Ссылки
1
Для получения базовой информации по «холодной войне» см., например: Ulam A. Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Policy 1917-1973, 2d ed. (Praeger, 1974); Hoffman E. and Fleron F. eds. The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy (Aldine, 1971); Gaddis J.L. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997; Garthoff R. Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, rev. ed. (Brookings, 1994).
2
На протяжении четырех десятилетий «холодной войны» великая стратегия сдерживания осуществлялась во многих вариантах. См.: Gaddis J.L. Strategy of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
3
Kissinger H. Does America Need a Foreign Policy? Toward a Diplomacy for the 21st Century (Simon and Shuster, 2001).
4
Относительно вильсонианской традиции в американской внешней политике см.: George A. and George J. Woodrow Wilson and Colonial House (Dover Publications, 1956); Smith T. America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton University Press, 1994); Mead W.R. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (Alfred Knopf, 2001).
5
О либерализме как теории международных отношений см.: Kant I. Perpetual Peace (1795) // Carl Friedrich, ed., The Philosophy of Kant (Modern Library, 1949); Nye Jr. J.S. and Keohane R.O. Power and Interdependence, 3d ed. (Addison-Wesley, 2000); Rosencrance R. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (Basic Books, 1986); the essays by Michael Doyle, Bruce Russett, and John Owen IV in Michael Brown, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steven Miller, eds. Debating the Democratic Peace (MIT Press 1996); and John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraints, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. — Princeton University Press, 2001.
6
Классические позиции реалистов отражены в: Carr Е.Н. Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939 (Macmillan and company, Limited, 1939); Morgenthau H. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (Knopf, 1973); Waltz K. Theory of International Politics (Addison-Wesley, 1979); and Mearsheimer J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (W.W. Norton, 2001).
7
См. Gaddis J.L. We Now Know, and Smith T. America's Mission.
8
Tyler P. A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China. — New York: Public Affairs, 2000.
9
Burr W. ed. The Kissinger Transcripts: The Top Secret Talks with Beijing and Moscow. — New Press, 1999. — P. 64.
10
Shultz G. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power, and the Victory of the American Ideal (Simon and Shuster, 1993); and Schweizer P. Reagan's War (Doubleday, 2002).
11
Lake A. Do the Doable II Foreign Policy, No 54 (Spring 1984). — P. 102- 121. Серьезное обсуждение составляющих американской внешней политики см.: Mead. Special Providence; and Nau H.R. At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy. — Cornell University Press, 2002.
12
Goldstein J. and Keohane R. Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework II Goldstein and Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change. — Cornell University Press, 1993. — P. 17; and Ikenberry G.J. Creating Yesterday's New World Order // Goldstein and Keohane, Ideas and Foreign Policy. P. 59.
13
Относительно причин идеологической мотивации великих держав см.: Krasner S. Defending the National Interests: Raw Material Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy. — Princeton University Press, 1978. — P. 337-347.
14
Относительно дискуссии в кругу реалистов см.: Fearon J. Domestic Politics, Foreign Policy, and Theories of International Relations II Annual Review of Political Science. — Vol. 1 (1998). — P. 289-314; Elman C. Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy, Security Studies. — Vol. 6 (Fall 1996). — P. 7-53; Waltz K. International Politics Is Not Foreign Policy, Security Studies. — Vol. 6 (Fall 1996). — P. 54-57.
15
О беспрецедентном расширении американской гегемонии в период после окончания «холодной войны» см.: Wohlforth W. The Stability of a Unipolar World II International Security. — Vol. 24 (Summer 1999). — P. 5-41.
16
Lindsay J.M. Congress and the Politics of the U.S. Foreign Policy. — Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994; интересные материалы на эту тему содержатся в: Wittkopf E.R. and McCormick J. eds. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence. — 3d ed. — Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.
17
Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, Defense Strategy for the 1990s: The Regional Defense Strategy (Department of Defense, January 1993). — P. 1; also Tyler P.E. U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop II New York Times. — March 8, 2002. — P. 1.
18
См., например, ссылка в: Will G.F. A Dog in That Fight? II Newsweek, June 12, 1995. — P. 72.
19
См., например: комментарии Brent Scowcroft on Persian Gulf War Policy on PBS // Frontline (www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/gunning. — June 25, 2003).
20
A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, White House. — July 1994.
21
Особенно см. его послание «О положении страны» 2002 года, с которым он выступил 29 января 2002 г. (www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/ 2002/history.html) and The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html). Websites were accessed June 25, 2003.
22
По поводу этой интеллектуальной эволюции и внутренних столкновений в администрации Буша между сторонниками принципа «баланса сил» и «преобразования режимов» см.: PBS Frontline. The War behind Closed Doors. — February 20, 2003 www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/shows/iraq; and Lemann N. The Next World Order // New Yorker. — April 1, 2002. — P. 28-42.
23
Относительно сложности измерения соотношения сил в динамике см.: Gilpin R. War and Change in World Politics. — Cambridge University Press, 1981. — P. 237.
24
Для полной оценки см.: McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001.
25
См.: Kotkin S. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970-2000. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; Roeder P. Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics. — Princeton University Press, 2001; and Solnick S. Stealing the State: Control and Collapse of the Soviet Institutions. — Harvard University Press, 1998.
26
О реформистских идеях Горбачева см.: Breslauer G. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. — Cambridge University Press, 2002; Brown A. The Gorbachev Factor. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; Hough J. Democratization and Revolution in the USSR 1985-1991. -Brookings, 1997; McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001; см. также Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — Doubleday, 1996, а также мемуары его главного советника по национальной безопасности: Черняев А.С. Шесть лет с Горбачевым. — М.: Прогресс, 1993.
27
Колосов В.А., Петров Н.В., Смирнягин Л.В. Весна 89: География парламентских выборов. — М.: Прогресс, 1990; Brudny Y. The Dynamics of Democratic Russia. 1990-1993 // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 9 (April-June 1993). — P. 141-170; and Fish M.S. Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. — Princeton University Press, 1995.
28
Hanson S. Gorbachev: The Last True Leninist Believer? II Chirot D. The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989. — University of Washington Press, 1991.
29
McFaul M. The Sovereignty 'Script': The Red Book for Russia's Revo lutionaries II Krasner S. ed. Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. — Columbia University Press, 2001. — P. 194-223; Dunlop J. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire. — Princeton University Press, 1993; и Горбачев, Ельцин: 1500 дней политического противостояния. — М.: Терра, 1992.
30
Материалы II съезда движения «Демократическая Россия». — М.: ДР-Пресс, ноябрь 1991.
