The Life of Samuel Johnson

Overbury, Sir Thomas (1581–1613), poet and victim of court intrigue: 300

Ovid, Publius Ovidius Naso (43 bc–ad 18), poet; banished by Augustus on grounds of immorality; his Metamorphoses greatly influenced early modern English poetry: 40, 45, 59, 169, 206, 275, 356, 386 n. a, 529 n. a

Oxford, bishops of, see Bancroft, Dr John; Lowth, Dr Robert

Oxford, Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of (1689–1741), book collector and patron of the arts; patron of Pope, correspondent and friend of Swift; arranged for the publication of Prior’s Poems; devoted to developing his father’s collection of manuscripts into one of the most impressive private libraries of the time; collection reached 50, 000 printed books, 350, 000 printed pamphlets and 41, 000 prints by the time of his death; library eventually catalogued by S.J. and William Oldys: 11, 88

Palmer, John (1729?–90), Unitarian divine: 681 n. a

Palmer, Revd Thomas Fyshe (1747–1802), Unitarian minister and radical; dined with S.J. in London c.i781; arrested for sedition after a mistake over the authorship of a document by the Friends of Liberty (1793); among the exiled reformers who settled in New South Wales and cultivated the colony: 9, 833 and n. a

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount (1739–1802), politician and traveller; seat at the Board of Trade (1765); transferred to the Board of the Admiralty (1766–77); Board of the Treasury (1777–82); travels took precedence over political career; member of the Royal Society (1776); intimate with Garrick, Reynolds and Gibbon; member of the Literary Club; father of the future prime minister: 186 n. e, 252, 890, 943

Paoli, (Filippo Antonio) Pasquale (1725–1807), politician in Corsica; general of Corsica (1755–69); exiled to Britain (1769), arriving a hero for his stand against the Genoese and the French and the lavish praise from Rousseau in The Social Contract (1762); much publicized by J.B., who edited British Essays in Favour of the Brave Corsicans (1768); met S.J. in October 1769 and circle expanded to include Garrick, Bute, Burke, Horace Walpole and Fanny Burney; hopes for an Anglo-Corsican kingdom shattered by 1795: 262, 294, 298, 3°2, 3°3, 348, 361, 377, 379, 4°°,479, 536, 544, 575, 605, 672, 673, 674,676, 698, 699, 702,723, 734, 819, 944,946

Paradise, John (1743–95), linguist; Whig and pro-American; founder member of the Essex Head Club (1783); S.J. a frequent dining guest; S.J.’s most devoted friend during his protracted illness; had fluent knowledge of at least eight languages and a prodigious ability for language acquisition: 41, 731,903, 914,966

Paradise, Peter (1704–79), British consul in Salonika, Macedonia (from 1741); returned to London in the 1760s; father of John Paradise, both of whom part of S.J.’s circle: ^66 n. a

Parker, Sackville (1707–96), Oxford bookseller: 934

Parnell, Thomas (1679–1718), poet and essayist; minor canon of St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin (1704), where he became a friend of Swift; contributor to The Spectator and The Guardian; prebend of Dunlavin (1713); member of the Scriblerus Club; Poems on Several Occasions edited by Pope and published posthumously (1722): 349, 586 n. a, 606, 643, 735, 792–3 and n. a,987

Parr, Dr Samuel (1747–1825), schoolmaster; established a school at Stanmore (1771) after failing to achieve promotion to headmaster at Harrow; Stanmore became the first English school to stage a Greek play; headmaster of Norwich Grammar School (1778); reputation as a controversialist, engagements including Richard Hurd; supporter of Fox and published The Characters of Charles James Fox (1809); has been commonly known as the ‘Whig Johnson’: 771, 893 n. a, 1001, 1002 n. a

Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), French mathematician, physicist and moralist; author of Les Provinciales (1656-7), a work of delicate and sustained irony directed at the Jesuits, and Les Pensees (1670), a defence of the Christian religion: 728

Pasoris, G.: 743

Paterson, Samuel (1728–1802), bookseller and auctioneer; introduced Charlotte Lennox to S.J.; success as a book auctioneer after earlier failure as a publisher; issued the catalogues Bibliotheca Anglica curiosa (1771) and Bibliotheca univer-salis selecta (ijj6); catalogues established him as a pioneer in the book auction trade: 353 and nn. aandb, 887 n. c, 912 n. b

Paterson Jr, Samuel (fl. 1776–89), third son of Samuel Paterson and S.J.’s godson: 567–8, 887 and n. c, 912 n. b

Patrick, Dr Simon (1626–1707), bishop successively of Chichester and Ely: 547

Patten, DrThomas (1714–90), divine: 855

Paul, Father, see Sarpi, Father Paul

Paul, St: 325, 598, 683, 831, 926–7, 929 n. a, 986

Payne, John (d. 1787), bookseller; member of the Ivy Lane Club; published Lauder’s Essay on Milton’s Use and Imitation of the Moderns inhis ‘Paradise Lost’ (1750), with S.J.’s help and contribution – a project that damaged both of their reputations; published S.J.’s Rambler and Adventurer essays; co-founder of the Universal Chronicle, to which S.J. contributed the first of his Idler essays (1758); accountant-general of the Bank of England (1780): 133, 171

