Icon and Axe

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations

In order to keep the specific gravity of scholarly substance as high as possible in these references, a number of technical economies have been made. Full references are given only on the first usage; all titles are given only in the original language; only the first initial of an author is generally given; and there are no internal cross references. Place of publication is not listed for any French-language work published in Paris or German-language work published in Berlin; P indicates St. Petersburg and Petrograd; L, Leningrad; M, Moscow; NY, New York. All months are abbreviated to the first three letters; p indicates paperback; and mt indicates that I have modified the translation cited. In addition, the following abbreviations are used for periodicals and basic reference works of more than one word:

AAE

Akty sobrannye … arkheograficheskoi ekspeditsii

AB

Analecta Bollandiana (Brussels)

AESC

Annales Economies-Sociétés-Civilizations

AHR

American Historical Review

AHRF

Annales historiques de la révolution françcaise

AI

Akty Istoricheskie

AIOS

Annuaire de l’institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales et slaves (Brussels)

AK

Archiv für Kulturgeschichte (Berlin-Leipzig)

AMH

Annals of Medical History

AQC

Ars Quatuor Coronatorum (London)

AR

Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (Leipzig)

ASR

American Slavic and East European Review (re-titled Slavic Review, 1963)

BE

Brockhaus-Efron, Entsiklopedichesky Slovar’, I. Andreevsky, K. Arsen’ev, V. Sheviakov, eds., 43v in 86, 1890–1907

BL

Bibliograficheskaia letopis’

BNYL

Bulletin of the New York Public Library

BRP

Bibliothèque russe et polonaise

BS

Byzantinoslavica (Prague)

BSE (1)

Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopedia, 1st ed., O., Shmidt, ed., 66v, 1926–47

BSE (2)

Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopedia, 2d ed., S. Vavilov, ed., 51v, 1950–8

BV

Bogoslovsky Vestnik

BZ

Bibliograficheskie Zapiski

CA

Communist Affairs (Los Angeles)

CDSP

Current Digest of the Soviet Press

CH

Church History

ChC

Christian Century

Cht

Chteniia obshchestva istorii i drevnostei Moskovskogo universiteta

CMR

Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique

CS

Le Contrat social

CSP

Canadian Slavonic Papers (Toronto)

CSS

California Slavic Studies

DAN

Doklady Akademii Nauk

DNR

Drevniaia i Novaia Rossiia

DOP

Dumbarton Oaks Papers

DR

Deutsche Rundschau

DRV

Drevniaia rossiiskaia vivliofika

ECQ

Eastern Churches Quarterly (Ramsgate)

EHR

English Historical Review

EII

Ezhegodnik instituta istorii iskusstv

ER

Eastern Review (Klagenfurt)

ESR

Études slaves et roumaines (Budapest)

ESS

Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, E. Seligman, ed., 15v, 1930–5

FA

Foreign Affairs

FOG

Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte

GBA

Gazette des beaux-arts

Gr

Entsiklopedichesky Slovar’, Granat, 7th ed., V. Zheleznov, ed., 34v, 1910–38

HJ

Historisches Jahrbuch (Munich), Goerres-gesellschaft zur Pflege der Wissenschaft im katholischen Deutschland (Bonn)

HSS

Harvard Slavic Studies

HT

Historisk Tidskrift (Stockholm)

IA

Istorichesky Arkhiv

IaL

Iazyk i Literatura

IAN (G)

Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, otdelenie gumanitarnykh nauk

IAN (I)

Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriia istorii i filologii

IAN (L)

Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, otdelenie literatury i iazyka

IAN (O)

Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, otdelenie obshchest-vennykh nauk

IIaS

Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR, otdelenie russkogo iazyka i slovesnosti

IJSL

International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics (The Hague)

IL

Istoricheskaia Letopis’

IM

Istorik-Marksist

IS

Istorichesky Sbornik

ISR

Istoriia SSSR

IV

Istorichesky Vestnik

IZ

Istoricheskie Zapiski

IZh

Istorichesky Zhurnal

JAH

Journal of American Society of Architectural History

JGO

Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (Breslau/Wroclaw, Munich)

JHI

Journal of the History of Ideas

JHR

Journal de l’histoire des religions

JKGS

Jahrbücher für Kultur und Geschichte der Slaven

JMH

Journal of Modern History

JWI

Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute

KH

Kwartalnik Historyczny (Warsaw)

Kh Cht

Khristianskoe Chtenie

KP

Komsomol’skaia Pravda

KR

Kenyon Review

KS

Kievskaia Starina

KUI

Kievskie universitetskie izvestiia

KZ

Krasnaia Zvezda

KZ(Y)

Kraevedcheskie Zapiski (Yaroslavl)

LA

Literaturny Arkhiv

LE

Literaturnaia Entsiklopediia, 1st ed., V. Friche, ed., 10v, 1929–39

LG

Literaturnaia Gazeta

LZAK

Letopis’ zaniatii arkheograficheskoi komissii

MAV

Mémoires de l’académie de Vaucluse (Avignon)

MB

Mir Bozhii

MF

Mercure de France

MGH

Monumenta Germaniae Historica

MK

Molodoi Kommunist

ML

Music and Letters

MO

Missionernoe Obozrenie

MQ

Musical Quarterly

MS

Missionersky Sbornik

NG

National Geographic

NIS

Novgorodsky Istorichesky Sbornik

NK

Novye Knigi

NL

New Leader

NM

Novy Mir

NS

New Statesman and Nation

NYT

New York Times

NZh

Novy Zhurnal (NY)

NZK

Naukovi zapiski pratsi naukovo-doslikchoï katedri istorii evropeis’koi kul’turi (Kharkov)

OC

Orientalia Christiana Analecta (Rome)

Och

Ocherki istorii SSSR

(1) Pervobytno-obshchiny stroi i drevneishie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR, P. Tret’iakov, ed., 1956;

(2) Krizis rabovladel’cheskoi sistemy i zarozhdenie feodalizma na territorii SSSR III–IX vv, B. Rybakov, ed., 1958;

(3,4) Period feodalizma IX–XV vv v dvukh chastiakh

I. B, Grekov, ed., 1953; II. B. Grekov, ed., 1953;

(5) Period feodalizma, konets XV v–nachalo XVII v, A. Nasonov, ed., 1955;

(6) Period feodalizma, XVII v, A. Khovosel’sky, ed., 1955;

(7) Period feodalizma, Rossiia v pervoi chetverti XVIII v, B. Kafengauz, ed., 1954;

(8) Period feodalizma, Rossiia vo vtoroi chetverti XVIII v, A. Baranovich, ed., 1957;

(9) Period feodalizma, Rossiia vo vtoroi polovine XVIII v, A. Baranovich, ed., 1956;

(10) Konets XVIII–pervaia chetvert’ XIX v, S. Okun’, ed., 1956.

OCP

Orientalia Christiana Periodica (Rome)

OSP

Oxford Slavonic Papers

PDL

Pamiatniki drevnerusskoi literatury

PDP

Pamiatniki drevnei pis’mennosti

PDPI

Pamiatniki drevnei pis’mennosti i iskusstva

PMLA

Publications of the Modern Language Association of America

PO

Pravoslavnoe Obozrenie

PP

Past and Present

PR

Partisan Review

PRP

Pamiatniki Russkogo Prava

PS

Pravoslavny sobesednik

PSRL

Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei

PSS

Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (of the author cited)

PSZ

Polnoe sobranie zakonov

PZM

Pod znamenem marksizma

RA

Russky Arkhiv

RB

Russkoe Bogatstvo

RBPh

Revue beige de philologie et d’histoire

RBS

Russky Biografichesky Slovar’, 25v, 1896–1918

RDM

Revue des deux mondes

RES

Revue des études slaves

REW

Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, M. Vasmer, ed., 3v, Heidelberg, 1953–8

RF

Russky fol’klor: materialy i issledovaniia

RFe

Rossiisky featr

RH

Revue historique

RHL

Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France

RHMC

Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine

RHR

Revue de l’histoire des religions

RiS

Ricerche Slavistiche (Rome)

RL

Radians’ke literaturoznavstvo (Kiev)

RLC

Revue de litérature comparée

RM

Russkaia Mysl’

RMG

Russkaia muzykal’naia gazeta

ROJ

Russian Orthodox Journal

RoS

Romanoslavica (Bucharest)

RP

Review of Politics (South Bend, Indiana)

RPSR

Research program on the USSR (Mimeographed series, NY)

RR

Russian Review

RRe

Russkaia Rech’

RS

Russkaia Starina

RSH

Revue de synthèse historique

RSMP

Revue des travaux de l’académie des sciences, morales et politiques

RU

Radians’ka Ukraina (Kharkov)

RV

Russky Vestnik

SA

Sovetskaia Arkheologiia

SAP

St. Anthony’s Papers

ScS

Scandoslavica (Copenhagen)

SEEJ

Slavic and East European Journal (Indiana)

SEER

Slavonic and East European Review (London)

SEES

Slavic and East European Studies (Montreal)