31
Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — Р. 291. О росте национализма в этот период см.: Beissinger M. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of The Soviet State. — Cambridge University Press, 2002.
32
Schmemann S. The Tough New Leaders in Moscow Have Kremlinologists Up and Guessing II New York Times. — January 27, 1991. — Sec.4. — P. 3; and The New Soviet Policymakers II Economist. — February 9, 1991. — P. 47-48.
33
Dobbs M. Yeltsin Snubs Gorbachev's Offer: Russian Leader Later Holds His Own Meeting with Bush II Washington Post. — July 31. — 1991. — P. A26.
34
Rice C. and Zelikow P. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. — Harvard University Press, 1995.
35
Lundberg K. CIA and the Fall of the Soviet Empire: The Politics of 'Getting it Right'. С16-94-1251.0. Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1994. — P. 39.
36
Beissinger M.R. Demise of an Empire-State: Identity, Legitimacy, and the Deconstruction of Soviet Politics II Crawford Young, ed., The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? — University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. — P. 94.
37
Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 499.
38
Interview with Stephen J. Hadley.
39
Interview with Scooter Libby.
40
Matlock J. Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. — Random House, 1995. — P. 509.
41
Interview with Dennis Ross.
42
Baker III J.A. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995). — P. 475; и заметки Колта в обозрении его книги (May 23, 2002, Brookings).
43
Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 500.
44
Bush G.H.W. Remarks and an Exchange with Soviet Journalists on the Upcoming Moscow Summit. — July 25, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).
45
Gates, From the Shadows. — P. 502, 504. On the CIA analysis, see, for example, the formerly classified CIA report, «Yeltsin's Political Objectives», CIS/SOV91-10026X (June 1991), declassified and approved for release, April 2000, esp. — P. 10-11.
46
Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 493-494.
47
Interview with Scowcroft.
48
Dobbs M. Yeltsin Snubs Gorbachev's Offer: Russia leader Later Holds His Own Meeting with Bush II Washington Post. — July 31, 1991. — P. A26.
49
Bush G.H.W. Remarks at the Arrival Ceremony in Moscow. — July 30, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu/edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).
50
Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 501.
51
Friedman T.L. Arms Talks: A Warm-UP // New York Times. — June 10, 1991. — P. Al.
52
Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/ papers [June 25, 2003]).
53
О роли внешних сил, ускоривших коллапс Югославии, см.: Woodward S. Compromise Sovereignty to Create Sovereignty: Is Dayton Bosnia a Futile Exercise or an Emerging Modell II Stephen Krasner, ed., Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. — Columbia University Press, 2001. — P. 252-300.
54
Bush G.H.W. Remarks at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. — July 30, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tomu.edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).
55
Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 502.
56
Oberdorfer D. Soviet Pledges to Cut Troops in the Baltics II Washington Post. — January 30, 1991. — P. A24; Clines F. War in the Gulf. Lithuania // New York Times. — January 31, 1991. — P. A15; Dewar H. Senate Hits Soviet Actions in the Baltics: Bush Urged to Weigh Economic Pressure II Washington Post. — January 25, 1991. — P. A18; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. -P. 497; Gerstenzang J. Bush Softens Criticism of Baltics Crackdown II Los Angeles Times. — January 26, 1991. — P. A24.
57
Oberdorfer D. Soviet Pledges to Cut Troops in the Baltics. — P. A23; Gerstenzang. Bush Softens Criticism of Baltics Crackdown. — P. A24; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 496.
58
Bush G.H.W. Remarks and an Exchange with Soviet Journalists on the Upcoming Moscow Summit. — July 25, 1991.
59
Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991. On Chicken Kiev, see Williams afire, After the Fall // New York Times. — August 29, 1991. — P. A29; and Bush at the UN // New York Times. — September 16, 1991. — P. A19.
60
Newhouse J. Diplomatic Rounds: Shunning the Losers II New Yorker. — October 26, 1992. — P. 46.
61
Scowcroft, in A World Transformed. — P. 516.
62
Gorbachev M. Memoirs (Doubleday, 1996). — P. 621.
63
Clines S.F. After the Summit: Bush in the Ukraine, Walks Fine Line on Sovereignty II New York Times. — August 2, 1991. — P. Al.
64
Devroy Q. in A. and Dobbs M. Bush Warns Ukraine on Independence II Washington Post. — August 1, 1991. — P. Al.
65
Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991.
66
For an overview, see Cook L., Labor and Liberalization: Trade Unions In the New Russia (Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1997), chap. 5.
67
NDI (National Democratic Institute), Report of the Survey Mission in the Soviet Union: July 29 — August 3, 1990. — Washington, 1990. — P. 22. For a description of NDI programs in the Soviet Union, see NDI, The Com monwealth of Independent States, Issues and Opinions. — Washington, January 1992.
68
Его участие отражено в книге: Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire.
69
Об этом ланче с Рейганом см.: Shultz G. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power and the Victory of the American Ideal (Simon and Shuster, 1993). — P. 1102-1103.
70
Указ Президента Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики // Россия. Экстренный выпуск. — 19 августа 1991 г.
71
Interview with Scowcroft.
72
Interview with James Collins.
73
Excerpts from Bush News Conference on Soviet Coup: Hope and Warning // New York Times. — August 20, 1991. — P. 15; Remarks and Exchan ge with Reporters in Kenebunkport, Maine, on Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 19, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu.papers [June 25, 2003]).
74
Excerpts from Bush News Conference on Soviet Coup: Hope and Warning // New York Times. — August 20, 1991. — P. 15.
75
Bush. Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters in Kenebunkport, Maine, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union.
76
О последующем разочаровании Горбачева нерешительностью, проявлен ной Бушем и другими западными лидерами, см.: Gorbachev M., Memoirs. — Р. 663.
77
Описание подробностей противостояния см.: Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 3.
78
Interview with Scowcroft.
79
Bush. The President's News Conference in Kennebunkport, Main, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 20, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/ papers [June 25, 2003]).
80
Bush. Exchange with Reporters in Kennebunkport, Main, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 21, 1991.
81
Boris Yeltsin. The Struggle for Russia. — Random House, 1994. — P. 132.
82
Chaney D. Address to the American Political Science Association. — August 29, 1991.
83
Qates, From the Shadows. — P. 530.
84
Baker, as quoted in Gates, From the Shadows. — P. 530.
85
Memorandum of Conversation, NATO Summit. — Rome. — P. 3. Declas sified by the Bush Library in Response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request from authors.
86
Bush and Scowcroft, A World transformed. — P. 552-553.
87
Smith R.J. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine II Washington Post. — November 25, 1991. — P. A18.
88
Smith. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine.