Payne, Thomas (1719–99), London bookseller: 171 (in error for Mr John Payne, above)

Payne, William (d. between 1773 and 1779), miscellaneous writer: 14, 171

Pearce, DrZachary (1690–1774), bishop of Rochester (1756); dean of Winchester (1739); attacked the imprisoned Atterbury in To the Clergy of the Church of England (1722); bishop of Bangor (1748); dean of Westminster (1756): 16, 79, 160, 581

Pearson, Dr John (1613–86), bishop of Chester (1673); archdeacon of Surrey (1660); rector of St Christopher-le-Stocks, Threadneedle Street, London (1660); canon of Ely (1660); Lady Margaret’s professor of divinity at Cambridge (1661); master of Trinity College, Cambridge (1662); member of the Royal Society (1667); author of Vindiciae epistolarum S. Ignatii (1672) and Exposition of the Creed(1659): 211

Pearson, Revd John Batteridge (1749–1808), perpetual curate of St Michael’s, Lichfield, etc: 517, 844,890, 904

Peiresc, see Pieresc

Pelham, Hon. Henry (1696–1754), prime minister (1746–54); Whig; brother of the ist Duke of Newcastle; MP for Sussex (1722–54); leader of the House of Commons (1742); first lord of the Treasury then chancellor (1743); restructuring of the national debt a crucial legacy to Britain and enabled victory in the Seven Years War; overshadowed by Newcastle; through a peaceable ministry, helped restore national confidence after the troubles of the 1740s: 145–6, 321

Pellett, Dr Thomas (1671?–1744), physician; president of the Royal College of Physicians (1735-9); delivered the Harveian oration in 1719; edited Newton’s Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms (1728): 713

Pembroke, Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of (1734–94), army officer; Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire (1756); lord of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales (1756–62); lord of the bedchamber (1769–80); aide-de-camp to George II (1758); author of A Method of Breaking Horses, and Teaching Soldiers to Ride (1761); promoted Lieutenant General (1770); promoted General (1780); governor of Portsmouth (1782): 437 n. a, 460, 586 n. a

Penn, Richard (1736–1811), colonial official and politician; deputy governor of Pennsylvania (1771-3); MP for Appleby, Westmorland (1784); examined before the House of Lords as to the support for independence in the colonies on his return to England: 759 n. a

Pennant, Thomas (1726–90), naturalist, traveller and writer; fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1754–60); author of British Zoology (5 vols., 1766–1812), Indian Geology (1769) and A Tour of Scotland, 1769 (1771); fellow of the Royal Society (1767); 1772 Tour in Scotland innuenced S.J.: 447, 477 n. b, 590, 66^, 670–71, 673, 674

Pepys, Sir Lucas (1742–1830), physician; physician to the Middlesex Hospital (1769); fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1775) then censor (1777, 1782, 1786 and 1796), treasurer (1788–98) and president (1804–1810); physician-in-ordinary to the King (1792); physician-general to the army (1794): 799, 858, 888

Pepys, Sir William Weller (1740–1825), baronet, Master in Chancery: 754, 809 and n. c

Percy, Dr Thomas (1729–1811), writer and Church of Ireland bishop of Dromore (1782); chaplain and secretary to Lord Northumberland and tutor to his son (1765); King’s chaplain-in-ordinary (1769); friends included Burke, Garrick, Goldsmith and Johnson; author of A Key to the New Testament (1766) and Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765); produced verses on the death of S.J. (1785); dean of Carlisle (1778): 31, 32, 83, 252, 253, 255, 294, 295, 332, 335, 433, 506 n. a, 507 and n. a, 562, 642 n. b, 662, 669–74, 693, 695, 721, 748 n. a, 749, 751, 760 n. a, 817, 934 n. a, 989 n. a

Percy, Hugh, Earl (afterwards 2nd Duke of Northumberland) (1742–1817), soldier and politician: 598, 673

Perkins, John ($$), brewer: 415 n. a, 809, 810, 828, 850, 905, 965, 989 n. a

Perkins, Mrs, wife of John Perkins: 905, 965

Perth, James Drummond, 4th Earl and 1st titular Duke (1648–1716), politician; Lord Chancellor of Scotland (1684); sheriff-principal of the county of Edinburgh and governor of the Bass (1684); chief agent of James IIs administration of Scotland until 1688; exiled after the Glorious Revolution; knight of the Order of the Garter (1706); accompanied James on his unsuccessful attempt to invade Scotland (1708); loyal but unwise in political judgement: 647