SIaS

Sbornik otdeleniia russkogo iazyka i slovesnosti, Akademiia nauk

SII

Soobshcheniia instituta istorii iskusstv, Akademiia nauk

SK

Sovetskaia Kul’tura

SKhO

Sbornik Khar’kovskogo istoriko-filologicheskogo obshchestva

SKP

Annales et comptes rendus, Seminarium Kondakovianum (Prague)

SkS

Skandinavsky Sbornik (Tallinn)

SKST

Suomen Kirkkohistoriallisen

Seuran Toimituksia (Helsinki)

SL

Sovetskaia Literatura

SM

Sovetskaia Muzyka

SMAE

Sbornik muzeia antropologii i etnografii

SN

Starina i Novizna

SO

Slavia Orientalis (Warsaw)

SR

Soviet Review

SRIO

Sbornik russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva

SRIP

Sbornik russkogo instituta v Prage

SS

Sobranie sochinenii (of the author cited)

SSRIa

Slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo iazyka, V. Chernyshev, ed., 7v, 1950–8

SSt

Soviet Studies (Oxford)

Su

Soviet Survey (retitled Survey 1961)

SUN

Skriffter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi (II Hist.-filos. Klasse, Oslo)

SVQ

St. Vladimir’s Seminary Quarterly

SW

Selected Works (of the author cited)

SZ

Sovremennye Zapiski (Paris)

TC

The XXth Century (Shanghai)

TGIM

Trudy gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeia

TH

The Third Hour (NY)

TIAI

Trudy istoriko-arkhivnogo instituta

TIIE

Trudy instituta istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki

TKF

Trudy Karel’skogo filiala Akademii nauk SSSR (Petrozavodsk)

TKIZ

Trudy komissii po istorii znaniia

TODL

Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoi literatury

TRHS

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (London)

TSRIa

Tolkovy slovar’ russkogo iazyka, D. Ushakov, ed., 4v, 1934–40

TVO

Trudy vostochnago otdeleniia russkago arkheologicheskago obshchestva

UG

Uchitel’skaia Gazeta

UZAON

Uchenye Zapiski Akademii obshchestvennykh nauk pri tsentralnom komitete VKP (b)

UZIAN

Uchenye Zapiski vtorogo otdeleniia Imperatorskoi akademii nauk

UZIuU

Uchenye Zapiski Imperatorskago Iur’evskago universiteta

UZKU

Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo universiteta

UZLGU

Uchenye Zapiski Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta

UZMGU

Uchenye Zapiski Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta

UZRANION

Uchenye Zapiski: rossiiskaia assotsiatsia nauchnoissledovatel’skikh institutov obshchestvennykh nauk. Institut istorii

VAN

Vestnik Akademii nauk

VDL

Vremennik Demidovskogo iuridicheskogo litseia (Yaroslavl)

VE

Vestnik Evropy

VF

Voprosy filosofli

VFPs

Voprosy filosofli i psikhologii

VI

Voprosy istorii

VIMK

Vestnik istorii mirovoi kul’tury

VL

Voprosy literatury

VR

Vera i Razum (Kharkov)

VSP

Veröffentlichungen der slavistischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Deutschen Universität in Prag

VsV

Vsemirny vestnik

VV

Vizantiisky vremennik

WMR

World Marxist Review

WP

World Politics

WSJ

Wiener Slawistisches Jahrbuch

ZFS

Zeitschrift für Slawistik

ZhChO

Zhurnal Imperatorskogo chelovekoliubivogo obshchestva

ZhMNP

Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia

ZhS

Zhivaia Starina

ZIAN

Zapiski Imperatorskoi akademii nauk

ZOG

Zeitschrift für osteuropäische Geschichte

ZOR

Zapiski otdela rukopisei Vsesoiuznoi biblioteki imeni V. I. Lenina

ZPU

Zapiski istoriko-filologicheskago fakul’teta Imperatorskago S-Peterburgskago universiteta

ZRIOP

Zapiski Russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva v Prage

ZRNIB

Zapiski Russkogo nauchnogo instituta v Belgrade

ZRVI

Zbornik radova vizantoloshkog instituta (Belgrad)

ZSPh

Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie (Leipzig)

This introductory bibliography lists basic works of special stimulative or scholarly value and that pertain to more than one particular section of the text. Works of more narrowly defined interest are mentioned in the footnotes of the appropriate section. The index can be used to find the full bibliographical references for each author cited.

The bibliography does not pretend to be comprehensive, and the number of entries under each subject is not necessarily commensurate with the intrinsic importance of the subject. It attempts rather to refer the reader to other reference lists when these are easily available and sufficiently comprehensive.

1. GENERAL HISTORIES OF CULTURE AND THOUGHT

P. Miliukov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul’tury, Paris, 1930–7, corr. ed., 3v, is inclusive and well-referenced, with a chronological treatment of religion, literature, and the arts, each in one volume. The second part of the first volume (“From Prehistory to History”) of this never-completed work has recently been published for the first time from the manuscript which Miliukov completed shortly before his death in an edition by N. Andreev, ’s Gravenhage, 1964. An abridged, non-annotated English edition is Outlines of Russian Culture, NY, 1962, 3v, p. V. Riazanovsky, Obzor russkoi kul’tury, NY, 1947–8, 3 parts in 2v, is less full than Miliukov, but better in interrelating different fields of culture. G. Vernadsky, Zven’ia russkoi kul’tury, Ann Arbor, 1962 (repr. of 1938 ed.) considers a broader range of phenomena under culture than Miliukov, but only to the mid-fifteenth century. R. Ivanov-Razumnik, Istoriia russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, P, 1918, 5th augmented and rev. ed., 8v; D. Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky, Istoriia russkoi intelligentsii, M, 1907; N. Berdiaev, The Russian Idea, NY, 1948, (also p); and The Origin of Russian Communism, Ann Arbor, 1960, p; and T. Masaryk, The Spirit of Russia, NY, 1955, 2v, rev. ed.—all deal sympathetically with Russian social and philosophic thought, mainly as reflected in nineteenth-century literature and polemics. W. Weidlé, Russia: Absent and Present, NY, 1961, p, is a provocative, impressionistic discussion often drawing from the visual arts; S. Volkonsky, Pictures of Russian History and Russian Literature, Boston-NY, 1898, is a readable, if superficial discussion, good on the early periods and in its use of German materials; the best Marxist treatment of modern Russian social thought is G. Plekhanov’s Istoriia russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli (in Sochineniia, M-L, 1925, 2d ed., XX-XXII). This represents only three of the projected seven volumes, and carries the story only to Radishchev. Particularly valuable is the long bibliographical essay and treatment of pre-Petrine Russia in XX, which is altogether left out of the mimeographed English translation of some sections dealing with the first two thirds of the eighteenth century: Plekhanov, History of Russian Social Thought, NY, 1938. See also Plekhanov’s critical essays on nineteenth-century subjects: Ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli XIX veka, P, 1923; also material in Sochineniia, M-L, 1926, XXIII. Another interesting early Soviet interpretation that reflects more a Christian socialist than a Marxist perspective is V. Sipovsky, Etapy russkoi mysli, P, 1924. A one-volume Istoriia russkoi kul’tury, covering up to 1917 and under the general editorship of Sh. Levin, will provide an up-to-date Soviet text when it appears early in 1966. A crude, early Marxist interpretation, written largely to refute Miliukov, is M. Pokrovsky, Ocherki istorii russkoi kul’tury, M, 1914–8. 2 parts. G. Vasetsky, et al., Ocherki po istorii filosofskoi i obshchestvenno-politicheskoi mysli narodov SSSR, M, 1955–6, 2v, is of value mostly for its discussion of modern thought in the lesser known, non-Russian parts of the USSR.

G. Florovsky, Puti russkogo bogosloviia, Paris, 1937 (photo reprint, 1963), relates religious thought to broader social and cultural developments and has a rich bibliography, including many rare periodical references. V. Zenkovsky, A History of Russian Philosophy, NY, 1953, 2v, is an Orthodox treatment superior to N. Lossky’s similarly titled work (NY, 1951), though lacking the full documentation of Zenkovsky’s original Russian version, Istoriia russkoi filosofii, Paris, 1948–50, 2v.

On early Russian thought and culture see A. Shchapov, “Obshchy vzgliad na istoriiu intellektual’nago razvitiia v Rossii,” and “Istoricheskiia usloviia intellektual’nago razvitiia v Rossii,” both in his Sochineniia, P, 1906, II; also D. Likhachev, Kul’tura russkogo naroda X–XVII vv, M-L, 1961; and A. Sakharov and A. Murav’ev, Ocherki russkoi kul’tury IX–XVII vv, M, 1962.

