolution: Sbornik, no. 3 (1977): 13–19.

Wade, Rex A. The Bolshevik Revolution and Russian Civil War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001.

Werth, Nicolas. “Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918–1921).” In Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. March 2008. http://www.massviolence.org/Crimes-and-mass-violence-of-the-Russian-civil-wars-1918 [last updated 3 April 2008].

White, James D. The Russian Revolution, 1917–1921: A Short History. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.

Zaitsov, A. A. 1918 god: Ocherki po istorii russkoi grazhdanskoi voiny. Paris: A. Zaitsov, 1934.

Background

The Collapse of Tsarism

Florinsky, Michael T. The End of the Russian Empire. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1931.

Gatrell, Peter. Russia’s First World War: A Social and Economic History. London: Longman, 2005.

Kennan, George F. “The Breakdown of the Tsarist Autocracy.” In Revolutionary Russia, edited by Richard Pipes, 1–15. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.

Lieven, Dominic. Nicholas II: Twilight of the Empire. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

Lincoln, W. Bruce. In War’s Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War. New York: Dial Press, 1983.

McKean, Robert B. The Russian Constitutional Monarchy, 1907–1917. Historical Association Pamphlets General Series, no. 91. London: Historical Association Pamphlets, 1977.

http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2009/10/21/color-photography-from-russian-in-the-early-1900s/: An evocative collection of photographs from late imperial Russia.

1917

Katkov, George. Russia, 1917: The Kornilov Affair—Kerensky and the Break-up of the Russian Army. London: Longmans, 1980.

Munck, Jørgen Larsen. The Kornilov Revolt: A Critical Examination of the Sources. Aarhus, The Netherlands: Aarhus University Press, 1987.

Rabinowitch, Alexander. The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. New York: W.W. Norton, 1976.

———. Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968.

Wade, Rex A. Red Guards and Workers’ Militias in the Russian Revolution. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1984.

———. The Russian Search for Peace: February–October 1917. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1969.

Wildman, Allan K. “Officers of the General Staff and the Kornilov Movement.” In Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917, edited by Edith R. Frankel, Jonathan Frankel, and Barauch Knei-Paz, 76–104. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

The Russian Army and Navy in War and Revolution

Bonch-Bruevich, M. D. From Tsarist General to Red Army Commander. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1966.

Brussilov, General A. A. A Soldier’s Notebook, 1914–1918. London: Macmillan, 1930.

Cornish, Nik. The Russian Army and the First World War. Stroud, UK: Spellmount, 2006.

———. The Russian Army, 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey: 2001.

Denikin, A. I. The Career of a Tsarist Officer: Memoirs, 1872–1916. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975.

———. The Russian Turmoil: Memoirs Military, Social and Political. London: Hutchinson, 1922.

Fedotoff-White, Dmitry N. Survival Through War and Revolution in Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939.

Ferro, Marc. “The Russian Soldier in 1917: Undisciplined, Patriotic, and Revolutionary.” Slavic Review 30, no. 2 (1971): 483–512.

Frenkin, M. Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, 1917–1918. Munich: Logos, 1978.

Ganin, A. V. “O roli ofitserov General’nogo shtaba v grazhdanskoi voine.” Voprosy istorii, no. 6 (2004): 98–111.

Golovine, Lieutenant-General N. N. The Russian Army in the World War. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1931.

Graf, H. [Garal’d]. The Russian Navy in War and Revolution: From 1914 up to 1918. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1923.

Greger, R. Die russische Flotte im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914–1917. Munich: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1970.

Heenan, Louise E. Russian Democracy’s Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917. New York: Praeger, 1987.

Jones, David R. “The Imperial Army in World War I.” In The Military History of Tsarist Russia, edited by Frederick W. Kagan and Robin Higham, 227–48. London: Palgrave, 2002.

———. “Imperial Russia’s Forces at War.” In Military Effectiveness. Vol. 1, The First World War, edited by Allan R. Millett and Williamson Murrary, 249–329. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1988.

———. “The Officers and the October Revolution.” Soviet Studies 28, no. 2 (1976): 207–23.

Kenez, Peter. “A Profile of the Pre-Revolutionary Officer Corps.” Californian Slavic Studies 7 (1973): 128–45.

Kirby, D. G. “A Navy in Revolution: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917.” European Studies Review 4, no. 4 (1974): 345–58.

Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February 1917–April 1918. London: Macmillan, 1978.

———. “The Soldiers and Sailors.” In Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, edited by Robert Service, 103–19. London: Macmillan, 1992.

Mayzel, Matitiahu. Generals and Revolutionaries: The Russian General Staff during the Revolution—A Study in the Transformation of a Military Elite. Osnabruck, Germany: Biblio-Verlag, 1979.

Nekrasov, George. North of Gallipoli: The Black Sea Fleet at War, 1914–1917. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1992.

Nelson, Harold Walter. “The Military and the Revolution, February–June 1917.” In Leon Trotsky and the Art of Insurrection, 93–107. London: Frank Cass, 1988.

O’Rourke, Shane. Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia. London: Macmillan, 2000.

Ray, Oliver Allen. “The Imperial Russian Army Officer.” Political Science Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1961): 576–92.

Sanborn, Joshua A. Drafting the Nation: Military Conscription, Total War, and Mass Politics, 1905–1925. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003.

Saul, Norman. E. Sailors in Revolt: The Russian Baltic Fleet in 1917. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.

Steinberg, John W. All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 2010.

Stoff, Laurie S. They Fought for the Motherland: Russia’s Women Soldiers in World War I and the Revolution. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2006.

Stone, Norman. The Eastern Front, 1914–1917. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1975.

———. “The Historical Background of the Red Army.” In Soviet Military Power and Significance, edited by John Erickson and E. J. Feuchtwanger, 3–18. London: Macmillan, 1979.

Van Dyke, Carl. Russian Imperial Military Doctrine and Education, 1832–1914. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990.

Volkov, S. V. Ofitsery armeiskoi kavalerii: Opyt martirologo. Moscow: Russkii putʹ, 2004.

———. Ofitsery rossiiskoi gvardii. Moscow: Russkii putʹ, 2002.

———. Russkii ofitserskii korpus. Moscow: Voen. Izd.-vo, 1993.

———. Tragediia russkogo ofitserstva. Moscow: Izd.-vo Fokus, 1999.

White, Howard J. “1917 in the Rear Garrisons.” In Economy and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union, 1860–1930, edited by Linda Edmondson and Peter Waldron, 152–68. London: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

Wildman, Allan K. The End of the Russian Imperial Army. Vol. 1, The Old Army and the Soldiers’ Revolt, March–April 1917. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980.

———. The End of the Russian Imperial Army. Vol. 2, The Road to Soviet Power and Peace. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

Zalesskii, K. A. Kto byl kto v pervoi mirovoi voine: Biograficheskii entsiklopedicheskii slovarʹ. Moscow: Astrelʹ, 2003.

http://swolkov.narod.ru/books.htm: Home page of the prolific military historian Sergei Volkov, with texts of many of his books on the imperial Russian Army and the civil war (in Russian).

http://www.grwar.ru/manifest/manifest.html: Multifaceted collection of materials on the Russian Army in the First World War (in Russian).

http://www.regiment.ru/index.htm: Huge library of materials relating to the imperial Russian Army (in Russian).

http://www.firstworldwar.com/: An extensive multimedia, general site on the First World War, with judicious coverage of the Eastern Front.

The Bolsheviks and the Soviet State

Anweiler, Oskar. The Soviets: The Russian Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Councils, 1905–1921. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.

Argenbright, Richard. “Red Tsaritsyn: Precursor of Stalinist Terror.” Revolutionary Russia 4, no. 2 (1991): 157–83.

Berkman, Alexander. The Bolshevik Myth: Diary 1920–1922. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.

Blank Stephen. The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917–1924. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994.

Borrero, Mauricio. Hungry Moscow: Scarcity and Urban Society in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1921. New York: Peter Lang, 2003.

Bunyan, James. The Origin of Forced Labor in the Soviet State, 1917–1921: Documents and Materials. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.

Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène. The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917–1930. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1991.

Debo, Richard K. Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1917–1918. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1979.

———. Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992.

Deutscher, Isaac. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954.

Emmons, Terence, ed. Time of Troubles: The Diary of Iurii Vladimirovich Gotʹe; Moscow, July 8 1917 to July 23 1922. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.

Felshtinskii, Iu. G. Krasnyi terror v gody grazhdanskoi voiny: Po materialam Osoboi sledstvennoi komissii po rassledovaniiu zlodeianii bolʹshevikov. London: Overseas Publications Interchange, 1992.

Gimpelʹson, E. F. Sovety v gody inostrannoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.

Golinkov, D. Pravda o vragakh naroda. Moscow: Algoritm, 2006.

Jansen, Marc, and Nikita Petrov. “Mass Terror and the Court: The Military Collegium of the USSR.” Europe–Asia Studies 58, no. 4 (2006): 589–602.

Koenker, Diane P., William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds. Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

Leggett, George. The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police: The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (December 1917 to February 1922). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Liberman, Simon. Building Lenin’s Russia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1945.

Malle, Silvana. The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918–1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Melgunov, S. P. The Red Terror in Russia. London: Dent, 1925.

Pavliuchenkov, S. A., Voennyi kommunizm v Rossii: Vlastʹ i massy. Moscow: RKT-Istoriia, 1997.

Pipes, Richard. The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954.

Rabinowitch, Alexander. The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Raleigh, Donald. Experiencing Russia’s Civil War: Politics, Society and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917–1922. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.

———, ed. A Russian Civil War Diary: Alexis Babine in Saratov, 1917–1922. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1988.

Ransome, Arthur. Six Weeks in Red Russia in 1919. London: Allen & Unwin, 1919.

Retish, Aaron B. Russia’s Peasants in Revolution and Civil War: Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Rigby, Terence H. Lenin’s Government: Sovnarkom, 1917–1922. London: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

Roberts, Paul C. “War Communism: A Re-examination.” Slavic Review 29, no. 2 (1970): 238–62.

Rosmer, Alfred. Lenin’s Moscow. London: Bookmarks, 1971.

Sakwa, Richard. Soviet Communists in Power: A Study of Moscow during the Civil War, 1918–1921. London: Macmillan, 1988.

Serge, Victor. Year One of the Russian Revolution. London: Allen Lane, 1972.

Service, Robert. The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organizational Change, 1917–1923. London: Macmillan, 1979.

Smith, Jeremy. The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–1923. London: Macmillan, 1999.

Suny, Ronald G. “National Revolutions and Civil War in Russia.” In The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union, 20–83. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993.