89
Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 560-561.
90
Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 561; Bechloss and Talbott, At The Highest Levels. — P. 449; and interview with Scowcroft.
91
Interview with Baker; and Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 562.
92
McFaul. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 4.
93
See Anders Aslund. How Russia became a Market Economy. — Brookings, 1995. — Chap. 2.
94
For details see McFaul, Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 5.
95
Interview with Robert Zoellick; and George Kolt quotation is from the manuscript review session at Brookings. — May 23, 2003.
96
Interview with Zoellick.
97
See Lundberg, CIA and the Fall of the Soviet Empire. — P. 44.
98
Interview with Baker.
99
См.: Sigal L.V. Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the United States and Russia, 1984-1985. — New York: Century Foundation, 2000. — P. 232.
100
Simes D. Russia Reborn // Foreign Ajfairs. — Vol. 85. — Winter 1991-1992. — P. 41-62. Concerns about Russian Imperialism lingered well beyond the collapse. Brzezinski Z. The Premature Partnership // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 73. — March-April 1994. — P. 67-82; Odom W. and Dujarric R. Commonwealth or Empire? Russia, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus // Hudson Institute Press. — 1995; Uri Ra'anan and Kate Martin eds., Russia: A Return to Imperialism? — St. Martin's Press, 1995.
101
Stanglin D. and Corwin J. The Old Face of Russia // U.S. News and World Report. — November 11, 1991. — P. 48; and Boris the Great, or the Terrible! // Economist. — October 5, 1991. — P. 51-52.
102
Bush G. and Scowcroft B. A World Transformed (Alfred A. Knopf, 1998). — P. 543-544.
103
Interview with Scowcroft.
104
Interviews with Stephen Hadley and Scooter Libby.
105
Interview with James Baker.
106
Powell C. My American Journey: An Autobiography (Random House, 1995). — P. 540-541.
107
Address to the Nation on Reducing United States and Soviet Nuclear Weapons. — September 27, 1991 (www.fas.org [June 25, 2003]). See also Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 546-547; Baker III J. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putman's Sons, 1995). — P. 526.
108
Bush and Scowcroft. A World Transformed. — P. 546-547; Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 526; Sigal, Hang Separately. — P. 245; interview with Stephen Hadley.
109
Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 525; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 543-544, Dereck H. Chollet in «Absent at the Creation? Decision-Making in the Bush Administration and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, August-December 1991», Cornell University, honors thesis, April 1993, дает описание дискуссий, основанных на интервью с ведущими официальными лицами. See. — Р. 30-31.
110
Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 560. The leak of the U.S. debates appeared in R. Jeffrey Smith. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine // Washington Post. — November 25, 1981. — P. A18.
111
Interview with Nicholas Burns.
112
Interview with Hadley.
113
Цит. по: Chollet, Absent at the Creation? — P. 74. Chollet’s chapter 3 remains the best discussion of the origins of Baker's speech in Princeton in December 1991.
114
Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 563; Hoffman D. Baker: U.S. Must Resist Temptation to Move toward Isolationism // Washington Post. — December 8, 1991. — P. A41.
115
Baker III J. America and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: What Has to Be Done // US. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 2. — December 2, 1991. — P. 887-93.
116
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 566-567; see also U.S. Department of State (Moscow). Press Availability by Secretary of State James Baker III and Russian Republic President Boris Yeltsin. Kremlin. — December 16, 1991. — P. 5.
117
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 572.
118
Neumann J. Baker ‘Reassured’ on the Soviet Nukes // USA Today. — December 17, 1991. — P. Al.
119
Press Availability by Secretary of State James Baker III and Russian Republic President Boris Yeltsin. — P. 3.
120
Interview with Carpendale.
121
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 583.
122
Hoffman D. Ukraine's Leader Pledges to Destroy Nuclear Arms; Baker Says U.S. Recognition is Closer // Washington Post. — December 19, 1991. — P. Al; Friedman T.L. Soviet Disarray // The New York Times. — December 19, 1991. — P. Al; Neuman J. Republics Vow to Deeper Arms Cuts // USA Today. — P. A4; Hoffman D. Kazakhstan Keeping Nuclear Arms, Republic's President Tells Baker // Washington Post. — December 18, 1991. — P. A30; Feduschak N.A. Former Soviet Union Republics reassure Baker on Nuclear Arms // Wall Street Journal. — December 17, 1991. — P. A17.
123
Carter A. and Perry W. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. — Brookings, 1999. — P. 71-72.
124
Sigal. Hang Separately. — P. 238; Combs R. U.S. Domestic Politics and the Nunn-Lugar Program // Dismantling the Cold War: U.S. and NIS Perspectives on the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, edited by Shields J.M. and Porter W.C. — MIT Press, 1997. — P. 42-44.
125
Interview with Dennis Ross. On December 12 signing of legislature, see Combs. U.S. Domestic Politics. — P. 44.
126
Interview with Brent Scowcroft; see also Raymond Garthoff // The United States and the New Russia: The First Five Years, Current History. — Vol. 96. — October 1997. — P. 305-12.
127
Nunn S. Changing Threats in the Post-Cold War World // Shields and Plotter, Dismantling the Cold War. — P. xi.
128
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 620.
129
On 1989, see: Cholett D.H. and Goldgeier J.M. Once Burned, Twice Shy? The Pause of 1989 // Wohlforth W. ed. Cold War Endgame. — Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. — P. 141-173.
130
Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 620.
131
Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union. — January 28, 1992; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 250; and Yeltsin-Bush Letter. — January 27, 1992. Moscow 02449, American Embassy Moscow to Secretary of State, рассекречено по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.
132
Parks M. and McManus D. Yeltsin Asks 805 Cut in Warheads for U.S., Russia // Los Angeles Times. — January 30, 1992. — P. Al.
133
Jehl D. and McManus D. Bush Hoping to Shore Up Yeltsin // Los Angeles Times. — January 31, 1992. — P. A5.
134
Hoagland J. Little Help for Yeltsin // Washington Post. — February 11, 1992. — P. A21.
135
Interview with Burns.
136
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 625; statement issued by President Bush and Yeltsin, Camp David, Maryland, February 1, 1992. U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — February 3, 1992. — P. 78-79.
137
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 64Iff; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 236.
138
Senate Armed Services Committee, Dismantling of the Former Soviet Union's Nuclear Weapons. — February 5, 1992. — P. 2.
139
Buntin J. The Decision to Denuclearize: How Ukraine Became a Non- Nuclear Weapons State. С14-98-1425.0 (Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1997). — P. 4-8; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 254-255.
140
Interview with Carpendale.
