INDEX
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Abashidze, David, 36–37, 46
ABC of Communism, The (Bukharin and Preobrazhensky), 695
Abkhazia, Abkhazians, 15, 496, 541, 557, 564
Abramidze-Tsikhitatrashvili, Masho, 17
Adelkhanov Tannery, 22, 25, 43, 48
Afghanistan, 109, 391
Africa, 65, 71, 316
Agabekov, Georgy (Arutyunov), 667
“Against Federalism” (Stalin), 350
agriculture, Russian, 65, 93, 298–300
consolidation in, 674
exports of, 93, 136, 164
“extraordinary measures” policy for, 697, 705, 709–10, 712, 713, 722
famine of 1921–22 and, 447–49
lack of modernization in, 449–50, 663, 671–72
low yields of, 93, 447, 566, 568, 649, 659, 662–64, 680, 700–701, 721, 722–23
Stolypin’s reforms in, 95, 96–97
and wartime land confiscation, 189
see also peasants, Russian
agriculture commissariat, 449–50, 470
Alekseev, N. P., 304, 305
Alexander I, tsar, 89
Alexander II, tsar, 59–60, 89
assassination of, 60, 134
Great Reforms of, 29, 59–60, 66, 85
Alexander III, tsar, 60, 85, 89, 120, 158, 353
Alexander Mikhailovich, Grand Duke, 163
Alexandra, tsarina, 89–90, 119, 128, 159, 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 280
murder of, 281
Rasputin and, 159–61
Alexei, tsarevich, 90, 126, 128, 158–59, 166, 170, 171
hemophilia of, 160–61, 178
murder of, 281
Alexeyev, Mikhail, 159, 163, 166, 170–72, 182, 197, 207, 211, 228, 248, 268, 282, 295
Allies (Great War), see Entente (Allies)
Alliluyev, Sergei, 53, 55, 117, 264, 594
Alliluyeva, Anna, 193, 314
Alliluyeva, Nadezhda “Nadya,” 264, 301, 314, 398, 593, 633
headaches and depressions of, 466, 468, 594
in Lenin’s secretariat, 413, 466, 467, 484
party purge and reinstatement of, 467–68
Stalin’s courtship of, 193
Stalin’s marriage to, 117, 264, 466–67, 594–95, 707, 719
Alliluyeva, Olga, 193, 594
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 10, 595, 633, 719
Alliluyev family, 155, 193, 466
All-Russia Congress of Muslims, 183
All-Russia Congress of Peasants’ Deputies, First, 187
All-Russia Cooperative Society, 631–32
Alma-Ata, 676–79, 719
American Relief Administration (ARA), 448–49
anarchism, anarchists, 39, 334
“Anarchism or Socialism?” (Stalin), 107–8, 544
Andreyev, Andrei, 457, 607, 666, 720
Andreyev, Nikolai, 275
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907), 109, 110, 135, 136, 140
Anna, tsarina, 88
anti-Semitism, 19, 99, 100, 326
Protocols of the Elders of Zion and, 100, 129
of Stalin, 112
in White armies, 325–26
Antonov, Alexander, 346, 381, 394
Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 346, 381, 394
apparatchiks, 426, 430, 431–32
“April Theses” (Lenin), 191
Arkhangelsk, 269
British landing at, 282, 283
Armand, Inessa, 151, 188, 285, 413, 531
Armenia, 238, 343, 365, 395, 397, 400, 475, 480
Armenians, 115, 479
in Georgia, 15, 496
in Tiflis, 29, 49, 479
Turkish genocide against, 150
Armenian Soviet Republic, 395
Article 107, 666, 669, 670, 681, 682, 700, 701, 705, 707, 713
Artuzov, Artur, 461, 635, 657
Asia:
Japanese imperialism in, 111
nationalist liberation movements in, 554
Russian expansion in, 68, 111, 554
Stalin’s views on revolution in, 625
Austria, 316, 347–48
Austria-Hungary, 2, 5, 6, 34–35, 109, 343
Balkans and, 141
Bosnia annexed by, 110, 142, 144
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 258
in Great War, 140, 162, 185, 197, 200, 248–249, 269; see also Central Powers
in onset of Great War, 143–44, 148–49
wartime food shortages in, 251–52
autocratic system, Russian, 3, 10, 57–60, 88, 125
agriculture in, 65
bureaucracy of, 57–59, 69, 70–71, 83, 120
chancellery of, 430
constitutionalism and, 56, 60, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93–94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 109, 122, 127, 128, 132, 137, 157, 171, 173, 223
Council of Ministers in, 60, 86
Duma in, see Duma
Great War and collapse of, 173
industrialization in, 65
intransigence of, 54, 66–67, 74, 137, 157–58
mass politics as distasteful to, 130
modernity and, 62–63, 65–67
Peter the Great and, 56–57
political parties disdained by, 137, 157
political terrorism and, 101, 102, 103–4
prime ministership in, 83–85
uprisings of 1905–6 and, 81
automobiles, 612
as special interest of Stalin, 540–41
Avilov, Boris, 221, 258
Axelrod, Pavel, 45, 135, 188
Azerbaijan, 343, 365–66, 368, 395, 397, 400, 475, 480
Babel, Isaac, 359
Baku, 12, 50, 55, 266, 301
Congress of the Peoples of the East in, 367
oil industry in, 115, 283
proletariat in, 366
Red Army capture of, 366
Stalin in, 112, 114–16, 117, 121, 123
strikes in, 144
Baku-Batum pipelines, 51
Bakunin, Mikhail, 41–42, 191
Baku Proletarian, 106, 112
Balabanoff, Angelica, 531–32
Balashov, Alexei, 429, 431, 456–57
on Stalin, 468–69
Baldwin, Stanley, 559
Balk, Alexander, 167, 168, 169
Balkans, 141, 143
Balkan wars (1912–13), 142, 143
Balkaro-Kabarda, 688
Baltic fleet, as Bolshevik stronghold, 187
Baltic littoral, German occupation of, 243, 283
Balytsky, Vsevolod, 665, 688, 699
Balzac, Honore de, 36
banks, Bolshevik seizure of holdings of, 238–39
Barabashev, Oleg, 685
Baramyants, Iosif, 15–16
Barbusse, Henri, 1
Barmine, Alexander, on Stalin’s appearance, 427
Barnaul, 661–62, 668, 679, 681, 682
Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Bashkiria), 370–72, 447
Bashkir First Cavalry, 370
Bashkir Revolutionary Committee, 370
Bashkirs, 368, 369, 479
“Basmachi,” 371–72
Batum, 77, 301
massacre of workers in, 52, 53
Stalin in, 51–52
Bauer, Otto, 133, 347–48
Baumanis, Karlis (Bauman, Karl), 673
Bavarian Soviet Republic, 323–24
Bazhanov, Boris, 454, 455, 456, 458, 463, 523, 666–67
Beck, Józef, 562
Bedny, Demyan (Pridvorov, Yefim), 260, 602, 604
Belenky, Abram, 593–94
Belenky, Grigory, 603
Belgium:
in Great War, 145–46, 147, 152
in Locarno Pact, 561
Beloborodov, Alexander, 676
Belorussia, Belorussians, 98, 119, 125, 157, 353, 354, 388, 475, 546
as independent republic, 343, 368
Poland and, 352, 616–17
Soviet Union plan and, 475
Belorussian Soviet Republic, 406
Belostotsky, Ivan “Vladimir,” 124
Benes, Edvard, 316
Beria, Lavrenti, 8, 395, 542
Berlin, Treaty of (1926), 587, 588
Bernstein, Eduard, 78–79
Berzin, Jan (KUZIS, Peteris), 554, 618
Besser, Lidiya, 154
Bezobrazov, Alexander, 72
Bismarck, Otto von, 4, 70, 72, 83, 94, 95, 109, 113, 119, 139, 140, 141
on art of politics, 5–6
Russia and, 5, 7
unification of Germany by, 4, 5, 6–7, 18, 732
Bjorko, Treaty of, 110, 139
Black Hundreds (Holy Brigades), 77, 86, 99, 182
Black Repartition, 189
Black Sea, 12, 14
Blackshirts (squadristi), 549
Blacksmith Bridge, 15 (Kuznetskii most), 441
Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 79
Blanquism, 79, 80
Blok, Alexander, 130
Blok, Ivan, 74
Bloody Sunday, 73–74, 126, 164
Blyukher, Vasily, 629, 631, 644
Blyumkin, Yakov, 274–75
Bodoo, 402
Bogrov, Mordekhai “Dmitry,” 122
Boki, Gleb, 375, 433
Bolshevik (publication), 545 Bolshevik regime (1918–22):
armed insurrections against, 231
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 283, 312, 315, 642
chaotic nature of, 230–33
civil war and, see civil war, Russian
and collapse of financial system, 238–39, 242
counterrevolution as obsession of, 233–34, 241, 244, 287–88, 290–91, 392–93
Dadaism compared with, 230, 232
decline of labor force under, 385
as dictatorship, 231
excluded from Versailles peace talks, 317
federalism and, 343
food shortages in, 290, 299–302, 307, 321–22
fuel shortages in, 321
grain monopoly of, 299
grain seizures by, 380, 389, 447
grassroots organizations targeted by, 336–37
Great War and, 231, 247
ideological zealotry of, 292–93, 597
Jews in, 340–41
Kamenev’s attempts to include other socialists in, 233–36
Mirbach on likely collapse of, 271, 272
national authority lacked by, 254–55
as party-state, 339, 345, 469
in peace talks with Central Powers, 249–50
Petrograd evacuated by, 259–61
police force lacked by, 240
propaganda machine of, 289–90
property seized by, 241–42
Red Terror of 1918 in, 287–88
Romanov property nationalized by, 281
siege mentality in, 338
Stalin as dominant force in, 295
Stalinist faction in, 390
state building by, see state building, Soviet
territory ceded by, 258
Trotskyist faction in, 390
tsarist debt repudiated by, 239
universal suffrage under, 243
see also Communist Party; Council of People’s Commissars; Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Bolshevik regime (1918–22), bureaucracy of, 289–90, 427
corruption in, 292, 322, 337, 338, 527
elite perquisites in, 338
expansion of, 385, 578, 601
financial burden of, 337–38
hierarchical nature of, 337
incompetence in, 292, 424
internecine competition in, 420
redundancy in, 428–29
Bolshevik Revolution, 137, 233
as bourgeois democratic revolution, 407
Stalin in, 138, 177
Stalin’s view on, 555–56
see also February Revolution; October Revolution
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 3, 79, 103, 106, 108, 114, 118, 124, 137, 176
as alternative world order, 343
bourgeois historical phase expected by, 190
in Constituent Assembly election, 244–45
as enemies of colonialism, 368–69
excluded from Moscow State Conference, 206
at First Congress of Soviets, 196
given new life by Kornilov’s coup attempt, 212–13, 225
Kerensky’s treason charges against, 202–3
Lenin’s zealotry criticized by, 191–92
loss of confidence of, 213
Bolsheviks, Bolshevism (cont.)
Menshevik split with, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
October coup of, see October Revolution
peasants ignored by, 237, 426
Petrograd headquarters of, 186–87, 190, 191, 203, 215
Petrograd Soviet controlled by, 212–13, 218–19
political polarization welcomed by, 208
Prague conference of, 122–23
Provisional Government and, 177–78, 208
Russia Bureau of, 190, 222
Russian army agitation by, 198
Russification of, 348
7th (Extraordinary) Party Congress of, 259
6th Party Congress of, 204–5, 212
Stalin as, 112, 176–77
Tiflis bank robbery of, 113–14
Trotsky’s joining of, 200, 202
Bonch-Bruevich, Mikhail, 250, 328
Bonch-Bruevich, Vera, 285
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 240, 250, 260, 275, 276, 285, 287
Borisov, Sergei, 401–2
Borman, Arkady, 341
Borodin, Mikhail (Grusenberg), 628, 629, 631
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 110, 142, 144
bourgeoisie, 40
Marxist view of, 190, 292, 293
in Russia, 66
serf owners replaced by, 42
bourgeois revolution, 42, 78, 175, 195, 199, 407
Boxer rebellion, 64
Brandler, Heinrich, 509–10, 514–15, 525
Brdzola (Struggle), 50, 55, 348
Brest-Litovsk, 249, 354, 361
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 315, 389, 451, 459, 642
addenda to, 283
Left SR denunciation of, 273, 274
Russia’s repudiation of, 312
Briand, Aristide, 562
British empire, 4, 141, 151, 316
British intelligence, Russian codes cracked by, 391–92
Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich, Count von, 553, 559, 638, 691, 693, 704, 709
Chicherin and, 559–60
Broido, Gersh, 373
Bronstein, Aneta, 200
Bronstein, David, 200
Brusilov, Alexei, 162, 163, 164, 166, 185, 196, 197, 199, 248
Brutzkus, Boris, 239
Bryant, Louise, 440
Budyonny, Semyon, 345, 355–56, 357, 358, 359, 362, 363, 365, 456, 464
Bug River, 358
Bukhara, 90, 255, 342
Red Army sack of, 373–75
Bukharan People’s Soviet Republic, 375
Bukharin, Nikolai, 133, 246, 250, 256, 257, 259, 262, 276, 314, 322, 331, 334, 351, 354, 385, 389, 392, 414, 464, 469, 493, 497, 512, 535, 596, 608, 613, 619, 631, 632, 640, 656, 676, 686, 695, 708, 739
as alternative Soviet leader, 728–29
in “cave meeting,” 505, 506, 658
as Comintern head, 719
on “extraordinary measures” policy, 711–12
and German Communist coup attempt, 509–10
and “Ilich’s letter about the secretary,” 504–9, 512
on industrialization, 722
Kamenev and, 727
and Lenin’s death, 534
as Lenin’s possible successor, 492
Lenin’s Testament and, 499
NEP and, 569–71, 727
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713–17, 720
in politburo, 596
Stalin and, 615–16, 707–8, 714–15, 718–19, 723
on Stalin’s dictatorship, 472, 474, 507–9, 513, 731
and succession power struggle, 563, 564, 578, 580, 584, 641–42, 644
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 620
Bulgaria, 316
failed Communist coup in, 514–15
Burckhardt, Jacob, 144
Campbell, Thomas, 700
capitalism, 39, 190, 482, 733
colonialism and, 625
Lenin on, 151, 291, 403, 444, 446, 625
Marxist view of, 39–40, 78–79, 151, 190, 288, 292, 347
nationalism and, 347
in Russia, 42, 195
Sokolnikov on, 565–66
Stalin on, 107, 444, 561, 562–63, 583, 653, 698–99
Carr, E. H., 739
Catherine I, tsarina, 88
Catherine II, “the Great,” tsarina, 89, 90, 263
Caucasus, 16, 43, 365, 439, 700
Bolsheviks in, 108, 266
British army in, 270, 397–98
Mensheviks in, 112, 124
political terrorism in, 115
Russian conquest of, 3, 12–13
Stalin’s 1926 trip through, 598, 600, 601
Central Asia, 372–76
Muslims in, 373–74
Russian expansion into, 67–68, 111
Central Committee, 123, 154, 191, 214, 233, 234, 235, 255, 271, 321, 322, 328, 329, 350, 385, 390, 426, 430, 434, 476, 488, 502, 577, 637, 730
Bolshevik takeover of, 122–23, 124, 133
Bukharin’s triumvirate plan for, 512
dictatorial powers given to Lenin’s inner circle by, 243
economic naïvete of, 569
elections for, 193, 322, 497, 547, 584
and German peace talks, 250, 251, 256–57
grain shortages and, 665–66, 669, 673, 684
joint plenums of Central Control Commission and, 522–25, 608–9, 614, 640, 646–49, 651, 698–700, 709–10, 711
Kamenev’s resignation from, 235–36
Lenin’s criticisms of, 192
Lenin’s proposed expansion of, 485
October Revolution and, 214, 216
plenums of, 123, 328, 362, 411, 430, 477, 484, 485, 515–16, 522, 533, 546, 557, 586, 604, 605, 614, 622, 630–31, 639
as policy-making body, 428–29
and Polish-Soviet War, 359, 362
secretariat of, see secretariat
secret departments of, 434–35
Soviet Union plan approved by, 477, 484
Stalin in, 123–24, 132–33, 193
Stalin loyalists in, 454, 455
Stalin’s expansion of, 497
Stalin’s resignation offers to, 224, 508, 607, 614, 619, 648, 657–59, 660
trade monopoly upheld by, 484
Trotsky as chairman of, 214–15
Trotskyites excluded from, 390, 411–12, 423, 584, 651
Trotsky’s economic plan rejected by, 484
Trotsky’s expulsion from, 648
Zinoviev’s expulsion from, 648
Central Committee apparatus, 428–29, 433, 438
corruption and excess in, 518–19
Council of People’s Commissars functions duplicated by, 428–29
endless reports demanded by, 435
leaks and security violations in, 434
Molotov’s criticism of, 518–19
mystique of, 435
Old Square offices of, 429, 430–31
Stalin loyalists in, 453–57, 469–70
Stalin’s control of, 478, 486–87