Swain, Geoffrey. Trotsky. London: Longman, 2006.

White, James D. Lenin: The Practice and Theory of Revolution. London: Palgrave, 2001.

White, Stephen. The Bolshevik Poster. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.

———. “Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920.” Slavic Review 33, no. 3 (1974): 492–514.

http://www.knowbysight.info/index.asp: A reference guide to the history of the Bolsheviks (in Russian).

http://web.mit.edu/fjk/Public/Glossary/: A guide to the history of Marxism in Russia (in Russian).

The Red Army

Antonov-Ovseenko, V. A. Zapiski o grazhdanskom voine. 4 vols. Moscow: Vysshii Voennyi Revoliutsionnyi Sovet, 1924–1933.

Argenbright, Robert T. “Honour Among Communists: ‘The Glorious Name of Trotsky’s Train.’” Revolutionary Russia 11, no. 1 (1998): 45–66.

Bayer, Philip A. The Evolution of the Soviet General Staff, 1917–1941. New York: Garland, 1987.

Bellamy, Christopher. Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces. London: Brassey’s Defence Publishers, 1986.

Benvenuti, Francesco. The Bolsheviks and the Red Army, 1918–1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

———. “La ‘Questione militaire’ al’VIII Congresso della RKP(b).” Studi Storici 35, no. 4 (1994): 1095–1121.

Bonch-Bruevich, M. D. Vsia vlastʹ Sovetam: Vospominaniia. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1957.

Boyd, Alexander. The Soviet Air Force since 1918. London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1977.

Brown, Stephen. “Communists and the Red Cavalry: The Political Education of the Konarmiia in the Russian Civil War.” Slavonic and East European Review 73, no. 1 (1995): 82–100.

Budennyi, S. M. Proidennyi putʹ. 3 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958–1973.

Bullock, David, and A. Deryabin. Armoured Units of the Russian Civil War: Red Army. Oxford: Osprey, 2006.

Colton, Timothy J. “Military Councils and Military Politics in the Russian Civil War.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 18, no. 1 (1976): 36–57.

Croll, Neil. “The Role of M. N. Tukhachevskii in the Suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion.” Revolutionary Russia 17, no. 2 (2004): 1–48.

“Deiatelʹnost Tsentralʹnogo Komiteta partii v dokumentakh (sobytiia i fakty): Mart 1919g. VIII sezd RKP(b); Stenogramma zasedenii voennoi sektsii sezda 20 i 21 marta 1919 goda i zakrytogo zasedenii sezda 21 marta 1919 goda.” Izvestiia TsK KPSS 1, nos. 9–11(1989).

Dune, Eduard M. Notes of a Red Guard. Edited and translated by Diane P. Koenker and Steve A. Smith. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Ellis, John. “The Russian Civil War, 1917–1920.” In Armies in Revolution, 163–99. London: Croom Helm, 1973.

Erickson, John. “The Origins of the Red Army.” In Revolutionary Russia, edited by Richard Pipes, 224–56. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.

———. The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History, 1918–1941. London: Macmillan, 1962.

Fedotoff-White, Dmitry. The Growth of the Red Army. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944.

Figes, Orlando. “The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920.” Past and Present, no. 129 (1990): 168–211.

Footman, David. “The Beginnings of the Red Army.” In Civil War in Russia, 135–166. London: Faber & Faber, 1961.

Frunze, M. V. Izbrannye proizvedeniia. 2 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1957.

Genis, V. L. “Pervaia Konnaia armiia: Za kulisami slavy.” Voprosy istorii, no. 1 (1994): 42–55.

Gērmanis, Uldis. Oberst Vācietis und die lettischen Schützen im Weltkrieg und in der Oktoberrevolution. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1974.

Gritskevich, A. P. Zapadnyi front RSFSR, 1918–1920. Minsk: Kharvest, 2010.

Gusev, S. I. Grazhdanskaia voina i Krasnaia armiia. Moscow/Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925.

Hagen, Mark von. Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship: The Red Army and the Soviet Socialist State, 1917–1930. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990.

Heyman, Neil M. “Leon Trotsky: Propagandist to the Red Army.” Studies in Comparitive Communism 10, nos. 1–2 (1977): 34–43.

Ilyin-Zhenevsky, A. F. The Bolsheviks in Power: Reminiscences of the Year 1918. London: New Park Publications, 1984.

Jacobs, Walter D. Frunze: The Soviet Clausewitz, 1885–1925. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1969.

Jones, David R. “The Officers and the Soviets, 1917–1920: A Study of Motives.” Study Group on the Russian Revolution: Sbornik, no. 2 (1976): 21–33.

Kakurin, N. E. Kak srazhalasʹ revoliutsiia, 1917–21. 2 vols. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926.

Kamenev, S. S. Zapiski o grazhdanskom voine i voennom stroitelʹstve: Izbrannye statʹi. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1963.

Kaminskii, Valerii. “‘Genshtabisty’ in Service at the Headquarters of the Red Army’s Iaroslavl Military District During the Civil War.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies, no. 4 17 (2004): 673–713.

Kariaeva, T. F., ed. Direktivy Glavnogo komandovaniia Krasnoi Armii (1917–1920): Sbornik dokumentov. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1969.

Kariaeva, T. F., et al., eds. Direktivy komandovaniia frontov Krasnoi armii, 1917–1922 gg.: Sbornik dokumentov. 4 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1971–1978.

Kavtaradze, A. G. Voennye spetsialisty na sluzhbe Respubliki Sovetov 1917–1920 gg. Moscow: Nauka, 1998.

Kharitonov, O. V., ed. Illiustrirovannoe opisanie obmundirovaniia i znakovrazlichiia Sovetskoi armii (1918–1958 gg.). Leningrad: AIM, 1960.

Kharitonov, O. V., and V. V. Gorshkov, eds. Russkaia armiia 1917–1920: Obmundirovanie, znaki razlichiia, nagrady i nagrudnye znaki. St. Petersburg: Karavella, 1991.

Khrepov, M. M., et al., eds. Voennaia odezhda Vooruzhennykh Sil SSSR i Rossii (1917–1990-e gody). Moscow: Voenizdat, 1999.

Khvostov, Mikhail. The Russian Civil War (1): The Red Army. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996.

Kilmarx, Robert A. A History of Soviet Air Power. New York: Praeger, 1962.

Kipp, Joseph W. “Lenin and Clausewitz: The Militarization of Marxism, 1915–1921.” In Soviet Military Doctrine from Lenin to Gorbachev, 1915–1991, edited by Willard C. Frank and Philip S. Gillette, 63–84. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Kliatskin, S. M. Na zashchite Oktiabria: Organizatsiia reguliarnoi army i militsionnoe stroitelʹstvo v Sovetskoi respublike, 1917–1920. Moscow: Nauka, 1965.

Krastynʹ, Ia. P., ed. Glavnokomanduiushchii vsemi vooruzhennymi silami respubliki I.I. Vatsetis: Sbornik dokumentov. Riga: Zinatne, 1978.

———. Istoriia Latyshskikh strelkov (1915–1920). Riga: Zinatne, 1972.

Krastynʹ, Ia. P., et al., eds. Latyshskie strelki v borʹbe za Sovetskuiu vlastʹ v 1917–1920 godakh: Vospominaniia i dokumenty. Riga: Izd-vo Akademii nauk latviiskoi SSR, 1962.

Kritskii, M. A. “Krasnaia armiia na iuzhnom fronte v 1918–1920 gg.” Arkhiv Russkoi revoliutsii 18 (1926): 254–300.

Kublanov, A. L. Sovet Rabochei i Krestʹianskoi Oborony (noiabrʹ 1918–mart 1920). Leningrad: Izd-vo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1975.

Kurshin, Iu. Ia. Trotskii–Voennyi teoretik. Moscow: Izd.-vo Klintsovskoi gorodskoi tip., 2003.

Lee, Asher. The Soviet Air Force. London: Duckworth, 1961.

Leonard, Raymond. Secret Soldiers of the Revolution: Soviet Military Intelligence, 1918–1933. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999.

Liddell Hart, Basil Henry, ed. The Soviet Army. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1957.

Main, Steven J. “Pragmatism in the Face of Adversity: The Bolsheviks and the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1921.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8, no. 2 (1995): 333–55.

———. “The Red Army during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920: The Main Results of the August 1920 Military Census.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7, no. 4 (1994): 800–808.

Mikhalev, V. M., et al., eds. Revvoensovet Respubliki: Protokoly, 1920–1923; Sbornik dokumentov. Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2000.

Mitchell, Donald W. A History of Russian and Soviet Sea Power. London: André Deutsch, 1974.

Molodtsygin, M.A. Krasnaia armiia: Rozhdenie i stanovlenie, 1917–1920 gg. Moscow: RAN, 1997.

Nenarokov, A. P., ed., Revvoensovet Respubliki, 6 sentiabria 1918 g.–28 avgusta 1923 g. Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.

Rapoport, Vitaly, and Yuri Alexeev. High Treason: Essays on the History of the Red Army. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1985.

Raskolnikov, F. F. Tales of Sub-Lieutenant Ilyin. London: New Park Publications, 1982.

Reese, Roger. Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps, 1918–1991. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2005.

———. The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991. London: Routledge, 1999.

Samoilo, A. A., and M. I. Sboichakov. Pouchitel’nyi urok: Boevye desiastviia Krasnoi Armii protiv interventov i belogvardeitsev na Severe Rossii v 1918–1920 gg. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1962.

Shunkov, V. N., Oruzhie Krasnoi armii. Minsk: Kharvest, 1999.

Simonov, B. Razgrom denikinshchiny: Pochemu my pobedili v Oktiabre 1919g. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1928.

Smirnov, I. N., et al., eds. Borʹba za Ural i Sibirʹ: Vospominaniia i statʹi uchastnikov borʹby s kolchakovskoi kontr-revoliutsiei. Moscow: Gosizdat, 1926.

Stone, David R. “Shevstvo: Lev Trotsky and the Military Origins of Revolutionary Patronage.” Revolutionary Russia 19, no. 1 (2006): 21–36.

Sukhorukov, V. T. XI Armiia v boiakh na Severnom Kavkaze i Nizhnem Volge (1918–1920gg.). Moscow: Voenizdat, 1961.

Swain, Geoffrey. “The Disillusioning of the Revolution’s Praetorian Guard: The Latvian Riflemen, Summer–Autumn 1918.” Europe–Asia Studies 51, no. 4 (1999): 667–86.