141
Baker, Policy of Diplomacy. — P. 662-663.
142
See: Garnett S. Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine in the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997. — P. 72-76.
143
Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 665. Interview with Stephen Hadley; Buntin, Decision to Denuclearize. — P. 12.
144
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 668-669; and Background Press Briefing on U.S. — Russian Summit, June 17, 1992.
145
Interview with Baker.
146
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 669. Выделено в оригинале.
147
Interview with Carpendale.
148
Background Press Briefing on U.S. — Russian Summit, June 17, 1992; Sieff M. Baker Pursues Arms Deal on Eve of Yeltsin Visit. // Washington Times. — June 12, 1992. — P. A7.
149
Yeltsin remarks of June 16, 1992; and U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — June 22, 1992. — P. 484.
150
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 670-671; see: U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — June 22, 1992. — P. 492-493.
151
For the most complete diagnosis of Russia's economic problems at the time, see Russian Economic Reform: Crossing the Threshold of Structural Change, a World Bank Country Study. — Washington: World Bank, 1992.
152
On the inheritance see: Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — Brookings, 1995.
153
Interview with Brent Scowcroft.
154
Nasar S. How to Aid Russians Is Debated // New York Times. — January 20, 1992. — P. CI. See also: Brzezinski Z. A Premature Partnership // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 73. — March-April 1994. — P. 67-82; Cohen A. Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis. — Praeger Press, 1996.
155
Friedman T. Baker, on Hill, Passes Hat for Russia // New York Times. — May 1, 1992. — A3.
156
Gelb L. How to Help Russia // New York Times. — March 14, 1993. — P. 17.
157
Gorbachev M. Memoirs (Doubleday 1996). — P. 612.
158
Matlock J. An Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. — Random House, 1995. — P. 177-178.
159
Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 40; Allison G. and Blackwill R. America's Stake in the Soviet Future // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 70. — Summer 1991. — P. 78-79, 95-97.
160
Beschloss M.R. and Talbott S. At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. — Little, Brown and Company, 1993. — P. 385; and interview with Robert Zoellick. See also: Kissinger H. No Time for a 'Grand Bargain’ // Washington Post. — July 9, 1991. — P. A19.
161
Interview with Stanley Fisher; and Feldstein M. A Different Kind of 'Great Bargain' // Wall Street Journal. — July 9, 1991. — P. A18.
162
The history of these debates is chronicled in Padma Desai. From the Soviet Union to the Commonwealth of Independent States: The Aid Debate // Harriman Institute Forum. — Vol. 5. — April 1992. — P. 1-16.
163
Chernyaev. My Six Years with Gorbachev. — P. 362-363; Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — P. 608-617.
164
Об основной стратегии шоковой терапии см.: Aslund A. Post-Communist Economic Revolutions: How Big a Bang? — Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992; Blanchard O., Boyco M., Dobrovski M., Dornbusch R. and Shleifer A. Post-Communist Reform: Pain and Progress (MIT Press, 1993); and Sachs J. Poland's Jump to a Market Economy (MIT Press, 1993).
165
Gaidar Y., Days of Defeat and Victory. — University of Washington Press, 1996.
166
Interview with Yegor Gaidar.
167
Fisher S. and Frenkel J. Macroeconomics Issue of the Soviet Reform // American Economic Review. — Vol. 82. — May 1992. — P. 41.
168
Относительно этого плана, разработанного экспертами главным образом на основе опыта Польши, см.: Lipton D. and Sachs J. Privatization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland // Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. — No. 2 (1990). — P. 293-333; Aslund A. Post-Communist Economic Revolutions: How Big a Bang?; Sachs J. Poland’s Jump to the Market Economy.
169
Sachs J. Life in the Emergency Room // Williamson J. ed. The Political Economy of Policy Reform. — Washington: Institute for International Studies, 1994. — P. 504; Sachs J. Western Financial Assistance and Russia's Reforms // Islam Sh. and Mandelbaum M., eds. Making Markets: Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Post-Soviet States. — New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1993. — P. 143-175; Sachs J. Helping Russia: Goodwill Is Not Enough // Economist. — December 21 — January 3, 1992. — P. 104; Aslund A. Big Bang in Moscow // Newsweek. — September 2, 1991. — P. 58-64.
170
Russian Economic Reform: Crossing the Threshold, a World Bank Country Study. — Washington: World Bank, 1992. — P. 49; Nixon R. The Challenge We Face in Russia // Wall Street Journal. — March 11, 1992. — P. 14. См. также: Nixon R. Save the Peace Dividend // New York Times. — November 19, 1992. — P. A19; Peel Q. Kohl to Ask U.S. to Step Up Assistance for Moscow // Financial Times. — March 23, 1993. — P. 2; Williams F. Moscow Needs Own Marshall Plan // Financial Times. — April 14, 1993. — P. 8.
171
См.: Nasar S. How to Aid Russians Is Debated // New York Times. — January 20, 1992. — P. CI. See also: Kramer M. The Changing Economic Comp lexion of Eastern Europe and Russia: Results and Lessons of the 1990s. — SAIS Review (Summer-Fall 199). — P. 16-46.
172
Greenhouse S. Wrapping Up Big Russian Aid Package // Washington Post. — April 27, 1992. — P. A7; Bemstain J. Aid the Best Way Up? // Insight. — March 9, 1992. — P. 11.
173
Interviews with Andrew Carpendale.
174
Interviews with Dennis Ross and Robert Zoellick; and comments by Ross at manuscript review session at Brookings. — May 23, 2002.
175
Interviews with David Mulford and Peter Hauslohner.
176
Interview with Mulford; дискуссию относительно грядущего краха резервной системы: Gaidar. Days of Defeat and Victory. — P. 91, 112.
177
Interview with Mulford.
178
Ibid.
179
Interviews with Wethington, Mulford and Hauslohner. См. также пресс- конференцию Дэвида Малфорда. — October 3, 1991 (Lexis-Nexisj; Mulford's comments on the Russian energy sector at a Hearing before the Subcommittee on International development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy of the House Banking Committee, 102 Cong. 2 sess. — April 29, 1992. — P. 10 (В данной книге авторы цитируют информацию из материалов слушаний Конгресса, сообщений Federal News Service (fednews.com) или из lexis-nexis.com/ universe.)
180
Interviews with Mulford and Wethington.
181
Gaidar, Days of Defeat and Victory. — P. 119-20. См. также: review of Gaidar book by Jeffrey Sachs D. Russia's Tumultuous Decade: An Insider Remembers // Washington Monthly. — March 2000 (www.washingtonmonthly.com).
182
Sachs, Russia's Tumultuous Decade.