Peterborough, bishop of, see Hinchliffe, Dr John

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of (c. 1658–1735): 947

Petrarch, Francis (1304–74), Italian poet: 38, 53 and n. c, 475

Pether, William (1738?-! 821), engraver: 529 n. a

Petty, Sir William (1623–87), natural philosopher and administrator in Ireland; physician to the army in Ireland (1652); knighted in 1661; published the first map of the Irish counties, Hiberniae delineatio (1685); judge and registrar of the Admiralty Court in Dublin (1676); first president of the Dublin Philosophical Society (1684); enthusiastic, if largely unsuccessful, agitator for administrative, economic and agricultural reform in Ireland: 232, 764

Peyton, Mr (d. 1776), one of S.J.’s Dictionary assistants: 106, 107, 343

Philidor, Francois Andre Danican (1726–95), French musician and chess player; based in London, 1747–54; friend of Diderot; remained famous through reputation as the best chess player in England and France and wrote L’analyze des echecs (1748); composed Le sorcier (1764) and the libretto Ernelinde: 725

Philips, Ambrose (1674–1749), poet and playwright; Pastorals published in Tonson’s Miscellany (1709) and ridiculed by Pope in The Guardian (1713); intimate with Addison; author of the play The Distrest Mother (1712); Proposals for Printing an English Dictionary anticipated much of S.J.’s: 754, 782 n. a, 794

Philips, Charles Claudius (d. 1732), a musician: 85–6, 276

Phillips, Anna Maria, see Crouch, Mrs

Phillips, Peregrine (d. 1801), father of Mrs Crouch: 887

Phipps, Captain, see Mulgrave, Constantine John Phipps, 2nd Baron

Pieresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de (1580–1637), French antiquary and philologist: 459

Pindar (c. 520–440 Bc), Greek lyric poet, whose bold originality of form and metre greatly influenced Cowley, Dryden, Swift and Gray: 368, 369, 557, 726, 777, 794

Pink, or Pinck, Dr Robert (1573–1647), warden of New College, Oxford: 109 n. b

Pinkerton, John (1758–1826), Scottish antiquary and historian: 945

Piozzi, Gabriel Mario (1740–1809), Italian musician; controversial husband of Hester Thrale: 950

Piozzi, Mrs, see Thrale, Hester Lynch

Pitt, William, the elder, see Chatham, William Pitt, ist Earl of

Pitt, William, the younger (1759–1806), prime minister; son of William Pitt the elder; first lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1783); secured independent majority (1784); career threatened by the ‘regency crisis’ after the King’s mental collapse (1788-9); resigned over the proposal for Catholic emancipation (1801); partial retirement (1801-4); prime minister for a second ministry (1804-6); prodigiously early rise; captivating orator; believer in improvement rather than revolution: 907 n. a, 909, 926

Planta, Joseph (1744–1827), librarian; assistant librarian of the department of printed books in the British Museum (1773); promoted to under-librarian (1776): principal librarian (1799); extended the library’s collection considerably; increased salaries at the British Museum; author of An Account of the Romansh Language (1776): 476 n. a

Plautus, Titus Maccus (c.254–184 bc), great Roman comic playwright: 274

Plaxton, Revd George (i648?–i72o), Church of England clergyman and antiquary; rector of Barwickin Elmet, Yorkshire (1703); published in Philosophical Transactions; letter cited in Life due to its mention of S.J.’s father: 25 n. b

Pliny the younger, Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (ad 61 or 62-c. 113), Roman aristocrat, author and statesman: 445 n. a

Plot, Robert (1640–96), naturalist and antiquary; establishment Tory; author of The Natural History of Oxfordshire (i6j6) and the Natural History of Staffordshire (1686); secretary of the Royal Society (1682-4); Mowbray herald-extraordinary (1695); registrar of the College of Heralds (1695): 624

Plowden, Edmund (1518–85), jurist: 935

Plutarch (c.ad 46-c. 120), biographer and moral philosopher: 22 and n. b, 977

Pococke, Dr Edward (1604–91), oriental scholar; professor of Arabic at Oxford (1636); rector of Childrey, Berks (1642); professor of Hebrew (1648); canon of Christ Church (1648); author of Specimen historiae Arabum (1650); delegate of Oxford University Press (1662); the finest European Arabist of his times: 668, 1053 n. 793

Pococke, Richard (1704–65), traveller and Church of Ireland bishop of Ossory (1756); vicar-general of Waterford and Lismore (1734); extensive travels through the Near East (1737–40); author of a Description of the East (2 vols., 1743–5); archdeacon of Dublin (1745); bishop of Elphin (1765); bishop of Meath (1765); fellow of the Royal Society (1741): 447, 668, 777, 1053 n. 793

Politian, Angelus (1454–94), Italian poet and humanist, the friend and protege of Lorenzo de’ Medici, and one of the foremost classical scholars of the Renaissance; equally fluent in Greek, Italian and Latin and equally talented in poetry, philosophy and philology: 53 and nn. b and c, 970 n. c

‘Poll’, Miss Carmichael (q.v.)