———. “Trotsky and the Russian Civil War.” In Reinterpretting Revolutionary Russia: Essays in Honour of James D. White, edited by Ian D. Thatcher, 86–104. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006.

———. “Vacietis: The Enigma of the Red Army’s First Commander.” Revolutionary Russia 16, no. 1 (2003): 68–86.

Tarasov, V. V. Borʹba s interventami na severe Rossii (1918–1920 gg.). Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958.

Tarkhova, Nonna Sergeevna. “Trotsky’s Train: An Unknown Page in the History of the Civil War.” In The Trotsky Reappraisal, edited by Terry Brotherstone and Paul Dukes, 27–40. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992.

Tinchenko, Ia. Iu. Golgofa russkogo ofitserstva v SSSR, 1930–1931 gody. Moscow: Moskovskii obshchestvennyi nauch. fond, 2000.

Trotsky, L. D. How the Revolution Armed: The Military Writings and Speeches of Leon Trotsky. 5 vols. London: New Park Publications, 1979–1981.

———. My Life: The Rise and Fall of a Dictator. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1930.

Tukhachevskii, M. N. Izbrannye proizvedeniia. 2 vols. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1964.

Venner, Dominique. Histoire de l’armée Rouge. Vol. 1, La revolution et la guerre civile. Paris: Plon, 1981.

Vitoshnov, Sergei. Semen Budyennyi. Minsk: Kuzma, 1998.

Voitikov, S. S. Vysshie kadry Krasnoi Armii, 1917–1922 gg. Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.

Wollenberg, Erich. The Red Army: A Study of the Growth of Soviet Imperialism. London: Secker & Warbuck, 1940.

Zharov, L. I., and V. N. Ustinov. Internatsional’nye chasti Krasnoi armii v boiakh za vlast’ sovetov v gody inostrannoi voennoi interventsii i grazhdanskoi voiny v SSSR. Moscow: Voen. Izd-vo, 1960.

Ziemke, Earl F. The Red Army, 1918–1941: From Vanguard of World Revolution to America’s Ally. London: Frank Cass, 2004.

http://www.rkka.ru/index.htm: Encyclopedic site on the history of the Red Army (in Russian).

http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/red-army/contents.htm: Branch of a popular site that includes Trotsky’s writings of the civil war era (in English).

http://www.rusnavy.ru/ussr.htm: History of Soviet naval forces (in Russian).

http://kdkv.narod.ru/WW1/index.html#ABC: Lists of recipients of the Order of the Red Banner and other Soviet military honors (in Russian).

http://eugend.livejournal.com/84777.html: Lists almost 1,300 officers of the old army (from full generals to captains) who served in the Red Army.

The Whites and Other Russian Anti-Bolshevik Forces

General

Begidov, A. M. Voennoe obrazovanii v Zarubezhnoi Rossii, 1920–1945. Moscow: RAN, 2001.

Beloe delo. Izbrannye proizvedeniia v 16 knigakh. Moscow: [Various publishers], 1993–.

Beloe dvizhenie. Moscow: ZAO Tsentropoligraf, 2000–.

Belye bronepoezda v Grazhdanskoi voine. Moscow: Iauza, Eksmo, 2007.

Bordiugov, G. A., A. I. Ushakov, and V. Iu. Churakov, eds. Beloe delo: Ideologiia, osnovy, rezhimy vlasti; istoriograficheskie ocherki. Moscow: Russkii mir, 1998.

Bortnevskii, V. G. Beloe delo: Liudi i sobytiia. St. Petersburg: Nezavisimaia gumanitarnaia akademiia, 1993.

Bullock, David, and A. Deryabin. Armoured Units of the Russian Civil War: White and Allied. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.

Cherkasov-Georgievskii, V. Vozhdi belʹykh armii. Smolensk: Rusich, 2000.

Deriabin, A. I. Belye armii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii: Istoricheskii ocherk. Moscow: TOO “Leib-komaniia,” 1994.

Dumova, N. G. Kadetskaia kontrrevoliutsiia i ee razgrom (Oktiabrʹ 1917–1920). Moscow: Nauka, 1982.

Fediuk, V. P. Belye armii, chernye generaly: Memuary belogvardeitsev. Iaroslavlʹ: Verkhne-Volzhskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1991.

Ganin, A. V. Belaia Rossiia, 1917–1922gg.: Fotoalʹbom. Moscow: Posev, 2003.

Golovin, N. N. Rossiiskaia Kontr-revoliutsiia v 1917–1918 gg. Paris: Illiustrirovannaia Rossiia, 1937

Goncharenko, O. G. Beloe dvizhenie: Pokhoda ot Tikhogo Dona do Tikhogo okeana. Moscow: Veche, 2007.

———. Zakat i gibelʹ Belogo flota, 1918–1924 gody. Moscow: Veche, 2006.

Grey, Marina, and Jean Bourdier. Les Armées blanches. Paris: Stock, 1968.

Heretz, Leonid. “The Psychology of the White Movement.” In The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir N. Brovkin, 105–21. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

Katzer, Niloloaus. Die Weisse Bewegung in Russland: Herrschaftsbildung, prakitische Politik und politische Programmatik im Bürgerkrieg. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1999.

Kenez, Peter. “The Ideology of the White Movement.” Soviet Studies 32, no. 1 (1980): 58–83.

———. “Pogroms and White Ideology in the Russian Civil War.” In Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, edited by John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza, 293–313. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Khvostov, Mikhail. The Russian Civil War (2): White Armies. Oxford: Osprey, 1997.

Kirmelʹ, N. S. Belogvardeiskie spetssluzhby v grazhdanskoi voine, 1918–1922 gg. Moscow: Kuchovo pole, 2008.

Klaving, V. V. Belaia gvardiia. St. Petersburg: Olʹga, 1999.

———. Grazhdanskaia voina v Rossii: Belye armii. Moscow/St. Petersburg: AST/Terra Fantastica, 2003.

———. Kto byl kto v Beloi gvardii i voennoi kontrrevoliutsii (1917–1923 gg.): Entsiklopedicheskii spravochnik. St. Petersburg: Nestor, 1998.

Kudinov, O. A. Konstituttsionnye proekty Belogo dvizheniia i konstitutstionno-pravovye teoriu rossisskoi beloemigratsii (1918–1940 gg.), ili Za chto ikh rasstrelivali i deportirovali (dlia tekh, kto khochet poniatʹ smysl prava): Monografiia. Moscow: Os’-89, 2006.

Lapandin V. A. Eserovskie politiko-gosudarstvennye obrazovaniia v Rossii v gody grazhdanskoi voiny: Istoriko-bibliograficheskoe issledovanie otechestvennoi literatury 1918–2002 gg. Samara: Camar. Tsentr analit. istorii i istorii i ist. Informatiki, 2006.

Lazarski, Christopher. “How the Whites Blew Their Chances.” Canadian–American Slavic Studies 47, no. 2 (2013): 137–69.

———. The Lost Opportunity: Attempts at Unification of the Anti-Bolsheviks, 1917–1919. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2008.

Luckett, Richard: The White Generals: An Account of the White Movement and the Russian Civil War. London: Longman, 1971.

Mathew, Tobie. “‘Wish You Were (Not) Here’: Anti-Bolshevik Postcards of the Russian Civil War.” Revolutionary Russia 23, no. 2 (2010): 183–216.

Medvedev, V. G. Politiko-pravovaia organizatsiia antisovetskikh gosudarstvennykh obrazovanii v gody grazhdansoi voiny v Rossii: Uchebnoe posobie. Ulʹianovsk: Ulʹianovskii gos. universitet, 2001.

Robinson, Paul. “‘Always with Honour’: The Code of the White Russian Officers.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 41, no. 2 (1999): 121–142.

———. The White Russian Army in Exile, 1920–1941. Oxford: Clarendon, 2002.

Rosenberg, William G. Liberals and the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party, 1917–1921. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.

Rybnikov, V. V., and V. P. Slobodin. Beloe dvizhenie v gody grazhdanskoi voiny v Rossii. Moscow: n.p., 1993.

Samusʹ, V. N. Beloe dvizhenie i otechestvennyi ofitserskii korpus v gody Grazhdanskoi voiny v Rossii, 1917–1922 gg. Permʹ: Gosudarstvennyi komitet Rossiiskoi Federatsii po vysshemu obrazovaniiu, 1995.

Shambarov, V. E. Belogvardeishchina. Moscow: EKSMO, 2007.

Shatsillo, M. K. Rossiiskaia burzhuziia v period Grazhdanskoi voiny i pervye gody emigratsii, 1917–nachalo 1920-x godov. Moscow: Nauka, 2008.

Slavko, T. I., ed. Antibolʹshevistskoe pravitelʹstvo (iz istorii belogo dvizheniia): Uchebnoe posobie. Tverʹ: Tverskoi gos. universitet, 1999.

Slobodin, V. P. Beloe dvizhenie v gody grazhdanskoi voiny v Rossii (1917–1922 gg.). Moscow: Moskovskii iuridicheskii institut MVD RF, 1996.

Stewart, George. The White Armies of Russia: A Chronicle of Counter-Revolution and Allied Intervention. New York: Macmillan, 1933.

Tormozov, V. T. Sovetskaia istoriografiia istorii belogo dvizheniia (kon. 1920-x–1991 gg.). Moscow: Voin, 1994.

———. Beloe dvizhenie i natsionalʹnyi vopros. Moscow: RKA, 1997.

———. Beloe dvizhenie v grazhdanskoi voine: 80 let izucheniia. Moscow: RVE, 1998.

Trukan, G. A. Antibolʹshevistskie pravitelʹstva Rossii. Moscow: RAN, 2000.

Trukan, G. A., ed. Rossiia antibolʹshevistskaia: Iz belogvardeiskikh i emigrantskikh arkhivov. Moscow: RAN, 1995

Tsvetkov, V. Zh. Beloe delo v Rossii, 1917–18gg.: Formirovanie i evoliutsiia politicheskikh struktur Belogo dvizheniia v Rossii. Moscow: Posev, 2008.

———. Beloe delo v Rossii, 1919: Formirovanie i evoliutsiia politicheskikh struktur Belogo dvizheniia v Rossii. Moscow: Posev, 2009.

Ustinkin, S. V. Tragediia beloi gvardii. Nizhnii Novgorod: Nizhegorodskii gos. universitet, 1995.

Volkov, S. V. Beloe dvizhenie v Rossii: organizatsionnaia struktura. Materialy dlia spravochnika. Moscow: n.p., 2000.

———. Flot v beloi borʹbe. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2002.