183
Neuman J. Arms Control Summit 'Relic' of Cold War // USA Today. - June 16, 1992. — P. Al.
184
Hearing on the Russian Application the World Bank before the House Banking Committee, 102 Cong. sess. — February 5, 1992. — P. 19.
185
Interview with Dennis Ross.
186
Bush G. and Scowcroft B. A World Transformed (Alfred A. Knopf, 1998). — P. 540.
187
Cholett D. Absent at the Creation? Decision-Making in the Bush administration and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, August-December 1991. — Cornell University, honors thesis. — April 1993. — P. 37-41.
188
Zoellick R.B. Relations of the United States with the Soviet Union and the Republics. Statement before the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the House Foreign Relations Committee, 102 Cong. 1 sess. — October 2, 1991 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 2. — October 7, 1991. — P. 746.
189
Interview with Victoria Nuland.
190
Интервью с Андреем Козыревым.
191
Interview with Gaidar.
192
Interview with Zoellick.
193
Cholett D. Absent at the Creation? — P. 73-74, 76-77; interview with Andrew Carpendale.
194
Baker III J. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995). — P. 524.
195
Ibid. — P. 535-536.
196
Baker, «America and the Collapse of the Soviet Empire: What Has to Be Done».
197
Ibid.
198
Interviews with Carpendale, John Hannah, Kenneth Juster; Chollet. Absent at the Creation?
199
Krauthammer Ch. Say Goodbye to Gorbachev // Washington Post. — December 13, 1991. — A29; Sigal L.V. Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the United States and Russia, 1985-1994. — New York, Century Foundation, 2000. — P. 226.
200
Interview with Carpendale.
201
Ibid.
202
Interviews with Robert Zoellick and Dennis Ross.
203
Interviews with Ross.
204
Interview with Kenneth Juster.
205
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 619; Baker. Closing statement at Coordinating Conference, U.S. Department of State; remarks by the president in address to International Conference on Humanitarian Assistance to the Former USSR, January 22, 1992 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — January 27, 1992. — P. 57-58, 61.
206
Wohlforth W. ed., Cold War Endgame. — Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. — P. 124.
207
Safire W. Baker's Big Bash // New York Times. — January 23, 1992. — P. A23; Curtis M. Europeans Voice Reservations over Role of U.S. Aid to Former Soviet Republics. — Boston Globe. — January 21, 1992. — P. 6.
208
Civil Disorders in the Former USSR: Can It Be Managed This Winter? NIE 11-18.3-91 (November 1991) // Fisher B.B. At Cold War's End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991. — Washington: CIA, 199. — P. 144, 149; See also: P. 148, 150; See also in: National Intelligence Estimates from September 1991, in the same volume. — P. 189.
209
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 1997Annual Report (Department of State, January 1998). — P. 158; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 571, 584; Hoffman D. Pentagon to Airlift Aid to Republics: Ex-Soviets Will Get Food, Medicine // Washington Post. — January 24. — P. Al; Garthoff R.L. The United States and the New Russia: The First Five Years // Current History. — Vol. 96. -October 1997. — P. 308.
210
Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 584.
211
Interview with Carpendale.
212
Cable from American embassy in Moscow to the secretary of state, «Info Moscow Political Collective», Moscow 02777. — January 29, 1992, and «Secretary's Meeting with Foreign Minister Kozyrev», Secto 00007. — January 28, 1992. Оба документа были рассекречены по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.
213
Burbulis G. Come, Make Goods and Sell Them // Washington Post. — January 22, 1992. — P. A21; The President's News Conference with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia. — February 1, 1992; Greenhouse S. with Friedman T.L. Aid Package for Russia Seems to Be Far from Wrapped Up // New York Times. — April 9, 1992. — P. Al; Briefing the Allies on the President's February 1, 1992, Meeting with Russian President Yeltsin. — State 037194. — February 6, 1992; рассекречены по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.
214
Hearing on Russian Application to the World Bank before the House Banking Committee. — P. 22.
215
Address by Bill Clinton, April 1, 1992. New York Hilton; and Kalb M. The Nixon Memo: Political Respectability, Russia and the Press (University of Chicago Press, 1994). — P. 130, 133-134.
216
См: Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 217-218, 220; Crowley M. Nixon Off the Record (Random House, 1996). — P. 73.
217
Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 220-222.
218
Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 52, 56, 59, 80; and Friedman T.L. Nixon's 'Save Russia’ Memo: Bush Feels the Sting // New York Times. — March 11, 1992. — A12.
219
Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 105-106; Oberdorfer D. Nixon Warns Bush to Aid Russia, Shun 'New Isolationism’ // Washington Post. — March 12, 1992. — P. Al; Stewart R.W. Nixon Urges U.S. to Assist Commonwealth // Los Angeles Times. — March 12, 1992. — P. Al.
220
Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 105, 107.
221
Interview with Scowcroft; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 657; Oberdorfer D. Aid Plan for Russia was Hurried to Bulwark Yeltsin, Officials Say // Washington Post. — April 9, 1992. — P. A20.
222
Greenhouse S. Bush and Kohl Unveil Plan to 7 nations to Contribute $24 Billion in Aid to Russia // New York Times. — April 2, 1992. — P. 1.
223
Ibid; Multilateral Financial Assistance Package for Russia. — April 1, 1992, U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — April 6, 1992. — P. 265- 266; Baker. Politics Of Diplomacy. — P. 657; Garthoff, The United States and the New Russia. — P. 308; Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 133-134; and Devroy A. U.S. Allies Set $24 Billion in Aid for Ex-Soviet States // Washington Post. — April 2, 1992. — P. Al.
224
Oberdorfer, «Aid Plan for Russia Was Hurried to Bulwark Yeltsin, Officials say». — P. A20; Greenhouse with Friedman. «Aid Package for Russia Seems to Be Far from Wrapped Up». — P. Al; Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 133-134.
225
Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 655-656; interview with Zoellick; and Devroy. — U.S. Allies Set $24 Billion in Aid for Ex-Soviet States. — P. Al.
226
Press Conference by the President, Secretary of State James Baker, Secretary of Treasury Nicholas Brady, and Secretary of Agriculture Edward Madigan. — April 1, 1992; interview with Mulford and Wethington; remarks by the president to the American Society of Newspaper Editors. — April 9, 1992, Aid to the New Independent States: A Peace We Must Not Lose // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — April 13, 1992. — P. 281-283.
227
Baker with DeFrank. — P. 656.
228
Crossette В. Bush Is Told of Threat to Soviet Aid Bill // New York Times. — May 7, 1992. — P. A14.
229
Congressional Record. — June 17, 1992. — P. H4763.