Stalin’s expansion of, 425–26
Stalin’s obsession with fulfilling directives of, 433
Trotsky’s denunciation of, 518–19, 522
see also orgburo; politburo; secretariat
Central Control Commission, 375, 430, 451, 454, 502–3, 522, 577, 583, 594, 607–8, 614, 636, 640
circulation of Lenin’s Testament banned by, 540
joint plenums of Central Committee and, 522–25, 608–9, 614, 640, 646–49, 651, 698–700, 709–10, 711
Trotsky investigated by, 520
Central Powers, 140, 157, 196, 197
Lenin’s cease-fire offer to, 247–49
in peace talks with Bolsheviks, 249–50
Chagin, Pyotr (Boldovkin), 586
Chamberlain, Austen, 559, 561, 562
Charkviani, Kristopore, 16, 20, 21
chauvinism, Great Russian, 348, 407, 487, 496, 497
Chavchavadze, Ilya, 32, 33, 36, 38, 43, 44
Chechnya, Chechens, 304, 688
Cheka, 237, 262, 264, 273, 291, 374–75, 384, 433
in assassination of Grand Duke Mikhail, 280
corruption in, 294
formation of, 241
in Georgia, 399, 541–42
Kronstadt rebellion and, 393
Latvian assault on, 277–78
Left SRs arrested by, 278
local branches of, 293–94
Lubyanka headquarters and prison of, 437–38
in Mirbach assassination plot, 275–76
in murder of Tsar Nicholas and family, 281
National Center plot uncovered by, 333
in Petrograd, 382
property seized by, 241–42
proposed curbs on, 439
replaced by GPU, 439, 448
sadistic reputation of, 438
Stalin’s control of, 438
summary executions by, 294
in Tsaritsyn, see Tsaritsyn Cheka
widespread hatred of, 241
Chekhov, Anton, 10
Cheremisov, V. A., 217
Chernov, Victor, 135, 164, 185, 198, 202, 228, 234, 279
Cherry Orchard, The (Chekhov), 10
chervonets, 452
Chervyakov, Alexander I., 302, 303, 304
Chiang Kai-shek, 185, 627, 631, 632, 644, 655, 717
Communists distrusted by, 628
massacre of Shanghai Communists ordered by, 629–30
Stalin’s support of, 630–31
Chiatura, 86, 301
Stalin in, 76–77, 81
Chicago, Ill., Haymarket riots in, 49–50
Chicherin, Georgy, 262, 275, 283, 359, 366, 386, 392, 404, 443, 444, 446, 511, 525, 560, 562, 589, 616, 617–18, 622, 631, 635–36, 651, 692, 693
Brockdorff-Rantzau and, 559–60
Litvinov’s relationship with, 458
as Stalin appointee, 457
Stalin’s correspondence with, 407–8
work habits of, 457–58
China, 63, 67, 364
Comintern and, 626, 627–28, 629–30, 640
Communists in, see Communist Party, Chinese
famine in, 63, 64
Nationalists in, see Guomindang
Qing dynasty in, 4, 64, 66, 401
revolution of 1911 in, 131–32, 625–26
Soviet advisers in, 626–28, 629
Soviet Russia and, 404–5
Soviet Union and, 617, 623, 625–33, 651, 655
Stalin and, 625, 627–33, 640, 655
Trotsky and, 627, 628–29, 630, 631, 632
Zinoviev and, 629, 630–31
Chizikov, Pyotr, 121
Chkheidze, Nikoloz “Karlo,” 51, 191, 647
Choqai-Beg, Mustafa, 253
Chubar, Vlas, 390
Churchill, Winston, 398
civil war, Russian, 231, 269, 282–83, 298, 325–29, 350, 356–60, 369, 380, 436, 642
aftermath of, 405–6
barter economy of, 450
Bolshevik advantages in, 332–33
Bolshevik regime strengthened by, 290, 336–37
casualties in, 332
as economic war, 406
grain shortages and, 405
inflation in, 450
Lenin in, 334
mass exodus of professional class during, 405
nationalism and, 345–46
1919 offensive in, 335, 370–71
propaganda campaigns in, 335–36
Stalin’s role in, 295, 297, 302–4, 305–7, 308–10, 314, 320, 327, 328, 332, 334–35, 339, 379
Trotsky’s role in, 284, 285–86, 289, 297, 298, 302–4, 306–10, 313–14, 319–21, 325–31, 334–35, 339–40
Ungern-Sternberg in, 400–401
Whites’ definitive defeat in, 379
Civil War, U.S., 18–19
Civil War in France (Marx), 232
class warfare:
as central tenet of Lenin’s thought, 291, 443, 444, 737
as foundation of Soviet state, 291–92
as justification for mass executions, 293–94
Marx on, 291–92, 737
peasant rebellions and, 381
Soviet foreign policy and, 443–44
Stalin’s fervent belief in, 306–7, 308–9, 345, 444, 681, 688, 698, 710–11, 732, 734
Clemenceau, Georges, 315, 317
collectivization, 103, 420–21, 449, 570, 584, 660, 674–75, 682–83, 695, 722–23, 725, 733, 739
Bukharin on, 708
capitalist farming as superior to, 725
Communist ideology of, 724–27
dekulakization and, 421
famine and, 724
global economy and, 726
industrialization and, 725
low yields in, 725
peasant resistance to, 724
politburo and, 675–76
Rykov and, 731
as Stalin’s great gamble, 734–35
Stalin’s speeches on, 671–73, 676, 679, 706–7, 713, 718
Trotsky on, 675
colonialism, 62, 65, 66, 343, 364, 653
Bolsheviks as enemies of, 368–69
capitalism and, 625
Comintern and, 367–68
famine and, 63–64
Great War and, 151–52
statism and, 96
Treaty of Versailles and, 316
commissars:
expanding role of, 339
in Red Army, 339, 351
communes, 41–42, 65–66, 95, 96–97, 189–90, 299, 430, 449, 567
Communism, 40, 190, 336, 597
see also Leninism; Marxism, Marxists
Communist, 259
Communist Academy, 706, 718
Communist International (Comintern), 392, 412, 510
First Congress of, 317, 347, 369
Second Congress of, 41, 318, 363–64
Third Congress of, 403, 442
Fourth Congress of, 418, 427
Fifth Congress of, 550–51
Sixth Congress of, 718–20
Baku Congress and, 367
Bukharin as head of, 719
China policy of, 626, 627–28, 629–30, 640
colonialism and, 367–68
and German Communist coup attempt, 511, 525, 526, 559
GPU agents in, 442–43
inefficiency and corruption in, 442–43
Kuusinen as head of, 442
Mongolian-Tibetan department of, 401–2
Soviet foreign relations and, 558, 559
Stalin’s control of, 506, 609
Trotsky expelled from, 644
Zinoviev as head of, 609, 615
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 39–40, 43, 45, 99, 107, 151
Communist Party, 259, 265, 271–72, 297, 339
9th conference of, 376–77
13th conference of, 533, 534
14th conference of, 569, 571
15th conference of, 614–15
6th Congress of, 555
8th Congress of, 318–22, 329, 369, 370, 396
10th Congress of, 344, 384–91, 405–6, 410, 423, 455, 459
11th Congress of, 411, 431, 465, 481, 482
12th Congress of, 415–16, 425, 433, 436, 488, 494–95, 502
13th Congress of, 546–49, 552, 573, 607, 609
14th Congress of, 579–84, 586
15th Congress of, 597, 640, 641, 643–44, 652–56, 659, 660, 664–65, 673, 730
Central Committee of, see Central Committee
collective leadership proposed for, 422–23
growth of, 344
hierarchical structure of, 289, 432, 469
local organizations in, 432–33
Muslims in, 502–3, 527, 716
nationalism and, 345
NEP and, 420
Stalin appointed general secretary of, 411–12, 424, 481, 486, 530
Stalin’s nationalities report to, 496
Stalin’s organizational report to, 495
Stalin’s triumph over Trotsky at, 501
Trotsky and Zinoviev expelled from, 651, 656
Trotsky at, 495–96
Trotskyites culled from, 495
Zinoviev and, 495
Communist Party, Chinese, 640
in alliance with Guomindang, 626–27
Chiang’s distrust of, 628
Guomindang betrayal of, 637–38, 640, 655
Shanghai massacre of, 629–30
Sixth Congress of, 717
Soviet aid to, 627, 640
Stalin on tactics of, 627–28
Stalin’s betrayal of, 631
Communist Party, French, 519–20, 645
Communist Party, Georgian:
Central Committee of, 475, 477, 480, 493
Dzierzynski’s investigation of, 480–81, 487
insubordination of, 479, 487, 489–90, 493, 494
Second Congress of, 493
Communist Party, German, 318, 323, 378, 704
Communist Party, German, coup attempt of, 392, 473, 550
Bukharin and, 509–10
Comintern and, 511, 525, 526, 559
lack of worker support for, 525, 526
politburo aid to, 511, 515
Stalin and, 510–11, 515, 522, 525–26, 557
Trotsky and, 511
Zinoviev and, 509–10, 511, 514–15
Communist Party, Hungarian, 324–25
Communist Party, Italian, 550, 551, 609, 720
Communist Party, Polish, 349, 515, 519–20, 600
Communist Party, Ukrainian, Central Committee of, 476
Communist Youth International, 644
Communist Youth League, 548, 574, 585, 707
Congress, U.S., Russia famine relief and, 448–49
Congress of Soviets, 350, 354
First, 196
Second, 215, 217, 219, 220, 225, 233, 247, 258, 396
Third, 247, 251
Fourth, 264–65
Congress of Soviets (cont.)
Fifth, 273–75, 276, 278, 279–80
Sixth, 311
Tenth (First USSR), 485–86
Eleventh (Second USSR), 534, 535, 539–40
Congress of the Peoples of the East, 367, 372, 395
conservatism, 39
Constituent Assembly, 242–47, 251, 279
Constitutional Democrats (Cadets), Russian, 90, 93–94, 98, 105, 109, 130, 132, 136, 137, 157, 175, 178, 180, 184, 195, 196, 199, 202, 205, 239, 242–43, 244, 343, 464
constitutionalism, 56, 60, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93–94, 98, 99, 100, 103, 109, 122, 127, 128, 131–32, 137, 157, 171, 173, 175–76, 178–80, 207, 223
Cossacks, 13, 254, 268, 270, 296, 304, 305, 310, 326, 356, 401
Council of Five, 211–12
Council of Labor and Defense, 416–17, 476
Council of Ministers, Russian, 60, 86, 179
Council of People’s Commissars, 227–29, 233, 234, 236, 241, 242, 263, 266, 270, 278, 280, 350, 412, 416–17, 425, 428, 476, 492, 686
duplicate functions of Central Committee apparatus and, 428–29
Left SRs and, 237, 265, 273
Lenin’s control of, 229, 236
Council of People’s Commissars, USSR, 540
counterrevolution, 183, 186
Bolshevik obsession with, 233–34, 241, 244, 287–88, 290–91, 392–93
and Kornilov’s attempted coup, 207–11, 212, 219
Moscow State Conference and, 207
Soviet laws against, 634
Stalin on, 207, 209, 213, 214
Stalin’s use of label as political strategy, 305–7
Credo (Stalin), 77
Crimea, 332, 357–59, 362, 365, 374, 379, 447
Crimean War, 59, 66, 67, 91
Curzon, Lord, 358, 359, 360, 397–98
Czechoslovakia, 316, 325, 511, 561–62, 589
Czechoslovak Legion, 269, 280, 282–83, 296, 331
revolt of, 269–70, 277
Dadaism, 230, 232
“Dada Manifesto” (Tzara), 227
Dagestan, 12
Dalai Lama, 401
Dan, Fyodor, 137, 396, 469
Danielson, Nikolai F., 42, 65–66
Danzan, 346, 402, 404
Danzig, 315, 363, 364, 621
Dashnaks (Revolutionary Armenian Federation), 115, 137, 351, 395, 400
Davis, Jerome, 610–11, 660
Davitashvili, Mikheil “Mikho,” 37, 38, 47, 48
Davrishevi, Damian, 20
Davrishevi, Iosif “Soso,” 25
Days of the Turbins (Bulgakov), 620
Declaration of the 46, 519, 522–23, 524
decreeism, 435
de Gaulle, Charles, 352
dekulakization, 421, 685, 707, 724, 727
Denikin, Anton, 297, 300, 329–30, 335, 336, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 366, 386
Cossack support for, 296
failed Moscow assault of, 331
Kiev seized by, 330
in 1919 offensive, 326, 328
in retreat to Crimea, 332
as Volunteer Army head, 295, 325–26
Denmark, Prussia’s war with, 5, 6
Desart, Lord, 146, 147
Devdariani, Seid, 35, 38, 104
Dgebuadze, Alexander, 399
dialectical materialism, 107
Didi Lilo, 15, 25, 48
Dirksen, Herbert von, 587
Dmitrievsky, Pyotr Alexandrovich, 276, 278
Dogadov, Alexander, 657
Donetsk Coal Trust, 690, 691, 703
Don River, 268, 296, 300, 310, 330
Don Soviet Republic, 238
Dorpat (Yurev) University, 38
Dukhonin, Nikolai, 248
Duma, 82–83, 84, 85, 90–91, 93, 99, 109, 113, 119, 136, 144, 145, 157, 163, 168, 179, 181, 223
Lena goldfields investigation in, 126
Nicholas II and, 74, 82–83, 90–91, 93–94, 101, 127, 128, 158, 163, 166, 169
Provisional Committee of, 170–71, 172, 173
Provisional Government and, 179–80
right wing and, 101, 102
Stalin on, 105
Stolypin and, 94, 97, 101
Duranty, Walter, 543
Durnovó, Pyotr, 85–86, 87, 90, 92, 102, 125, 129, 130, 146, 149, 157, 167, 173, 187, 408, 409, 558
democracy as viewed by, 136
Nicholas II and, 134
political insight and prescience of, 135–37
on probable outcome of war with Germany, 131, 135
resignation of, 91
in State Council, 134
Dzierzynski, Felix, 104, 121, 235, 241, 250, 257, 260, 275–76, 278, 284, 300, 314, 333, 352, 358, 360, 365, 375, 393, 396, 438, 459, 452, 468, 482, 579, 588, 596, 602, 688, 738
background of, 459
as Cheka-GPU head, 459
death of, 605
on expanded bureaucracy, 601
and famine of 1921–22, 447–48
Georgian insubordination investigated by, 480–81, 487, 489
as head of OGPU, 577–78
imprisonment and internal exiles of, 459
Left SR capture of, 276
Lenin’s death and, 492–93, 534–35, 536
and Lenin’s mummification, 542–43
as Lenin’s possible successor, 493
Mezynski and, 460
NEP and, 578
new Polish attack feared by, 604–5
and succession power struggle, 577–78
Supreme Council of the Economy chaired by, 578, 579, 601
and Trotsky’s Sukhum stay, 541
Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 10, 12, 13
Eastman, Max, 506, 572–73, 647–48
Lenin’s Testament published by, 614
economy, global, 64–65
dichotomy in, 64–65
Soviet collectivization and, 726
Stalin on, 569
economy, Soviet, 408
in civil war, 450
currency in, 450, 452
foreign debt and, 720–21, 733
inflation in, 450, 583, 663
monetary emissions in, 569, 585, 664
monetary reforms in, 376, 451–52, 566, 568, 569, 583, 585
1924 harvest and, 566
Trotsky’s quest for dictatorship of, 481, 484, 485, 486–87, 488, 501, 518
unemployment in, 695
see also finance commissariat; New Economic Policy
Egnatashvili, Mrs., 17
Egnatashvili, Yakov “Koba,” 16, 20, 23, 24, 25, 46, 106
Egnatashvili family, 17, 28
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, The (Marx), 107
Eihe, Roberts, 683
Eisenstein, Sergei, 651
Eisner, Kurt, 323–24
Elisabedashvili, Grigory, 7
Elizabeth, tsarina, 88
embassies, Soviet:
Comintern offices in, 443
GPU in, 443
Engels, Friedrich, 8, 39, 151, 232
Enlightenment, Stalin’s article in, 133
En Route, 327
Entente (Allies), 140, 147, 221, 247, 256, 258, 273, 364, 561
and Bolshevik takeover of Georgia, 397
continued eastern front operations desired by, 265
and Lenin’s cease-fire offer to Central Powers, 247–48
military aid to Whites by, 296
in partitioning of Ottoman empire, 367
and Polish-Soviet War, 353, 355, 359
Romania and, 378–79
total German defeat as goal of, 258
Trotsky’s secret negotiations and, 265
White army supplied by, 326, 352
Erdman, Nikolai, 620
Eristavi, Rapiel, 34
Estonia, 283, 295, 330, 331, 604
aborted Communist coup in, 554–55, 556–57
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
Ethiopia, 64
Eurasia, 1, 138, 243, 343, 344, 349
civil wars in, 294, 345
diversity of, 56
Muslims in, 349, 366, 367–72
nationalism in, 406
proletariat as minority in, 349
use of term, 345
Europe:
fear of Bolshevism in, 336
Russian expatriates in, 104, 393, 489, 553, 555, 557, 575
Exodus to the East, 345
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution, Sabotage, and Speculation, 293
Extraordinary Commission for Food and Transport, 299
Faberge, Peter Carl, 127
famine, in nonindustrialized countries, 63–64
famine of 1921–22, 447–49
grain requisitioning and, 447–48
Lenin and, 447–48
U.S. relief for, 448–49
Farinacci, Roberto, 552
fascism, 123, 549–52, 725
in Romania, 589–90
Stalin’s misunderstanding of, 550–51
February Revolution, 168–73, 174–75, 176, 182, 183, 188, 194, 290, 297, 453
army and, 169, 172, 175
as bourgeois revolution, 175, 195, 199