Volkov, S. V., ed. Entsiklopediia grazhdansoi voiny: Beloe dvizhenie. Moscow: Olimp-Press, 2002.

———. Ofitsery rossiiskoi gvardii v Beloi borʹbe. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2002.

Ziminia, V. D. Beloe delo vzbuntovavsheisia Rossii: Politicheskie rezhimy Grazhdanskoi voiny 1917–1920 gg. Moscow: Rosssiiskii gosudarstvennyi gumanitarnyi universitet, 2006.

http://www.cossackdom.com: Collection of materials on the history of the Cossacks (in Russian, Ukrainian, and English).

http://www.whiterussia1.narod.ru/index.html: Massive collection of materials on the Whites (in Russian).

http://www.antibr.ru/index.html: Extensive site devoted to the anti-Bolshevik movement during the civil war and after (in Russian).

http://www.rovs.narod.ru/: Site devoted to the history of the Russian All-Military Union, ROVS (in Russian).

http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/KNIGI/nikolaev.htm: A work devoted to monetary issues of the White governments (in Russian).

http://cosaques-emchane.skynetblogs.be/: Site devoted to the Cossacks, with many photographs (in French).

http://belrussia.ru/: Site devoted to the White movement (in Russian).

http://ricolor.org/history/bldv/: Huge site devoted to the Whites (in Russian).

http://rovs.atropos.spb.ru/index.php: The site of the Russian All-Military Union (in Russian).

South Russia

Agureev, K. V. Razgrom belogvardeiskikh voisk Denikina (oktiabrʹ 1919–mart 1920). Moscow: Voenizdat, 1961.

Aleksashenko, A. P. Krakh denikinshchiny. Moscow: MGU, 1966.

Arslanian, Artin H., and R. L. Nichols. “Nationalism and the Russian Civil War: The Case of Volunteer Army–Armenian Relations, 1918–1920.” Soviet Studies 31, no. 4 (1979): 559–73.

Aten, Marion, and Arthur Orrmont. Last Train over Rostov Bridge. New York: Messner, 1961.

Bortnevski, Viktor G. “White Administration and White Terror: The Denikin Period.” Russian Review 52, no. 3 (1993): 354–67.

Brinkley, George A. The Volunteer Army and Allied Intervention in South Russia, 1917–1921: A Study in the Politics and Diplomacy in the Russian Civil War. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966.

Chebyshev, N. N. Blizkaia dalʹ. Paris: n.p., 1933.

Cherkasov-Georgievskii, V. General Denikin. Smolensk: Rusich, 1999.

Denikin, Anton. The White Army. Cambridge, UK: Ian Faulkner, 1992.

Fediuk, V. P. Belye: antibolʹshevistskoe dvizhenie na iuge Rossii, 1917–1918 gg. Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1996.

Hodgson, John Earnest. With Denikin’s Armies, Being a Description of the Cossack Counterrevolution in South Russia, 1918–1920. London: Lincoln Williams, 1932.

Ippolitov, G. M. Kto vy, General A.I. Denikin? Monograficheskoe issledovanie politicheskoi, voennoi i obshchestvennoi deiatelʹnosti A.I. Denikina v 1897–1947 gg. Samara: Samarskii universitet, 1999.

Iskhakov, S. M., ed. Krym: Vrangelʹ; 1920 god. Moscow: Sotsialʹno-politicheskaia MYSLʹ, 2006.

Karmann, Rudolf. Der Freiheitskampf der Kosaken: Die weiße Armee im russischen Bürgerkrieg 1917–1920. Puchheim: IDEA, 1985.

Karpenko, S. V., ed. Belyi Krym. Moscow: Rossiiskii gos. gumanitarnyi universitet, 2003.

———. Don i Dobrovolʹcheskaia armiia. Moscow: Golos, 1992.

———. Konstantinopolʹ–Gallipoli. Moscow: Rossiiskii gos. gumanitarnyi universitet, 2003.

———. Kuban i Dobrovolʹcheskaia armiia. Moscow: Golos, 1992.

———. Ocherki istorii Belogo dvizheniia na iuge Rossii (1917–1920). Moscow: Izd-vo Ippolitova, 2002.

Kenez, Peter. Civil War in South Russia. 2 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971–1977.

———. “The Ideology of the Don Cossacks in the Civil War.” In Russian and East European History: Selected Papers from the Second World Congress of Soviet and East European Studies, edited by R. Carter Elwood, 160–84. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Slavic Specialities, 1984.

Kin, D. Denikinshchina. Leningrad: Priboi, 1926.

Krasnov, P. N. Ataman: Vospominaniia. Moscow: Vagrius, 2006.

Kritskii, M. A. Kornilovskii udarnyi polk. Paris: n.p., 1936.

Kröner, Anthony. The White Knight of the Black Sea: The Life of General Peter Wrangel. The Hague: Leuxenhoff, 2010.

Landis, Erik. A Civil War Episode: General Mamontov in Tambov, August 1919. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Center for Russian and East European Studies/University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2002.

Lazarski, Christopher. “White Propaganda Efforts in the South during the Russian Civil War, 1918–1919 (the Alekseev–Denikin Period).” Slavonic and East European Review 70, no. 4 (1992): 688–707.

Lehovich, D. V. White Against Red: The Life of General Anton Denikin. New York: W.W. Norton, 1974.

Loukomsky, A. Memoirs of the Russian Revolution. London: T. F. Unwin, 1922.

Mamontov, Sergei. Pokhody i koni: Zapiski poruchika Sergei Mamontova, 1917–1920. Moscow: Materik, 2001.

Murphy, A. Brian. Rostov in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920: The Key to Victory. London: Frank Cass, 2005.

Pavlov, V. E., ed. Markovtsy v boiakh i pokhodakh za Rossiiu v osvoboditelʹnoi voine 1917–1920 godov. 2 vols. Paris: [Union of Markov Veterans], 1962–1964.

Pearson, Raymond. “Nashe Pravitelʹstvo? The Crimean Regional Government of 1918–1919.” Revolutionary Russia 2, no. 2 (1989): 14–30.

Poliakov, I. A. Donskie kazaki v borʹbe s Bolʹshevikami: vospominaniia nachalʹnika shtaba Donskikh armii i Voiskovogo shtaba General’nogo shtaba gen. maiora I.A. Poliakova. Munich: n.p., 1962.

Procyk, Anna. Russian Nationalism and Ukraine: The Nationality Policy of the Volunteer Army during the Civil War. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press 1995.

Roberts, Carl Eric Bechhofer. In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1919–1920, Being the Record of a Journey to South Russia, the Crimea, Armenia, Georgia and Baku in 1919 and 1920. Glasgow: Collins, 1921.

Rosenberg, William G. A. I. Denikin and the Anti-Bolshevik Movement in South Russia. Amherst, Mass.: Amherst College Press, 1961.

Ross, Nikolai. Vrangelʹ v Krymu. Frankfurt am Main: Posev, 1982.

Rutych, N. Biograficheskii spravochnik vyshkikh chinov Dobrovolʹcheskoi armii i Vooruzhennykh Sil Iuga Rossii: Materialy k istorii Belogo dvizheniia. Moscow: Regnum/Rossiiskii arkhiv, 1997.

Shkuro, A. G. Zapiski belogo partizana. Buenos Aires: Seiatel, 1961.

Slashchov-Krymskii, Ia. S. Belyi Krym, 1920 god: Memuary i dokumenty. Moscow: Nauka, 1990.

Sokolov, K. N. Pravlenie generala Denikina: iz vospominanii. Moscow: Rossiisko bolgarskoe kn-vo, 1921.

Treadgold, Donald W. “The Ideology of the White Movement: Wrangel’s Leftist Policy from Rightest Hands.” Harvard Slavic Studies 4 (1957): 481–98.

Ushakov, A. I., and V. P. Fediuk. Belyi iug: Noiabr 1919–noiabr 1920. Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1997.

Venkov, A. V. Antibolʹshevistskoe dvizhenie na Iuge Rossii na nachalʹnom etape grazhdanskoi voiny. Rostov-on-Don: Nauchno-metodicheskii tsentr “Logos,” 1995.

———. Belye generaly: Kornilov, Krasnov, Denikin, Vrangel, Iudenich. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks, 2000.

Volkov, S. V., ed. Iskhod Russkoi Armii generala Vrangelia iz Kryma. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2003.

———, ed. Pervye boi dobrovolʹcheskoi armii. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2001.

———. Pervye dobrovolʹtsy na Iuge Rossii. Moscow: Posev, 2001.

———. Pervyi kubanskii (“Ledianoi”) pokhod. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2001.

———, ed. Vooruzhennye sily na Iuge Rossii: Ianvar–iun 1919 goda. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2003.

———, ed. Vtoroi kubanskii pokhod i osvobozhdenie Severnogo Kavkaza. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2002.

———, ed. Zarozhdenie dobrovolʹcheskoi armii. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2001.

Wrangel, Alexis, General Wrangel, 1878–1929: Russia’s White Crusader. London: Leo Cooper, 1987.

Wrangel, Baron P. N. The Memoirs of General Wrangel, the Last Commander-in-Chief of the Russian National Army. London: Williams & Norgate, 1929.

Zhurnaly zasedanii Osobogo soveshchaniia pri Glavnokomanduiushchem Vooruzhennymi Silami na Iuge Rossii A. I. Denikine. Sentiabr 1918-go–dekabr 1919 goda. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2008.

http://www.denikiny.ru/index.php?id=2: A site devoted to General A. I. Denikin (in Russian).

http://www.dk1868.ru/: Huge collection of materials on the Volunteer Army (in Russian).

Northwest Russia

Bermondt-Avaloff, General F. P. M. Im Kampf Gegen den Bolshewismus. Glückstadt: Augustin, 1925.

Brüggermann, Karsten. Die Gründung der Republik Estland und das Ende des “Einem und unteilbaren Rußland”: Die Petrograder Front des Russischen Bürgerkrieges, 1918–1920. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004.

Footman, David. “The Civil War and the Baltic States, Part I: Von der Goltz and Bermondt-Avalov.” St. Antony’s Papers on Soviet Affairs (October 1959).

———. “Civil War in the Baltic Area, Part II: The Northwestern Army.” St. Antony’s Papers on Soviet Affairs (October 1959).

Gorn, V. Grazhdanskaia voina na severo-zapade Rossii. Berlin: Gamaium, 1923.

Kirdetsov, G. U vorot Petrograda (1919–1920 gg.). Berlin: Moskva, 1921.