230
Ibid. — P. H4764.
231
Mulford remarks at Bretton Woods Committee Conference Re: The United States Response to the Economic Future of the Former Soviet Union, June 15, 1992 (Lexis-Nexis).
232
Interviews with Ross, Zoellick, Scowcroft and Aslund.
233
Reddaway P. Comments in: Tainted Transactions: An Exchange // National Interest. — No 60 (Summer 2000). — P. 102-103.
234
Dornbusch R., Sturzenegger F. and Wolf H. Extreme Inflation: Dynamics and Stabilization // Brookings Papers on Economic Activities. — Vol. 2. — 1990. — P. 1-84; Fischer S. The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth // Journal of Monetary Economics. — Vol. 32. — December 1993. — P. 485-512; and Treisman D. Fighting Inflation in a Transitional Regime: Russia's Anoma lous Stabilization // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 299-335.
235
On the model see: Aslund, Post-Communist Economic Revolution: How Big a Bang? — Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992; and Sachs J. Understanding Shock Therapy. — London: Social Market Foundation, 1994.
236
Относительно консервативного большинства, которое сложилось на съезде к его шестой сессии, см: Remington T. The Russian Parliament: Institutional Evolution in a Transitional Regime, 1989-1999. — Yale University Press, 2001. — Chap. 4; Myagkov M. and Kiewiet R. Czar Rule in the Russian Congress of People's Deputies? // Legislative Studies Quarterly. — Vol. 21. — February 1996. — P. 34. On Yeltsin's own admission of changing policies and personnel under pressure; see: Yeltsin B. The Struggle for Russia. — The Time Books, 1995. — P. 165; Шохин А. Мой голос все-таки будет услышан — стенограмма эпохи перемен // Наш дом — век человека», 1995. — С. 30-42, особенно с. 34.
237
Bank W. Subsidies and Directed Credits to Enterprises in Russia: A Strategy for Reform. Report 11782-RU. — Washington, April 1993; Granville B. The Success of Russian Economic Reforms. — London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. — P. 67.
238
McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorba chev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001; Ельцин Б. Обращения президента на VII Съезде народных депутатов 10 декабря 1992 г. // Ельцин-Хасбулатов — единство, компромисс, борьба. — М., Терра-терра, 1994. — С. 235-238.
239
«A Personal Account from Moscow, December 1992: Russia after the Congress of People's Deputies», memo from Toby Gati to Mike Mandelbaum. — Decem ber 16, 1992. — P. 4.
240
См., например: Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 37-38.
241
Friedman T.L. with Sciolino E.: Clinton and Foreign Issues: Spasms of Attention // New York Times. — March 22, 1993. — P. A3.
242
Interview with Toby Gati.
243
Kant I. To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795) // Perpetual Peace and other Essays, trans. By Ted Humphrey. — Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1983. — P. 107-143.
244
Основная аргументация этой академической дискуссии приведена в: Brown M., Lynn-Jones S. and Miller S. eds. Debating the Democratic Peace (MIT Press, 1996). Strobe Talbott cites this academic literature in his essay; Democracy and the National Interest // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 75. — November-December 1996. — P. 47-63.
245
См: Clinton W.J. Liberal Internationalism: America and the Global Economy. — Speech at American University, February 26, 1993. reprinted in Alvin Rubinstein, Albina Shaevich, and Boris Zlotnikov, eds., The Clinton Foreign Policy Reader: Presidential Speeches with Commentaries (M.E. Sharpe, 2000). — P. 8-13.
246
Talbott S. Post-Victory Blues // Foreign Policy. — Vol. 71. — 1991-1992. — P. 53-69; and interview with Anthony Lake.
247
Lake A. From Containment to Enlargement // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 4. — September 27, 1993. — P. 658-664. House W. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Government Printing Office, July 1994); Carothers T. The Democracy Nostrum // World Policy Journal. — Vol. 11. — Fall 1994. — P. 47-53.
248
Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, «Support for Democracy and the U.S. National Interests», remarks before the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. — Washington, March 1, 1996.
249
President Clinton B. A Strategic Alliance with Russian Reforms. — April 1, 1993 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 4. — April 5, 1993. — P. 189-194.
250
The phrase is from Talbott «Democracy and the National Interest».
251
Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriation Committee, 104, Cong. 1 sess., February 5, 1995 (transcript provided by the Federal News Service, Washington). — P. 6; and interview with Talbott.
252
Statement of Thomas A. Dine before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 103 Cong. 2 sess. — January 26, 1994. — P. 7.
253
Interviews with Nicholas Burns and Tobi Gati.
254
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 58.
255
Rosner J. The New Tug of War: Congress, the Executive Branch, and National Security. — Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. — P. 45.
256
Boulton L. Russia Lurks in the Shadows of the G-7 Feast // Financial Times. — July 12, 1993. — P. 2; Boulton L. and Martin J. G-7 Nations Agree to Russia Fund // Financial Times. — July 9, 1993. — P. 1; and Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4.
257
Interview with Talbott.
258
Rosner, The New Tug-of-War. — P. 46.
259
Interview with Jeremy Rosner.
260
Источник: Аппарат координатора по вопросам помощи новым независимым государствам. Ежегодные отчеты о правительственной помощи и координации новым независимым государствам в 1994-1999 финансовых годах. Госдепартамент (www.fpa.org); за 2000 и 2001 годы (www.state.gov/p/eur/ace); запросы на международную помощь в 2002-2004 годах (www.state./gov/m/rm/rls/iab). Все сайты по состоянию на июль 2003 года.
261
Sachs J. Crash of Nations: Mexico Si, Russia, Nyet // New Republic. — February 6, 1995. — P. 12.
262
Interviews with Rosner and George Ingram.
263
Clinton W. Charter for Special Advisor to the President and to the Secretary of State on Assistance to the New Independent States (NIS) of the Former Soviet Union and Coordinator of NIS Assistance. Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies. — White House, April 4, 1995; and interview with Morningstar.
264
Interview with Brian Atwood.
265
Interview with Jeanne Bourgault, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources, U.S. Agency for International Development (1994-1997).
266
Interview with Atwood.
267
Interview with Morningstar.
268
См.: Corwin J. Playing the Aid Game // U.S. News and World Report. — October 3, 1994. — P. 35-36.
269
Interview with Bourgault.
270
Hiatt Q. in F. and Sutherland D. Grass-Roots Aid Works Best in Russia // Washington Post. — February 12, 1995. — P. Al.
271
Interview with Mark Medish. Morningstar made similar observations.
272
Interviews with Carlos Pascual, Atwood, and Morningstar.