as liberal coup, 180, 223
navy and, 172, 175
Federal Democratic Russian Republic, 254
federalism, 343
Stalin’s dedication to, 346, 349–51
Federation of Anarchist-Communists, 187
feudalism, 40, 190
Figner, Nikolai, 127
finance commissariat, 450–51, 452, 470, 730
Sokolnikov as commissar of, 565
Finance Ministry, tsarist:
Internal Affairs Ministry’s rivalry with, 69
Witte as head of, 69–70
financial industries, 63
Finland, 90, 478, 556–57, 604
German occupation of, 243
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
Kronstadt rebels given asylum by, 391
Lenin in, 114, 213, 222
Soviet Union and, 590
Finnish civil war, 256
Finnish Socialist Workers Republic, 256
First Cavalry Army (Red), 259, 355–56, 357, 359, 362, 456
First International, 317, 347
Fischer, Louis, 635
Foch, Ferdinand, 311, 315, 317
food supply commissariat, 449
Ford, Henry, 612
foreign affairs commissariat, 229, 441–42, 443, 622, 624
foreign policy, Soviet, 558, 698–99
class warfare and, 443–44
as dictated by Lenin, 446–47
Litvinov’s critique of, 622–23
Stalin and, 553, 583, 623–24
two-faced nature of, 443, 645, 667
foreign trade commissariat, 451
Forest, The (Ostrovsky), 620
Forster, Otfried, 412
Fotiyeva, Lidiya, 417, 467, 487, 489, 504, 527
and Lenin’s alleged article on nationalities, 493–94
Lenin’s Testament and, 473
“Foundations of Leninism” (Stalin), 532, 544–45, 555
Fourier, Charles, 39, 40
France, 83
anti-Bolshevik policy of, 247, 343
colonial empire of, 4, 151, 316
in defensive alliance with Russia, 109, 110
and German war reparations, 509
in Great War, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
in onset of Great War, 147
Poland and, 558, 589, 623
Soviet relations with, 560, 645, 693, 733
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16, 559
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination of, 142–43, 149, 269
Franz Josef, kaiser of Austria-Hungary, 142, 143, 144
Frederick II, “the Great,” king of Prussia, 59
free trade, NEP as concession to, 389, 406, 416
Freikorps, 323–24
French army, 1917 mutiny in, 197
French Revolution, 95, 186, 196, 233, 349, 650
Frunze, Mikhail, 326, 346, 505, 507, 738
in Crimea, 374, 379
illness and death of, 575–76
in Turkestan, 373–75, 387
as war commissar, 557
as war commissariat deputy, 542, 574
“Fundamental Law of Socialist Accumulation, The” (Preobrazhensky), 566
Fundamental Laws, 85, 94, 97, 179
Gai Dmitrievich Gai (Bzhishkyan, Haik), 345, 359, 360, 361, 365, 370
Galicia, 353, 360
Gasprinski, Ismail, 368
Gegen, Bogd, 401–2, 404–5, 553–54
Geladze, Gio, 28
Geladze, Ketevan, see Jughashvili, Ketevan “Keke”
Geladze, Sandala, 28
General Staff Academy, 574
Genoa, international conference on Russia and Germany in, 444–45, 599
gentry, Russian, 57–58, 69, 84
land holdings of, 188–89, 190
geopolitics:
history as driven by, 4–5
modernity as consequence of, 4–5, 62–65
George I, king of England, 83
George V, king of England, 90, 147, 280
Georgia, 86, 342, 366, 473, 475
Armenians in, 496
Bolsheviks in, 106, 267
Bolshevik takeover of, 396, 397–400
as independent republic, 238, 343, 395
Marxism in, 30, 38, 43, 44
Mensheviks in, 103, 106, 108, 123, 133, 244, 395–97, 399–400
Muslims in, 13, 24
nationalism in, 9–10, 30, 32, 400, 601
peasant rebellion in, 67
Red Army invasion of, 397, 398
religious and ethnic makeup of, 13–14
Russian language in, 14
and Soviet Union plan, 475–76, 478, 479–80
Turkey’s invasion of, 398
Georgian language, Stalin’s abandonment of, 112–13
Georgian Literacy Society, 32, 36, 38
Georgian Republic, Soviet, 397
Georgy, Grand Duke, 160
Germany, Imperial:
anti-Bolsheviks courted by, 272
Austria-Hungarian POWs and, 269
Balkans and, 141
Baltic littoral occupied by, 243, 283
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 257–58, 264–65, 269, 272–73, 283, 315, 642
Britain and, 139–40
bureaucracy of, 58–59
in Central Powers alliance, 140
economic growth in, 7
expansionism in, 145
in Great War, 150, 152, 156–157, 197, 198, 206–207, 231, 247–253, 310, 312; see also Central Powers
industrialization of, 18, 65, 70
Lenin’s policies on, 272, 282, 283–84
nationalism in, 34–35
naval buildup of, 139–40, 150
1918 western offensive of, 310–11
Odessa captured by, 264
in onset of Great War, 143–49
Poland occupied by, 243, 283
in “reinsurance treaty” with Russia, 6
renewed Russian offensive of, 253, 255–56, 259, 271
Schlieffen Plan of, 145, 147
Sevastopol naval base captured by, 271
steel production in, 63, 141
in Triple Alliance, 6
tsarist Russia and, 109, 139
Ukraine occupied by, 253, 265, 266–67, 270, 272, 273, 283, 301, 303
unification of, 4, 5, 6–7, 18, 732
wartime shortages and strikes in, 165, 251
Germany, Weimar, 293
Britain and, 560, 561, 587, 621
Communist coup attempt in, see Communist Party, German, coup attempt of
general strike in, 323
hyperinflation in, 450, 509
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
mass strikes in, 510
in military cooperation agreement with Red Army, 446, 561, 587, 617–18, 621, 638, 704–5
and Polish-Soviet War, 363
in Rapallo Treaty with Soviet Russia, 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
rapprochement with West as goal of, 446
Soviet nonaggression pact with, 587, 588
Soviet relations with, 558, 559–61, 611, 623, 638–39, 692, 704
Versailles Treaty and, 315
war reparations owed by, 509
Gil, Stepan, 228, 285, 314
Gilliard, Pierre, 210
Gladstone, William, 19
Glasser, Maria, 488–89
Glinka, Mikhail, 127
Goglichidze, Simon, 21
Gogol, Nikolai, 58
Goldstein, Franz, 692–93
Goloshchokin, Isai “Filipp,” 548, 653
Gori, 2, 8, 9, 14–15, 20–21, 23–26, 28, 36, 53
Goring, Hermann, 527
Gorki estate:
Lenin at, 413–14, 416–17, 428, 440, 476, 482
Stalin’s visits to, 413–14, 416–17, 476
Gorky, Maxim, 133, 183, 329, 448, 544
gosudarstvennost, 343
Gothier, Yuri, 322
GPU (State Political Administration), 439, 448, 459–62
corruption in, 461, 462
deportation and internal exiles ordered by, 440
extra-legal powers of, 440
show trials and, 440
see also OGPU
Gramsci, Antonio, 123–24
Granat Encyclopedia, Stalin biography published in, 660
Great Britain:
anti-Communist policy of, 247, 343, 344, 558–59, 624
Arkhangelsk landing by, 282, 283
Bismarck seen as threat by, 6
Caucasus expedition of, 270, 397–98
in Crimean War, 59, 67
economy of, 7, 148, 587–88
in entente with tsarist Russia, 109, 110, 135, 136, 140
foreign trade of, 108–9, 139, 146
general strike in, 588, 598–99, 613
and German war reparations, 509
Germany and, 139–40, 560, 561, 587, 621
as global power, 108–9
in Great War, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199, 312, 316–17
Industrial Revolution in, 40
Japan and, 111
liberalism in, 132
in Locarno Pact, 561
navy of, 111, 140
in onset of Great War, 146–49
Poland and, 616
police raid on Soviet offices in, 631–32
Polish-Soviet War and, 355, 358–59
prime ministership in, 83–84
Russian policy of, 265–66
Secret Service Bureau of, 284
Soviet codes broken by, 553
Soviet relations with, 617–18, 622, 623, 624, 632, 638
Soviet trade with, 391–92, 599, 632
Soviet Union recognized by, 558
Stalin’s view of, 558
Stalin’s view of, as Soviet Union’s primary enemy, 623, 624, 631–33, 634–35
steel production in, 63
trade unions in, 599
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
tsarist Russia and, 108–9
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16
Great Depression, Soviet Union and, 733–34
Great Reforms, 29, 59–60, 66, 85
Great War, 2, 3, 129, 136–37, 185, 556, 562, 588
aftermath of, 150–51, 312, 323–24, 343
Allied strategy in, 197, 198, 199
Anglo-German rivalry as root of, 141
armistice in, 311–12
Austria-Hungary in, 162, 185, 197, 200, 248–49, 269
Bolshevik regime and, 247
Britain in, 150, 152, 156, 197, 198, 199, 312, 316–17
casualties in, 150, 152, 166, 312
and collapse of Russian autocracy, 173
colonialism and, 151–52
conscription and, 156
Dadaism and, 230
February Revolution and, 175
German-Russian peace talks in, 247–52
German’s renewed Russian offensive in, 253, 259
Germany in, 150, 152, 156–57, 197, 198, 206–7, 231, 247–53, 310, 312
Germany’s renewed Russian offensive in, 253, 255–56
nationalism and, 475
1917 Russian offensive in, 196–200, 204, 212, 219, 224
onset of, 141–49
Poland in, 355
Provisional Government and, 187, 194–95, 196–200
Russia in, 150, 156–57, 162, 166, 206–7, 212, 219, 224, 231, 247–53, 296, 312, 316–17
stalemate in, 149–50
U.S. in, 248, 310–11
Versailles Treaty in, see Versailles, Treaty of
Grey, Edward, 146–47, 149
Grodno, 91, 354, 360
Guchkov, Alexander, 166, 173, 182, 588–89
Guetier, Fyodor, 534
Gunina, Zoya, 595
Guomindang, 640, 651, 717
in alliance with Communists, 626–27
army of, 626–27
Communists attacked by, 655
Communists betrayed by, 637–38, 640
left-wing (Wuhan) faction of, 629, 633, 637–38
as nationalist movement, 626
in Northern Expedition, 629, 631
Soviet military aid to, 626–27, 628, 640
Gurian Republic, 67, 86
Gurko, Vladimir, 87
Gurvich, Esfir, 719
Gurvich, Fyodor, see Dan, Fyodor
Gusev, Sergei (Drabkin, Yakov), 328, 583
Haig, Douglas, 152
Harriman, Averell, 611
Haymarket riots, 49–50
Hearst, William Randolph, 610
Hegel, G.W.F., 40
Heimo, Mauno, 442
Helfferich, Karl, 283
Henry, E. R., 61
Herrero, 151–52
Herzen, Alexander, 41–42
Hess, Rudolf, 527
Hilferding, Rudolf, 151, 378, 392
Hindenburg, Paul von, 162, 253, 311
history:
as driven by geopolitics, 4–5
Marxist view of, 40, 78
Hitler, Adolf, 23
in Beer Hall putsch, 527
nationalism and, 34–35
rise of, 2–3
Hitler, Alois, 34–35
Hitler, Klara, 23, 35
Hobson, John, 151
Ho Chi-Minh, 550
Hoffmann, Max, 249, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259
Holy Brigades (Black Hundreds), 77, 86, 99, 182
Holy Roman Empire, 18
Hoover, Herbert, Russian famine relief organized by, 448
Horthy, Miklós, 325
Hotsendorf, Franz Conrad, Baron von, 148
“How Social Democracy Understands the National Question” (Stalin), 77
Hugo, Victor, 36
Hungarian Soviet Socialist Republic, 324–25
Hungary, 316, 324, 325, 336
“Ilich’s letter about the secretary,” 504–9, 511–12, 513, 514, 546, 658
Stalin and, 512, 514
Trotsky and, 516
see also Lenin’s Testament
Ilin, Alexander (“The Genevan”), 431
Ilinka, 9, 426, 450–52, 470
Imenitov, Solomon, 703, 704
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin), 151, 154
Imperial Senate, 89, 263, 264, 278, 285, 317, 319, 334, 413, 428, 429, 521, 522, 540
Independent Social Democrat Party, German, 378, 392
India, 64
indigenization, 496, 504
industrialization, 725
of Germany, 18, 65, 70
global dichotomy in, 63–65
of Japan, 65
NEP and, 571, 672
raw materials in, 63
Sokolnikov on, 659–60
in Soviet Union, 565–66, 571, 574, 582, 583, 587, 605, 625, 638, 659, 662, 663, 664, 686, 694, 695, 698, 710, 722, 725, 733
in Tiflis, 30
in tsarist Russia, 65, 67, 69–70, 91, 92, 141, 645
in U.S., 19
Industrial Revolution, 39–40
industry, state-run, 433
Inspector General (Gogol), 58
Institute of Red Professors, 545–46, 705, 713
intelligentsia, 37, 41
Internal Affairs Ministry, Russian:
Finance Ministry’s rivalry with, 69
see also okhranka; police, tsarist
“Internationale,” 41, 176, 220
International Workingmen’s Association, 40–41
Ipatyev, Nikolai, 280
Iran (Persia), 12, 109, 145, 344
British in, 366
constitutional revolution in, 131–32
Soviet invasion of, 366
Soviet Russia in treaty with, 391
Iranians, 29, 30, 344
Iremashvili, Iosif (Ioseb) “Soso” 23, 31, 38, 399
Iskra (Spark), 45, 50, 51, 78
Italian Socialist Party Congress (1912), 123
Italy, 110, 336
aftermath of Great War in, 324
anti-fascist demonstrations in, 551–52
Communists in, 550, 551
fascism in, 549–50, 551–52, 725
Kamenev as ambassador to, 609–10
in Locarno Pact, 561
in Triple Alliance, 6
Ivan IV “the Terrible,” tsar, 7, 11, 12, 27
Ivanov, Nikolai, 170–71
Iveria, 33, 38, 44
Izvestiya, 206, 288, 293, 464, 540, 550, 704
Japan:
anti-Soviet policy of, 621–22
Britain and, 111
East Asian trade of, 71–72
imperialism in, 71, 151
industrialization in, 65
Korea annexed by, 617
Meiji restoration in, 4, 18, 732
modernization of, 18
navy of, 72, 111, 140
Siberia invaded by, 343–44
Soviet Union and, 590, 617, 621–22, 632
tsarist Russia and, 72–75, 109, 111–12
Vladivostok invaded by, 266
Jewish Labor Bund, 37, 44, 80, 98, 103, 137, 351
Jewish Social Democratic Workers’ Party (Poale-Zion), 137
Jews, 12, 101, 112, 129, 182–83, 316
in Bolshevik regime, 340–41
Trotsky as, 340–41, 523
Jibladze, Silibistro “Silva,” 33, 43, 44, 48, 114, 267
Joffe, Adolf, 249, 322, 407, 640
suicide of, 651–52
Joffe, Maria, 651
Jordania, Noe, 43, 44, 48, 50, 51, 54, 74, 80, 108, 113, 395
Jughashvili, Besarion “Beso,” 107
alcoholism of, 20, 24
appearance of, 19–20
back taxes owed by, 48–49
death of, 116, 117
fall of, 25, 28
Keke’s marriage to, 16–17, 20
as shoemaker, 15–16, 20
Stalin’s relationship with, 22, 24
Jughashvili, Giorgy, 738
Jughashvili, Ioseb, see Stalin, Iosif
Jughashvili, Ketevan “Keke,” 16, 19, 25, 48–49, 105, 594
Beso’s marriage to, 16–17, 20
menial jobs of, 21, 26
rumored promiscuity of, 20
Stalin’s devotion to, 23
Stalin’s education pushed by, 21
Stalin’s return to Gori demanded by, 22–23
Jughashvili, Vano, 15
Jughashvili, Yakov, 106, 114, 116, 466, 593, 595
Jughashvili, Zaza, 15
Jusis, Ivan, 602, 739
Kabakhidze, Akaki, 481, 487, 489
Kaganovich, Lazar, 321, 376, 422, 529, 613, 641, 647, 656, 661, 666, 697, 699
background of, 455, 457
as Central Committee secretary, 455
as head of Organization and Instruction Department, 455
as Stalin loyalist, 456, 731
Trotsky and, 455, 591
Kalinin, Mikhail, 50, 214, 322, 331, 383, 423, 455, 498, 513, 585, 668, 673, 700, 712
Lenin’s death and, 535–36
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713, 714, 715
in politburo, 596
as Stalin loyalist, 731
Kalmyks, 174
Kaluga, 238
Kamenev, Lev (Rozenfeld), 53, 80, 121, 132, 133, 135, 153, 173, 190, 203, 221, 224, 226, 279, 322, 331, 341, 360, 365, 385, 416, 440, 471, 490, 491, 493, 497, 504, 531, 544, 557, 596, 599, 605, 615, 650, 712, 739
as ambassador to Italy, 609–10
in attempts to include other socialists in Bolshevik regime, 233–36
Bukharin and, 727
in Council of People’s Commissars, 416–17
as editor of Pravda, 190–91, 193
ejected from Central Committee, 651
and failure to force Stalin’s removal at 13th Party Congress, 552
and 15th Party Congress, 653–54
at 14th Party Congress, 580–81, 586
imprisonment of, 204, 212
internal exile of, 713
as intriguer, 512
Lenin and, 476–77
Lenin’s death and, 535
as Lenin’s possible successor, 492
Lenin’s Testament and, 499, 606–7, 648