Kukk, H. “The Failure of Iudenich’s Northwestern Army in 1919: A Dissenting White Russian View.” Journal of Baltic Studies 12, no. 4 (1981): 362–83.

Rodzianko, A. P. Vospominaniia o Severo-Zapadnoi Armii. Moscow: IKAR, 2000.

Rutych, N. Belyi front Generala Iudenich: Biografii chinov Severo-Zapadnoi armii. Moscow: Russkii putʹ, 2002.

Shchegolev, P. E., ed. Iudenich pod Petrogradom: iz belykh memuarov. Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatelʹ, 1991.

Smolin, A. V. Beloe dvizhenie na severo-zapade rossii, 1918–1920 gg. St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999.

Spence, Richard B. “Useful Brigand: ‘Ataman’ S. N. Bulak-Balakhovich, 1917–1921.” Revolutionary Russia 11, no. 1 (1998) 17–36.

North Russia

Alekseev, S. A. Grazhdanskaia voina v Sibiri i Severnoi oblasti. Moscow/Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1927.

Footman, David. “Murmansk and Archangel.” In Civil War in Russia, 167–210. London: Faber & Faber, 1961.

Goldin, V. I., ed. Belyi sever, 1918–1920 gg.: Memuary i dokumenty. 2 vols. Arkhangel’sk: Pravda Severa, 1993.

———. Interventsiia i antibolʹshevistskoe dvizhenie na Russkom Severe, 1918–1920 gg. Moscow: Solti, 1993.

———. Kontrrevoliutsiia na severe Rossii i ee krushenie, 1918–1920 gg. Vologda: Vologodskii ped. inst., 1989.

———. “Nikolai Chaikovskii in Revolution and Counter-revolution.” Revolutionary Russia 14, no. 1 (2001): 22–41.

Goldin, V. I., and John W. Long. “Resistance and Retribution: The Life and Fate of General E. K. Miller.” Revolutionary Russia 12, no. 2 (1999): 19–40.

Kotsonis, Yanis. “Arkhangel¢sk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War.” Russian Review 51, no. 4 (1992): 526–44.

Novikova, Liudmila G. “A Province of a Non-existent State: The White Government in the Russian North and Political Power in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20.” Revolutionary Russia 18, no. 2 (2005): 121–44.

———. Provintsial’naia “kontrrevoliutsiia”: Beloe dvizhenie i Grazhdanskaia voina na russkom Severe, 1917–1920. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2011.

The Volga, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East

Allison, A. P. “Siberian Regionalism in the Revolution and Civil War, 1917–1920.” Siberica 1, no. 1 (1990): 78–97.

Berk, Stephen M. “The Democratic Counterrevolution: Komuch and the Civil War on the Volga.” Canadian–American Slavic Studies 7 (1975): 443–59.

Bernshtam, M. S. Ural i Prikamʹe (noiabrʹ 1917 – ianvarʹ 1919): Dokumenty i materialy. Narodnoe soprotivlenie kommunizmu v Rossii. Paris: YMCA 1982.

Bisher, Jamie, White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. London: Routledge 2005.

Bogdanov, K. A. Admiral Kolchak. St. Petersburg: Sudostroenie, 1993.

Boldyrev, V. G. Direktoriia, Kolchak, Interventy: Vospominaniia. Novosibirsk: Sibkraiizdat, 1925.

Bradley, J. F. N. The Czechoslovak Legion in Russia, 1914–1920. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1991.

Budberg, Aleksei. “Dnevnik.” Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii 12 (1923): 197–290; 13 (1924): 197–312; 14 (1924): 225–341; 15 (1924): 254–345.

Bullock, David. The Czech Legion, 1914–20. Oxford: Osprey, 2007

Collins, David N., and Jonathan D. Smele, eds. Kolchak i Sibirʹ: Dokumenty i issledovaniia, 1919–1926. 2 vols. White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications, 1988.

Dotsenko, Paul. The Struggle for a Democracy in Siberia: An Eyewitness Account of a Contemporary. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1983.

Eikhe, G. Kh. Ufimskaia avantiura Kolchaka (mart–aprelʹ 1919g.): Pochemu Kolchaku ne udalosʹ prorvatʹsa k Volge na soedinenie s Denikinym. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1960.

———. Oprokinutyi tylʹ. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1966.

Fedorovich, A. General Kappelʹ. Melbourne, Australia: Russkii Dom, 1967.

Fic, Victor M. Czechoslovakia and the Russian Question. Vol. 1, Revolutionary War for Independence and the Russian Question: Czechoslovak Army in Russia, 1914–1918. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1977.

———. Czechoslovakia and the Russian Question. Vol. 2, The Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion: The Origin of their Armed Conflict, March–May 1918. New Delhi: Abhinav, 1978.

———. The Rise of the Constitutional Alternative to Soviet Rule in 1918: Provisional Governments of Siberia and All-Russia; Their Quest for Allied Intervention (Parts I and II). Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1998.

Filatʹev, D. V. Katastrofa Belogo dvizheniia v Sibiri, 1918–1922: Vpechatleniia ochevidtsa. Paris: YMCA, 1985.

Fleming, Peter. The Fate of Admiral Kolchak. London: Rupert-Hart Davis, 1963.

Gins, G. K. Sibirʹ, soiuzniki i Kolchak: Povorotnyi moment russkoi istorii 1918–1920 gg. Vpechatlieniia i mysli chlena Omskago pravitelʹstva. 2 vols. Peking: Obshchestva Vozrozhdeniia Rossii v g. Kharbine, 1921.

Ioffe, G. Z. Kolchakovskaia avantiura i ee krakh. Moscow: Myslʹ, 1983.

Khandorin, B. G. Admiral Kolchak: pravda i mify. Tomsk: Izd-vo Tom. Un-ta, 2007.

Krasnov, V. G. Kolchak: I zhiznʹ, i smertʹ za Rossiiu. 2 vols. Moscow: OLMA-Press, 2000.

Kvakin, A. V., ed. Okrest Kolchaka: Dokumenty i materialy. Moscow: AGRAF, 2004.

———. S Kolchakom—protiv Kolchaka: Kratkii biograficheskiĭ slovarʹ, ukazatelʹ uchrezhdenii i organizatsii, kratkii ukazatelʹ literatury po istorii Grazhdanskoi voiny v Sibiri. Moscow: AGRAF, 2007.

Lapandin, V. A. Komitet chlenov Uchreditelʹnogo sobraniia: Struktura i politicheskaia deiatelʹnost (iiunʹ 1918–ianvarʹ 1919 gg.). Samara: Stsanin, 2003.

Lebedev, V. I. The Russian Democracy and Its Struggle against the Bolsheviks. New York: Russian Information Bureau, 1919.

Lukov, E. V., and D. N. Shevelev, eds. Osvedomitelʹnyi apparat beloi Sibiri: Struktura, funktsii, deiatelʹnostʹ (iiunʹ 1918–ianvarʹ 1920 g.). Tomsk: Izd-vo Tomskogo universiteta, 2007.

———, eds. Zakonodatelʹnaia deiatelʹnost Rossiiskogo pravitelʹstva admirala A.V. Kolchaka: Noiabrʹ 1918 g.–ianvarʹ 1920 g. 2 vols. Tomsk: Izd-vo Tomskogo universiteta, 2002–2003.

Medvedev, V. G. Belyi rezhim pod krasnym flagom: Povolʹzhe, 1918. Ulʹianovsk: Izd-vo SVNTs, 1998.

Mel’gunov, S. A. Tragediia admirala Kolchaka: Iz istorii grazhdanskoi voiny na Volge, Urale i v Sibiri. 3 vols. Belgrade: Russkaia tipografiia, 1930–1931.

Pereira, N. G. O. “Siberian Atamanshchina: Warlordism and the Russian Civil War.” In The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir N. Brovkin, 122–38. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

———. White Siberia: The Politics of Civil War. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996.

Pereverzev, A. Ia., ed. Komuch, Direktoriia, Kolchak: Antisovetskii lager v grazhdanskoi voine na Vostoke Rossii v dokumentalʹnom izlozhenii, portretakh i litsakh. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezhskogo gos. universiteta, 2003.

Petroff, Serge P. Remembering a Forgotten War: Civil War in Eastern European Russia and Siberia, 1918–1920. New York: East European Monographs, 2000.

Plotnikov, I. F. Aleksandr Vasilʹevich Kolchak: Issledovatelʹ, admiral, Verkhovnyi pravitelʹ. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2002.

———, ed. Grazhdanskaia voina na Urale (1917–1922 gg.): Entsiklopediia i bibliografiia. 3 vols. Ekaterinburg: Bank kulʹtornoi informatsii, 2007.

Quenoy, Paul du. “Warlordism à la russe: Baron von Ungern-Sternberg’s Anti-Bolshevik Crusade, 1917–21.” Revolutionary Russia 16, no. 2 (2003): 1–27.

Sakharov, K. V. Belaia Sibirʹ: Vnutrennaia voina, 1918–1920. Munich: [H. Graf?], 1923.

Shishkin, V. I., ed. Vremennoe Sibirskoe pravitelʹstvo (26 maia–3 noiabria 1918 g.): Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Novosibirsk: ID Sova, 2007.

Smele, Jonathan D. Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–20. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

———. “White Gold: The Imperial Gold Reserve in the Anti-Bolshevik East, 1918–? (An Unconcluded Chapter in the History of the Russian Civil War).” Europe–Asia Studies 46, no. 8 (1994): 1317–47.

Smirnov, M. I. “Admiral Kolchak.” Slavonic and East European Review 11, no. 32 (1933): 373–87.

Smith, Canfield F. “Atamanshchina in the Russian Far East.” Russian History 6, no. 1 (1979): 57–67.

———. “The Ungernovshchina: How and Why?” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 28 (1980): 590–95.

———. Vladivostok under Red and White Rule: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in the Russian Far East, 1920–1922. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975.

Spence, Richard B. “White Against Red in Uriankhai: Revolution and Civil War on Russia’s Asiatic Frontier, 1918–1921.” Revolutionary Russia 6, no. 1 (1993): 97–120.

Spirin, L. M. Razgrom armii Kolchaka. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1957.

Varneck, Elena, and H. H. Fisher, eds. The Testimony of Kolchak and Other Siberian Materials. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1935.

Voinov, V. G. “Ofitserskii korpus belykh armii na vostoke strany (1918–1920 gg.).” Otechestvennaia istoriia, no. 6 (1994): 51–64.

Volkov, E. V., N. D. Egorov, and I. V. Kuptsov. Belye generaly Vostochnogo fronta Grazhdanskoi voiny: biograficheskii spravochnik. Moscow: Russkii putʹ, 2003.

