Icon and Axe

CONTENTS

I. BACKGROUND

1. Kiev

2. The Forest

Axe and Icon

Bell and Cannon

II. THE CONFRONTATION

1. The Muscovite Ideology

2. The Coming of the West

Novgorod

“The Latins”

“The Germans”

The Religious Wars

III. THE CENTURY OF SCHISM

1. The Split Within

The Theocratic Answer

The Fundamentalist Answer

The Great Change

2. The Westward Turn

New Religious Answers

The Sectarian Tradition

The New World of St. Petersburg

The Defense of Muscovy

IV. THE CENTURY OF ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE

1. The Troubled Enlightenment

The Dilemma of the Reforming Despot

The Fruits of the Enlightenment

The Alienation of the Intellectuals

Novikov and Masonry

The Frustration of Political Reform

2. The Anti-Enlightenment

Catholics

Pietists

Orthodox

The Legacy

3. The “Cursed Questions”

The Flight to Philosophy

The Meaning of History

The Prophetic Role of Art

The Missing Madonna

The “Hamlet Question”

V. ON TO NEW SHORES

1. The Turn to Social Thought

2. The Agony of Populist Art

3. New Perspectives of the Waning Century

Constitutional Liberalism

Dialectical Materialism

Mystical Idealism

VI. THE UNCERTAIN COLOSSUS

1. Crescendo

Prometheanism

Sensualism

Apocalypticism

2. The Soviet Era

The Leninist Legacy

The Revenge of Muscovy

3. Fresh Ferment

The Reprise of Pasternak

New Voices

4. The Irony of Russian History

Bibliography

References

About the Author