October Revolution and, 214, 224, 499, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714–17, 720
police reform sought by, 439
in resignation from Central Committee, 235–36
in resignation from Soviet central executive committee, 236, 423
Sokolnikov and, 713–14
on Stalin, 422
Stalin and, 192, 512–14
in succession power struggle, 563, 564, 577, 578, 580–81, 582, 584, 586, 605–6, 614–15, 636, 639, 641, 653–54, 655–56, 713, 729, 736
as trade commissar, 585
in triumvirate with Stalin and Zinoviev, 517, 563
Trotsky and, 224–25, 474
Kamenev, Sergei, 328, 329–30, 356, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 371, 377, 381, 384, 394, 515
Kanner, Grigory, 468
Kapanadze, Peti “Pyotr,” 35, 38, 598
Kapital, Das (Marx), 40, 88
Russian translation of, 42–43, 65–66
Kaplan, Fanya, 285–86
Karakhan, Lev (Karakhanyan), 366, 458, 623, 628, 651
Kautsky, Karl, 43, 79, 133, 151, 201, 347
Kazakhstan, 677, 700–701
Kazan, 74, 238, 282, 284, 306, 326, 331, 369, 371
Kazan Soviet, 266
Kedrov, Mikhail, 438–39
Kemal, Mustafa, 398, 503
Kennan, George, 443–44
Kerensky, Alexander, 3, 126, 178, 180, 181, 184, 202, 213, 228, 233, 259, 278, 338–39
as anathema to both left and right, 195, 211
arrests of Bolshevik leaders ordered by, 216
background of, 185–86
Bolsheviks charged with treason by, 202–3
Council of Five created by, 211–12
feared return of, 234, 235
Kornilov and, 204, 205, 208–9, 210, 212, 219
Lenin and, 195–96, 200, 205
1917 Russian offensive launched by, 196–200, 212, 219, 224, 269
in Provisional Government, 185–86
role of supreme commander assumed by, 211
Romanovs and, 280
State Conference convened by, 205–7
Ketskhoveli, Vladimir “Lado,” 33, 50
death of, 55
as Stalin’s mentor, 30–31, 38, 44, 47, 48, 50, 55, 735
Khabalov, Sergei, 167, 168, 169, 170, 203, 382
Khan, Chinggis, 346, 374, 400
Kharkov, 15, 79, 266, 326, 327, 355
Khartishvili, David “Mokheve,” 52
Khiva, 90, 342, 373
Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, 373
Khoroshenina, Serafima, 121
Khrushchev, Nikita, 732
Khutsishvili, Vano, 19
Kiev, 15, 252, 258, 330
Polish capture of, 354, 355, 357, 377
Red Army recapture of, 357
Kireev, Alexander, 127
Kirov, Sergei, 27–28, 117–18, 304, 390, 455, 467, 585, 586, 607, 731
Kirshon, Vladimir, 699
Kirtava-Sikharulidze, Natasha, 53
Kitiashvili, Maria, 48
Klyuchevsky, Vasili, 121
Knox, Alfred, 223
Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 281
Kolchak, Alexander, 207, 210, 297, 300, 314, 328, 330, 355, 356–57, 358, 369, 559
dictatorship of, 335
execution of, 331
as leader of Siberian Cossacks, 295–96
1919 offensive of, 326, 335, 370–71
in Siberia, 372
tsarist gold seized by, 331–32
Kollontai, Alexandra, 346, 385
Koltsov, Mikhail, 566
Komarov, Nikolai, 516
Konopleva, Lidiya, 285
Korea, Koreans, 111, 364, 590, 617
Kornilov, Lavr, 174, 177, 184–86, 200, 228, 248, 320, 356
coup attempt of, 207–11, 212, 219
death of, 268, 295
Kerensky and, 204, 205, 208–9, 210, 212, 219
at Moscow State Conference, 206–7
as Petrograd military commander, 203–4, 211
as Volunteer Army commander, 268
Korotkov, Ivan, 512
Kosior, Stanisław, 457, 670, 677–78, 705, 712
Kosior, Vladimir, 500
Kosovo, Battle of (1389), 142
Kotlarevsky, S. A., 183
Koverda, Boris, 634
Kozhenikov, A. M., 414
Kozlovsky, Alexander, 346, 392–93
Krakow, 133
Kramer, V. V., 414, 489, 491, 535
Krasin, Leonid, 50, 55, 113, 413, 441, 543
Krasnov, Pyotr, 305
Krasnoyarsk, 173, 661, 684
Kremlin, 262
Lenin in October, 1923 visit to, 520–22
as new Bolshevik headquarters, 263
Stalin’s apartments in, 262, 593–94
Krestinsky, Nikolai, 322, 390, 423, 425, 428, 441, 451, 453, 596, 621, 692
Kronstadt naval base, 182, 187, 202, 218
1921 sailors’ rebellion at, 383–84, 387, 390–91, 392–93, 457, 575
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 114, 188, 192, 228, 314, 413, 483, 489, 498, 504, 520, 534, 608, 615
anti-Dzierzynski dossier and, 490
Lenin memoir of, 544
and Lenin’s alleged dictations, 484, 490–91, 494, 501, 512, 513, 514
and Lenin’s death, 534
and Lenin’s request for cyanide, 493
Lenin’s Testament and, 473, 498, 500–501, 527, 528, 609
Since Lenin Died repudiated by, 573–74
Stalin and, 487–88, 490, 514, 527, 528, 544
Krupskaya, Nadezhda (cont.)
and succession power struggle, 564, 577, 580
Trotsky and, 501, 525, 542, 547, 572, 573–74, 632
Krushevan, Pavel (Cruseveanu, Pavalachii), 100
Krylenko, Nikolai, 248, 690, 698, 702, 709
Krylenko, Yelena, 572
Krymov, Alexander, 166, 208–9, 233
Kryukova, Sofia, 121
Kryzanowski, Gleb, 220, 485
Kryzhanovsky, Sergei, 83, 100
Krzesinska, Matylda, 127, 186
Ksenofontov, Filipp, 544–45
Ksenofontov, Ivan, 433
Kuban, 268, 270, 297
Kuchek Khan, Mirza, 346, 366
Kuhlmann, Richard, Baron von, 249
Kuibyshev, Valerian, 375, 390, 493, 502–3, 511, 516, 563, 601, 663–64, 686, 694, 698, 720, 722
as Central Control Commission head, 454
as Stalin loyalist, 454–55, 456
as Supreme Council of the Economy chairman, 607
kulaks (rich peasants), 42, 300, 567, 570, 571, 579, 582, 616, 649, 669, 670–71, 676, 680, 684, 711, 712
arrests and trials of, 669, 670, 671, 680, 681–82, 697, 705
collectivization and, 421
Communist tolerance of, 300, 389, 578, 582, 681, 683, 684–85, 689
forced exile of, 712
grain hoarding by, 568, 669, 670, 671, 680, 682, 695–96
large-scale farms of, 671, 672
NEP and, 727–28
tax-in-kind policy and, 389
Kun, Bela, 324–25, 367
Kuprin, Alexander, 220
Kureika, 154, 194
Kuusinen, Aino, 526
Kuusinen, Otto, 412, 442, 526, 609
Kuzakova, Matryona, 121
Kvali (The Furrow) (Giorgi), 34, 43, 44, 48, 50, 55
Lacis, Martinš (Sudrabs, Janis), 276, 278, 439
Lakoba, Nestor, 541, 542
Larin, Yuri (Lurye, Mikhail), 452, 615
Larina, Anna, 262
Lashevich, Mikhail, 331, 505, 506, 536, 548, 576, 603–4, 652
Latvia, 98, 249, 509, 556–57, 604
and German Communist coup attempt, 522
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
Latvian brigades, 261, 276, 281–82
in assault on Cheka, 277–78
Latvian Riflemen, 260–61
Lazard Brothers, 148
League of Nations, 315, 562, 730
Left Communists, 265, 314, 385, 578
Left opposition, 518, 519, 524, 533, 541, 544, 546, 547, 603–4, 672, 678–79, 680, 737
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 234–35, 242, 244, 257, 265, 273, 649
in Council of People’s Commissars, 237
Dzierzynski captured by, 276
mass executions of, 278
in Mirbach assassination plot, 274–75
Third Party Congress of, 273–74
“Left-Wing” Communism: An Infantile Disorder (Lenin), 363–64
Lena goldfields massacre, 125–26, 135
Lenin, Vladimir, 9, 45, 73, 79, 81, 124, 135, 192, 226, 228, 231, 260, 266, 280, 322, 324, 334, 342, 350, 354, 365, 392, 407, 411, 424, 493, 544, 550
alleged article on nationalities by, 493–94, 501
“April Theses” of, 191
arrest warrant for, 222
assassination attempt against, 231, 285, 307, 413
autopsy of, 535
background of, 185
Bolshevik criticism of, 191–92, 385
and Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 79–80, 108, 124
and Bolshevik takeover of Georgia, 396, 397
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 257, 259, 265, 642
capitalism as viewed by, 151, 291, 403, 444, 446, 625
cease-fire offer of, 247–49
charisma of, 221–22
class warfare as central tenet of, 291, 443, 444, 737
and Communist International Second Congress, 363–64
convalescence of, 307
as Council of People’s Commissars chairman, 229
on counterrevolutionaries, 392, 550
and creation of Soviet Union, 475, 480
cyanide requested by, 414, 483, 493
death of, 3, 534–37
dictations by, 483, 484–85, 489–91, 501, 504, 505, 527, 528, 546–47
as dictator, 238, 245, 419
failing health of, 409, 410–18, 422, 489–94, 498, 501, 505, 535
and famine of 1921–22, 447–48
February Revolution and, 174
foreign policy of, 443–45, 446–47
funeral of, 537–38, 540
Genoa conference sabotaged by, 444–45
and Georgian insubordination, 480, 487, 489–91
and German peace talks, 249–51, 255
German policy of, 272, 282, 283–84
at Gorki estate, 413–14, 416–17, 428, 440, 476, 482
Great Russian chauvinism opposed by, 348, 407, 487
Great War and, 151, 312–13
as head of Bolshevik Party, 186
on impact of civil war, 336
insomnia and headaches of, 410
intelligentsia-centric party advocated by, 51, 79, 107
Iskra editorials written by, 50, 51
isolation of, 487–88
in journey from Zurich to Petrograd, 187–88
Kamenev and, 234, 235, 236, 476–77
Kerensky and, 195–96, 200, 205
Kronstadt revolt and, 392
land seizure decree of, 220–21
Luxemburg’s attack on, 323
Martov and, 78, 267, 393
Marxism of, 151
Mirbach assassination and, 275–76
in move to Kremlin, 263
mummification of, 542–43
on nationalism and self-determination, 347–48, 351
nationalization of land proposed by, 103
on need to win over indigenous peoples, 407
NEP and, 344, 388–89, 405–6, 408, 416, 447, 449, 457, 473–74, 481–82, 487, 527, 568, 571, 580
in 1917 flight from Petrograd, 203, 260
in October 1917 return to Petrograd, 214, 222
in October 1923 visit to Kremlin, 520–22
in October Revolution, 220–21, 222, 278
in overhaul of Revolutionary Military Council, 328
party unity and, 389–90
peasants as poorly understood by, 299–300
physical appearance of, 220
police reform undermined by, 440
Polish-Soviet War and, 353, 354, 359–60, 362–63, 376–78
politburo’s relationship with, 413, 415, 484, 489
political violence as principle of, 409–10
press censorship by, 237, 245
on primacy of international relations, 343
Provisional Government’s treason charges against, 203
Red Army and, 297
rule of law rejected by, 410
rumored death of, 287
at Second Congress of Soviets, 220
self-exiles of, 104, 114, 135, 152–53, 164, 173, 187, 196, 204, 205, 212, 213, 222, 230
in showdown over control of Council of People’s Commissars, 236
show trials ordered by, 439–40
Siberian exile of, 45
Sovietization of Europe as goal of, 360–61, 364
Soviet Union plan of, 476–77, 478, 484, 485–86, 496
Stalin and, see Lenin-Stalin relationship
Stalin seen as unlikely successor to, 422–23
Stalin’s first exposure to ideas of, 50–51
Stalin’s real name forgotten by, 152–53
Stalin-Trotsky relationship and, 415
strokes of, 3, 412, 440, 447, 474, 482–83, 484, 491, 494, 530
support for Provisional Government opposed by, 190
Sverdlov and, 193–94, 234, 318–19
Testament of, see Lenin’s Testament
at Third Comintern Congress, 403
Tiflis bank robbery and, 113–14
Trotsky and, 202, 214, 221, 222–23, 234, 256, 341, 357, 385–86, 390, 414–415, 472, 481–82, 523, 531, 647
Trotsky as possible successor to, 416–17
Workers’ opposition and, 385
world revolution as goal of, 407
zealotry of, 191–92, 194–95, 200, 213–14, 217, 232, 258, 278–79
Lenin and the Imperialist War 1914–1918 (Ksenofontov), 545
Leningrad, 540, 586
food shortages in, 721
strikes and job actions in, 570, 624
Zinoviev machine in, 577, 578, 584, 585
see also Petrograd
Leningrad Pravda, 580
Lenin Institute, 543–44, 580
Leninism, 190–91, 533, 563, 627
Stalin’s espousal of, 205, 419–20, 544–45, 591, 615, 699
Trotsky’s conversion to, 202
see also Marxism, Marxists
Lenin’s Doctrine of Revolution (Ksenofontov), 544
Lenin-Stalin relationship, 121, 133, 335
and blame for Polish War defeat, 377
correspondence of, 155, 301–2, 308–9, 362, 364, 483, 484–85
federalism as common agenda of, 346
and 5th RSDRP Congress, 108
Lenin’s alleged nationalities article and, 494
Lenin’s death and, 534–35, 536
Lenin’s mentoring role in, 81, 419, 471, 531, 600
Lenin’s perception of, 341, 412
Lenin’s reliance on Stalin in, 229, 465, 608
and Lenin’s request for cyanide, 414, 493
Lenin’s stroke and, 412–15
Lenin’s Testament and, see Lenin’s Testament
mutual loyalty in, 192–93, 226, 234, 250, 255, 257, 341, 390, 735
and plan for Soviet Union, 476–77
Stalin’s 1921 illness and, 398–99
Stalin’s Central Committee appointment and, 123–24
and Stalin’s expanded role, 411–12, 417
and Stalin’s willingness to criticize Lenin’s ideas, 192–93
and Stalin’s willingness to take up any assignment, 232
succession issue and, 418
Tammerfors congress and, 80–81
Ulyanova on, 527–28, 608–9
Lenin’s Testament, 418–19, 472–73, 498–501, 527–29, 530–31, 581, 582, 608
Central Committee plenum report on, 546–47
Eastman’s publication of, 614
Kamenev and, 499, 606–7, 648
Krupskaya and, 473, 498, 500–501, 527, 528, 609
Stalin and, 547, 552–53, 592, 605–7, 614, 643, 647–48, 657, 735–36
Stalin’s depiction in, 499–500
Stalin’s restricted publication of, 654
13th Party Congress reading of, 548
Trotsky and, 500, 572–73, 605–7, 643, 646, 647–48
Trotskyites’ circulation of, 540, 573, 605
uncertain authorship of, 473, 489
Zinoviev and, 498, 499, 606–7, 648
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 249
“Lessons of October” (Trotsky), 563–64
“Letter to the Congress,” see Lenin’s Testament
“Lev Trotsky—Organizer of Victory” (Radek), 492
liberals, liberalism, 132, 223
Liberman, Simon, 728
liberty, 131–32
Liebknecht, Karl, 323
Life for the Tsar, A (Glinka), 127
Life of Jesus (Renan), 37
limitrophe, 556, 604, 616, 623, 723, 732
Lincoln, Abraham, 410
Lithuania, 91, 249, 283, 353, 354, 509, 589, 604, 623
as independent nation, 232–33, 238
military coup in, 618
nationalists in, 359
Polish invasion of, 352
Soviet nonaggression treaty with, 617–18
Lithuanian National Union, 618
Little Newspaper, 210–11
Litvinov, Maxim (Finkelstein, Meir; Wallach, Max), 108, 114, 458, 583, 621, 622–23, 651, 692
Lloyd George, David, 315–16, 317, 392, 444–45
Locarno Peace Pact (1925), 561–62
Lominadze, Besarion “Beso,” 640
Louis XIV, king of France, 18
Lublin, 362
Lublin-Warsaw salient, 360
Lubyanka, 2, 426, 437–41
Ludendorff, Erich, 172, 248, 272–73, 282, 311, 313, 352
Ludwig, Emil, 11
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 225, 227, 300
Lurye, Alexander “Sasha,” 462
Luxemburg, Rosa, 80, 223, 318, 578
assassination of, 323
Lenin and Bolshevism attacked by, 323
on nationalism, 347–48
Luxemburgism, 347, 349, 351, 369
Lvov, Prince Georgy, 166, 203, 207
Lwów (Lviv, Lvov), 249, 353, 360, 362, 365
Red Army’s failure to capture, 362–63
Lyttelton, Adrian, 223–24
Lytton, Lord, 64
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 53
Maier, Max, 702–3, 709
Makharadze, Pilipe, 346, 397, 399, 489, 490, 491
Makhrovsky, K. E., 304–5
Maklakov, Vasily, 224, 718
Malenkov, Georgy, 457
Malinowski, Roman, 133, 154
Malkov, Pavel, 227, 263, 285, 286
Mamontov, Savva, 262
Manchester Guardian, 617, 621
Manchuria, 71, 72, 73, 111, 400–401, 590, 628–29
Mandate, The (Erdman), 620
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 256, 330
Mantashov, Alexander, 51
Manuilsky, Dmitry, 526, 573
Mao Zedong, 626, 640, 655
Markus, Maria, 586