Polybius (c. 202–120 bc), Greek historian of the rise of the Roman republic; political theorist and coiner of the notion of the ‘mixed constitution’: 13, 166, 282

Pomfret, John (1667–1702), poet; rector of Maulden (1695); best known as a poet for The Choice (1700) and Reason (1700), a critique on the limits of human rationality; included by S.J. in his Lives of the English Poets: 724

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), poet; dogged by Pott’s disease all his life; author of The Rape of the Lock (1712, 1714) and The Dunciad (1728, 1742, 1743); translated Homer’s Iliad (1720) and Odyssey (1726); master of the mock-epic and heroic-comical; central figure in the Scriblerus Club and intimate of Swift; edited Shakespeare (1725); most of his major works produced in opposition as a Tory and in association with Catholicism and Jacobitism; ethicist; championed by Johnson; General: 10 n. a, 11, 13, 39, 40, 74–5, 76 n. a, 77, 80, 83, 84, 91, 103 n. b, 104, 125, 135, 147, 163, 166, 170, 177, 179, 200, 236, 263, 283 n. a, 304, 330 n. a, 344, 349, 357, 387, 441, 449 and n. a, 453, 471, 534, 557, 568, 584, 612, 631 n. a, 647, 652 n. a, 659, 661, 663, 690, 692, 698, 703, 709–11, 734, 740 and n. a, 741, 749, 767–8, 782 n. a, 784, 788–91, 794, 819, 834, 917, 933, 934 n. a, 972; Quotations and allusions: The Dunciad 631 n. a; Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady 99: Eloisa to Abelard 147; Epilogue to the Satires 413, 543, 767, 966; Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot (or Prologue to the Satires) 304, 700; Essay on Criticism 557, 796: Essay on Man 112, 449, 522, 561, 571, 626, 661, 708, 831, 972, 1000; The Iliad 19 n. b; Imitations of English Poets 1032 n. 260; Imitations of Horace 69, 74, 248, 449 n. a, 568, 939; MoralEssays 136, 200, 253, 951; On his Grotto at Twickenham 791; Prologue to Addison’s Cato 21; Universal Prayer 711

Pope, Dr Walter (d. 1714), astronomer and writer; one of the first members of the Royal Society (1661); registrar of the diocese of Chester (1668–1714): 772

Porter, Captain Jervis Henry (1718–63), RN, elder son of Harry Porter: 469

Porter, Harry (d. 1734); mercer; Mrs Johnson’s first husband: 51, 55n.a

Porter, Joseph (c.1724–83), younger son of Harry Porter: 813, 904

Porter, Lucy (1715–86), Harry Porter’s daughter and S.J.’s stepdaughter: 27, 55 n. a, 56, 60,130, 131,468, 511, 515, 593, 735,746, 747,749, 813, 843, 875, 890, 904, 906, 984, 989 n. a

Porter, Mary (d. 1765), actress; took on many of the roles of Elizabeth Barry in over twenty years at Drury Lane, earning a reputation as the ‘capital Actress in tragedy’; most famous parts included Queen Elizabeth in John Banks’s The Albion Queens and Lucia in Joseph Addison’s Cato: 896

Porter, Mrs Sarah, see Johnson, Sarah

Porter, Sir James (1710–86), diplomatist; employed by Lord Carteret on several missions to the Continent; ambassador to Constantinople (1746–62); minister-plenipotentiary at Brussels (1763-5); knighted (1763); fellow of the Royal Society: 740

Porteus, Dr Beilby (1731–1809), bishop of London (1787); chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury (1762); rector of Lambeth (1767); chaplain to the King (1769); bishop of Chester (1776); patron of the Church Missionary Society; leading figure in the movement to abolish the slave trade: 674, 778, 806

Portland, Margaret, Dowager Duchess (d. 1785), widow of the 2nd Duke: 753

Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3 rd Duke of (1738–1809), see Index of Subjects: Coalition Ministry

Portmore, Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of (d. I785):9ii andn.a

Pott, Dr Percivall (1714–88), surgeon; author of Fractures and Dislocations (1768) and a vast range of other surgical procedures; fellow of the Royal Society (1764); Garrick and S.J. among his patients at Princes Street, Hanover Square; honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1786); promoter of ethical standards: 894

Pott, Revd Joseph Holden (1758–1847), Church of England clergyman; rector of Beesby in the Marsh, Lincs. (1783–90); archdeacon of St Albans (1789–1813); vicar of StMartin-in-the-Fields (1812–24); archdeacon of London (1813); vicar of Kensington (1824); a governor of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (later treasurer); reputation as theologian and author of Remarks on Two Particulars in a Refutation of Calvinism (1811): 509

Potter, Revd Robert (1721–1804), translator and Church of England clergyman; rector of Crostwight (1754); master of the Scarning Free School (1761); produced blank verse translations of Aeschylus (1777) and Euripides (2 vols., 1781–2); Elizabeth Montagu his friend and patron: 662