E. Bobrov’s compendium of materials, Filosofiia v Rossii, Kazan, 1899–1901, 6v, and G. Shpet’s more interpretive Ocherk razvitiia russkoi filosofii (P, 1922) deal mainly with the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century. A. Vvedensky’s “Sud’by filosofii v Rossii,” VFPs, 1898, Mar–Apr, is a valuable treatment of the travails encountered by the formal study of philosophy in Russia (reprinted separately, M, 1898, and in his Filosofskie ocherki, Prague, 1924). Also useful are M. Filippov, Sud’by russkoi filosofii, P, 1904; and D. Chizhevsky, Narisi z istorii filosofii na Ukraini, Prague, 1931. E. Radiov, Ocherk istorii russkoi filosofii, P, 1920, 2d corr. ed., is a valuable concise study with a critical bibliography of works on the history of Russian philosophy. See also the new Soviet Filosofskaia Entsiklopediia, the first three volumes of which appeared M, 1960–4, with many articles on Russian as well as general philosophy. O. Lourié, La Philosophie russe contemporaine, 1902, is a useful coverage that includes many now-forgotten trends. A Koyré, Études sur l’histoire de la pensée philosophique en Russie, 1950, is an invaluable collection of essays. P. Pascal, “Les grands courants de la pensée russe contemporaine,” CMR, 1962, Jan-Mar, 5–89, is a succinct yet comprehensive coverage of the last hundred years.

N. Arsen’ev, Iz russkoi kul’turnoi i tvorcheskoi traditsii, Frankfurt/M., 1959, is a series of essays stressing the importance of familial ties and communal traditions in Russian history. A. Jensen, Rysk Kultur-historia, Stockholm, 1908, 3v; and L. Schinitzky, El pensamiento ruso en la filosofia y en la literatura, Buenos Aires, 1946, deserve attention outside the narrower audience to which their respective languages limit them. The Germano-Latvian sociologist, W. Schubart, Russia and Western Man, NY, 1950, has written one of the best in the large literature of attempts to characterize the Russian national character. Also valuable in this genre is the less speculative study by W. Miller, Russians As People, NY, 1961, p; and N. Vakar, The Taproot of Soviet Society, NY, 1962, which examines the impact of peasant institutions and modes of thought on modern, and particularly Soviet, Russian culture.

2. THE CHURCH

A. Kartashev, Ocherki po istorii russkoi tserkvi, Paris, 1959, 2v, is an Orthodox treatment with full bibliography. M. Bulgakov, the former Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, has written the most detailed and comprehensive history through the mid-nineteenth century, Istoriia russkoi tserkvi, Ann Arbor, 1963, 12v, photo repr. from 2d ed. But it should be supplemented for the early period by E. Golubinsky, Istoriia russkoi tserkvi, M, 1880–1916, 2d rev. & exp. ed., 2v, two parts in each; and, for the later period, by A. Dobroklonsky, Rukovodstvo po istorii russkoi tserkvi, Riazan-Moscow, 1883–93, 4v; and by the rich first volume of I. Smolitsch, Geschichte der russischen Kirche, 1700–1917, Leiden-Cologne, 1964. P. Znamensky, Rukovodstvo k russkoi tserkovnoi istorii, Kazan, 1886, is an excellent short history, and provides in many ways the best introduction to the subject. See also G. Fedotov, “Religious Backgrounds of Russian Culture,” CH, 1943, Mar, 35–51.

Among Roman Catholic appraisals A. Ammann, Abriss der ostslaw-ischen Kirchengeschichte, Vienna, 1950 (original in Italian, Turin, 1948) is the most scholarly treatment; J. Danzas, The Russian Church, London, 1936, is stimulating, particularly on the role of the sects; and N. Brian-Chaninov, The Russian Church, NY, 1930, contains good sections, particularly on Catholic-Orthodox relations by a Russian convert to Catholicism. Also still valuable is A. Palmieri, La chiesa russa, Florence, 1908, and the lengthy study by H. Gomez, La iglesia rusa. Su historia y su dogmatica, Madrid, 1948. Among Protestant histories see E. Benz, The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life, NY, 1963, p; and R. French, The Eastern Orthodox Church, London, 1951, for sympathetic treatments by a Lutheran and Anglican scholar respectively. See also A. Oakley, The Orthodox Liturgy, London-NY, 1958. General surveys by Orthodox scholars are P. Evdokimov, L’Orthodoxie (Neuchâtel-Paris, 1959); S. Bulgakov, L’Orthodoxie, 1932; and T. Ware, The Orthodox Church, Baltimore, 1963, p. V. Nikol’sky, Istoriia russkoi tserkvi, M, 1930, is the only serious effort to write a Marxist history. A. Pawlowski, Idea Kościola w ujeciu Rosyjskiej Teologji i Historjozofji, Warsaw, 1935 is a well-referenced study of the history of the idea of the Church in Russia.

The fullest study of Russian sectarianism is K. Grass, Die russischen Sekten, Leipzig, 1907, 2v; but S. Margaritov, Istoriia russkikh misticheskikh i ratsionalisticheskikh sekt, Simferopol, 1914, 4th corr. ed. is more succinct and analytical. See also T. Butkevich, Obzor russkikh sekt i ikh tolkov, P, 1915, 2d ed. (like Margaritov, a study designed largely to refute the sectarians, but containing valuable material and references, including some not available to Grass). F. Conybeare, Russian Dissenters, NY, 1962, p, is detailed, but somewhat unhistorical and out of date. S. Bolshakoff, Russian nonconformity, Philadelphia, 1950, is a useful English introduction. There is no comprehensive history of the schismatic or Old Believer tradition, though one is in preparation by S. Zenkovsky. The fullest available treatment (with good bibliography) is that of P. Smirnov, Istoriia russkogo staroobriadchestva, P, 1895, 2d corr. ed. For a brief introduction, see K. Plotnikov, Istoriia russkogo raskola staroobriadchestva, P, 1914; for the best analysis of the early history of the schism see P. Smirnov, Vnutrennie voprosy v raskole v XVII veke, P, 1898, and Spory i razdeleniia v russkom raskole v pervoi chetverti XVIII v, P, 1905; also the other monographs and articles by Smirnov, and other materials (much of it mimeographed or published clandestinely by the schismatics themselves) in the catalogue based on the V. Druzhinin collection, covering up to 1917: Raskol i sektantstvo, P, 1932. More of the vast material on this subject is referenced in F. Sakharov, Literatura istorii i oblicheniia russkogo raskola, Tambov, 1887, P, 1892–1900, 3v. The impact of the Old Believer tradition on Russian culture is assessed (particularly for nineteenth-century literature) in V. Pleyer, Das russische Altgläubigentum: Geschichte, Darstellung in der Literatur, Munich, 1961; and for Russian religious thought generally, by V. Riabushinsky, Staroobriadchestvo i russkoe religioznoe chuvstvo, Joinville le Pont, 1936, (mimeographed without notes). See also G. Strel’bitsky’s Orthodox history: Istoriia russkogo raskola, Odessa, 1898, 3d ed.

The interaction of Russian and Western religious life is stressed in L. Boissard, L’Église de Russie, 1867, 2v; relations with early Protestantism (and with Europe generally) exhaustively treated in D. Tsvetaev, Protestantstvo i Protestanty v Rossii do epokhi preobrazovanii, M, 1890; I. Sokolov, Otnoshenie Protestantizma k Rossii v XVI i XVII vekakh, M, 1880; and with Catholicism in the monumental work by the Jesuit scholar P. Pierling, La Russie et le Saint-Siège, 1901–12, 5v; and the learned but unbalanced work of the East German scholar, E. Winter, Russland und das Papsttum, 1960–1, 2v. On the Church in West Russia see I. Chistovich, Ocherk istorii zapadno-russkoi tserkvi, P, 1882–4, 2v; on the Church in the Ukraine and its general impact on the Russian Church see K. Kharlampovich’s large and rich Malorossiiskoe vliianie na velikorusskuiu tserkovnuiu zhizn’, Kazan, 1914.

On Russian monasticism see the old but still basic histories of P. Kazansky, Istoriia pravoslavnago monashestva na vostoke, M, 1854–6, 2 parts, and Istoriia pravoslavnago russkago monashestva, M, 1855 (covering only up till the founding of the monastery of St. Sergius); also I. Smolitsch, Russisches Mönchtum, Würzburg, 1953, with valuable bibliography, and his Leben und Lehre der Starzen, Cologne, 1952; Rouët de Journel, Monachisme et monastères russes, 1952; and the general inventory and descriptions in L. Denisov, Pravoslavnye monastyri Rossiiskoi imperii, P, 1910.

On sainthood see N. Barsukov, Istochniki russkoi agiografii, P, 1892; V. Vasil’ev, “Istoriia kanonizatsii russkikh sviatykh,” Cht, 1893, Kn 3, ch 3, 1–256; E. Golubinsky, Istoriia kanonizatsii sviatykh v russkoi tserkvi, M, 1903; V. Kliuchevsky, Drevnerusskiia zhitiia sviatykh kak istorichesky istochnik, M, 1871; P. Peeters, “La Canonisation des Saints dans l’Eglise russe,” AB, XXXIII, 1914, 380–420; G. Fedotov, Sviatye drevnei Rusi, Paris, 1931; I. von Kologrivov, Essai sur la sainteté en Russie, Bruges, 1953; E. Behr-Sigel, Prière et sainteté dans l’église russe, suivi d’un essai sur le role du monachisme dans la vie spirituelle du peuple russe, 1950.