Martov, “Yuly” (Tsederbaum, Julius), 45, 78, 80, 108, 113, 135, 164, 188, 198, 218, 228, 265, 267, 273, 279, 378, 385, 393, 463–64, 527
Marx, Karl, 5, 7, 8, 18, 39, 57, 65–66, 88, 99, 107, 151, 232
on class war, 291–92, 737
on nationalism, 346–47
Marx, Wilhelm, 618
Marxism, Marxists, 30, 38, 39–40, 44, 78–79, 151, 544
Austrian, 347–48
bourgeoisie as viewed by, 292, 293
capitalism as viewed by, 78–79, 292
history as viewed by, 39, 42, 78, 190
in Russia, 42–45, 54, 74, 78, 79, 93, 137
self-determination as viewed by, 347
Stalin’s dedication to, 10, 88, 93, 107, 137, 307, 676
theory of state in, 232
see also Communism; Leninism
“Marxism and the National Question” (Stalin), 133, 153
Masaryk, Tomáš, 316
Mass Exile, 1906–1916 (Sverdlov), 154
Matteotti, Giacomo, 551, 552
May Day marches, 49–50, 79, 106, 126
Mdivani, Polikarp “Budu,” 346, 399, 477–78, 479–80, 487, 490, 491, 493, 497, 606
Mehklis, Lev, 456–57
Meiji restoration, 4, 18, 732
Mendeleev, Dimitri, 37, 91
Mensheviks, 103, 104, 106, 108, 114, 123, 124, 133, 137, 188, 195, 196, 198, 201, 212, 221, 226, 234, 242–43, 244, 257, 265, 273, 279, 297, 312, 351, 382, 385, 393, 439, 735
Bolshevik split with, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
in Caucasus, 112, 124
in Europe, 393, 489, 553, 555
in Georgia, 103, 106, 108, 123, 133, 244, 395–97, 399–400
Jews in, 112
October Revolution and, 218
Provisional Government supported by, 195
in show trials, 464
Merkulov, Sergei, 535
Metekhi Prison, 48, 55
Mexican Revolution, 131–32
Meyerhold, Vesvolod, 620
Mezynski, Wiaczesław, 238–39, 250, 329, 504, 617, 635, 647, 656, 665, 691, 712
background of, 459–60
as GPU deputy head, 459, 461
as OGPU chairman, 608
Mif, Pavel, 655
Mikhaiklovskaya, Praskovya Georgievna “Pasha,” 46
Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 126, 160, 161, 166, 170, 171
assassination of, 280, 403
named as successor by Nicholas II, 178
Mikhailov, Vasily, 424
Mikhelson Machine Factory, 284, 285, 307, 418
Mikoyan, Anastasy “Anastas,” 387, 415–16, 455, 684, 687, 701, 709, 720
as Stalin loyalist, 455, 465–66, 584, 608, 731
and Stalin’s Caucasus trip and, 598, 600, 601
Stalin’s correspondence with, 684, 721, 722
as trade commissar, 607–8
Milchakov, Alexander, 548
Military Commissariat of the North Caucasus, 301, 303
military controversy, 319–21
Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 215–16, 217, 219, 233, 511
Miliukov, Paul, 90, 132, 139, 157, 163, 178–80, 181, 188, 194–95, 196, 201, 207, 227, 228
Minin, Sergei, 303, 308, 309, 313, 314
Minsk, 354, 358, 360
RSDRP founded in, 44–45
Mirabeau, Comte de, 185–86
Mirbach, Count Wilhelm, 270–71, 273, 274
anti-Bolsheviks courted by, 271
assassination of, 274–75, 442
on Bolsheviks’ likely collapse, 271, 272
modernity, 92, 119, 132, 134
as geopolitical process, 4–5, 62–65
in Russia, 65–67, 94, 97, 119, 129
“Modern Nationality” (Kautsky), 347
Mogilyov, 158, 167, 354
Molotov, Vyacheslav (Skryabin), 121, 190, 193, 339, 375, 390, 413, 420, 423–24, 425, 428, 429, 488, 499, 513, 527, 564, 666, 673, 692, 698, 708, 719, 723
background of, 453–54
Molotov, Vyacheslav (Skryabin) (cont.)
Central Committee apparatus criticized by, 518–19
on Lenin’s cruelty, 544
Lenin’s death and, 534
on Lenin’s Testament, 528
in politburo, 585, 596
retaliatory executions ordered by, 634–35
as Stalin loyalist, 454, 456, 528, 639, 672, 686, 694, 701, 715, 717, 720, 731
Stalin’s correspondence with, 578, 596, 599, 604, 613, 619, 622, 634–35, 636, 637
and succession power struggle, 644, 649
Trotsky and, 545, 598, 639
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Elder), 4
Moltke, Helmuth von (the Younger), 141, 145, 147, 148
Mongolia, Mongols, 145, 344, 401, 402, 553–54, 617
Chinese troops driven out of, 403–4
Mongolian People’s Party, 402, 405, 554
Mongolian People’s Republic, 553–54
Monoselidze, Mikheil, 105
Moscow, 235, 238
Bolshevik evacuation to, 259–61
February Revolution in, 172
food shortages in, 270, 321
fuel scarcity in, 304
Kitaigorod neighborhood of, 450–51
1905 uprising in, 86
renaming of streets in, 286
strikes in, 206
Moscow Center, 560
Moscow Council of People’s Commissars, 238, 261
Moscow Soviet, 261–62, 310, 482
Moscow State Conference, 205–7, 218, 320
Mtkvari River, 14, 22
Mukden, Battle of, 73, 75
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, 2, 527
Muralov, Nikolai, 576, 641, 653, 654, 656
Muravyov, Mikhail, 277
Murmansk, British landing at, 265–66, 282
Murmansk Railway, 265
Muslims:
in Central Asia, 373–74
in Communist Party, 502–3, 527, 716
in Eurasia, 349, 366, 367–72
in Georgia, 13, 24
OGPU surveillance of, 502
Qoqand massacre of, 255
in Russia, 12–13, 183–84, 368–69
Stalin’s cultivation of, 368
Sunni-Shiite split of, 503
in Turkestan, 253–54, 502–3
Mussolini, Benito, 123–24, 552, 610, 725
assassination attempts on, 738–39
Matteotti’s murder and, 551, 552
as prime minister, 549, 551
Mussorgsky, Modest, 134
Muszkat, Zofia, 447
Nani, Agosto, 1
Napoleon I, emperor of France, 2, 4, 185, 186
Napoleon III, emperor of France, 7
Napravnik, Eduard, 127
National Center, 333–34
National Democrats, Polish, 600
nationalism, 119, 342, 345–49, 359, 370, 475, 502
in Eurasia, 406
in Georgia, 400, 601
in Germany, 34–35
indigenization policy and, 496, 504
Lenin on, 347–48, 351
Lenin’s alleged article on, 493–94, 501
in Russia, 118–19, 125, 202
Stalin on, 153–54, 347–48, 406, 477, 478, 496, 503
Nationalists, Chinese, see Guomindang
nationalities commissariat, 228, 238, 251, 254, 264, 266, 349, 368, 429, 456
“National Question and Social Democracy, The” (Stalin), 347
Naville, Pierre, 646
Navy, U.S., 140
Nazaretyan, Amayak, 425, 427, 456, 464–65, 468, 519
Nazis, 704
Nechayev, Sergei, 53
NEPmen, see private traders
Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 316
New Economic Policy (NEP), 344, 376, 388–89, 405–6, 408, 416, 420, 446, 447, 449, 457, 470, 473–74, 481–82, 495, 497, 517, 524, 527, 578, 580, 616, 656, 662, 663, 670, 674, 681, 695, 727
as concession to capitalism, 571, 672, 711
industrialization and, 571, 672
kulaks and, 727–28
Rykov and, 685, 728–29
Sokolnikov and, 565, 577, 579
Stalin and, 419, 487, 497, 527, 568–69, 571, 592, 671, 672, 682, 683, 706, 711, 737
Zinoviev’s criticisms of, 570–71
New Times, 73
New York American, 610
New York Times, 538, 543, 614
New York Tribune, 18
Nicholas, Grand Duke “Nikolasha,” 82, 158, 159, 166
Nicholas I, tsar, 59, 89
Nicholas II, tsar, 60, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 85, 89–90, 91–92, 101, 122, 127, 131, 157, 160, 161, 163, 186, 197, 209, 223, 441
abdication of, 3, 171–72, 178, 230, 258
in aborted return to Petrograd, 170–71
aristocratic plots against, 166
constitution promised by, 84, 85
crackdown on 1917 protests ordered by, 167–68
Duma and, 74, 82–83, 90–91, 93–94, 101, 127, 128, 158, 163, 166, 169, 171
Durnovó and, 134
Far East policy of, 72–73
as frontline commander, 158–59, 167
Fundamental Laws issued by, 85
growing disillusion with, 126, 127–28
house arrest of, 280
murder of, 281
October Manifesto issued by, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92
and onset of Great War, 144–45
political intrigues of, 120, 127
in secret pact with Germany, 109–10, 139
Stolypin’s relationship with, 92, 119–20
Witte’s relationship with, 70, 72, 84, 91
workers’ petition to, 73–74
Nicolaevsky, Boris, 218, 267
Niedermeyer, Oskar von, 560
Nina (underground printing press), 50
Nobel brothers, 51, 115
Nogin, Viktor, 322
“nomenklatura,” 432–33, 436
North Caucasus, 447, 666, 688–89, 700
Nosovich, Anatoly, 305, 306–7
“Notes of an Economist” (Bukharin), 722
“Notes on the Question of Nationalities” (Lenin), 493–94, 497, 501, 606
Stalin’s refutation of, 496–97
Novgorod, Nizhny, 59
Novogorodtseva, Klavdiya, 154
Novonikolaevsk, 403–4
Novosibirsk, 661, 669–70, 673, 713
October (film), 651
Octobrists, 98
October Manifesto, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92
October Revolution, 215–23, 354, 418
absence of political authority after, 230–31
Central Committee and, 214, 216
as coup against Petrograd Soviet, 223
Kamenev and, 214, 224, 499, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
Lenin in, 220–21, 222, 278
MRC in, 215–16, 217
predicted failure of, 227–28
Red Guards in, 216, 219
Stalin in, 224–25
tenth anniversary of, 650–52, 664–65
Trotsky in, 215, 219, 220, 221–22
Zinoviev and, 214, 224, 499, 515, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
Odessa, 15, 74, 264
OGPU, 504, 577, 616, 688–89
Dzierzynski as head of, 577–78
Eastern Department of, 502
extrajudicial powers of, 635, 650
food and goods shortages reports of, 655
and German Communist coup attempt, 525
GPU replaced by, 485
grain requisitions and, 665, 666, 669
Lenin’s death and, 492–93, 536
Mezynski as chairman of, 608
NEPmen and, 572
Red Army and, 574–75
Stalin’s control of, 687
strikers arrested by, 517
tenth anniversary celebration of, 656–57
terrorism and, 634
and Trotsky’s exile, 677–78
Western attack feared by, 616
okhranka (Okhrannoe otdelenie; political police), 61–62, 67, 69, 71, 75–76, 79, 93, 104, 114, 115, 126, 130, 160, 439, 441
February Revolution and, 168–69
Provisional Government’s abolition of, 180
revolutionary groups infiltrated by, 117, 118, 133, 164
right wing and, 100
Stalin arrested by, 133
Stalin surveilled by, 117, 121
Stolypin’s assassination and, 122
see also police, tsarist
Okulov, Alexei, 304
“Old Ninika” (Soselo), 34
Old Square, 4, 426, 429, 430
On Lenin (Trotsky), 545
On Lenin and Leninism (Stalin), 555, 557
“On the Grain Front” (Stalin), 706
On the Leninist Path, 682
On the Path to October (Stalin), 555
On the Tax in Kind (Lenin), 393
Onufrieva, Pelageya, 121
Orakhelashvili, Mamiya, 399
Order No. 1, 181–82, 200, 297
Orenburg, 238
Orenburg Soviet, 266
Organization and Instruction Department, 455
orgburo (organization bureau), 322, 423, 424, 425, 430, 432, 435, 438, 512, 522, 548
Orjonikidze, Grigol “Sergo,” 116, 124, 366, 367, 395, 399, 425, 464–65, 477, 493, 503, 507, 513, 541, 576, 577, 585, 598, 600, 601, 654, 656, 666, 694, 700, 721, 723
background of, 28, 479
and Bolshevik takeover of Georgia, 396–97, 401
as Central Control Commission head, 607–8, 636, 640
Kabakhidze struck by, 481, 487, 489
Mdivani and, 479–80
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713, 715, 717
South Caucasus Federation and, 479, 493
as Stalin loyalist, 390, 455, 456, 467, 506, 731
Stalin’s correspondence with, 415, 493, 596
Orthodox Christianity, 99, 118, 119–20, 125, 129, 351
Oryol, Battle of, 330, 331, 357
Osinsky, Valerian, 659
Ossetia, Ossetians, 15, 496, 688
Ostrovsky, Alexander, 620
Otto, Ernest, 709
Ottoman empire, 1–2, 49, 59, 66, 82, 110, 258, 343, 365
Armenian genocide in, 150
Balkans and, 141
in Great War, 150
partitioning of, 367
Russian expansion and, 12, 13, 15, 51
Young Turk Revolution in, 131–32, 172
Our Differences (Plekhanov), 42
Our Lady of Kazan Cathedral, 126, 127, 128
Our Lady of St. Theodore, 127
“Our Tasks in the East” (Stalin), 369
Owen, Robert, 39
Pale of Settlement, 12, 44, 99, 100, 112, 200, 249, 455
Panchen Lama, 401
Panina, Sofia, 439
pan-Islamism, 386–87, 502
Paole Zion party, 456
Pares, Bernard, 94
Paris Commune (1871), 232, 233, 318
fiftieth anniversary of, 391
Parliament-2, Operation, 502
Passau, Germany, 35
Path to Socialism and the Worker-Peasant Alliance, The (Bukharin), 727
Patricide, The (Qazbegi), 23–24
Paul I, tsar, 89, 90
Pavlovich, Dmitri, Grand Duke, 163
Pavlov, Ivan, 37
Pavlova, Anna, 127
Pavlovsky Guards, 169
peasants, Russian, 11, 37–38, 42, 43, 93, 100, 409
Bolsheviks’ initial lack of interest in, 237, 426
collectivization and, see collectivization
communes of, 41–42, 65–66, 95, 96–97, 189–90, 299, 430, 449, 567
Communists as viewed by, 474, 548–49, 570, 611, 625, 655, 675
in Constituent Assembly election, 243–44
food shortages of, 165
as ignorant about farming best practices, 449–50
land seizures by, 189–90, 220–21, 239, 296, 420–21, 449
Lenin’s poor understanding of, 299–300
as market for industrial goods, 570, 664, 681
NEP and, see New Economic Policy
party membership among, 426
proletariat supported by, 205
rebellions by, 67, 75, 84, 132, 135, 224, 379–80, 388–89, 393–94, 405, 410, 470, 575
Stalin and, 103, 320, 568–69; see also collectivization
Stolypin and, 95, 96
and winter of 1920–21, 379–82
see also agriculture, Russian; kulaks
peasants, Russian, grain requisitions from, 447, 662–66, 669–72, 679–80, 682, 684–85, 686, 698, 700–701, 705, 709–13, 721, 722, 727
“extraordinary measures” and, 697, 705, 709–10, 712, 713, 722
hoarding by, 649, 659, 664, 665, 666, 668, 669, 680, 700, 711, 712
protests, 707, 708–9, 722
replaced by tax in kind, 376, 380, 382, 388–89, 393, 405, 449
People’s Cause, 237
People’s Will, 60
Pereprygin, Alexander, 155
Pereprygina, Lidiya, 155
Perm, 314, 403
Persia, see Iran
Persian empire, 12
Persian language, 12, 344
Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, 366–67
Pestkowski, Stanisław, 264, 270, 349, 368
as Stalin’s assistant, 228–30
Petain, Philippe, 197
Peter I “the Great,” tsar, 56–57, 88
Peter II, tsar, 88
Peter III, tsar, 89
Petersburg Soviet, 81–82, 84, 85–86
Peterss, Jekabs, 287, 346, 374–75, 502
Petliura, Symon, 353
Petrichenko, Stepan, 383
Petrograd, 159, 173, 214, 235, 298
“Bloody Sunday” massacre in, 73–74, 126, 164
Bolshevik evacuation of, 259–61
Bolshevik headquarters in, 186–87, 190, 191, 203, 215
Cheka in, 382
food shortages in, 270
German advance on, 259, 271
soldier-sailor uprising in, 202
Stalin in, 117, 121–22, 132–33, 186, 190
“storming” of Winter Palace reenacted in, 338–39
strikes and protests in, 81–82, 144, 164, 166, 167, 382–83, 410
troops stationed in, 168
Vyborg district of, 186–87, 204
White army advance on, 330
women’s bread march in, 165, 167
see also Leningrad
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 170, 182, 198, 202, 206, 247
Bolshevik control of, 212–13, 218–19
central executive committee of, see Soviet central executive committee
Duma replaced by, 181
Military Revolutionary Committee of, see Military Revolutionary Committee
October Revolution as coup against, 223
Provisional Government and, 181–82, 191
Trotsky as chairman of, 212–13
see also Moscow Soviet
Petrovskaya, Stefania, 121
Petrovsky, Hryhory “Grigory,” 390, 579, 596, 613
Piłsudski, Józef, 333, 345, 352, 377, 379, 562, 617, 622
in move to right, 600–601
in 1926 coup, 589, 600, 622
in Polish-Soviet War, 353–55, 364–65
Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 100
Plekhanov, Georgi, 42, 43, 45, 78, 80, 711
Pnevsky, Nikolai, 668