273
General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance: International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Made Mixed Results, GAO-01-8. — November 2000. — P. 57. Interview with Ingram.
274
Interview with David Lipton.
275
Липтон совместно с Джефри Саксом написал несколько солидных статей и докладов относительно реформ, необходимых для демонтажа командной системы и создания рыночной экономики. See: in particular: Sachs J. and Lipman D. Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms // Brookings Papers on Economic Activities. — Vol. 2. — 1992. — P. 213-265; and Sachs J. and Lipton D. Remaining Steps to a Market-Based Monetary System // Aslund A. and Layard R. eds. Changing the Economic System in Russia. — St. Martin's Pres, 1992. — P. 163-82. On Summer's ideas about post-communist transition, see: Summers L. The Next Decade in central and Eastern Europe // Clague Ch. and Rausser G. eds. The Emergence of Market Economics in Eastern Europe. -Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1992. — P. 25-34.
276
Interview with Talbott; also interviews with Lipton, Morningstar and Atwood.
277
Interview with Lipton. On these three «tions» of reform, see Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy (Brookings, 1995).
278
Interview with Lipton.
279
On the memorandum on Economic Policy of the Russian Federation, see: Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 64.
280
Fyodorov, as quoted in: Boulton L. Fyodorov Hopes Aid Will Be Disbursed Quickly // Financial Times. — April 13, 1993. — P. 3. On missing 1992 window, see: Aslund A. Ruble shooters // New Republic — May 4, 1992. — P. 13. Относительно того, что было обещано в 1992 году и что было достигнуто на самом деле, см.: Greenhouse S.U.S. Maps an Aid Plan for Russia Though Roadblocks May Remain // New York Times. — April 1, 1993. — P. Al, 10.
281
Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.
282
See: Schelling T. The Marshall Plan: A Model for Eastern Europe. — P. 24.
283
Stone R.W. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition. — Princeton University Press, 2002. — P. 124.
284
Stone. Lending Credibility. — P. 124; and Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.
285
Interview with Lipton.
286
См.: Stone, Lending Credibility.
287
Обобщенную информацию о деятельности этих и других многосторонних кредитных институтов, см.: the appendixes in General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance (November 2000).
288
World Bank. Russia's Economy: World Bank Says Growth May Begin in 1998 but Reforms Are Key, press backgrounder, the World Bank Europe, and Central Europe Region. — Washington. — March 1997. — P. 5; Freeland C. World Bank Lends $ 6 billion to Russia // Financial Times. — April 15, 1997. — P. 2
289
Friedman T. U.S. Planning Aid to Shore Up Yeltsin's Position // New York Times. — March 6, 1993. — P. 1.
290
См.: Yeltsin's remarks during a state visit to France, as reported in John Lloyd. Call by Yeltsin for Immediate Western Support // Financial Times. — March 17, 1993. — P. 16.
291
United Press International. Russian Parliament Leader Lashes Out at 'Foreign Interference'. — April 2, 1993.
292
Blanchard О., Boyco М., Dabrowski M., Dornbusch R., Layard R. and Shleifer A. Post-Communist Reform: Pain and Progress. — MIT Press, 1993. — P. 54.
293
McFaul M. State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia // World Politics. — Vol. 47. — January 1995. — P. 210-243; for details, see: Blasi J., KroumovaM. and Kruse D. Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy. — Cornell University Press, 1997.
294
См.: Bivens M. and Bernstein J. The Russia You Never met // Demokra- tizatsiya. — Vol. 6 (Fall 1998). — P. 613-647; and Wedel J. The Harvard Boys Do Russia // Nation. — June 1, 1998. — P. 11-16; and Wedel J. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe, 1988-1998 (St. Martin's Press, 1998).
295
Interview with Atwood.
296
Interview with Morningstar.
297
Interview with Ingram.
298
Interview with James Steinberg.
299
Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.
300
Interview with Anders Aslund.
301
Interview with Talbott.
302
Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for the U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4; Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 78-82.
303
General Accounting Office (GAO), Overseas Investments: Issues Related to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation's Reauthorization, GAO/NISAD-97-230. — September 1997. — P. 18-19.
304
Quoted in: Kramer D. Russian Aid (I) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 79.
305
GAO, Overseas Investment. — P. 20.
306
Interview with Andrei Kozyrev and Talbott. Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 64-65.
307
Interview with Rose Gottemoeller.
308
Interview with David Lipton.
309
Office of the Coordinator of the Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to the Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 1997 Annual Report (Department of State, January 1998). — P. 75.
310
Sachs. Western Financial Assistance and Russian Reforms. — P. 159.
311
См.: Aslund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 69; Lloyd J. Moscow Seeks Active G-7 Backing for Reforms // Financial Times. — March 20-21, 1993. — P. 2.
312
Freeland. World Bank Lends $6 billion to Russia. — P. 2; такие частные фонды, как Институт открытого общества Джорджа Сороса, были более активны, чем американское правительство. См.: Dezhina I. and Graham L. Russian Basic Science after Ten Years of Transition and Foreign Support. — Working papers. — No. 24 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2002); see: Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 52, for the political problems associated with proposing social safety net funds.
313
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, April 1996). — P. 2-3.
314
Defense Secretary William Perry, Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia, address at George Washington University. — March 14, 1994 // Defense News. — Vol. 9. — No. 19 (1994). — P. 1-6; interview with Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall.
315
Carter A. and Perry W. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Brookings, 1999), especially chap. 2.
316
О дебатах в Сенате и Палате представителей по бюджетным вопросам см.: Woolf A. Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues // CRS Issue Brief for Congress. — Washington, Congressional Research Service, November 5, 2001.
317
Woolf, Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 8.
318
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.
319
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Firmer Soviet Union. — P. 3.
320
Interview with Daniel Poneman.
321
The MPC&A budgets were as follows: 1993, 3 million; 1994, 11 million; 1995, 73 million; 1996, 99 million; 1997, 115 million; 1998, 137 million; 1999, 152 million; 2000, 145 million; and 2001, 145 million.
322
Woolf. Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 12.
323
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.
324
Interview with William Perry.
325
Interview with Ashton Carter.
326
Perry. Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia.
327
Interview with James Collins.
328
Interviews with Morningstar, William Taylor, Perry, and Carter.
329
Morse L. Thumbs Down from Grain Traders // Financial Times. — April 6, 1993. — P. 4; White House press release. Vancouver Summit Assistance Package. — March 31, 1993; Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials. — April 4, 1993; Canada Place, Vancouver, British Columbia, Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.
330
Interview with Atwood.
331
Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 49-50.
332
Interview with Atwood.