Pratt, Charles, see Camden, Charles Pratt, ist Earl

Prendergast, Sir Thomas (i66o?–i709), brigadier-general: 357

Preston, Sir Charles (c.1735–1800), 5th Baronet: 851

Price, Dr Richard (1723–91), philosopher, demographer and political radical; minister at Poor Jewry Lane (1762–70); fellow of the Royal Society (1765); member of Shelbourne’s Bowood Group; founder member of the Society for Constitutional Reform (1780); assailed by Burke in his Reflections; author of Review of the Principal Questions and Difficulties in Morals (1758) and Sermons on the Christian Doctrine (1787): 879, 893 n. a

Prideaux, Dr Humphrey (1648–1724), orientalist: 936

Priestley, Dr Joseph (1733–1804), theologian and natural philosopher; figurehead Dissenter (Arian then Unitarian); partial autodidact; minister to the Dissenting chapel at Nantwich, Cheshire (1758); tutor in languages and belles-lettres at the Warrington Dissenting Academy (1761–7); minister to the Dissenting congregation of Mill Hill Chapel in Leeds (1767–73); winner of the Copley medal for his paper on different kinds of air (1773); led a significant core of Dissenters in Birmingham (1780–91); author ofThe Rudiments of English Grammar(1761): 325, 681 n. a, 893 and n.a

Prince, Daniel (d. 1796), Oxford bookseller: 159

Prince of Wales (Frederick Louis) (1707–51), father of George III: 790

Princess Dowager of Wales (Augusta of Saxe-Gotha) (1719–72), mother of George III: 192

Pringle, Sir John (1707–82), baronet, military physician; professor of pneumatics (metaphysics) and moral philosophy in Edinburgh University; physician to the army in Flanders (1742); physician-general (1744–8); present at the battle of Culloden; physician-in-ordinary to the Duke of Cumberland (1749); council member of the Royal Society (1753), later president (1772); physician to the Queen (1761): 348, 495, 522, 523, 526 n. a, 553, 618 n. b, 657

Prior, Matthew (1664–1721), poet and diplomat; Whig who drifted to Toryism; satirized Dryden; British ambassador to The Hague (1692–9); secretary to the new ambassador in Paris (1698); fellow of the Royal Society; member of the Kit-Cat Club; friend of Swift; negotiator for the peace with France (1712–15); author of The History of his Own Time (1740); arguably the most important poet writing between Dryden and Pope; considerable influence on S.J. in his Christian pessimism: 301, 344, 627, 737, 819

Pritchard, Hannah (1711–68), actress and singer; played Monimia to Garrick’s Chamont in Otway’s The Orphan at Drury Lane (1742), later Gertrude to his Hamlet; generally recognized as the great Lady Macbeth of her day; continued to play successfully alongside Garrick until ill health brought her career to an end: 111, 307, 448, 896

Psalmanazar, George (1697?–1763), literary impostor: 192 n. b,693, 867, 915

Pufendorf, Samuel (1632–94), German jurist and historian, best known for his defence of the idea of natural law: 344, 495, 936

Pulteney, Sir William, see Bath, William Pulteney, Earl of

Purcell, Henry (1658?–95), organist and English Baroque composer most remembered for his more than 100 songs, the miniature operaDido and Aeneas, and his incidental music to a version of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, called The Fairy Queen: 445

Pym, John (1584–1643), statesman; prominent memberofthe English Parliament (1621–43) and an architect of Parliament’s victory over King Charles I in the first phase (1642–46) of the English Civil Wars: 322

Queeney, a nickname of Hester, Thrale’s eldest daughter, see Thrale, Hester Maria

Queensberry, Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of (1698–1778), friend of Gay, courtier and politician; lord of the bedchamber (1721); vice-admiral of Scotland (1722); Privy Councillor (1726); resigned offices after his wife’s outrage at the Lord Chamberlain’s refusal to license the performance of John Gay’s Polly (1729); keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland (1761–3); Lord Justice-General (1763–78); characterized by J.B. as ‘a man of the greatest humanity and gentleness of manners’: 458

Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco Gomez de (1580–1645), Spanish poet and author: 659, 1053 n. 776

Quin, James (1693–1766), actor; took the roles of Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Brutus in Julius Caesar and Macheath in The Beggar’s Opera while performing at Lincoln’s Inn Fields; England’s leading actor between the death of Robert Wilks (1732) and the London debut of Garrick (1741); generally fell out of favour by comparison with Garrick, but successful as Falstaff to Garrick’s Hotspur in 1 Henry IV(1746): 458, 584, 666

Quintilian, Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (AD c. 35-c. 95), rhetorician and critic of the literature of antiquity: 781, 993

Rabelais, Francois (c.1494-c.1553), French satirist and priest; an eminent physician and humanist; author of the comic masterpiece Gargantua and Pantagruel: 383, 662