Poincare, Raymond, 445
Pokrovsky, Serafim, 636–37
Poland, Poles, 98, 119, 157, 249, 258, 271, 315, 344, 349, 377, 406, 478, 522, 556, 557, 560, 588, 605
in aftermath of Great War, 352
Belorussia and, 616–17
France and, 558, 589, 623
German occupation of, 243, 283, 352
in Great War, 355
as independent nation, 238, 342–43
in Locarno Pact, 561–62
and new threat of war with Soviet Union, 622–23
Piłsudski’s coup in, 589, 600, 604, 622
Romania and, 590, 616
Soviet Russia in treaty with, 392
Soviet Union’s relationship with, 589
Ukraine and, 352, 353–54, 616–17
police, tsarist, 49, 61, 69, 85, 130, 164
disbanding of, 180, 223
inadequacy of, 103–4
Stalin arrested by, 48–49, 52
Stalin files of, 49, 52, 76
see also okhranka
Polish Corridor, 315, 363, 364, 509, 621
Polish Revolutionary Committee, 360, 361, 365, 377
Polish-Soviet War (1919–20), 352–65, 376–79, 406
Stalin on, 354–55, 357, 358
Stalin’s role in, 361–63, 365, 377–78
politburo (political bureau), 322, 330, 390, 391, 423, 424, 426, 428, 430, 582, 585, 607, 615, 652, 730
British general strike and, 598–99
collectivization and, 675–76
German Communist coup aided by, 511, 515
as key to Stalin dictatorship, 596
and Lenin’s impending death, 492–93
Lenin’s relationship with, 413, 415, 484, 489
Russian majority in, 656
special cipher unit of, 433–34
Stalin dictatorship and, 687, 699–700
Stalin’s resignation offers to, 508, 607, 614
as top policy-making body under Lenin, 428–29
Trotsky and, 414–15, 488, 520, 522, 615
Zinoviev’s expulsion from, 607
Polkovnikov, Georgy, 216
Popov, Dmitri, 277–78
Populists, Populism, 38, 42, 43
Port Arthur (Lushun), China, 71, 73, 111
Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 75, 81
Poskryobyshev, Alexander, 375–76, 705
Potemkin, workers’ seizure of, 74
Potëmkin, Prince, 90
Prague, RSDRP conference in, 122–23, 124, 132, 154
Pravda:
anti-Trotsky articles in, 564
Kamenev as editor of, 190–91
Lenin’s “April Theses” published in, 191
on Lenin’s illness, 492
Provisional Government policy attacked by, 199
Provisional Government’s seizure of, 203
Stalin as editor of, 193
Stalin’s articles in, 177, 266, 267, 555, 564, 639
Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny, 205, 390, 412, 423, 497, 507, 566, 695
press:
Lenin’s censorship of, 237, 245
see also specific publications
Princip, Gavrilo, 143, 149, 268–69
Principles of Organization (Kerzhentsev), 435
private traders (NEPmen), 299–300, 568, 571–72, 605, 616, 649, 662, 665, 666, 695, 730
Prokofyev, Sergei, 620, 621, 678
Proletarian Revolution, 512
Proletariat, Stalin’s articles in, 177
proletariat, Russian, 25, 40, 42, 43–44, 54, 115, 169, 349
“Bloody Sunday” massacre of, 73–74
Bolshevik agitation among, 186
Communists’ shaky standing among, 426–27
“dictatorship” of, 203, 225, 232, 337
as increasingly unhappy with Soviet regime, 695–97
Lena massacre of, 125–26, 135
mass arrests of, 164
1905–6 uprisings of, 73–74, 76, 92, 104, 130, 132, 167
peasant support for, 205
Shakhty affair and, 696
strikes and protests by, 43–44, 48, 67, 73, 74, 79, 81–82, 84, 85–86, 125–26, 144, 164, 166, 167, 382–83, 410, 517–18, 570
trade unions demanded by, 385
unemployment among, 548
Proletariatis Brdzola, 348
Proshyan, Prosh, 278
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 99–100, 129, 281, 295
Protopopov, Alexander, 167–68
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 39
Provisional Government, 174, 177–78, 183, 213, 223, 224, 230, 242, 259, 272, 280, 296, 298, 338–39, 383, 453
Bolshevik coup feared by, 208
Bolsheviks charged with treason by, 202–3
as bourgeois institution, 176
and breakdown of order, 180–81
Cadet defection from, 202
collapse of, 216, 217, 218
constitutionalism and, 175–76, 178–80
Duma and, 179–80
grain monopoly of, 298–99
Great War and, 187, 194–95, 196–200
land redistribution resisted by, 189
mass resignation of, 209
Menshevik support of, 195
1917 offensive launched by, 196–200
Order No. 1 of, 181–82, 200, 297
Order No. 2 of, 182
Petrograd Soviet and, 19, 181–82
plenary powers transferred to, 178
police and okhranka abolished by, 180, 223
in relocation to Winter Palace, 213–14, 216, 217, 219–20
right wing and, 182–83
as socialist, 176
Stalin and, 190, 205
see also Kerensky, Alexander
Provisional Revolutionary Committee, 383, 384, 393, 402
Prussia, 5–6, 58, 83–84, 95
Pskov, 173
Purishkevich, Vladimir, 99, 163, 182–83
Pushkin, Alexander, 417
Putilov Works, 164
Putin, Spiridon, 413
Pyatakov, Grigory “Yuri,” 237, 351, 440, 605, 614, 615
Lenin’s Testament and, 499
Pyatnitsky, Osip, 526
Qazbegi, Aleksandre, 23–24
Qing dynasty, 4, 64, 66, 401
Qoqand, 254, 255
Qoqand Autonomy, 254–55, 373
Rabinovich, Isaak, 620
Rabinovich, Lazar, 703, 704
Radchenko, Stepan, 44n
Radek, Karl, 188, 249, 250, 258, 275, 315, 318, 358, 365, 367, 376–77, 390, 407, 464, 492, 495, 510, 560, 678–79
Radunski, Iwan, 286
Rails Are Buzzing, The (Kirshon), 699
Rákosi, Mátyás, 325, 525
Rakovski, Cristian (Stanchev, Kryasto), 476, 478, 496, 497, 503, 572, 645–46, 650, 651, 656, 677, 692
Ramishvili, Isidor, 51, 267, 399
Ramishvili, Noe, 78
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
Raskolnikov, Fyodor (Ilin), 302, 306, 366, 393
Rasputin, Grigory, 159–60, 167, 168
murder of, 163, 182
Rathenau, Walther, 445–46
Red Army, 266, 268, 277, 286, 289, 293, 343, 366, 451, 642, 688
Azerbaijan captured by, 395
Bukhara assault by, 373–74
in clashes with Romania, 360
combat unreadiness of, 557, 604, 619, 621, 622, 638
commissars in, 339, 351
in Crimea, 379
demobilization of, 344, 426, 436
food shortages and, 649, 662
former tsarist officers in, 297–98, 306, 309, 314, 319–21, 329, 339–40, 351, 356–57, 393, 574–75
Georgia invaded by, 397, 398
industrialization and, 574, 587
in military cooperation agreement with Germany, 446, 561, 587, 617–18, 621, 638, 704–5
nomenklatura of, 436
OGPU and, 574–75
party members in, 344, 574
peasants in, 297, 344
Poland invaded by, 361
political commissars in, 298, 320, 339, 351
political departments in, 436
provisioning of, 299
in reconquest of Ukraine, 386
reform of, 574
Stalin in call for strong discipline in, 320
Stalin’s rejection of military experts in, 297
Stalin’s use of, for political education, 436–37
Tambov rebellion and, 394
Trotsky’s demand for discipline and expertise in, 297
tsarist arms acquired by, 332–33
in Tsaritsyn, 302, 305
in Turkestan, 372–74
Urga captured by, 403
Red Army Political Administration, 557
Red Cavalry (Babel), 359
Redens, Stanisław, 314
Red Guards, 213, 216, 219, 233, 240, 242, 252, 256, 303, 339
Red Guards, Hungarian, 325
Red Hundreds, 77, 81
Red Moscow, 337
Red Star, 451
Red Terror, 287–88, 373, 405
Reed, John, 201, 220, 246, 367
Reisner, Larissa, 366
Renan, Ernest, 37
Revolution and Culture, 468
Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, 286, 307–9, 328, 335, 436, 557
Trotsky as head of, 286, 341, 516, 537
Revolutionary Tribunal, 381–82
Reza Khan, 346, 391
Rhineland, demilitarization of, 315
Rhodes, Cecil, 71
Ricardo, David, 40
Riezler, Kurt, 275, 282, 283
Riga, German capture of, 206, 208
Riga, Treaty of (1921), 392
Right Socialist Revolutionaries, 273, 279, 285, 396, 440
Rochau, August von, 6
Rodzyanko, Mikhail, 157, 166, 168, 169, 171, 178, 207
Romania, 316, 343, 344, 352, 556, 604, 605
Bessarabia annexed by, 378–79
in clashes with Red Army, 360
fascism in, 589–90
in Great War, 162
Hungarian invasion of, 325
Poland and, 590, 616
and threat of war with Soviet Union, 622–23
Romanov, Mikhail Fyodorovich, 127
Romanov family, 88–89, 280, 281
tercentenary of rule by, 126–28, 129, 132, 134
Roosevelt, Theodore, 75, 139
Rosenberg, Alfred, 340
Rostov, 271
Rote Fahne, Die, 515
Rothschild brothers, 51, 115
Roy, Manabendra Nath, 367–68, 625, 633
Rozanov, V. N., 576, 738
Rozengolts, Arkady, 306
Rudzutaks, Janis, 511, 534, 596, 607, 641–42
Rukhimovich, Moisei, 327
Russell, Bertrand, 151
Russia, revolutionary:
border provinces of, 183
Russia, revolutionary (cont.)
civil liberties in, 183–84, 186
food shortages in, 240, 298–99
lack of central authority in, 238
language and class in, 175, 187
Muslims in, 183–84
nationalist splintering of, 202, 238
socialism in, 231
violence and anarchy in, 239–40, 242
see also Bolshevik regime; Bolshevik Revolution; February Revolution; October Revolution; Provisional Government
Russia, tsarist:
agriculture in, see agriculture, Russian
aristocracy in, 57–58, 69, 84
autocratic political system of, see autocratic system, Russian
Britain and, 108–9, 110, 135, 136, 140
in Crimean War, 59, 91
economy of, 141, 161–62
education system in, 66–67, 74
expansionist policies of, 1, 3, 12, 66, 67–68, 71, 111, 127, 140, 145, 556
February Revolution in, see February Revolution
food shortages in, 165, 189
foreign debt of, 66, 69
foreign policy of, 6, 71–73, 108–12, 129, 139, 144
geographical extent of, 1, 11, 56, 68, 342
grain exports of, 67, 662, 709
Great Reforms in, 29, 59–60, 66, 85
in Great War, 150, 156–57, 162, 166, 206–7, 212, 219, 224, 231, 296, 312, 316–17
industrialization in, 65, 67, 69–70, 91, 92, 141, 645
Japan and, 72–75, 109, 111–12
Jews in, 12, 129
land-owning establishment in, 11, 16, 97, 188–89
Marxism in, 42–45, 54, 74, 78, 79, 93, 137
modernity in, 92, 94, 97, 119, 129
nationalism in, 118–19, 125
navy of, 73, 75
in onset of Great War, 144–45, 146–49
peasants in, see peasants, Russian
political elite in, 65, 70–71, 92, 93, 95, 128–29, 136, 223
political terrorism in, 59–61, 74, 88, 89, 94, 99, 101, 115, 134
population of, 175
proletariat in, see proletariat, Russian
right wing in, 98–102, 118, 122, 126, 157
Romanov tercentenary celebration in, 126–28, 129, 132, 134
socialism in, 41, 176
State Council of, 82–83, 129, 134, 179
suffrage in, 82, 94, 97, 109, 113
in Triple Entente, 140, 147
universal conscription in, 155–56
uprisings of 1905–6 in, 3, 81–87, 92
Westernization of, 56
Russian army, 13, 15–16
Bolshevik agitators in, 198
collapse of, 248, 252
in Constituent Assembly election, 244
demobilization of, 258
desertions from, 172, 197
February Revolution and, 169, 172, 175
food shortages of, 164, 166
material shortages of, 156, 162
mutinies in, 163, 200
nationalist splintering of, 202
1917 offensive of, 196–200, 204, 212, 219, 224
Order No. 1 and, 181–82, 200
Order No. 2 and, 182
Provisional Government’s destruction of, 181
radicalization of, 223–24
Stalin exempted from, 155
see also Red Army
Russian Association of the Social Science Research Institute, 706
Russian Messenger, 198
Russian navy, 11, 224
in Constituent Assembly election, 244
demobilization of, 258
February Revolution and, 172, 175
Russian Orthodox Church, 13, 14
see also Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP), 45, 51, 52, 76, 98, 107, 114, 118, 130, 259
1st Congress of (Minsk), 44–45
2nd Congress of (London), 78, 79, 80, 201
3rd Congress of (Tammerfors), 80–81
4th Congress of (Stockholm), 102–3
5th Congress of (London), 108, 112, 113
antiterrorism policy adopted by, 113–14
Bolshevik-Menshevik split in, 78, 79–81, 103, 108, 114, 122–23, 124, 137
Central Committee of, see Central Committee
Prague conference of, 122–23, 124, 132, 154
see also Social Democrats, Russian
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP), Caucasus branch of, 50–51
bad blood between Stalin and, 52, 53, 78
Menshevik-Bolshevik split in, 78, 80, 81, 114
Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR; Soviet Russia):
Armenia invaded by, 395
autonomous national republics and, 371
British trade agreement with, 391–92
central executive committee of, 476
China and, 404–5
and creation of Soviet Union, 475
diplomatic relations, 391–92
economy of, see economy, Soviet
famine of 1921–22 in, see famine of 1921–22
founding of, 251, 350
4th Congress of, 580
Kronstadt rebellion and, 383–84, 387
and Mongolian independence, 404–5
Muslims in, 368–69
in Polish War, see Polish-Soviet War (1919–20)
in Rapallo Treaty with Germany, 445–46, 473, 509, 560, 561, 599
Stalin’s work on constitution of, 266
Tambov rebellion and, 380–82
trade monopoly of, 483, 484
Turkestan annexed by, 388
Ukraine and, 386, 475–76
winter of 1920–21 in, 379–82
see also Bolshevik regime
Russian State Bank, 238–39
Tiflis robbery of, 113–14
“Russia’s New Ruler” (Davis), 610
Russification, 348
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 73, 75, 76, 81, 109, 134, 167, 185
Russo-Ottoman War, 66
Rustaveli, Shota, 10, 16
Ruzsky, General, 171–72
Ryazanov, David, 389
Rykov, Alexei, 236, 328, 394, 464, 480–81, 482, 483, 498, 513, 516, 534, 538, 563, 566–67, 596, 613, 619, 633, 652, 654, 676, 685–86, 707–8, 721, 723
as alternative Soviet leader, 730–31
as chairman of USSR Council of People’s Commissars, 540, 657, 658, 686
and grain shortages, 721–22
NEP and, 685, 728–29
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714, 715, 716–17
Shakhty affair and, 687–88, 698
Stalin and, 658, 686–87, 699–700
in succession power struggle, 563, 564
Ryndin, Kuzma, 653
Ryndzyunskaya, Marina, 427, 435
Safarov, Georgy (Voldin), 346, 387
Sagirashvili, David, 177, 225–26, 233
Said-Galiev, Sahib Garei, 345–46, 371
St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), 316
St. Petersburg, see Petrograd
St. Petersburg Imperial University, 91
Saint-Simon, Count Henri de, 39, 40
Sakhalin Island, 75, 590
Samara, 291, 326
Sarajevo, 142–43
Saratov, 91–92, 95, 381
Savenko, A. I., 88
Schlieffen, Alfred, Count von, 145
Schlieffen Plan, 145, 147, 310
Schweitzer, Vera, 155, 173
secretariat, 423–5, 430, 434
Sedov, Lev, 538
Sedova, Natalya, 533, 541, 593–94, 677
self-determination, 343, 346–48, 351, 419
Serbia, 141–44, 148–49, 150, 173
Serebryakov, Leonid, 390, 423, 463
Serebryakova, Galina, 565, 581, 585
serfs, serfdom, 8, 11, 15, 16, 57
emancipation of, 16, 23, 37–38, 41, 42, 59, 60, 726
Sergei, Grand Duke, 61
Sergeyev, Artyom, 466–67, 593
Sering, Max, 409, 420–21
Sevastopol naval base, 271
Seventeenth Amendment, U.S., 83
show trial in, 702–4, 709, 711, 734
Stalin and, 689, 691, 694, 698, 709, 711, 714–15, 733
Sevres, Treaty of (1920), 316, 367
Shakhty, alleged sabotage in, 687–96, 699
Shanghai, 629–30
Shaposhnikov, Boris, 378
Shchurovsky, Vladimir, 720
Shchusev, Alexei, 543
Sheridan, Clare, 459
Shklovsky, Viktor, 380
Shlyapnikov, Alexander, 190, 222, 300, 346, 385
Shostokovich, Dmitry, 620
show trials, 464
Lenin’s call for, 439–40
in Shakhty affair, 702–4, 709, 711, 734
Shulgin, Vasily, 173
Shumyatsky, Boris, 404
Siberia, 15, 41, 68, 97, 132, 244, 270, 372, 381, 402, 403, 447
Communist Party in, 680–81, 683, 684
Siberia (cont.)