In English there is a valuable anthology of Russian spiritual writings by G. Fedotov, A Treasury of Russian Spirituality, NY, 1948; a popular study by Constantin de Grunwald, Saints of Russia, London, 1960; and N. Gorodetzky, The Humiliated Christ in Modern Russian Literature, London, 1938. Robert Payne, The Holy Fire: The Story of the Eastern Church, London, 1958, offers a good popular introduction (with English-language bibliography) to the early Eastern fathers who played a key role in the development of Russian Orthodox thought. N. Zernov, Eastern Christendom, London, 1961, fits Russian Christendom into its broader context and supplies a good English-language bibliography. An invaluable study of the Byzantine background is provided by H. Beck, Kirche und theologische Literatur im Byzantinischen Reich, Munich, 1959.

On Church law see G. Rozenkampf, Obozrenie kormchei knigi v istoricheskom vide, P, 1839, 2d corr. ed.; N. Kalachov, O znachenii kormchei v sisteme drevnego russkago prava, M, 1850; N. Nikol’sky, “K voprosu o zapadnom vliianii na drevnerusskoe tserkovnoe pravo,” BL, III, 1917; M. Krasnozhen, Kratky ocherk tserkovnago prava, Tartu, 1900, with valuable bibliography, and Inovertsy na Rusi, Tartu, 1903, 3d corr. ed., for the status and role of non-Orthodox. See also the doctoral thesis of the recently deceased Metropolitan Nicholas of Moscow, N. Yarushevich, Tserkovny sud v Rossii do izdaniia Sobornogo Ulozheniia Alekseia Mikhailovicha, P, 1917.

For a well-organized doctrinal study see F. Gavin, Some Aspects of Contemporary Greek Orthodox Thought, Milwaukee-London, 1923. More recent research is incorporated in Iōannēs Karmirēs, Ta Dogmatika kai Symvolika Mnēmeia tēs orthodoxou katholikēs ekklēsias, Athens, 1952–3, 2v, (2d ed. 1960). The catechistic and doctrinal works of the Russian Church do not have the status of infallible dogmatic pronouncement, and often reflect the peculiar concerns and features of an age. Concise and reasonably up-to-date treatments are D. Sokolov, Kratkoe uchenie o bogosluzhenii pravoslavnoi tserkvi, P, 1915, 37th ed.; and I. Zhilov, Pravoslavno-khristianskoe katekhizicheskoe uchenie, Tartu, 1919, 3d corr. ed. For an English text of the longer and shorter catechisms together with other basic documents see R. Blackmore, The Doctrine of the Russian Church, London, 1845. See also S. Salaville, An Introduction to the Study of Eastern Liturgies, London, 1938; and the official publication of the Moscow Patriarchate, The Russian Orthodox Church Organization, Situation, Activity, M, 1958. For a critical examination of Russian mysticism see V. Yankelevich, “Les Thèmes mystiques dans la pensée russe contemporaine,” in Mélanges Paul Boyer, 1925.

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL IDEAS

M. Kovalevsky, Russian Political Institutions, Chicago, 1902, provides a valuable synoptic treatment, which is not, however, always reliable in detail. Another brief introduction is S. Utechin, Russian Political Thought, NY, 1963, p. M. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People, New Haven, Conn., 1961, is a stimulating and learned, if somewhat historically blurred treatment of the image of tsardom through the ages. Also interesting is the work of the revolutionary-turned-reactionary, Leo Tikhomirov, Russia, Political and Social, London, 1888, 2v.

Valuable collections of essays on predominately political questions may be found in E. Simmons, ed., Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Social Thought, Cambridge, Mass., 1955; and C. Black, ed., The Transformation of Russian Society, Cambridge, Mass., 1960; the issue ed. by R. Pipes on “The Russian Intelligentsia” of Daedalus, 1960, summer; J. Curtiss, ed., Essays in Russian and Soviet History in honor of Geroid Tanquary Robinson, NY, 1963; the edition of HSS, IV, 1957, printed in honor of M. Karpovich. See also V. Al’tman, ed., Iz istorii sotsial’no-politicheskikh idei, M, 1955; R. Tucker, The Soviet Political Mind, NY, 1963, p; and P. Mosely, ed., The Soviet Union 1922–1962, NY, 1963, p (articles reprinted from FA).

On the earlier period see M. Shakhmatov, Opyty po istorii drevnerusskikh politicheskikh idei, Prague, 1927; V. Val’denberg, Drevnerusskie ucheniia o predelakh tsarskoi vlasti. Ocherki russkoi politicheskoi literatury ot Vladimira Sviatogo do kontsa XVII veka, P, 1916; and books and articles by M. Priselkov, L. Goetz, and M. D’iakanov—particularly and respectively their Ocherki po tserkovno-politicheskoi istorii Kievskoi Rusi X–XII vv, P, 1913; Staat und Kirche in Altrussland, 988–1240, 1908; and Ocherki obshchestva i gosudarstvennogo stroia drevnei Rusi, P, 1912, 4th ed. (also available in German). For an eccentric interpretation see V. Alekseev, Narodovlastie v drevnei Rusi, Rostov/Don, 1904. For valuable legal documents see G. Vernadsky, ed., Medieval Russian Laws, New Haven, Conn., 1947. For an erudite, if at times overextended, effort to read later traditions of “publicistic” controversy into the literature of the Kievan and Muscovite periods respectively see I. Budovnits, Obshchestvenno-politicheskaia mysl’ drevnei Rusi, M, 1960, and Russkaia publitsistika XVI veka, M-L, 1947. For a stimulating, if at times fanciful, “Eurasian” attempt to prove that the conception of politics in pre-Petrine Russia was “broader” and more humane in Russia than in the West, see M. Shakhmatov, “Opyt istorii gosudarstvennykh idealov v Rossii,” Evraziisky Vremennik, Paris, III, 55–80, and IV, 268–304. For the structure of pre-Petrine government see V. Stroev, Ocherki gosudarstva moskovskago pered reformami, Rostov/Don, 1903; also S. Veselovsky’s short Prikazny stroi upravleniia Moskovskogo Gosudarstva, Kiev, 1912; A. Lappo-Danilevsky, “L’Idée de l’état et son évolution en Russie depuis les troubles du XVII^e siècle jusqu’aux réformes du XVIII^e,” in P. Vinogradoff, ed., Essays in Legal Theory, Oxford, 1913, 356–83. G. De Vollan, Istoriia obshchestvennykh i revoliutsionnykh dvizhenii v sviazi s kul’turnym razvitiem russkago gosudarstva, M-P, 1913–6, covers to the mid-eighteenth century.

For the imperial period, see S. Zezas, Études historiques sur la legislation russe, ancienne et moderne, 1862; A. Blok’s excellent Politicheskaia literatura v Rossii i o Rossii, Warsaw, 1884; and S. Svatikov, Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii 1700–1895, Ann Arbor, 1963, repr. The increasing development and rationalization of Russian law is discussed in I. Ditiatin, Stat’i po istorii russkogo prava, P, 1895 (particularly rich on the eighteenth century); V. Sergeevich, Lektsii i issledovaniia po drevnei istorii russkogo prava, P, 1910; A. Filippov, Uchebnik istorii russkogo prava, Tartu, 1912, 4th corr. ed.; L. Schultz, Russische Rechtsgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Lahr, 1951; and V. Leontovich, Geschichte des Liberalismus in Russland, Frankfurt/M., 1957 (stressing the Rechtsstaat tradition). H. Dorosh, Russian Constitutionalism, NY, 1944, is a useful brief survey from the early veche tradition to the Revolution of 1905. See also S. Kucherow, Courts, Lawyers, and Trials under the Last Three Tsars, NY, 1953; and M. Szeftel, “The Form of Government of the Russian Empire Prior to the Constitutional Reforms of 1905–06,” in Curtiss, Essays, 105–10.

4. SECULAR ENLIGHTENMENT

A valuable general introduction is A. Lappo-Danilevsky, “The Development of Science and Learning in Russia,” in J. Duff, ed., Russian Realities and Problems, Cambridge, 1917, 153–229. For the history of education see W. Johnson, Russia’s Educational Heritage, Pittsburgh, 1950; N. Hans, Russian Educational Policy, 1701–1917, London, 1931; V. Simkhovich, “History of the School in Russia,” Educational Review, 1907, Mar; and (for pedagogic theory from Catherine the Great to Stalin) L. Forese, Ideengeschichtliche Triebkräfte der russischen und sowjetischen Pädagogik, Heidelberg, 1956. Also P. Kapterev, Istoriia russkoi pedagogii, P, 1915, 2d corr. and exp. ed. S. Rozhdestvensky, Ocherki po istorii sistem narodnogo prosveshcheniia v Rossii v XVIII–XIX vekakh, P, 1912, I, is the most detailed of a number of studies of Russian educational history written or edited by Rozhdestvensky.