Rackstrow, Benjamin (d. 1772), museum proprietor: 939–40

Radcliffe, Charles, titular Earl of Derwentwater (1693–1746), Jacobite conspirator; younger brother of James Radcliffe; the two participated in the Jacobite rising of 1715 and surrendered at Preston; execution deferred until July 1716 but he obtained a stay due to change in public mood: 103

Radcliffe, Dr John (1650–1714), physician and philanthropist; principal physician to James II’s daughter, Princess Anne of Denmark (1686); fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1687); MP for Buckingham (1713); his estate after death provided for two medical travelling fellowships at Oxford as well as funds to build the Radcliffe Infirmary, the Radcliffe Observatory and the Lunatic Asylum, Oxford: 926

Radcliffe, Dr John, see Ratcliff, Dr John

Ralegh, Sir Walter (1552? –i 618), courtier, explorer, author; favourite of Elizabeth I; developed the initiative to colonize America; not, as the famous myth goes, responsible for bringing tobacco to England for the first time, but certainly central to its popularization; court poet; searched for the fabled treasure of El Dorado; imprisoned in the Tower at the start of James I’s reign; author of The History of the World (1614); executed (1618), a victim of royal high-handedness: 126

Ramsay, Allan (1686–1758), poet and bookseller; one of the original members of the quasi-Jacobite Easy Club; author of the ‘medieval poem’ Christ’s Kirk on the Green (1718) and the pastoral The Gentle Shepherd (1725); early avatar of the primitivism and folklorism popular in the 1760s: 377

Ramsay, Allan (1713–84), portrait painter; son of the poet Allan Ramsay; fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1743); founder member of the Edinburgh debating club, the Select Society (1754); author of A Dialogue on Taste (1755); royal portrait artist; vice-president of the Society of Artists (1765); influential to his friend and fellow artist Reynolds; artist of great distinction: 659, 702, 729, 968 n. a

Ranby, John (1743–1820), pamphleteer; author of the Doubts on the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1791) highly commended by J.B.; partisan Tory: 634

Rann, John, or‘Sixteen-stringJack’ (d. 1774), highwayman: 538

Raphael (1483–1520), master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance: 471

Ratcliff, Dr John (1700–75), master of Pembroke College, Oxford: 147

Rawlinson, Dr Richard (1690–1755), topographer and bishop of the Nonjuring Church of England; fellow of the Royal Society; Jacobite; notable and generous benefactor of Oxford University and the Bodleian Library: 854

Ray, John (1627–1705), naturalist, historian of language and theologian; fellow of the Royal Society (1667); author of Catalogus plantarum Angliae (1670), Historia plantarum (1686-8) and a Methodus (1705) of insects; collaborator with Francis Willughby: 307, 393, 455

Ray, Martha (c.1745–79), mistress of Lord Sandwich: 730

Redi, Francesco (1626–98), Italian natural philosopher and poet: 648 n. b

Reed, Isaac (1742–1807), literary editor and book collector; sent notes to S.J. for his Lives of the English Poets in 1781; fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1777); contributor of biographical articles to the Westminster Magazine (1773–80); author of a Biographia dramatica (1782); re-edited the S.J. and Steeven’s variorum of Shakespeare (10 vols., 1785): 783

Reid, John (d. 1774), convict: 414 n. a

Reid, Thomas (1710–96), natural and moral philosopher; regent at King’s College, Aberdeen (1751); one of the founders of the Aberdeen Philosophical Society (1758–73); author of an Inquiry into the Human Mind, on the Principles of Common Sense (1764); professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University (1764); active in the Glasgow Literary Society; fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783): 248

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–69), Dutch painter and print-maker: 610

Reynolds, Frances (1729–1807), painter, poet and writer on art; younger sister of Sir Joshua Reynolds; exhibited paintings at the Royal Society (1774– 5); author of several drafts of‘The Recollections of Samuel Johnson’ andEnquiry Concerning the Principles of Taste and the Origin of our Ideas of Beauty &c (1789); greatly admired by S.J.: 254, 335, 562, 639, 655, 662, 682, 696, 733, 989 n. a, 1000 n. c

Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–92), portrait and history painter and art theorist; S.J. was the single most important influence on his life in the 1750s and 1760s; painted S.J. on a number of occasions; founded the Literary Club for S.J. ‘s closest circle (1764); president of the Royal Academy (1768); Discourses (first complete edition, 1797) for the Royal Academy still in print today; mayor of Plympton (1773); Burke and Fox among his closest friends; principal painter-in-ordinary to the King (1784); read and commended the draft of Burke’s Reflections; dominated the British art world in the second half of the eighteenth century: 3, 7, 75 n. a, 83, 84, 94, 95, 113, 114, 124, 133, 134, 143 n. b, 160, 163, 175, 177, 182 and n. a, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 208, 219 n. b, 251, 252 and n. c, 253, 254, 255, 269, 282 and n. a, 284, 285, 304, 305, 306, 316, 333, 335, 336, 383, 385, 404,419, 426,436, 447,455, 466 n. b, 479, 480, 504, 521, 539, 553, 562, 563, 567, 571, 621, 627, 648, 659, 664, 666n. a, 688, 691, 692, 695, 696, 699, 700,701, 702,703, 706,709, 713,721, 723,724, 729,731, 733,734, 754, 766, 772, 775 n. b, 778, 780, 793, 804, 806, 807, 811, 812, 816, 817, 818, 837, 838, 853, 854,863, 865, 866, 874,884, 887, 898, 902,918, 920,938, 940,941, 944 andn.b,946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 953, 955,956 andn.a,967, 989n.a, 996, 1000 n. c, 1001

Rich, John (1682?–1761), pantomimist and theatre manager; produced The Beggar’s Opera (1727), the biggest commercial theatrical success of the century; exploited the physicality of the Italian commedia dell’arte; used the funds from his successestofounda theatreatCovent Garden, Rival to Garrick at Drury Lane; founded the Sublime Society of Beefsteaks (1735); left Covent Garden to his son-in-law, John Beard, until sold to Colman and his associates in 1767: 664

Richards, Thomas (1710?–90), lexicographer and Church of England clergyman; chiefly remembered for his Anglo-Welsh dictionary, Antiquae linguae Britanni-cae thesaurus (1753), running to three editions: 106

Richardson, Jonathan (1665–1745), portrait painter and writer; declined two invitations to be court painter; the most important and prolific English writer on art of the first half of the eighteenth century; author of An Essay on the Theory of Painting (1715); friend of Pope and Prior: 74–5 and n. a, 83

Richardson, Jonathan, the younger (1694–1771), son of Jonathan Richardson the elder and occasional painter: 74–5 and n. a, 83

Richardson, Miss, the novelist’s daughter, see Bridgen, Mrs Martha

Richardson, Samuel (1689–1761), printer and author; printer of the True Briton (1723–4); author of the novels Pamela (1740), a huge success that popularized the epistolary form, and Clarissa (1747–8); style and form parodied by Fielding, his great rival, in Shamela (1740); considered by S.J. as valuable for his ‘sentiment’; considerable influence on Jane Austen, who claimed to know the author by heart: 85, 113, 175 and n. c, 198, 203, 276, 288, 307, 326, 352–3, 622, 693, 765, 778 and n. a

Richmond, DrRichard (1727–80), bishop of Sodor and Man: 745

Riddell, Lieutenant George (d. 1783), of the Horse Guards: 879 n. 1121

Ridley, Thomas (d. 1782), London bookseller and publisher: 699

Ritter, Joseph, J. B.’s Bohemian servant: 313, 482 and n. a, 640

Rivers, Richard Savage, 4th Earl (c.1654–1712), army officer; Lieutenant and Lieutenant Colonel of the 4th troop of Horse Guards (1786); Justice of the Peace in Lancashire (1687); principal leader of the Treason Club, a group with ties to Monmouth; Whig MP for Liverpool (1690); Major-General (1693); custos rotulorum and Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire (1695–1704); Lieutenant General (1697); Commander-in-Chief of the Land Forces (1706) during the War of the Spanish Succession; Privy Councillor (1708); constable of the Tower (1709); Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (1712); oneof the most notorious womanizers of his time and father of the poet Richard Savage: 98–9

Rivington, Charles (1688–1742), London bookseller and publisher: 78 n. a

Robert the Bruce, see Bruce, Robert

Roberts, James (c. 1669–1754), London printer and publisher: 95

Roberts, Miss (fl. 1758–63), oldMr Langton’s niece: 180, 228

Robertson, DrThomas (d. 1799), Scottish divine: 776 n. a

Robertson, Dr William (1721–93), historian and Church of Scotland minister; among the first members of the Select Society (1754); later member of the Poker Club; author of The History of Scotland (2 vols., 1759) and The History of America (2 vols., 1777); historiographer for Scotland (1763); principal of Edinburgh University (1762–93): 166, 279, 290, 294, 296, 384–6, 405, 408, 616, 669, 674, 702–5, 713, 741, 808, 982

Robertson, John (fl. 1760–90), printer and publisher of the Caledonian Mercury; prosecuted by the Society of Procurators: 16, 835–6

Robinson, Dr Richard (1709–94), ist Baron Rokeby, Archbishop of Armagh: 330

Robinson, Sir Thomas (\joo?-jj), ist Baronet, architect and collector; commissioner of Excise (1735–42); governor of Barbados (1742-7); fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1735); keen collector of sculpture; influential figure at the Royal Society of Arts: 230, 329

Rochefoucauld, Francois, Duc de la (1613–80), French classical author who had been one of the most active rebels of the Fronde before he became the leading exponent of the maxime, a French literary form of epigram: 134