Japanese invasion of, 343–44
Lena goldfields massacre in, 125–26, 135
Stalin’s 1928 trip to, 661–66, 668, 674–75, 676, 679, 684, 739
Stalin’s exiles to, 9, 53, 133, 152–53, 173
Simbirsk, 356
Since Lenin Died (Eastman), Stalin’s response to, 572–73
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 72
Sklyansky, Yefraim, 262, 327–28, 394, 511, 542
Skorutto, Nikolai, 703–4
Skrypnyk, Mykola, 346, 387, 497, 503
Slepkov, Alexander, 545–46
Small Biography of a Big Man, A, 500
Smetona, Antanas, 618
Smilga, Ivar, 328, 358, 359
Smirnov, Alexander, 449
Smirnov, Ivan, 306, 390, 404
Smirnov, Vladimir, 320
Smith, Adam, 39, 40
Smolensk, 355, 358
Smolny, 216, 226, 228
Smolny Institute, 215
Snesarev, Andrei, 301–4
Sobinov, Leonid, 127
Sobol, Raisa, 608
Sochi, Stalin’s holidays in, 596, 598, 601–2, 613, 633, 636–37, 720
Sochi affair, 698
Social Democrats, 9, 151, 195, 336, 397, 550
Social Democrats, Austrian, 43
Social Democrats, Caucasus, 103, 113
bad blood between Stalin and, 52, 53, 78
Social Democrats, Georgian, 37, 49, 50, 67, 77–78, 98, 395, 735
Social Democrats, German, 41, 43, 78–79, 113, 129, 201, 272, 318, 323, 378, 510, 515, 525–26, 550, 617–18, 704
Social Democrats, Hungarian, 324
Social Democrats, Latvian, 103
Social Democrats, Polish, 103
Social Democrats, Russian, 50–51, 82, 98, 102, 125, 129, 135, 242–43, 244, 458, 464
Social Democrats, South Caucasus, 53
socialism, 3, 39, 40, 176, 190
right-wing embrace of, 210–11
in Russia, 41, 132, 231
as Stalin’s life mission, 9, 31
see also specific parties
Socialism and Political Struggle (Plekhanov), 42
Socialism in One Country (Stalin), 532
“Socialism in One Country” (Stalin), 555
Socialist Herald, 393, 489, 553, 555
Socialist Party, Polish, 137
Socialist Revolutionaries of Ukraine, 244, 245
Socialist Revolutionary Land Decree, 239–40
Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), 79, 98, 103, 113, 117, 133, 135, 137, 176, 185, 187, 195, 196, 198, 212, 217–18, 221, 234–35, 239–40, 242–44, 246, 381, 382, 392, 393, 439
see also Left Socialist Revolutionaries
Society of Old Bolsheviks, 453
Sokolnikov, Grigory (Brilliant, Gersh “Garya”), 257, 271, 320, 376, 475, 486, 567, 614, 710, 712, 716, 739
as alternative Soviet leader, 729–31
background of, 451, 457
on capitalism, 565–66
economic reforms of, 452, 566, 568, 569, 583
as finance commissar, 451, 452, 565, 729
at 14th Congress, 581–82
on industrialization, 659–60
Kamenev and, 713–14
market socialism as envisioned by, 729–30
NEP and, 564, 577, 579
and plan to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714
possibility of planned economy rejected by, 729–30
removed from finance commissariat and politburo, 585, 730
and succession power struggle, 564, 577, 729
in Turkestan, 451–52
Sokolov, Nikolai, 200
Soldier, 216
Soldier of the Revolution, 305
Soltangaliev, Mirsayet, 345–46, 368–69, 371, 372, 502–4, 716
Solvychegodsk, 116, 121
Somme, Battle of the, 150, 152, 162
Sosnovsky, Lev, 680–81
South Caucasus, see Caucasus
South Caucasus Federation, 479, 480, 496, 497
Southern Manchurian Railway, 111
South-West Africa, Herrero rebellion in, 151–52
Souvarine, Boris, 520
Soviet central executive committee, 200, 215, 221, 226, 233, 235, 236, 247, 257, 260, 262–63, 264–65, 268, 273–74, 285–86, 423, 429, 535
Soviet republics, Stalin’s opposition to independence of, 386, 388, 390
Soviet Russia, see Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
Soviet Union:
border states and, 556, 732
Britain and, 558, 617–18, 622, 623, 624, 631–33, 634–35
British general strike supported by, 588, 598–99, 613
China and, 617, 623, 625–33, 651, 655
Constitution of, 513, 540
economy of, see economy, Soviet
food shortages in, 164–65, 189
foreign policy of, 558, 698–99
foreign recognition of, 553, 558
foreign trade of, 599, 632, 709, 720, 733–34
formal inauguration of, 485–86
France and, 560, 645, 646, 693, 733
German nonaggression pact with, 587, 588
German relations with, 558, 559–61, 611, 623, 638–39, 692, 704
goods shortages in, 654–55
grain exports of, 662, 665, 667
grain imports by, 568, 720
grain shortages in, 641, 649, 654–55, 659, 661–66, 669–72, 679–80, 682, 684–85, 686, 698, 700–701, 705, 709–13, 721, 722, 727–28
Great Depression and, 733–34
industrialization in, 517, 565–66, 571, 574, 582, 583, 587, 605, 625, 638, 659, 662, 663, 664, 672, 686, 694, 695, 698, 710, 722, 725, 733
Japan and, 517, 590, 621–22, 632
Lenin’s plan for, 476–77, 478, 485–86, 496
Locarno Pact and, 562
1923 strikes in, 517–18
oil exports of, 709
Stalin’s role in creation of, 419, 475, 478, 486; of war with Romania, 622–23
tsarist debts repudiated by, 611, 616, 623, 645
U.S. relations with, 611–12
war scares in, 619–20, 621–25, 635–36, 639, 649, 659, 664, 668, 721, 736, 737
Western technology needed by, 558–59, 667–68, 693, 705, 732–33
world revolution and, 555–56
Spandaryan, Suren, 106, 124, 155, 173
Spark, 393
Spartacus League, 272, 323
Spiridonova, Maria, 246, 274–76, 278–79
SR Trial, The (film), 440
Stalin (Barbusse), 1
Stalin, Iosif (Jughashvili):
aggrandizement of, 334, 341, 390, 424, 469, 532
ambition of, 21, 38, 54–55, 463, 469
appointed party general secretary, 411–12, 424, 481, 486, 530
arts as interest of, 620–21
as autodidact, 21, 30, 117, 676
background of, 2, 8, 9–10
Bolshevik takeover of Georgia urged by, 396–97
charm of, 465, 603, 736
childhood of, 17, 20–28, 735
as class-warfare zealot, 306–7, 308–9, 345, 444, 681, 688, 698, 710–11, 732, 734
competitiveness of, 331
cunning of, 4, 424, 427, 465, 502, 532, 537
false humility of, 600, 659
federalist agenda of, 346, 349–51
as food affairs director for South Russia, 270, 300–310
get-things-done style of, 54–55, 124, 307, 335, 341, 462, 465, 468, 597, 739
grudges held by, 9, 591
illnesses of, 17, 20, 398–99, 602, 738
imperiousness of, 9
imprisonments of, 116, 117, 121–22
intellect of, 7
internal exiles of, 9, 53, 116, 121, 122, 133, 152–55, 173
“Koba” as nickname of, 24, 52, 598
Lenin and, see Lenin-Stalin relationship
Marxist-Leninist worldview of, 10, 88, 93, 107, 137, 307, 341, 419–20, 427, 462, 470, 622, 676, 699, 731, 737
military ignorance of, 297, 306
military posts resigned by, 365
as nationalities commissar, 228, 238, 251, 254, 264, 266, 349, 368, 429, 456
1928 Siberian trip of, 661–66, 668, 674–75, 676, 679, 684
organizational skills of, 4, 55, 390, 424, 425
Orthodox faith of, 28
paranoia of, 597–98, 723, 736
pessimism of, 407–8
physical ailments of, 20–22, 465–66, 602–3, 633, 661, 720
poetry by, 33–34
on Polish-Soviet War, 354–55, 357, 358
political skills of, 7, 422, 424–25, 739
as propagandist, 48, 115, 177, 187, 193, 225, 259, 305–6, 462
religious disenchantment of, 36–37
schooling of, 21, 25–26, 28
self-centeredness of, 155, 468
self-improvement as goal of, 4, 7, 10, 21, 117
self-pity of, 474, 508, 528, 591, 595, 614, 619, 647, 657, 659, 735–36
as seminary student, 2, 26–27, 30–38, 44–47
Stalin, Iosif (Jughashvili) (cont.)
siege mentality of, 591–92, 597, 659, 736
socialism as life mission of, 9, 31
in succession power struggle, 416–17, 522–25, 532–34, 540, 555, 563–64, 572–73, 577, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 590–91, 597, 604, 605–6, 614–15, 636–37, 638, 639, 641–44, 646–48, 653–54, 655–56, 713, 735, 736
in Tiflis, 8–9, 22, 113–14, 121, 125, 267–68, 399, 600
touchiness of, 116, 597
vanity of, 362
vengefulness of, 597–98, 615–16, 715–16, 719, 723, 731, 736
as voracious reader, 32, 36–37, 45, 47–48, 116, 117, 153, 155, 463, 536, 669
womanizing of, 3, 8, 121, 155
Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of, 419–20, 422–71, 527, 586, 652
alternatives to, 727–32
apparatchiks in, 426, 430, 431–32
Bukharin’s opposition to, 472, 474, 513, 731
14th Party Congress debate on, 580–84
general secretary post as key step toward, 425–26
informant networks of, 441
Kamenev’s view of, 512–14
Lenin’s death and, 539
opposition “conspiracies” against, 603–4
peasants and, see collectivization; peasants, Russian
politburo and, 426, 596, 687, 699–700
Rykov and, 658
Stalin’s ambivalence toward, 595–96
triumph of, 659–60
Trotsky and, 472, 486, 487, 532, 613–14
as unforeseen by party leadership, 422–23
Zinoviev and, 472, 474, 506–9, 513
Stalin, Vasily “Vasya,” 10, 466–67, 593, 595, 633
Staniewski, Mieczysław, 286–87
Stasova, Yelena, 423, 428, 596
State and Revolution (Lenin), 135, 203
state bank, Soviet, Sokolnikov’s restoration of, 452
state building, Soviet, 289–92, 343
State Council, 99, 129, 134, 136, 179
state planning commission, 483, 501, 523
Trotsky and, 485, 486
statism, Stalin’s dedication to, 346
steel production, 63, 76, 141
Steinberg, Isaac, 292, 293, 294
Sten, Jan, 708
Stockholm, 102–3
stock market crash of 1929, 733
Stock Market Gazette, 176
Stolypin, Pyotr, 100, 101, 118, 125, 134, 136, 167, 179, 239, 343, 726
assassination attempt on, 102
assassination of, 122, 674
autocratic opposition to, 128–29
Duma and, 94, 97, 101, 119
elevated to prime ministership, 91, 92
failed governmental reforms of, 92–93, 120, 129, 130
foreign policy of, 108–9, 110, 111–12, 129
as governor of Saratov, 91–92, 95
mass arrests and executions by, 104, 106
modernization as goal of, 92, 94, 97, 119, 129
Nicholas II’s relationship with, 92, 119–20
Orthodox Christianity and, 118, 119, 129
social reforms of, 95, 96–97, 673–74
Stravinsky, Igor, 620
Stresemann, Gustav, 510, 561, 562
Struve, Pyotr, 45, 289, 336
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 176, 215
Sukhbaataar, 346, 402, 403, 404–5
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 159, 161, 163
Sukhova, Tatyana, 116
Sukhum, 534, 537, 541–42
Sunday Worker, 573
Sun Yat-sen, 626–27
Supreme Council of the Economy, 242, 262, 264, 459, 485, 486, 578, 579, 601, 607, 663–64, 694
Supreme Revolutionary Tribunal, 433
Suvorin, Aleksei A., 210
Svanidze, Alyosha, 105, 479
Svanidze, Ketevan “Kato,” 114, 594
death of, 115–16, 738
Stalin’s marriage to, 105–6
Svanidze, Maria, 594–95
Svanidze-Monoselidze, Alexandra “Sashiko,” 105, 106
Sverdlov, Yankel “Yakov,” 204, 212–13, 214, 226, 228, 235, 237, 251, 256, 260, 262, 263, 271–72, 275, 280, 285, 286, 307, 313, 398–99, 413, 738
death of, 318–19, 423
Lenin and, 193–94, 234, 318–19
Martov case and, 267–68
in October Revolution, 224
organizational skills of, 194, 212, 236, 319, 423
Siberian exile of, 154–55, 194
as Soviet central executive committee chairman, 236, 274, 423
Stalin’s relationship with, 154–55, 194
and Stalin-Trotsky conflict, 308–10
Trotsky and, 318–19
Sverdlov Communist University, 544, 545, 555, 705–6
Switzerland, Lenin in, 135, 173, 187
Syrtsov, Sergei, 457, 668–70, 679, 680, 683, 705
Sytin, Pavel, 308, 309, 310
Tambov, peasant rebellion in, 380–82, 389, 393–94, 410, 575
Tammerfors, Finland, 80–81
Tashkent, 254, 372–73
Tashkent Congress of Soviets, 253
Tashkent Soviet, 218, 253, 254–55, 266, 373
Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 371
Tataria, Tatar Republic, 371, 447, 502
Tatars, 183, 368, 370, 371, 401, 479
Teliya, Giorgi, 106–7, 544
Terek, 118
Ter-Petrosyan, Simon “Kamo,” 113–14
Third Cavalry Corps (Red), 359
Third Group (Mesame Dasi), 43, 44, 51
Third (Communist) International (Comintern), 317–18
Three Emperor’s League, 109
Tiflis (Tblisi), 15, 20, 29–30, 49, 53, 105–6, 537
Armenians in, 29, 49, 479
Bolshevik bank robbery in, 8–9, 113–14, 267
ethnic diversity of, 29–30
government of, 29–30
May Day marches in, 49–50
Ottoman Bank branch in, 475
Red Army capture of, 397
Stalin in, 22, 47–50, 113–14, 121, 125, 267–68, 399, 600
strikes in, 43–44, 48, 600
Tiflis Theological Seminary, 43
forbidden books at, 36–37, 45
Stalin at, 2, 26–27, 30–38, 44–47
Tikhomirov, Lev, 139
Til, Karolina, 595
Times (London), 340
Timoshenko, Semyon, 356
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 148
Tkhinvaleli, Kita, 105
Togliatti, Palmiro, 720
Tolstoy, Lev, 67
Tomsky, Mikhail (Yefremov), 416, 498, 513, 517, 563, 581, 596, 599, 613, 676, 694–95, 698, 712, 719, 739
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 714, 715, 716–17, 720
and succession power struggle, 563, 564
Tovstukha, Ivan, 456–57, 463, 544, 598, 604, 660
trade unions, 518
10th Party Congress debate on, 385, 390, 423, 455, 459
Transcaucasus Railway, 14, 51
Trans-Siberian Railway, 68, 71, 75, 173, 270
Trepov, Dmitry, 82
Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 316
Triple Alliance, 6, 110
Triple Entente, see Entente (Allies)
triumvirate, 512, 517, 519–20, 546, 563
Trotsky, Lev (Bronstein), 9, 62, 80, 81–82, 86, 108, 114, 115, 143, 158, 182, 193, 221, 226, 235, 245, 263, 274, 322, 354, 358, 420, 424, 454, 464, 467, 469, 510, 545, 596, 597, 598, 605, 615, 686, 715, 734, 737
Alma-Ata exile of, 676–79
antipathy toward, 322, 340, 341, 390, 500, 505, 512, 516–17, 520, 531, 532, 533
armor-plated train of, 327–28, 331, 339
attempted assassination of, 286
background of, 200–201
on Bolshevik bureaucrats, 314
Bolsheviks joined by, 200, 202
Bolshevik takeover of Georgia urged by, 396–97
and Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 257
British general strike and, 598–99
Central Committee apparatus denounced by, 518–19, 522
as Central Committee chairman, 214–15
Central Committee’s expulsion of, 648
Central Control Commission investigation of, 520
chairmanship of state planning commission rejected by, 486
chairmanship of Supreme Council rejected by, 486
China and, 627, 628–29, 630, 631, 632
on collectivization, 675
Communist Party’s expulsion of, 651, 656
in Constituent Assembly, 246
Council of People’s Commissars membership rejected by, 416–17
and creation of Soviet Union, 475
on dangers of other socialist parties, 396
and defense of Petrograd, 330–31
deportation and internal exile justified by, 440–41
deputy chairmanship of Soviet Union rejected by, 486
on dictatorship of the proletariat, 337
expulsion from Comintern of, 644
Trotsky, Lev (Bronstein) (cont.)