There are valuable histories of almost every important higher educational institution, society, and seminary in Russia. Especially useful for general thought and culture are P. Pekarsky, Istoriia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, P, 1870–3, 2v; M. Sukhomlinov, Istoriia Rossiiskoi Akademii, P, 1874–88, 8v; V. Grigor’ev, Imperatorsky S. Peterburgsky universitet v techenie pervykh piatidesiati let ego sushchestvovaniia, P, 1870; S. Shevyrev, Istoriia Imperatorskogo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1755–1855, M, 1855; N. Kulakko-Koretsky, Aperçu historique des travaux de la société impériale libre économique, 1765–1897, P, 1897; S. Rozhdestvensky, Istorichesky obzor deiatel’nosti Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniia, 1802–1902, P, 1902; A. Yakhontov, Istorichesky ocherk Imperatorskogo Aleksandrovskogo Litseia, Paris, 1936; N. Zagoskin, Istoriia Imperatorskogo Kazanskogo universiteta za pervyia sto let ego sushchestvovaniia, 1804–1904, Kazan, 1902–6, 4v; E. Petukhov, Imperatorsky Iur’evsky, byvshy derptsky, universitet za sto let ego sushchestvovaniia (1802–1902), Tartu, 1902; and K. Ostrovitianov, Istoriia Akademii nauk SSSR, M, 1958–64, 2v, covering to 1917.

For the broader cultural role of the universities see V. Ikonnikov, “Russkie universitety v sviazi s khodom obshchestvennogo obrazovaniia,” VE, 1876, Sep, 161–206, Oct, 492–550; Nov, 73–132; and for the Marxist view, M. Tikhomirov, ed., Istoriia Moskovskogo universiteta, M, 1955, 2v.

Valuable Russian works covering less investigated aspects of educational development are (for elementary and secondary schools) N, Konstantinov and V. Struminsky, Ocherki po istorii nachal’nogo obrazovaniia v Rossii, M, 1953, 2d ed.; (for the education of women) E. Likhacheva, Materialy dlia istorii zhenskago obrazovaniia v Rossii (1086–1856), P, 1899; and (for pre-Petrine literacy and education) F. Uspensky, Ocherki po istorii vizantiiskoi obrazovannosti na Rusi, P, 1892; A. Sobolevsky, Obrazovannost’ moskovskoi Rusi XV–XVII vv, P, 1892; and A. Arkhangel’sky, Obrazovanie i literatura v moskovskom gosudarstve kontsa XV–XVII vv, Kazan, 1898–1901, 3v. The more secular views of human nature contained in the forbidden books of pre-nineteenth-century Russia are discussed in detail in M. Sokolov, Ocherki istorii psikhologicheskikh vozzrenii v Rossii v XI–XVIII vekakh, M, 1963.

A richly documented, sociologically oriented history of the slow growth of the scientific attitude in Russia is provided by A. Vucinich, Science in Russian Culture. A History to 1860, Stanford, 1963. Also useful is N. Figurovsky et al., eds., Istoriia estestvoznaniia v Rossii, M, 1957–62, I (3v in 4); B. Kuznetsov’s more elementary treatment, Ocherki istorii russkoi nauki, M-L, 1940; and the valuable history of technology by V. Danilevsky, Russkaia tekhnika, M, 1948, 2d corr. ed. T. Rainov, Nauka v Rossii XI–XVII vekov, M-L, 1940, is a classic treatment of the early period. See also A. Petrunkevich, “Russia’s Contribution to Science,” Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Sciences, XXIII, 1920, 611–41; and A. Zvorikin, “Inventions and Scientific Ideas in Russia: Eighteenth-Nineteenth Centuries,” in G. Métraux and F. Crouzet, eds., The Nineteenth-Century World, NY, 1963, p, 254–79.

On other aspects of secular thought in the pre-Soviet period see J. Hecker, Russian Sociology, NY, 1915; J. Normano, The Spirit of Russian Economics, NY, 1944; V. Sviatlovsky, Istoriia ekonomicheskikh idei v Rossii, P, 1923, I (no other volumes published), covering principally the impact of the physiocrats and classical school; and Istoriia russkoi ekonomicheskoi mysli, M (vol. I, two parts, 1955–8, ed. A. Pashkov, covering to 1861; vol. II, two parts, 1959–60, eds. A. Pashkov, N. Tsagolov, covering through the 1890’s). J. Letiche, ed., A History of Russian Economic Thought, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1964 (a frequently inadequate translation of the first part of the first volume of the Pashkov work, covering from the ninth through the eighteenth century).

A general synoptic view of journalism and other informal media of popular enlightenment through the ages may be gained by reading, successively, A. Poppé “Dans la Russie mediévale, X^e–XVII^e siècles: écriture et culture,” AESC, 1961, Jan-Feb, 12–35; A. Karpov, Azbukovniki ili alfavity inostrannykh rechei po spiskam solovetskoi biblioteki, Kazan, 1877; N. Lisovsky, Periodicheskaia pechat’ v Rossii, 1703–1903, P, 1903; E. Kluge, Die russische revolutionäre Presse, Zurich, 1948; V. Rozenberg, Iz istorii russkoi pechati, Prague, 1924; N. Engel’gardt, Ocherk istorii russkoi tsenzury v sviazi s razvitiem pechati (1703–1903), P, 1904; the collaborative work under the general editorship of V. Evgen’ev-Maksimov et al., Ocherki po istorii russkoi zhurnalistiki i kritiki, L, 1950, only the first vol. covering the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century, has appeared; also the more elementary work edited by A. Zapadov, Istoriia russkoi zhurnalistiki XVIII-XIX vekov, M, 1963.

On historiography see D. Likhachev, Russkie letopisi i ikh kul’turno-istoricheskoe znachenie, M-L, 1947; L. Cherepnin, Russkaia istoriografiia do XIX veka kurs lektsii, M, 1957; S. Peshtich, Russkaia istoriografiia XVIII veka, L, 1961–5, 2v (making use of several unpublished essays by Russian historians); V. Astakhov, Kurs lektsii po russkoi istoriografii, Kharkov, 1959–62, 2v (particularly valuable for the second volume, which covers the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century); P. Miliukov, Glavnyia techeniia russkoi istoricheskoi mysli, P, 1913, 3d ed.; the work by a professor in the St. Petersburg Theological Academy: M. Koialovich, Istoriia russkogo samosoznaniia po istoricheskim pamiatnikam i nauchnym sochineniiam, P, 1901, 3d ed; and the study of nineteenth-century views by N. Kareev, Filosofiia istorii v russkoi literature, P, 1912.

See also V. Ikonnikov’s vast compilation, Opyt russkoi istoriografii, Kiev, 1891–1908, 2v in 4; N. Rubinstein’s comprehensive treatment, Russkaia istoriografiia, M, 1941 (severely criticized in the High Stalin era); A. Mazour, Modern Russian Historiography, Princeton, 1958, 2d rev. ed. (useful discussions of lesser-known eighteenth-century figures and non-Great Russian nineteenth-century historians); I. Gapanovich, Russian Historiography Outside of Russia, Peiping, 1935; and M. Tikhomirov, ed., Ocherki istorii istoricheskoi nauki v SSSR, M, 1955–63, 3v, which goes only as far as the 1917 revolution. The first volume, edited by M. Tikhomirov, is better than the second and third, edited by M. Nechkina; C. Black, ed., Rewriting Russian History, NY, 1962, p, includes a translation of the Soviet critique of the first edition of this collection of articles criticizing Soviet historians. A useful and surprisingly readable guide to source materials for Russian history is Istochnikovedenie istorii SSSR, M, 1940, 2v (I, ed. M. Tikhomirov, covers to the end of the eighteenth century; II, ed. S. S. Nikitin, continues to the 1890’s).

5. LITERARY CULTURE

A good synoptic view of Russian literature can be gained from reading successively N. Gudzy, History of Early Russian Literature, NY, 1949, or D. Chizhevsky, History of Russian Literature, from the Eleventh Century to the End of the Baroque, ’s Gravenhage, 1960; or R. Picchio, Storia della letteratura russa antica, Milan, 1959; D. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature, NY, 1958, p (to 1881), and Contemporary Russian Literature, 1881–1925, NY, 1926; and V. Alexandrova, A History of Soviet Literature, 1917–1962, or from Gorky to Evtushenko, NY, 1963, p. Also on the Soviet period see G. Struve, Soviet Russian Literature, 1917–1950, Norman, Oklahoma, 1951, and L. Labedz and M. Hayward, eds., Literature and Revolution in Soviet Russia, 1917–1962, Oxford, 1963. See also N. Nilsson, Sovjetrysk litteratur 1917–47, Stockholm, 1948. Comprehensive interpretations are given by A. Stender-Petersen, Den russiske litteraturs historie, Copenhagen, 1952, 3v (also in German, Munich, 1957, 2v); and E. Lo Gatto, Storia della letteratura russa, Florence, 1950, 4th ed. and L’estetica e la poetica in Russia, Florence, 1947. Brief though unreferenced treatment of major figures and topics may be found in W. Harkins, Dictionary of Russian Literature, Paterson, N. J., 1959, p.