Volkov, S. V., ed. 1918 god na Vostoke Rossii. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2003.

Zyrianov, P. N. Admiral Kolchak: verkhovnyi pravitel’. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2006.

http://admiral-kolchak.narod.ru/index.htm: Archive of materials relating to Admiral A. V. Kolchak (in Russian).

http://east-front.narod.ru/index.htm: Extensive collection of materials pertaining to the Whites in Siberia (in Russian).

http://orenbkazak.narod.ru/: A site devoted to the Orenburg Cossack Host and other White formations during the civil war, edited by historian Andrei Ganin (in Russian).

http://whitesiberia.narod.ru/: A site devoted to the Whites in Siberia, hosted by Sergei Sviagin (in Russian).

http://www.zaimka.ru/white/: A huge collection of materials relating to the Whites in Siberia (in Russian).

Nationalist Movements, Wars of Independence, and Regional Issues

Finland and the Baltic

Alapuro, Risto. State and Revolution in Finland. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Brüggemann, Karsten. “Defending National Sovereignty against Two Russias: Estonia in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920.” Journal of Baltic Studies 34, no. 1 (2003): 22–51.

———. Die Gründung der Republik Estland und das Ende des “Einen und unteilbaren Russland”: Die Petrograder Front des russischen Bürgerkriegs 1918–1920. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2002.

———. “‘Foreign Rule’ during the Estonian War of Independence, 1918–1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the ‘Estonian Workers’ Commune.’” Journal of Baltic Studies 37, no. 2 (2006).

Fol, Jean-Jacques. Accession de la Finlande à l’indépendence, 1917–1919. 2 vols. Lille: Atelier reproduction des theses, 1977.

Kholodkovskii, V. M. Finlandiia i Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1918–1920. Moscow: Nauka, 1975.

Kirby, David G. Finland in the Twentieth Century. London: C. Hurst, 1979.

Krepp, Endel. The Estonian War of Independence, 1918–1920. Stockholm: Estonian Information Bureau, 1980.

Page, Stanley W. The Formation of the Baltic States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959.

Popoff, George. The City of the Red Plague: Soviet Rule in a Baltic Town. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1932.

Rauch, Georg von. The Baltic States: The Years of Independence; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 1917–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

Senn, Arthur E. The Emergence of Modern Lithuania. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

Sibul, Eric A. “Logistical Aspects of the Estonian War of Independence, 1918–1920.” Baltic Security and Defence Review 12, no. 2 (2010): 108–33.

Smith, C. Jay. Finland and the Russian Revolution, 1917–1922. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1958.

Thiébaud, Jean-Marie, Dictionnaire biographique des Pays baltes: Le personnel politique, diplomatique et militaire de 1918 à 2007. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007.

Upton, Anthony F. The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980.

White, James D. “National Communism and World Revolution: The Political Consequences of German Military Withdrawal from the Baltic Area in 1918–1919.” Europe–Asia Studies 46, no. 8 (1994): 1349–1369.

———. “The Revolution in Lithuania, 1918–1919.” Soviet Studies 23, no. 2 (1971–1972): 186–200.

Poland and the Soviet–Polish War

D’Abernon, Edgar. The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw 1920. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931.

Babel, Isaac. 1920 Diary. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995.

Davies, Norman. “The Missing Revolutionary War: The Polish Campaigns and the Retreat from Revolution in Soviet Russia, 1919–1921.” Soviet Studies 27, no. 2 (1975): 178–95.

———. White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish–Soviet War, 1919–1920. London: Macdonald & Co., 1972.

Fiddick, Thomas C. Russia’s Retreat from Poland, 1920: From Permanent Revolution to Peaceful Coexistence. London: Macmillan, 1990.

Latawski, Paul, ed. The Reconstruction of Poland, 1914–23. London: Macmillan, 1992.

McCann, James M. “Beyond the Bug: Soviet Historiography of the Soviet–Polish War of 1920.” Soviet Studies 36, no. 4 (1984): 475–93.

Piłsudski, Józef, Year 1920 and Its Climax. Battle of Warsaw during the Polish–Soviet War. London: Pilsudski Institute, 1972.

Ponichtera, Robert M., and David R. Stone. “The Russo-Polish War.” In The Military History of the Soviet Union, edited by Robin Higham and Frederick W. Kagan, 35–50. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2002.

Tukhachevskii, M. “Advance to the Vistula.” In Year 1920 and its Climax, edited by Józef Piłsudski, 223–64. London: Pilsudski Institute, 1972.

Wandycz, Piotr. Soviet–Polish Relations, 1917–1921. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Zamoyski, Adam. The Battle for the Marchlands. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1981.

———. Warsaw, 1920: Lenin’s Failed Conquest of Europe. London: Harper Press, 2008.

Ukraine

Abbott, Peter, and Eugene Pinak. Ukrainian Armies, 1914–55. Oxford: Osprey, 2004.

Adams, Arthur. Bolsheviks in the Ukraine: The Second Campaign, 1918–1919. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.

Borys, Jurij. The Sovietization of the Ukraine 1917–1923: The Communist Doctrine and Practice of National Self-determination. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1980.

Doroshenko, Dmytro. The Ukrainian Hetman State of 1918. Winnipeg: The Basilian Press, 1973.

Eley, Geoff. “Remapping the Nation: War, Revolutionary Upheaval and State Formation in Eastern Europe, 1914–1923.” In Ukrainian–Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective, edited by Peter J. Potichnj and Howard Aster, 205–46. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988.

Fischer, Lars. “The Pogromshchina and the Directory: A New Historiographical Synthesis?” Revolutionary Russia 16, no. 2 (2003): 47–93.

Gritskevich, A. P. Bor’ba za Ukrainu 1917–1921. Minsk: Sovremennaia shkola, 2011.

Guthier, Steven. “The Popular Base of Ukrainian Nationalism in 1917.” Slavic Review 38, no. 1 (1979): 30–47.

Hagen, Mark von. War in a European Borderland: Occupation and Occupation Plans in Galicia and Ukraine, 1914–1918. Seattle: Herbert J. Ellison Center for Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies, University of Washington, 2007.

Himka, John-Paul. “The National and the Social in the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1920: The Historiographical Agenda.” Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 34 (1994): 95–110.

Hunczak, Taras, ed. The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

Kuchabsky, Vasyl. Western Ukraine in Conflict with Poland and Bolshevism, 1918–1923. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 2011.

Mace, James E. Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in the Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1983.

Majstrenko, Iwan. Borot’bism: A Chapter in the History of Ukrainian Communism. New York: Praeger, 1954.

Margolin, Arnold. Ukraine and the Policy of the Entente. N.p.: L.I. Margolena, 1977.

Mark, Rudolf A. Symon Petljura und die UNR. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1988.

Neufeld, Dietrich. A Russian Dance of Death: Revolution and Civil War in Ukraine. Winnipeg: Hyperion Press, 1988.

Palij, Michael. The Ukrainian–Polish Defence Alliance: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1995.

Pidhainy, Oleh S. The Formation of the Ukrainian Republic. Toronto: New Review Books, 1966.

Reshetar, John S. The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920: A Study in Nationalism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1952.

Shandruk, Pavlo. Arms of Valor. New York: R. Speller, 1959.

Stachiw, Matthew, and Jaroslaw Sztendera. Ukraine and the European Turmoil, 1917–1919. 2 vols. New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1973.

———. Western Ukraine at the Turning Point of Europe’s History, 1918–1923. 2 vols. New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1969–1971.

Tinchenko, Iaroslav. Ofitsersʹkii korps Armii Ukrainʹskoi Narodnoi Respubliki (1917–1921). Kiev: Tempora, 2007.

Volkov, S. V., ed. 1918 god na Ukraine. Moscow: Tsentropoligraf, 2001.

http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/: Carpatho-Rusyn Knowledge Base (in English).

http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/default.asp: Encyclopedia of Ukraine (in English).

http://www.ukrstor.com/index.html: Collection of materials on the Ukrainian national movement (in Russian).

The Caucasus and Transcaucasia

Avalishvili, Zourab. The Independence of Georgia in International Politics, 1918–1921. London: Headley, 1940.

Gogitidze, Mamuka, ed. Gruzinskii generalitet, 1699–1921: Biograficheskii spravochik. Kiev: Natsionalʹnaia akademiia nauk Ukraina, 2001.

Hovannisian, Richard G. Armenia on the Road to Independence: 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

———. The Republic of Armenia. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971–1996.

Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.

Marshall, Alex. “The Terek People’s Republic, 1918: Coalition Government in the Russian Revolution.” Revolutionary Russia 22, no. 2 (2009): 203–21.

———. The Caucasus under Soviet Rule. London: Routledge, 2010.

Suny, Ronald. G. The Baku Commune, 1917–1918. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

———. “Social Democrats in Power: Menshevik Georgia and the Russian Civil War.” In Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History, edited by Diane Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald G. Suny, 324–48. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Swietochowski, Tadeuzs. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Yilmaz, Harun. “An Unexpected Peace: Azerbaijani–Georgian Relations, 1918–20.” Revolutionary Russia 22, no. 1 (2009): 37–67.

Zürrer, Werner. Kaukasien, 1918–1921: Die Kampf der Grossmächte um die Landbrücke zwischen Schwarzem und Kaspischem Meer. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1978.

http://www.armenian-history.com/index.htm: Encyclopedia of Armenian history with extensive coverage of the civil war era (in English).

http://www.georgianbiography.com/bioindex.html: The Dictionary of Georgian National Biography (in English).

http://sarinfo.org/main.php: Union of Russian Armenians site, with extensive historical resources (in Russian).

http://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/: “Caucasian Knot,” general site on the Caucasus, including a useful encyclopedia (in English or Russian).

Central Asia

Broxup, Marie B. “The Basmachi.” Central Asian Survey 2, no. 1 (1983): 57–81.

Buttino, Marco. La rivoluzione capovolta: l’Asia centrale tra il crollo dell’impero zarista e la formazione dell’URSS. Naples: L’ancora del Mediterraneo, 2003.

Carrère d’Encause, Hélène. “Civil War and New Governments.” In Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule, edited by Edward Allworth, 224–53. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.

Chokaev, M. “The Basmachi Movement in Turkestan.” Asiatic Review 24, no. 787 (1928): 273–88.

Fraser, Glenda. “Basmachi.” Central Asian Survey 6, no. 1 (1987): 1–73; no. 2 (1987): 7–42.