Rochester, bishops of, see Horsley, Dr Samuel; Pearce, Dr Zachary; Sprat, Dr Thomas

Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of (1647–80), poet and courtier; famous affair with Elizabeth Barry; gentleman of the bedchamber (1666); ranger and keeper of the royal hunting park at Woodstock (1674); adulterer and rake; critically savaged by S.J.; poetry famous for its obscenities; last years beset by insanity and religious conversions: 534

Rochford, William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of (1717–81): 14, 171

Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquis of (1730–82), prime minister (1765-6, 1782); court Whig; leader of the Rockingham party; Lord Lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire and of the county of the city of York, and custos rotulorum of the North Riding (1751–62); lord of the bedchamber to George II (1751); fellow of the Royal Society (1751); fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1751); vice-admiral of Yorkshire (1755); knight of the Garter (1760); first lord of the Treasury (1765-6, 1782); Privy Councillor (1765); poor public speaker; premiership of little consequence: 356

Rodney, Sir George Brydges (1719–92), ist Baron Rodney; Admiral, RN: 476

Rogers, Revd John Methuen (c.1749–1834), rector of Berkeley, Somerset: 990

Rokeby, 1st Baron, see Robinson, Dr Richard

Rollin, Charles (1661–1741), French historian: 936

Rolt, Richard (1725? –70), historian and writer; New and Complete Dictionary of Trade and Commerce (1756) prefaced by S.J.; author of a New History of England^ vols., 1757) and A History of the Late War (1766); more admired for his histories than his less substantial poetry: 15, 191–2 and n. a, 446

Romney, George (1734–1802), painter; increasingly a Reynoldsian imitator; the most fashionable portrait painter in London for the last quarter of the eighteenth century; close friend of the poet William Hayley; radical sympathies perhaps prevented royal appointment; posthumous reputation has see-sawed with the vicissitudes of public taste: 541 n. b

Roper, William (1497–1578), biographer of Sir T. More: 159

Roscommon, Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of (c. 1637–85), poet: 12, 108, 976

Ross, DrJohn (1719–92), bishop of Exeter: 914

Rosslyn, Earl of, see Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburne, ist Baron

Rothes, Mary, Dowager Countess of (c. 1743–1820), wife of Bennet Langton: 30, 175, 191, 271, 301, 332, 338 n. a, 575, 685, 712, 895, 911

Rothwell, Mr (fl. 1768), perfumer: 286

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78), French philosopher, writer and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation: 232, 266, 299, 374, 923

Rowe, Elizabeth (1674–1737), poet and devotional writer; translated Tasso; her elegy ‘On the death of Mr Thomas Rowe’ admired by Pope; turned to devotional writing after the death of her husband; author of Devout Exercises of the Heart in Meditation and Soliloquy, Prayer and Praise (1737); style admired by Pope, S.J. and Richardson: 168

Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640); Flemish painter best known for his religious and mythological compositions: 471

Rudd, Margaret Caroline (d. c. 1798), courtesan and accused forger; implicated in the bank loan swindle of the brothers Robert and Daniel Perreau; found not guilty; reputed mistress of Baron Lyttelton; J.B.’s mistress for some time in the mid-1780s: 504, 561, 702

Ruddiman, Thomas (1674–1757), printer, classical scholar and librarian; assistant librarian at the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh (1702), later keeper (173 o); author of Rudiments of the Latin Tongue (1714): 118 and n. a, 272, 375, 725

Ruffhead, Owen (1723–69), legal writer; book reviewer for the Gentleman’s Magazine; produced Warburton’s Life of Pope (pub. 1769), for which he was criticized by S.J.; died shortly before entering his appointment as one of the chief secretaries of the Treasury: 349

Russell, Dr Alexander (c.1715–68), physician and naturalist; one of the founder members of the Medical Society of Edinburgh University (1734); author of a Natural History of Aleppo (1756), reviewed by S.J. in the Literary Magazine; fellow of the Royal Society (1756); physician to St Thomas’s Hospital, London (1760): 166, 859

Russell, WilliamRussell, Lord (i639~83), politician: 372, 672

Rutland, Roger Manners, 5 th Earl of (1576–1612), nobleman; intimate of the Earl of Essex and possibly implicated in the Essexian coup; received the favour of James I; assigned to bestow the Garter upon Christian IV of Denmark: 228

Rutty, Dr John (1698–1775), physician; founding member of the Medico-Philosophical Society of Dublin (1756); author of A History of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers in Ireland (1751); A Spiritual Diary and Soliloquies (2 vols., 1776) satirized by S.J. for its repetitive cataloguing of his faults: 614–15

Ryland, John (1717?~98), friend of S.J.; contributor to the Gentleman’s Magazine; the last surviving friend of S.J.’s early life; member of the Essex Head Club and the Ivy Lane Club; staunch Whig; Dissenter; scarcely mentioned by J.B.: 133, 957, 963