Various aspects of the modern period are treated uniquely well in L. Maikov, Ocherki iz istorii russkoi literatury XVII i XVIII vv, P, 1896; D. Blagoy, Istoriia russkoi literatury XVIII veka, M, 1945 (there is also a rev. 4th ed., 1960). D. Ovsianiko-Kulikovsky, Istoriia russkoi literatury XIX veka, M, 1908–1911, 5v, repr., Ann Arbor, 1948, is a rich anthology of articles; A. Skabichevsky, Istoriia noveishei russkoi literatury 1848–1892, P, 1897, 3d corr- ed., is an imaginative history of letters during the golden age of the Russian novel by a populist critic; P. Kropotkin, Ideals and Realities in Russian Literature, NY, 1916. P. Berkov, Vvedenie v izuchenie istorii russkoi literatury XVIII veka, L, 1964, is a uniquely valuable example of literary historiography, offering a fascinating picture of changing critical judgments down to the early 1960’s.

G. Struve, Russkaia literatura v izgnanii: opyt istoricheskogo obzora zarubezhnoi literatury, NY, 1956, deals with the literature of the emigration. See also N. Brian-Chaninov, La Tragédie des lettres russes, 1938; the recent Soviet Istoriia russkoi literatury, M-L 1941–56, 10v in 13. B. Gorodetsky, ed., Istoriia russkoi kritiki, L, 1958, 2v, is less interesting than the earlier work edited by V. Poliansky and A. Lunacharsky, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kritiki, M, 1929–31, 3v; or I. Ivanov, Istoriia russkoi kritiki, P, 1898–1900, 4 parts in 2v.

For material on irregularly appearing almanacs and collections see the richly illustrated study by N. Smirnov-Sokol’sky, Russkie literaturnye al’manakhi i sborniki XVIII–XIX vv, M, 1964; much material on and bibliographical references to the history of publishing are also included in the illustrated collection 400 let russkogo knigopechataniia, M, 1964, 2v. The first volume covers the pre-Soviet and the second the Soviet period.

In addition to standard reference works and encyclopedias, much valuable bibliographical material on modern literary figures may be found in S. Vengerov, Kritiko-biografichesky slovar’ russkikh pisatelei i uchenykh, P, 1889–1904, 6v (2d ed. in 2v, P, 1915–16), good only for early letters of the alphabet; N. Rubakin, Sredi knig, M, 1911–15, 3v, is rich in discussion and references, arranged by subjects; and A. Mez’er, Slovarny ukazatel’ po knigovedeniiu, M-L, 1931–3, 2v, for information on periodicals. See also N. Zdobnov, Istoriia russkoi bibliografii do nachala XX veka, M, 1955, 3d ed.

Of the many books dealing with the history of the Russian language see particularly L. Cherepnin, Russkaia paleografiia, M, 1956, with ample references; V. Vinogradov’s ranging Ocherki po istorii russkogo literaturnogo iazyka XVII–XIX v, Leiden, 1949; H. Durnovo, Ocherki istorii russkogo iazyka, ’s Gravenhage, 1959 (repr. of M, 1924); and G. Vinokur, Izbrannye raboty po russkomu iazyku, M, 1959.

On oral traditions and folklore see Yu. Sokolov, Russian Folklore, NY, 1950; A. Afanas’ev, Narodnyia russkiia skazki i legendy, Berlin, 1922, 2v; W. Ralston, Russian Folk-Tales, London, 1873; L. Magnus, Russian Folk-Tales, London, 1915; and Russian Fairy Tales (commentary by R. Jakobson), NY, 1945: V. Dal, Poslovitsy russkogo naroda, M, 1957; I. Illiustrov, Zhizn’ russkogo naroda v ego poslovitsakh i pogovorkakh, M, 1915, 3d ed. (esp. bibliography 10–39); B. Putilov, ed., Poslovitsy pogovorki zagadki v rukopisnykh sbornikakh XVIII–XX vekov, M-L, 1961; D. Sadovnikov, Zagadki russkogo naroda, M, 1959 (originally P, 1876) with intr. by V. Anikin, who has also edited Russkie narodnye poslovitsy, pogovorki, zagadki i detsky fol’klor, M, 1957. For a selection in English with analysis see A. Guershoon, Russian Proverbs, London, 1941. See also M. Speransky, Russkaia ustnaia slovesnost’, M, 1917, with valuable bibliography; also his Istoriia drevnei russkoi literatury, M, 1914, 2d rev. ed.; A. Pypin, Istoriia russkoi etnografii, P, 1890–2, 4v; also his Istoriia russkoi literatury, P, 1898–9, 4v; and, for the general impact of folklore on Russian culture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, M. Azadovsky, Istoriia russkoi fol’kloristiki, M, 1958, fully documented. See also the collaborative work under the general editorship of V. Adrianova-Peretts et al., Russkoe narodnoe poeticheskoe tvorchestvo, M, 1953–6, 2v in 3, covering from the tenth to the early twentieth century. See also D. Zelenin, Russische (Ostslavische) Volkskunde, Berlin-Leipzig, 1927; and his rich Bibliografichesky ukazatel’ russkoi etnograficheskoi literatury o vneshnem byte narodov Rossii 1700–1910 gg, P. 1913. See also M. Poltoratskaia, Russky fol’klor, NY, 1964.

6. THE ARTS

On the plastic arts G. Hamilton, The Art and Architecture of Russia, London, 1954, is a well illustrated and annotated treatment of the pre-revolutionary period. See also T. Rice, A Concise History of Russian Art, NY, 1963, p. There are three important illustrated Russian histories of art—all bearing the title Istoriia russkogo iskusstva: the old but still valuable work edited by I. Grabar, M, 1910–5, 6v; the more popular two-volume work edited by N. Mashkovtsev, M, 1957–60, has an excellent bibliography; and the more detailed collaborative work under the editorial committee of I. Grabar, V. Kemenov, and V. Lazarev, of which nine volumes have appeared, M, 1953–63, I–VIII (through the first third of the nineteenth century), and XI–XII (1917–41). Two other valuable surveys are E. Lo Gatto, Gli artisti in Russia, Rome, 1934–43, 3v; and L. Réau, L’Art russe, 1921–2, 2v, with valuable glossary of terms.

On painting, basic works, all illustrated, are N. Kondakov, Russkaia ikona, Prague, 1928–33, 4v, condensed as The Russian Icon, Oxford, 1927; K. Onasch, Ikonen, Gütersloh, 1961, a valuable, frequently almost devotional historical study by an East German scholar with many illustrations not otherwise available; and V. Antonova and N. Mneva, Katalog drevnerusskoi zhivopisi, M, 1963, 2v, an exhaustively referenced and illustrated work on the historical and artistic classification of icons. The origins of modern Russian portraiture are traced in E. Ovchinnikova, Portret v russkom iskusstve XVII veka, M, 1955; and E. Gollerbakh, Portretnaia zhivopis’ v Rossii XVIII veka, M-P, 1923. A. Benois, The Russian School of Painting, NY, 1916, is a stimulating if impressionistic essay; G. Lukomsky, History of Modern Russian Painting (1840–1940), London, 1945, emphasizing the realist tradition; and V. Fiala, Die russische realistische malerei des 19. jahrhunderts, Prague, 1953. For popular engravings see D. Rovinsky’s monumental Russkiia narodnyia kartinki, P, 1881, 5v (2d ed. P, 1900). On architecture see A. Voyce, Russian Architecture: Trends in Nationalism and Modernism, NY, 1948; N. Brunov et al., Istoriia russkoi arkhitektury, M, 1956, 2d rev. and exp. ed. For the decorative and peasant crafts respectively see G. Lukomsky, L’Art décoratif russe, 1928; and A. Nekrasov, Russkoe narodnoe iskusstvo, M, 1924. See also E. Gollerbakh, Istoriia graviury i litografii v Rossii, M-P, 1923; A. Sidorov, Drevnerusskaia knizhnaia graviura, M, 1951; A. Nekrasov, Drevnerusskoe izobrazitel’noe iskusstvo, M, 1937; and G. Sternin, Ocherki russkoi satiricheskoi grafiki, M, 1964, covering from early wood prints to the eve of the Bolshevik Revolution. On recent archeology see A. Mongait, Archeology in the USSR, M, 1959 (also condensed, NY, 1961, p). On the history of heraldic seals and symbols see E. Kamentseva and N. Ustiugov, Russkaia sfragistika i geral’dika, M, 1963. See also, for general cultural impact of art, M. Alpatov, Russian Impact on Art, NY, 1950; and O. Wulff, Die neurussische Kunst im Rahmen der Kulturentwicklung Russlands von Peter dem Grossen bis zur Revolution, Augsburg, 1932.

On Russian music, an introduction is provided by R. Leonard, A History of Russian Music, NY, 1957, which should be supplemented for the earlier period by N. Findeizen, Ocherki po istorii muzyki v Rossii s drevneishikh vremen do kontsa XVIII veka, M-L, 1928–9, 2v; and for the modern period by R. Mooser, Annales de la musique et des musiciens en Russie au XVIII^e siècle, Geneva, 1948–51, 3v; G. Abraham and M. Calvocoressi, Masters of Russian Music, NY, 1944; G. Abraham, On Russian Music: Critical and Historical Studies, NY, 1939; and B. Asaf’ev, Russian Music from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, Ann Arbor, 1953. See also the history of pre-revolutionary music published by the Moscow Academy of Arts, Istoriia russkoi muzyki, M, 1957–60, 3v, with rich bibliography; and the useful general study edited by T. Livanova, M. Pekelis, and T. Popova, Istoriia russkoi muzyki, M-L, 1940, 2v.