Ishakov, S. M. Rossiiskie musul’mane i revoliutsiia: vesna 1917 g.–leto 1918 g. Moscow: In-t rossiiskoi istorii RAN, 2003.

Olcott, Martha B. “The Basmachi, or Freemen’s Revolt in Turkestan, 1918–1924.” Soviet Studies 33, no. 3 (1981): 352–69.

Park, Alexander G. Bolshevism in Turkestan, 1917–1927. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957.

Trans-Volga, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East

Allison, A. P. “Siberian Regionalism in the Revolution and Civil War, 1917–1920.” Siberica 1, no. 1 (1990): 78–97.

Blank, Stephen. “The Struggle for Soviet Bashkiria, 1917–1923.” Nationalities Papers 11, no. 1 (1983): 1–26.

Channon, John. “Siberia in Revolution and Civil War.” In The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution, edited by Alan Wood, 158–80. London: Routledge, 1991.

Crompton, Jonathan. “Resistence and Authority in Siberia, 1920–21: The Bolsheviks and the Siberian Peasantry with Reference to the Novosibirsk Region.” Revolutionary Russia 10, no. 2 (1997): 1–24.

Footman, David. “Siberian Partisans in the Civil War.” St. Antony’s Papers 1 (1956): 24–53.

Norton, Henry K. The Far Eastern Republic of Siberia. London: Allen & Unwin, 1923.

Pereira, N. G. O. “The Partisan Movement in Western Siberia, 1918–1920.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 38, no. 1 (1990): 87–96.

Varneck, Edna. “Siberian Native Peoples after the Revolution.” Slavonic and East European Review 21, no. 1 (1943): 70–88.

Foreign Intervention

The Central Powers

Baumgart, Winifried. Deutsche Ostpolitik, 1918: Von Brest-Litovsk bis zum Ende der Ersten Weltkriegs. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1966.

Bihl, Wolfdieter. Österreich Ungern und die Friedensschlüsse von Brest-Litowsk. Vienna: Böhlau, 1972.

Böhme, H. “Die deutsche Kriegzpolitik und Finnland in Jahre 1918.” In Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Imanuel Geiss and Bernd Jürgen Wendt, 377–96. Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, 1973.

Borowsky, Peter. “Germany’s Ukrainian Policy during World War I and the Revolution of 1918–1919.” In German–Ukrainian Relations in Historical Perspective, edited by Hans-Joachim Torke and John-Paul Himka, 84–109. Edmonton/Toronto: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1994.

Cernin, Ottaker. In the World War. London: Cassell, 1919.

Dmytryshyn, Basil. “The German Overthrow of the Central Rada, April 1918: New Evidence from the German Archives.” Nationalities Papers 23, no. 4 (1995): 751–65.

Eudin, Xenia J. “The German Occupation of the Ukraine in 1918: A Documentary Account.” Russian Review 1 (1941–1942): 90–112.

Fedyshyn, Oleh S. Germany’s Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1918. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1971.

Freund, Gerald. Unholy Alliance; Russo-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. San Diego, Calif.: Harcourt, Brace, 1957.

Ganz, A. Harding. “The German Expedition to Finland, 1918.” Military Affairs 44, no. 2 (1980): 84–89.

Gehrman, Udo. “Germany and the Cossack Community in the Russian Revolution, April–November 1918.” Revolutionary Russia 5, no. 2 (1992); 147–71.

Goltz, Graf Rüdiger von der. Meine Sendung in Finnland und im Baltikum. Leipzig: Koehler, 1920.

Herwig, Holger H. “German Policy in the Eastern Baltic Sea in 1918: Expansion or Anti-Bolshevik Crusade?” Slavic Review 32, no. 2 (1973): 339–57.

Hiden, John W. The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Hoffman, Max von. War Diaries and Other Papers. London: Martin Secker, 1929.

Horak, Stephan M. The First Treaty of the First World War: Ukraine’s Treaty with the Central Powers of February 9, 1918. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1988.

Jarausch, Konrad H. “Co-operation or Intervention? Kurt Reizler and the Failure of German Ostpolitik, 1918.” Slavic Review 31, no. 2 (1972): 381–98.

Liulevicious, Vejas Gabriel. War Lands on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Mędrzecki, Włodzimierz. “Germany and Ukraine between the Start of the Brest-Litovsk Talks and Hetman Skoropads’kyi’s Coup.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 23, nos 1–2 (1999): 47–71.

Pelenski, Jaroslaw. “Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky and Germany (1917–1918) as Reflected in His Memoirs.” In German–Ukrainian Relations in Historical Perspective, edited by Hans-Joachim Torke and Jean-Paul Himka, 69–83. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1994.

Sullivan, Charles L. “German Freecorps in the Baltic, 1918–1919.” Journal of Baltic Studies 7, no. 2 (1976): 124–133.

———. “The German Role in the Baltic Campaign, Spring 1919.” Baltic Review 36 (1969): 40–62.

———. “The 1919 German Campaign in the Baltic: The Final Phase.” In The Baltic States in Peace and War, 1917–1945, edited by V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J. Misiunas, 31–42. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978.

Wheeler-Bennet, Sir John W. The Forgotten Peace: Brest-Litovsk, March 1918. London: Macmillan, 1938.

Zeman, Z. A. B., ed. Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918: Documents from the Archive of the German Foreign Ministry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958.

The Allies

Agar, Captain Augustus. Baltic Episode: A Classic of Secret Service in Russian Waters. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1963.

Anderson, Edgar. “British Policy Towards the Baltic States, 1918–1920.” Journal of Central European Affairs 19, no. 3 (1959): 276–89.

———. “An Undeclared War: The British–Soviet Naval Struggle in the Baltic, 1918–1920.” Journal of Central European Affairs 22, no. 1 (1962): 43–78.

Arslanian, Artin H. “Dunsterville’s Adventures: A Reappraisal.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 12 (1980): 199–216.

Bacino, Leo J. Reconstructing Russia: US Policy in Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1922. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999.

Bailey, Lt.-Col. Frederick Marshman. Mission to Tashkent. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

Baron, Nick. The King of Karelia: Col. P. J. Woods and the British Intervention in North Russia, 1918–1919. London: Francis Boutle, 2007.

Bennett, Geoffrey. Cowan’s War: The Story of British Naval Operations in the Baltic, 1918–20. London: Collins, 1964.

Bradley, John F. N. Allied Intervention in Russia, 1917–1920. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

Brinkley, George. The Volunteer Army and Allied Intervention in Southern Russia, 1917–1921. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966.

Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. The Iron Maze: The Western Secret Services and the Bolsheviks. London: Macmillan, 1998.

Bullock, David. The Czech Legion, 1914–20. Oxford: Osprey, 2008.

Capelotti, Peter. Our Man in the Crimea: Commander Hugo Koehler and the Russian Civil War. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.

Carley, Michael J. Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919. Toronto: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1983.

Coates, W. P., and Z. K. Coates, Armed Intervention in Russia, 1918–22. London: Gollancz, 1935.

Curtis, Donald. Hard Times Come Again No More: General Willam S. Graves and the American Intervention in Siberia, 1918–1920. N.p.: VDM Verlag Dr Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, 2008.

Daugherty, Leo J., III. “‘Bluejackets and Bolsheviks’: The U.S. Navy’s Landings at Murmansk, April 1918–December 1919.” Journal of Slavic Military History 18, no. 1 (2005): 109–52.

———. “‘. . . In Snows of Far Off Northern Lands’: The U.S. Marines and Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1922.” Journal of Slavic Military History 18, no. 2 (2005): 227–303.

Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller. The Day We Almost Bombed Moscow. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986.

Dunsterville, Major-General Lionel Charles. The Adventures of Dunsterforce. London: Edward Arnold, 1920.

Ellis, Charles Howard. The Transcaspian Episode, 1918–1919. London: Hutchinson, 1963.

Foglesong, Daniel S. America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: United States Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

Francis, David. Russia from the American Embassy: April 1916–November 1918. New York: Scribner’s, 1921.

Gökay, Bülent. “Turkish Settlement and the Caucasus.” Middle Eastern Studies 32, no. 2 (1996): 45–76.

Goldhurst, Richard. The Midnight War: The American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.

Goldin, V. I. “New Views on the Allied Intervention.” Revolutionary Russia 13, no. 1 (2000): 88–95.

Graves, General William S. America’s Siberian Adventure. New York: Peter Smith, 1931.

Halliday, Ernest Milton. The Ignorant Armies: The Anglo-American Archangel Expedition, 1918–19. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1959.

Hudson, Miles. Intervention in Russia, 1918–1920: A Cautionary Tale. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper, 2004.

Ironside, Field Marshall Lord. Archangel, 1918–1919. London: Constable, 1953.

Isitt, Benjamin. From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada’s Siberian Expedition, 1917–19. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010.

Jackson, Robert. At War with the Bolsheviks. London: Tom Stacey, 1972.

Janin, P. T. C. Maurice. Ma Mission en Sibérie, 1918–1920. Paris: Payot, 1933,

Kennan, George F. Soviet American Relations, 1917–1920. 2 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1956–1958.

Kinvig, Clifford, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920. London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006.

Klante, Margarete. Von der Wolga zum Amur. Die tschechische Legion und der russische Bürgerkrieg. Berlin: Ost-Europa, 1931.

Lockhart, R. H. Bruce. Memoirs of a British Agent. London: Putnam, 1932.

Long, John. “An Intervention in Russia: The North Russian Expedition, 1918–1919.” Diplomatic History 6, no. 1 (1982): 45–68.

Melton, Carol K. W. Between War and Peace: Woodrow Wilson and the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, 1918–1921. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2001.

Millman, Brock. “The Problem with Generals: Military Observers and the Origins of the Intervention in Russia and Persia, 1917–1918.” Journal of Contemporary History 33, no. 2 (1998): 291–320.

Moore, Perry. Stamping out the Virus: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920. Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer, 2002.

Morley, James W. The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918. New York: Columbia University Press, 1950.

Morris, L. P. “British Secret Missions in Turkestan, 1918–1919.” Journal of Contemporary History 12, no. 2 (1977): 363–79.

Muirden, Bruce. The Diggers who signed on for more: Australia’s part in the Russian Wars of Intervention, 1918–1919. Kent Town, South Australia: Wakefield Press, 1990.

Munholland, J. Kim. “The French Army and Intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919.” Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 22, no. 1 (1981): 43–66.

Noulens, Joseph. Mon ambassade en Russie soviétique, 1917–1919. 2 vols. Paris: Libraire Plon, 1933.

Occleshaw, Michael. Dances in Deep Shadow: Britain’s Clandestine War in Russia, 1917–1920. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2006.