as Extraordinary Commission for Food and Transport chairman, 299
flulike fevers of, 520, 522, 533
as foreign affairs commissar, 229
and Georgian insubordination crisis, 489–90, 491, 493
and German Communist coup attempt, 511
and German peace talks, 249–51, 255–56, 258
as head of Revolutionary Military Council, 286, 341, 516, 537
“Ilich’s letter about the secretary” and, 516
imperious manner of, 322, 328, 329
imprisonment of, 204, 212
on institution of commissars, 339
internal exile of, 737
as a Jew, 340–41, 523
Joffe and, 651–52
joint plenums on factionalism of, 522–25, 646–47
Kaganovich and, 455
Kamenev and, 224–25, 584
Kronstadt rebellion and, 384, 387
Krupskaya and, 501, 542, 547, 572, 573–74, 632
Left opposition and, 518, 529
Lenin and, 202, 214, 221, 222–23, 234, 238, 256, 341, 357, 385–86, 390, 414–15, 472, 481–82, 523, 531, 647
and Lenin’s alleged article on nationalities, 494
Lenin’s death and, 534, 537–39
as Lenin’s possible successor, 416–17, 492, 494
Lenin’s Testament and, 500, 546, 572–73, 605–7, 643, 646, 647–48
NEP and, 481–82, 495, 497
in October Revolution, 215, 219, 220, 221–22
On Lenin published by, 545
as orator, 215, 221, 250, 251
as Petrograd Soviet chairman, 212–13
physical appearance of, 340
on Polish-Soviet War, 354
politburo expulsion of, 615
in quest for economic dictatorship, 481, 484, 485, 486–87, 488, 501, 518
in secret negotiations with Entente, 265
self-imposed exiles of, 152–53, 164, 201
Since Lenin Died repudiated by, 573
on Stalin, 8, 295, 422, 463
Stalin biography by, 37
Stalin’s antagonistic relationship with, 224, 306–10, 313–14, 329, 334, 339–40, 341, 357, 369, 377, 385, 390, 415, 416, 460, 470–71, 474, 505, 719
Stalin’s dictatorship opposed by, 472, 486, 487, 613–14
and Stalin’s role in Tsaritsyn, 302–3, 642
in succession power struggle, 416–17, 519–20, 522–25, 532–34, 540, 555, 563–64, 572–73, 584, 586, 590–91, 605–6, 614–15, 636–37, 638, 639, 641–44, 646–48, 713, 735, 736
Sukhum convalescence of, 534, 537, 541–42
Sverdlov and, 318–19
and Tsaritsyn defense, 307–10
at 12th Party Congress, 495–96
use of former tsarist officers defended by, 319–20, 329
Voroshilov and, 309, 313–14
as war and naval commissar, 258, 289, 297, 306–10, 313–14, 319–20, 326, 327–31, 339–40, 356, 359, 391, 436, 542
war commissar post resigned by, 557
Zinoviev and, 474, 525, 545
Trotskyites, 341 390, 411–12, 423, 429, 540, 656
Tsaritsa River, 300
Tsaritsyn, 283, 300, 330, 357, 642
Red Army in, 302, 305
Revolutionary Military Council of, 303
Stalingrad as new name of, 689
Stalin in, 270, 276, 291, 300–310, 313–14, 320, 340
Stalin’s recall from, 309–10, 314, 642
White army siege and capture of, 305–6, 310, 326–27
Tsaritsyn Cheka, 302, 304
Makhrovsky food expedition subverted by, 304–5
Tsarskoe Selo, 74, 86, 92, 167, 170, 171, 172
White army capture of, 330
Tsereteli, Akaki, 32, 34
Tsereteli, Giorgi, 34, 43
Tsereteli, Irakli, 192, 198–99
Tskhakaya, Mikho, 81, 105
Tsushima Strait, Battle of, 73
Tsyurupa, Alexander, 299, 569
Tuchapsky, Pavel, 44n
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 345, 357, 360, 561, 576, 589, 619
in capture of Baku, 366
as chief of general staff, 576
as Great War POW, 356
Kronstadt rebellion and, 384, 391, 575
OGPU surveillance of, 575
in Polish-Soviet War, 361–62, 363–65, 377–78
in Russian civil war, 356–60
Tambov rebellion and, 394, 575
Voroshilov’s rivalry with, 576–77
Turcomans, 372
Turkestan, 58, 145, 243, 253, 254, 266, 371, 372, 387, 407, 451–52
Frunze in, 373–75, 387
Muslims in, 253–54, 502–3
Red Army in, 372–74
Validi’s escape to, 371–72
Turkestan Autonomous Socialist Republic, 375, 388
Turkey, 391, 395, 398
Turkic language, 12, 344
Turkic peoples, 29, 183, 184, 344
Turkish Straits, 136, 145
Turukhansk, 454, 614, 621, 686
Stalin’s exile in, 152–55, 173
Tzara, Tristan, 227, 230
U-boat warfare, 310
Ufa, 238, 269, 326, 368, 371
Ufa Soviet, 266
Uglanov, Nikolai, 432, 548, 563, 596, 613, 723
in succession power struggle, 563, 641, 715
Ukraine, Ukrainians, 41, 98, 125, 200, 342, 475, 546, 666, 687, 700
anti-Semitism in, 326
food harvests in, 721–22
German occupation of, 253, 265, 266–67, 270, 272, 273, 283, 301, 303
as independent republic, 238, 343, 368
nationalists in, 119, 351, 400
1921–22 famine in, 447
Poland and, 353–54, 616–17
Polish invasion of, 352, 354
Red Army’s reconquest of, 386
in separate peace treaty with Germany, 252
Soviet Russia’s relations with, 475–76
and Soviet Union plan, 475–76, 478, 479
White army’s capture of, 330
Ukrainian Central Rada, 252, 258, 266–67
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 386, 406
Ulrich, Vasily, 381–82
Ulyanov, Alexander, 60, 185
Ulyanov, Vladimir, see Lenin, Vladmir
Ulyanova, Maria, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 488, 501, 520, 521, 527, 608
Lenin’s death and, 534
on Lenin-Stalin relationship, 608–9
Ulyanov family, 185
Ungern-Sternberg, Roman, Baron von, 346, 400–404, 549
Unification, 101
Union of Railroad Employees, 231, 234, 237
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), see Soviet Union
Union of the Russian People, 98–99, 100–101, 118, 137, 163, 182
Union of the Toiling Peasantry, 381
United opposition, 613, 614, 652, 655–56, 672, 686, 713, 729
United States:
economic growth in, 18, 19, 612
financial panic of 1914 in, 148
in Great War, 248, 310–11
industrialization in, 19, 662
liberalism in, 132
mass production in, 612
railroad bubble in, 64
Seventeenth Amendment in, 83
slavery in, 19
Soviet relations with, 611–12
steel production in, 63
Versailles Treaty and, 315–16
Unszlicht, Józef, 345, 358, 360, 461, 587, 621, 638
Urals Bolsheviks, Romanov murders blamed on, 281
Urals Soviet, 280
Urga, 401–3
Uritsky, Moisei, 284
Urutadze, Grigol, 123
Vacietis, Jukums, 261, 277, 282, 284, 310, 313, 314, 330
arrest of, 329
as Red Army commander in chief, 286, 306, 328
Valedinsky, Ivan, 602–3, 633, 720
Validi, Akhmetzaki, 346, 368
Stalin’s patronage of, 369–71, 372
Vareikis, Jonava “Iosif,” 356
Vasilchikov, Boris A., 58
Verdun, Battle of, 150, 162, 310
Verkhovsky, Alexander, 293
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 721
Versailles, Peace of, 150
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 315–17, 445, 559, 560, 588
German war guilt and, 315, 316, 559
territorial revisionism in, 315–16
Versailles Order, 352–53, 363, 380
Vertov, Dziga, 440
Verzilov, Vasily, 720
Victoria, queen of England, 89, 128
Vilna (Wilno), 354, 359, 378
Vittorio Emanuele III, king of Italy, 549, 551
Vladivostok, 269, 344, 590
Japanese landing at, 266
Vlasik, Nikolai, 739
Voikov, Pyotr, 442, 634
Voitinsky, Grigory, 628
Volga valley, 270, 300, 326, 447, 566, 568
Volhynian Guards, 169
Volodicheva, Maria, 473, 487, 489, 490, 527
Vologda, 260
Stalin in, 121, 122, 124
Volunteer Army (Armed Forces of South Russia), 268, 270, 295–96, 332
1919 offensive of, 326–27, 328
see also Whites
Voroshilov, Klimenty “Klim,” 104, 308, 310, 320, 327, 328, 355, 357, 390, 391, 456, 495, 507, 582, 585, 596, 602, 619, 622, 656, 657, 694–95, 700, 704
in “cave meeting,” 505, 506
in defense of Tsaritsyn, 303–4
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 713, 714, 715
as Stalin’s protégé, 303, 306, 313, 320–21, 387, 627, 731
Trotsky and, 309, 313–14
Tukhachevsky’s rivalry with, 576–77
as war commissar, 576, 638, 639
Vozdvizhenka, 4, 428
Vozdvizhenka, 5, 426, 428
Vujović, Voja, 644
Vyshinsky, Andrei, 203, 702–3, 709
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 575
War and the Crisis in Socialism (Zinoviev), 407
Warsaw, 15–16, 355
Red Army advance on, 361–63, 364
Warsaw, Treaty of (1920), 353
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 39
Weimar Republic, see Germany, Weimar
What Ilich Wrote and Thought About Trotsky, 500
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 51, 79, 287
White armies, 300, 330, 350, 356, 369, 370
anti-Semitism in, 325–26
collapse of, 331–32
in Crimea, 357, 379
disorganization in, 335
Entente’s supplying of, 326, 352
former tsarist officers in, 297–98
1919 offensive of, 326–27, 328, 335, 370–71
Tsaritsyn siege and capture by, 305–6, 310, 326–27
see also Cossacks; Volunteer Army
White Guards, 604, 635
Whites (anti-Bolsheviks), 282–83, 292, 295–96, 298, 325, 335, 344, 379, 380
White Terror, in civil war, 405
Wilhelm I, kaiser of Germany, 6, 119
Wilhelm II, kaiser of Germany, 89, 134, 136, 139, 159, 253
abdication of, 311
naval buildup of, 139–40
and onset of Great War, 143, 144–45, 146–47
in secret pact with Russia, 109–10, 139
Wilson, Woodrow, 315, 343
Winter Palace, 70, 73, 90, 102, 126, 127, 186
Provisional Government relocation to, 213–14, 216, 217, 219–20
so-called storming of, 219–20, 338–39
Witte, Sergei, 75, 76, 82, 83, 85, 95, 110, 118–19, 126, 129
assassination attempt on, 102
background of, 68–69
as finance minister, 69–70, 645
Nicholas II’s relationship with, 70, 72, 84, 91
October Manifesto and, 84, 92
as prime minister, 84–85, 86
resignation of, 90–91
Trans-Siberian Railway and, 68, 71
Worker and Soldier, 207
workers, see proletariat, Russian
workers’ and peasants’ inspectorate, 451, 456
Workers’ opposition, 385, 389
Workers’ Path, 177, 216
Stalin as editor of, 212, 259
world revolution:
as primary goal of Lenin, 407
Soviet Union and, 555–56
Stalin on, 407–8, 555–56, 557–58, 562–63, 570, 592, 698–99, 731
World War I, see Great War
World War II, 4
Wrangel, Baron Pyotr, 332, 335, 357, 358, 361–62, 374, 379
“wrecking,” 691, 694, 695, 696, 709, 711, 734
Yagoda, Genrikh (Jehuda, Jenokhom), 441, 461, 536, 541–42, 566, 588, 605, 656–57, 665, 689, 701, 717
background of, 460–61
as GPU second deputy head, 461–62
and plot to oust Stalin as general secretary, 715
Shakhty affair and, 691, 693, 699
Yakovlev, Yakov, 579, 729
Yanson, Nikolai, 697
Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan (Gubelman, Minei), 390, 424, 434, 549–50, 698
Yegorov, Alexander, 357, 361, 362, 365, 378, 456, 589
Yekaterinburg, 280–81, 282
Yenukidze, Avel, 50, 55, 463, 480, 515, 535, 641
Yevdokimov, Grigory, 505, 506, 653, 654, 655
Yevdokimov, Yefim, 688–89
Young Bosnia, 142–43
Young Pioneers, 547
Young Turk Revolution, 131–32
Yudenich, Nikolai, 295, 326, 330, 331, 335, 358
Yugoslavia, 511
Yurovsky, Leonid, 452
Yurovsky, Yakov, 281
Yusupov, Prince Felix, 163
Zagorsky, Vladimir, 334
Zagumyonny, Sergei, 670–71
Zakovsky, Leonid, 617, 669, 679, 681, 682, 683
Zasulich, Vera, 45
Zetkin, Clara, 282, 410
Zhdanov, Andrei, 457
Zhloba, Dmitry, 310
Zhukov, Georgy, 356
Zinoviev, Grigory (Radomylsky), 104, 121, 123, 152, 188, 193, 194, 203, 224, 226, 234, 236, 261, 287, 318, 322, 330, 341, 354, 367–68, 378, 382, 385, 387, 392, 407, 412, 471, 490, 491, 495, 497, 501, 512, 517, 518, 531–32, 596, 597, 599, 636, 652, 715
ambition of, 513
in attempts to include other socialists in Bolshevik regime, 235
in “cave meeting,” 505, 506, 513, 658
China and, 629, 630–31
as Comintern chairman, 510, 609, 615
and German Communist coup attempt, 509–10, 511, 514–15
and “Ilich’s letter about the secretary,” 504–9, 512, 513
internal exile of, 713
Lenin memoir of, 545
Lenin’s death and, 534–35
Lenin’s Testament and, 498, 499, 606–7, 648
NEP criticized by, 570–71
October Revolution and, 214, 224, 499, 515, 563–64, 606, 641, 648
self-exiles of, 204, 205, 212
Stalin’s dictatorship and, 472, 474, 506–9, 513
and succession power struggle, 493, 525, 552, 563, 564, 577, 578, 580, 582, 584, 586, 604, 605–6, 607, 614–15, 636, 641–43, 648, 651, 656, 713, 716, 729, 736
in triumvirate with Kamenev and Stalin, 517, 563
Trotsky and, 474, 525, 545
Ziv, G. A., 201
Znamenka, 23, 426, 436–37
Znamya, 100
Zubalov, Levon (Zubalashvili), 466
Zubalovo dacha, 466–67, 594
Zurich, 187, 188, 230
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