For the musical stage see V. Cheshikhin, Istoriia russkoi opery, Ann Arbor, 1953 (repr. from P, 1905, 2d rev. and exp. ed.) and A. Gozenpud, Muzykal’ny teatr v Rossii; ot istokov do Glinki, L, 1959; and R. Hofmann, Un siècle d’opéra russe (de Glinka à Stravinsky), 1946. On the ballet see S. Lifar, A History of Russian Ballet from its origins to the present day, London, 1954 (unfortunately without documentation); A. Pleshcheev, Nash balet, 1673–1896, P, 1896; and Yu. Bakhrushin, Istoriia russkogo baleta, M, 1964 (announced NK 1964, no. 9, 44).

For the theater see R. Fülöp-Miller and J. Gregor, The Russian Theatre, Its Character and History, Philadelphia, 1930; B. Varneke, History of the Russian Theatre, Seventeenth through Nineteenth Century, NY, 1951; M. Slonim, Russian Theater from the Empire to the Soviets, Riverside, N. J., 1961. Probably the best single treatment—rich in illustrations and bibliographical references—is E. Lo Gatto, Storia del teatro russo, Florence, 1952, 2v. N. Evreinov, Histoire de la théâtre russe, 1947, is a valuable short treatment by a twentieth-century Russian playwright. See also V. Vsevelodsky, Istoriia russkogo teatra, M-L, 1929, 2v; and the collaborative work under the editorship of G. Berdnikov et al., Russkie Dramaturgi XVIII–XIX vv, M-L, 1959–62, 3v. P. Berkov, Russkaia narodnaia drama, XVII–XX vekov, M, 1953, provides invaluable texts and commentaries on the popular theater. N. Smirnova, Sovetsky teatr kukol, 1918–1932, M, 1963, provides a history and bibliography of the early, as well as the Soviet, puppet theater, 41 ff. and esp. note 68 on 42. More interesting is V. Peretts, Kukol’ny teatr na rusi, P, 1895.

7. LINKS WITH EUROPE

Among the works that are of broad interest and go deeper than the usual level of impressionism on this familiar topic are G. Alexinsky, La Russie et l’Europe, 1917; D. Groh, Russland und das Selbstver-ständnis Europas, Neuweid, 1961, with an excellent bibliography; also the anthology edited by Groh and D. Chizhevsky, Europa und Russland, Darmstadt, 1959; A. von Schelting, Russland und Europa im russischen Geschichtsdenken, Bern, 1948; R. Pletnev, Entretiens sur la littérature russe des XVIII^e et XIX^e siècles, Montreal, 1964 (containing both Russian and French texts); V. Zenkovsky, Russian Thinkers and Europe, Ann Arbor, 1953; H. Roberts, “Russia and the West: A Comparison and Contrast,” ASR, 1964, Mar, 1–13, also commenting articles by M. Raeff and M. Szeftel; E. Shmurlo, “Vostok i zapad v russkoi istorii,” UZIuU, 1895, no. 3, 1–37; and E. H. Carr, “‘Russia and Europe’ as a theme of Russian history,” in R. Pares and A. Taylor, eds., Essays presented to Sir Lewis Namier, NY, 1956. Keller’s East Minus West=Zero, NY, 1962, includes a good deal of information on Western influence in Russia and some interesting cultural maps (66, 181, 219), but is not always accurate and is marred by an excessive desire to minimize native Russian achievement and by a lack of precise documentation. L. Karsavin, Vostok, Zapad i russkaia ideia, P, 1922, is a good statement of the opposite “Eurasian” position, which emphasizes the anti-European nature of Russian culture. There is a good deal of fresh material in S. Pushkarev, “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts Before 1917,” RR, 1965, Apr, 138–64. Also, V. Bartold, “Vostok i russkaia nauka,” RM, VIII, 1915.

Critical guides to the rich literature on Russia compiled by pre-Petrine Western travelers are F. Adelung, Kritisch-literärische Übersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, P, 1846, 2v; V. Kliuchevsky, Skazaniia inostrantsev o moskovskom gosudarstve, P, 1918; V. Kordt, Chuzhozemni podorozhni po skhidnii Evropi do 1700 r, Kiev, 1926; and T. Arne, Europa upptäcker Ryssland, Stockholm, 1944; I. Lubimenko, “Le rôle comparatif des différents peuples dans la découverte et la description de la Russie,” RSH, 1929, Dec, 37–56; and L. Rushchinsky, Religiozny byt russkikh po svedeniiam inostrannykh pisatelei XVI i XVII vekov, Cht, 1871, Kn 111, ch 1, 1–338 (and M, 1871). Particularly useful among the thousands of post-Petrine travelers’ accounts is the anthology of impressions compiled by P. Putnam, Seven Britons in Imperial Russia (1698–1812), Princeton, 1952.

Good monographs dealing broadly with the impact of individual countries on Russian development include L. Pingaud, Les Français en Russie et les Russes en France, 1896, principally military and court contacts of the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century; V. Kordt, Doneseniia poslannikov respubliki soedinennykh Niderlandov pri russkom dvore, P, 1902, especially the introduction on Russo-Dutch links up to 1631; J. Scheltema, Rusland en de Nederlanden, beschouwd in derzelver wederkeerige betrekkingen, Amsterdam, 1817–9; A. Florovsky, Chekhi i vostochnye slaviane: ocherki po istorii cheshsko-russkikh otnoshenii (X–XVIII vv), Prague, 1935–47, 2v with rich references; A. Steuart, Scottish Influences in Russian History, Glasgow, 1913, from the end of the sixteenth to the beginning of the nineteenth century; M. Anderson, Britain’s Discovery of Russia, 1553–1815, NY, 1958; M. Radovsky, Iz istorii anglo-russkikh nauchnykh sviazei, M, 1961, from Lomonosov to Mendeleev; M. Laserson, The American Impact on Russia: Diplomatic and Ideological, 1784–1917, NY, 1950; D. Hecht, Russian Radicals Look to America, 1825–94, Cambridge, Mass., 1947; and A. Babey, Americans in Russia, 1776–1917, NY, 1938, with valuable bibliography; A. Cronia, “The Italian Contribution to Slav Cultural Life,” ER, 1948, Oct-Nov, 3–21; and La conoscenza del mondo slavo in Italia: bilancio storico-bibliografico di un millennio, Padua, 1958; M. J. Fucilla and J. Carrière, Italian Criticism of Russian Literature, Columbus, Ohio, 1938 (a bibliography including many short studies not referenced elsewhere); M. Tikhomirov, “Istoricheskie sviazi russkogo naroda s iuzhnymi slavianami s drevneishikh vremen do poloviny XVII veka,” in Slaviansky sbornik, M, 1947, 125–201; K. Grigor’ian, “Iz istorii russko-armianskikh kul’-turnykh sviazei, X–XVII vekov,” TODL, IX, 1953, 323–36; and A. Shepeleva, “K istorii sviazei Gruzii s Rossiei v X–XVII vekakh,” TODL, IX, 1953, 297–322; to be supplemented for later periods by Z. Avalov, Prisoedinenie Gruzii k Rossii, P, 1902; K. Forstreuter, Preussen und Russland von den Anfängen des deutschen Ordens bis zu Peter dem Grossen, Göttingen-Berlin-Frankfurt/M., 1955. J. Badalic, ed., Hrvatska Svjedočanstvo o Rusiji, Zagreb, 1945.

Noteworthy studies relating literary influences to the entire development of culture are T. Potanin, Vostochnye motivy v srednevekovom evropeiskom epose, M, 1899; A. Veselovsky’s rich and stimulating Zapadnoe vliianie v novoi russkoi literature, M, 1916, 5th exp. ed.; A. Rogalski covers literary links with Poland, France, England, and Germany and provides a good bibliography in Rosja-Europa, Warsaw, 1960; E. Haumant, La Culture française en Russie 1700–1900, 1910 (2d corr. ed., 1913); E. Simmons, English Literature and Culture in Russia (1553–1840), Cambridge, Mass., 1935; V. Kiparsky, Norden i den ryska skönlitteraturen, Helsinki, 1947; D. Chizhevsky, Aus zwei Welten: Beiträge zur Geschichte der slavischwestlichen literarischen Beziehungen, ‘s-Gravenhage, 1956; M. Alekseev, Ocherki iz istorii anglo-russkikh literaturnykh otnoshenii (XI–XVII vv), L, 1937; and his Ocherki istorii ispano-russkikh literaturnykh otnoshenii XVI–XIX vv, L, 1963. A broad range of foreign influences on Russian painting is examined, albeit rather cursorily, in A. Grishchenko, O sviaziakh russkoi zhivopisi s Vizantiei i zapadom XIII–XX vv, M, 1913. For Western influence on Russian poetry see I. Sozonovich, K voprosu o zapadnom vliianii na slavianskuiu i russkuiu poeziiu, Warsaw, 1878. V. Koroliuk, ed., Slaviano-germanskie otnosheniia, M, 1964, is a collection of articles with rich bibliography. This is one of a series of recent studies written or edited by Koroliuk on Russian links with its Slavic and Germanic neighbors to the West.