Rhodes, Benjamin D. The Anglo-American Winter War with Russia, 1918–1919: A Diplomatic and Military Tragicomedy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1988.

Sareen, Tilak Raj. British Intervention in Central Asia and Trans-Caucasia. New Delhi: Anmol, 1989.

Schmid, Alex P. Churchills privater Krieg. Intervention und Konterrevolution im russischen Bürgerkrieg November 1918 bis März 1920. Zürich: Atlantis, 1974.

Shmelev, Anatol. “The Allies in Russia, 1917–20: Intervention as Seen by the Whites.” Revolutionary Russia 16, no. 1 (2003): 87–107.

Silverlight, John. The Victors’ Dilemma: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1970.

Smele, Jonathan D. “Mania Grandiosa and ‘The Turning Point in World History’: Kerensky in London in 1918.” Revolutionary Russia 20, no. 1 (2007): 1–34.

Somin, Ilya. Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–1920. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1996.

Strakhovsky, Leonid I. Intervention at Archangel: The Story of Allied Intervention and Russian Counter-Revolution in North Russia, 1918–1920. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1944.

———. The Origins of the American Intervention in North Russia, 1918. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1937.

Swettenham, John A. Allied Intervention in Russia (1918–1919) and the Part Played by Canada. London: Allen & Unwin, 1967.

Teague-Jones, Reginald. The Spy Who Disappeared: Diary of a Secret Mission to Central Asia, 1918. London: Gollancz, 1990.

Thompson, John M. “Allied–American Intervention in Russia, 1918–1921.” In Rewriting Russian History: Soviet Interpretations of Russia’s Past, edited by Cyril E. Black, 334–400. New York: Praeger, 1957.

———. Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.

Ullman, Richard H. Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921. 3 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961–1972.

Unterberger, Betty M. America’s Siberian Expedition, 1918–1920: A Study of National Policy. Durham: University of North Carolina Press, 1956.

Ward, John, With the “Die-Hards” in Siberia. London: Cassell, 1920.

White, John A. The Siberian Intervention. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950.

Willett, Robert L. Russian Sideshow: America’s Undeclared War, 1918–1920. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 2003.

Williamson, H. N. H. Farewell to the Don: The Journal of Brigadier H.N.H. Williamson. London: Collins, 1970.

Wilson, Michael. For Them the War Was Not Over: The Royal Navy in Russia, 1918–1920. Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2010.

http://web.mac.com/czechlegion/TheCzechLegion/Introduction.html: A chiefly pictorial site devoted to the Czechoslovak Legion (in English).

http://www.pamatnik.valka.cz/novy/en/informace.php: A site devoted to the memory of the Czechoslovak Legion (in English).

http://secretwar.hhsweb.com/: A site devoted to the forces of the American intervention (in English).

Internal Opposition to the Soviet State

Arshinov, Petr. History of the Makhnovist Movement, 1918–1921. Detroit: Black and Red, 1974.

Aves, Jonathan. Workers Against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1920–1922. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.

Avrich, Paul. Kronstadt, 1921. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970.

———. The Russian Anarchists. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967.

Berk, Stephen M. “The Class Tragedy of Izhevsk: Working-Class Opposition to Bolshevism in 1918.” Russian History 2, no. 2 (1975): 176–90.

Bernshtam, M. S., ed. Nezavisimoe rabochee dvizhenie v 1918 godu: Dokumenty i materialy. Narodnoe soprotivelenie kommunizmu v Rossii. Paris: YMCA, 1982.

Brovkin, Vladimir N. Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War. Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918–1922. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994.

———. The Mensheviks after October: Socialist Opposition and the Rise of the Bolshevik Dictatorship. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

———. “On the Internal Front: The Bolsheviks and the Greens.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 37, no. 4 (1989): 541–68.

———. “Workers’ Unrest and the Bolsheviks’ Response in 1919.” Slavic Review 49, no. 3 (1990): 350–73.

Cipko, S. “Nestor Makhno: A Mini-historiography of the Anarchist Revolution in Ukraine, 1917–1921.” The Raven 4, no. 1 (1991): 57–75.

Daniels, Robert V. The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960.

Danilov, V. P., and T. Shanin, eds. Antonovshchina: Krestʹianskoe vosstanie v Tambovskoi gubernii v 1919–1921 gg. Dokumenty i materialy. Tambov: Upravlenie kul’tury i arkhivnogo dela Tambovskoi oblasti, 2007.

DuGarm, Delano. “Peasant Wars in Tambov Province.” In The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir N. Brovkin, 177–98. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

Efimov, A. G. Izhevtsy i Votkintsy: borʹba s bolʹshevikami, 1918–20 gg. Concord, Mass.: G. N. Blinoff and A. Efimoff, 1975.

Felʹshtinskii, Iu. G. Bolʹsheviki i levye esery, Oktiabrʹ 1917–iulʹ 1918: Na puti k odnopartiinoi diktature. Paris: YMCA, 1985.

Figes, Orlando. Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution 1917–1921. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Getzler, Israel. Kronstadt, 1917–1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Golinkov, D. L. Krushenie antisovetskogo podpolʹia v SSSR. 2 vols. Moscow: Politizdat, 1978.

Gol’tsev, V. A., ed. Sibirskaia vandeia: dokumenty. 2 vols. Moscow: Veche, 2000.

Gusev, K. V. Partiia eserov: Ot melko-burzhuaznogo revoliutsirizma k kontrrevoliutsii. Moscow: Myslʹ, 1975.

Häfner, Lutz. Die Partei der linken Sozialrevolutionäre in der Russischen Revolution von 1917–1918. Cologne: Böhlau, 1994.

Ioffe, G. Z. Krakh rossiiskoi monarkhicheskoi kontrrevoliutsii. Moscow: Nauka, 1977.

Kowalski, Ronald I. The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918. London: Macmillan, 1991.

———. “‘Fellow Travellers’ or Revolutionary Dreamers? The Left Social Revolutionaries after 1917.” Revolutionary Russia 11, no. 2 (1998): 1–32.

Kozlov, V. P., et al., eds. Kronshtadtskaia tragediia 1921 goda: Dokumenty. 2 vols. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999.

Landis, Erik C. Bandits and Partisans: The Antonov Movement in the Russian Civil War. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.

———. “Waiting for Makhno: Legitimacy and Context in a Russian Peasant War.” Past and Present, no. 183 (2004): 199–236.

———. “Who Were the ‘Greens’?” Russian Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 30–46.

Malet, Michael. Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War. London: Macmillan, 1985.

Naumov, V. P., and A. A. Kosakovskii, eds. Kronshtadt 1921: Dokumenty o sobytiiakh v Kronshtadte vesnoi 1921 g. Moscow: Demokratiia, 1997.

Osipova, T. “Peasant Rebellions: Origin, Scope, Dynamics and Consequences.” In The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir N. Brovkin, 154–70. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

Palij, Michael. The Anarchism of Nestor Makhno, 1918–1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976.

Protsess Borisa Savinkova. Berlin: Russkoe ekho, 1924.

Radkey, Oliver H. The Sickle under the Hammer: Russian Socialist- Revolutionaries in the Early Months of Soviet Rule. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.

———. The Unknown Civil War in Soviet Russia: A Study of the Green Movement in the Tambov Region, 1920–1921. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976.

Savinkov, B. V. Bor’ba s bolshevikami. Warsaw: N.p., 1920.

Schapiro, Leonard B. The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State. First Phase, 1917–1922. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1955.

Shanin, Teodor, ed. Khrestʹianskoe dvizhenie v Povolzh’e, 1919–1922: dokumenty i materialy. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002.

Shishkin, V. I., ed. Sibirskaia vendeia: Vooruzhenoe soprotivlenie kommunisticheskomu rezhimu v 1920 godu. Novosibirsk: Olsib, 1997.

Singleton, Seth. “The Tambov Revolt (1920–1921).” Slavic Review 25, no. 3 (1966): 497–512.

Skirda, Alexandre. Kronstadt 1921: Prolétariat contre bolchévisme. Paris: Editions de la Tête de Feuilles, 1972.

———. Nestor Makhno—Anarchy’s Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine, 1917–1921. Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, 2004.

Smith, Scott. “The Socialists-Revolutionaries and the Dilemma of Civil War.” In The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Revolution and the Civil Wars, edited by Vladimir N. Brovkin, 83–104. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

———. Captives of Revolution: The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Bolshevik Dictatorship, 1918–1923. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011.

Spence, Richard B. Boris Savinkov: Renegade on the Left. Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1991.

Swain, Geoffrey. “Russia’s Garibaldi: The Revolutionary Life of Mikhail Artemevich Muraviev.” Revolutionary Russia 11, no. 2 (1998): 54–81.

Tsvetkov, V. Zh., ed. Izhevsko-Votkinskoe vosstanie 1918 g. Moscow: Posev, 2000.

Voline. The Unknown Revolution: Kronstadt 1921, Ukraine 1918–21. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1974.

Voronovich, N. “Mezhdu dvukh ognei.” Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii 7 (1922): 53–183.

http://libcom.org/: Libertarian site with extensive coverage of anarchism and anarchists in Russia (in English).

http://militants-anarchistes.info/?lang=fr: Biographical dictionary of anarchists (in French).

http://socialist.memo.ru/: An immense site devoted to Russian socialists and anarchists and their fates post-October (in Russian).

http://www.chernov.h12.ru/: A site devoted to the life and work of V. M. Chernov (in Russian).

http://www.makhno.ru/makhno/: Huge archive of materials on Nestor Makhno and the Makhnovtsy (in Russian).

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mhuey/HOME.html: Translation of a 1921 anarchist publication, Pravda o Kronshtadt (“The Truth About Kronstadt!”) and other materials relating to the rebellion (in English).

The Legacy of the Civil Wars

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. “The Civil War as a Formative Experience.” In Bolshevik Culture, edited by Abbott Gleason and Peter Kenez, 57–76. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1988.

———. “The Legacy of the Civil War.” In Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History, edited by Diane Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald G. Suny, 385–98. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Gorsuch, Anne E. “NEP Be Damned! Young Militants in the 1920s and the Culture of Civil War.” Russian Review 56, no. 4 (1997): 564–80.

Koenker, Diane. “Urbanization and Deurbanization in the Russian Revolution and Civil War.” Journal of Modern History 57 (1985): 424–50.

Lewin, Moshe. “The Civil War: Dynamics and Legacy.” In Party, State and Society in the Russian Civil War: Explorations in Social History, edited by Diane Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald G. Suny, 399–423. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Suny, Ronald G. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993.