Important general studies of pre-Petrine Western influence are S. Platonov, Moskva i zapad v XVI i XVII vekakh, Berlin, 1926; V. Kliuchevsky, “Zapadnoe vliianie i tserkovny raskol v Rossii XVII v. (istorikopsikhologichesky ocherk),” in VFPs, 1897, Jan-Feb (also Ocherki i rechi, P, 1918, 373–453); A. Brückner, Die Europäisierung Russlands, Gotha, 1888; A. Zimin, V. Pashuto, eds., Mezhdunarodnye sviazi Rossii do XVII v, sbornik statei, M, 1961; P. Berkov, “Ostslavische Studenten an deutschen Hochschulen in der vorpetrinischen Zeit,” ZSPh, XXX, 2, 1962, 351–74; and G. Stökl, “Russland und Europa vor Peter dem Grossen,” HZ, 1957. Dec, 531–54.

8. GENERAL HISTORIES AND ANTHOLOGIES

Among general histories, still the richest in detail (up to its terminal point of 1780) is S. Solov’ev’s twenty-nine-volume Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen, the first volume of which appeared in 1851; the first complete edition appeared in 1893–5; and it is now being reprinted with added commentary under the editorship of L. Cherepnin in a fifteen-volume edition, of which the first twenty-four parts (in 12 volumes) have appeared, M, 1959–64. V. Kliuchevsky, “Kurs russkoi istorii” in Sochineniia, M, 1956–8, I–V (with valuable notes and a better version of V than appeared in earlier Russian editions) goes deeper in social analysis than Solov’ev, and continues to the reign of Alexander II. The English translation, A History of Russia, NY, 1911–31, 5v, is unreliable. S. Platonov, Histoire de la Russie des origines à 1918, 1929, is probably the best one-volume history, though it follows a somewhat traditional and narrative framework. (His English-language History of Russia, NY, 1929, is a different, more elementary treatment.) N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, Oxford, 1963, is perhaps the fullest on cultural matters of the many comprehensive one-volume histories in English. B. Sumner, Survey of Russian History, London, 1947, 2d rev. ed., contains the most information and richest documentation. See also M. Florinsky, Russia: A History and an Interpretation, NY, 1953, 2v; D. Mirsky’s stimulating Russia, a Social History, London, 1931; J. Mavor, An Economic History of Russia, NY, 1925, 2v, 2d ed. Invaluable for social history is J. Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, Princeton, 1961 (NY, 1964, p), with full documentation. Great importance is attached to the river routes in R. Kerner, The Urge to the Sea: The Course of Russian History, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 1942. M. Pokrovsky, History of Russia from the Earliest Times to the Rise of Commercial Capitalism, NY, 1931; and E. Stählin, La Russie des origines à la naissance de Pierre le Grand, 1946, offer contrasting one-volume treatments of the same subject from an extreme Marxist and a conventional conservative point of view respectively. (Both are condensations of longer works, originally in Russian and German respectively). For the later period, the two may again be contrasted in Stählin’s Geschichte Russlands von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Berlin, 1923–39, particularly the last three of the four volumes; and Pokrovsky’s Brief History of Russia, NY, 1933, 2v. Concise and critical (though unfortunately without documentation) is P. Kovalevsky, Manuel d’histoire russe, 1948.

Also valuable are these: for the early period see the four volumes that have so far appeared of G. Vernadsky and M. Karpovich, A History of Russia, all written by Vernadsky, with full documentation, and published in New Haven: I. Ancient Russia, 1943; II. Kievan Russia, 1948; III. The Mongols and Russia, 1953; and IV. Russia at the Dawn of the Modern Age, 1959; for internal developments of the imperial period see the composite émigré history edited by P. Miliukov, C. Seignobos, and L. Eisenmann, Histoire de la Russie, 1932–3, 3v; A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, NY, 1898, 3v; and A. Kornilov, Modern Russian History, 1916–7, 2v. Valuable information, with indexes and supplementary maps, is mixed in with uneven and generally unimaginative texts in the volumes that have thus far appeared in the Soviet historical series Och.

Valuable on the subject of cultural and ideological developments is E. Shmurlo, Istoriia Rossii, Munich, 1922; also his Kurs russkoi istorii, Prague, 1931–5, 3v; W. Walsh, Russia and the Soviet Union, Ann Arbor, 1958; and, for the modern period, S. Pushkarev, The Emergence of Modern Russia 1801–1917, NY, 1963 (with a rich bibliography).

Valuable historical maps can be found in Atlas istorii SSSR, M, 1955, two parts (designed for use in secondary schools); and a host of invaluable illustrations are in M. Dovnar-Zapol’sky, ed., Istoriko-kul’turny atlas po russkoi istorii, Kiev, 1913–4, 3v, 2d ed. (with explanatory texts by N. Polonskaia). See also the illustrated Atlas historique et culturel de la Russie et du Monde Slave, Brussels, 1961 (German edition, Munich, 1964). M. Florinsky, Encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, NY, 1961, is the most comprehensive and up-to-date English-language reference work.

Basic histories of important related areas are A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, Madison, Wis., 1958, 2v, p, with excellent bibliography; G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, New Brunswick, N. J., 1957; W. Reddaway et al., eds., Cambridge History of Poland, Cambridge, 1941, 2v; M. Liubavsky, Istoriia Litvy, M, 1911; W. Allen, The Ukraine: A History, Cambridge, 1941; and from a more nationalistic viewpoint, M. Hrushevsky, A History of the Ukraine, New Haven, 1941 (tr. of 1911 ed.); S. Dubnov, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the Earliest Times until the Present Day, Philadelphia, 1916-20, 3v, can be usefully supplemented on cultural matters by Yu. Gessen, Istoriia evreiskogo naroda v Rossii, L, 1925–7, 2d ed., 2v. (The first volume should be consulted in the first edition, P, 1914, which has a good bibliography, and fuller treatment of the earlier period.)

A comprehensive direct exposure to Russian thought and letters can be gained from such English-language anthologies as S. Zenkovsky’s valuable Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles and Tales, NY, 1963, p, with good introduction; L. Wiener, Anthology of Russian Literature from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, NY-London, 1902–3, 2v; H. Kohn, The Mind of Modern Russia, NY, 1962, p; B. Guerney, The Portable Russian Reader, NY, 1961, p; J. Cournos, A Treasury of Russian Humor, NY, 1943; G. Noyes, Masterpieces of the Russian Drama, NY, 1933; A. Yarmolinsky, A Treasury of Great Russian Short Stories, Pushkin to Gorky, NY, 1944; also his A Treasury of Russian Verse, NY, 1949; F. Reeve, An Anthology of Russian Plays, NY, 1961, 2v, p, (I covers 1790–1890, with a good introduction, 1963, and II goes up to the present.) T. Anderson, Masters of Russian Marxism, NY, 1963, p, presents both approved and condemned figures. N. von Bubnoff, Russische Religions-philosophen: Dokumente, Heidelberg, 1956, contains interesting and often inaccessible philosophic writings of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as does the collection of speculative theological ideas by A. Schmemann, Ultimate Questions: An Anthology of Modern Russian Religious Thought, NY, 1965. A comprehensive anthology of Russian philosophical thought since the late eighteenth century is the three-volume work edited by J. Edie, J. Scanlan, and M. Zeldin with the collaboration of G. Kline, Russian Philosophy, Chicago, 1965. For earlier philosophy, which was primarily West Russian in origin, see the valuable anthology with bibliography and commentary covering the sixteenth through early ninteenth centuries: V. Serbent, ed., Iz istorii filosofskoi i obshchestvenno-politicheskoi mysli Belorussii, Minsk, 1962.

Among books of readings which mix primary and secondary materials, I. Spector and M. Spector, Readings in Russian History and Culture, Boston, 1965; M. Blinoff, Life and Thought in Old Russia, University Park, Pa., 1961; S. Harcave, Readings in Russian History, NY, 1962, 2v, p; W. Walsh, Readings in Russian History, Syracuse, NY, 1950; and most comprehensive of all, T. Riha, Readings in Russian Civilization, Chicago, 1964, 3v, p; on the “cursed questions” see S. Zhaba, Russkie mysliteli o Rossii i chelovechestve, Paris, 1954.

Particular use has been made in this study of five Russian-language anthologies: N. Gudzy, Khrestomatiia po drevnei russkoi literature XI–XVII vekov, M, 1955; A. Alferov and A. Gruzinsky, Russkaia literatura XVIII veka, Khrestomatiia, M, 1908, 2d rev. and exp. ed.; N. Ashukin and M. Ashukina, Krylatie Slova, M, 1960, 2d exp. ed., a useful anthology of familiar Russian phrases, complete with short essays on their derivations; A. Stender-Petersen, Anthology of old Russian Literature, NY, 1954; and the collection of songs by I. Rozanov, Russkie pesni, M, 1952.