333
Gaidar Y. Days of Defeat and Victory. — University of Washington Press, 1999. — P. 152.
334
Interview with Lipton.
335
Lipset S.M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy // American Political Science Review. — Vol. 53. — No. 1 (1959). — P. 69-105; see also: Lipset S.M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. — Doubleday, 1960; and more recently, Przeworski A., Alvarez M., Cheibub J.A. and Limongi F. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. — Cambridge University press, 2000.
336
Ясин Е. Нормальная экономика — основное условие демократии // Известия. — 1991. -27 августа. Перепечатка в: Current Digest of the Soviet Pres. — Vol. 43. — October 9, 1991. — P. 15.
337
Yasin. A Normal Economy Is the Main Condition for Democracy. — P. 15. For the analytical underpinning of this fear, see: Przeworski A. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economics Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
338
Об этой дискуссии см.: May В. Экономика и власть. — М.: Дело, 1995.
339
Yeltsin's address to the Fifth Congress, October 28, 1991 // Yeltsin-Khasbulatov. — P. 96.
340
May В. Экономика и власть. — С. 43.
341
См.: McFaul. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 4.,
342
McFaurs interview with Yegor Gaidar. — October 8, 1997.
343
Interview with Jeanny Bourgault, at the time, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources (DIHR).
344
Источник: Аппарат координатора помощи новым независимым государствам. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, 1996). P. 200 (www.fpa.org (July 2003).
345
Stiglitz J. Whither Reform? Ten Years of Transition, paper delivered at Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. — Washington, 1999; Hough J. The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia. — Brookings, 2001.
346
Interview with Stanley Fisher.
347
См., например: McFaul M. Why Russian Politics Matter // Foreign Policy. — Vol. 74. — January-February 1995. — P. 87-99; McFaul M. When Capitalism and Democracy Collide in Transition, Working Paper I. — Harvard University, Davis Center for Russian Studies, 1997. — P. 1-37.
348
National Democratic Institute, «Submission of the National Democratic Institute to the Congressionally Authorized Study on the U.S. Government- Funded Democracy Programs». — Washington, July 1994. — P. 2.
349
Hellman J. Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transition // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 203-234; Dethier J.-J., Ghanem H. and Zoli E. Does Democracy Facilitate the Economic Transition? An Empirical Study of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, unpublished manuscript. — World Bank, June 1999; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 1999: Ten Years of Transition. — London, 1999. — Chap. 5; Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
350
Interview with Gati.
351
К сожалению, нет компетентного анализа с оценкой истории этих про грамм в России. По отдельным направлениям см.: Richter J. Evaluating Western Assistance to Russian Women's Organizations, and Powell L. Western and Russian Environmental NGO's: A Greener Russia? in: Mendelson S. and Clenn J. eds. The Power and Limits of NGO's: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. — Columbia University Press, 2002; Sundstrom L. M. Strength from Without? Transnational Influences on NGO Development in Russia. Ph.D. dissertation. — Stanford University, December 2001; and Mendel son S. Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia: Between Success and Failure // International Security. — Vol. 25. — Spring 2001. — P. 68-106.
352
См. Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Go vernment Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.
353
Об этих проблемах см.: Carothers T. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999; and Diamond. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s.
354
Interview with Atwood.
355
Interview with Bourgault.
356
Относительно того, почему малые государства более эффективны, чем большие, см.: Nairn M. Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 5. — October 1994. — P. 32-48.
357
The Eurasia Foundation: 1996-1997 Report. — Washington, 1997. — P. 9.
358
См.: Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (spring 1995). — P. 78.
359
Talbott S. deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 104 Cong. 1 sess. — February 5, 1995. — P. 5.
360
Sherwood-Randall E. U.S. Policy and the Caucasus // Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter (Spring 1998). — P. 3-4. University of California, Berkeley, Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
361
Goldman S. IB92089: Russia // CRS Report for Congress (Congressional Research Service). — June 15, 2000. — P. 25.
362
Sciolino E. Clinton Adds Visit from Russian Official on Aid // New York Times. — March 19, 1993. — P. A5.
363
Interview with Talbott.
364
Телевизионное обращение Ельцина от 30 декабря 1991 г., публикация в: Ельцин-Хасбулатов. — С. 111.
365
Quoted in: Asmus R.D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. — Columbia University press, 2002. — P. 112.
366
«A Personal Account from Moscow, December 1992: Russia after the Congress of People's Deputies», memo from Tobi Gati to Mike Mandelbaum. — December 16, 1992. — P. 4.
367
Interview with Brian Atwood.
368
Interview with Anthony Lake and Coit Blacker.
369
Interview with Sandy Berger, Leon Fuerth, Strobe Talbott and James Steinberg.
370
Lake A. Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (Little, Brown, 2000). — P. 194.
371
Interviews with Lake and Talbott; and Lake A. Six Nightmares. — P. 194.
372
TASS. — February 13, 1992. In: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV, 92-031. — February 1, 1992. — P. 45; и Резолюции // чрезвычайного съезда КПРФ // Советская Россия. — 1993. — 25 февраля.
373
Hellman J. Winners take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transitions // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — No. 1. — P. 203-234.
374
См.: Гражданский союз. Программа антикризисного урегулирования. — М., 1992. — С. 12-23; а также Известия. — 1992. — 25 авг.
375
Lloyd J. Yeltsin Suffers Setback as Congress Rejects Gaidar // Financial Times. — December 10, 1992. — P. 16.
376
См.: Ельцин Б. Обращение Президента на VII Съезде народных депутатов. 10 декабря 1992 г.; Ельцин-Хасбулатов. Единство. Компромисс. Борьба. — М.: Терра-терра, 1994. — С. 235-236.
377
United Press International. — March 16, 1993.
378
Lowenhardt J. The Reincarnation of Russia: Struggling with the Legacy of Communism, 1990-1994. — Duke University Press, 1995. — P. 134-135; Костиков В. Роман с Президентом: записки пресс-секретаря. — М.: Вагириус, 1997. — С. 169.
379
Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.
380
Stephanopoulos G. All Too Human: A Political Education (Little, Brown and Co., 1999). — P. 138.
381
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 68.
382
Schmemann S. Summit in Vancouver: The Overview // New York Times. — April 5, 1993. — P. Al.
383
Interview with Graham.
384
Talbott S. The Russia Hand. — P. 70.
385
Собчак А. Доступ к вечнозеленеющему делу // Московские новости. — 1993. — 21 марта; Yeltsin B. The Struggle for Russia, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (Times Books, 1994). — P. 247.
386
Хасбулатов Р. Великая российская трагедия //. — M., СИМС, 1994.
387
Simes D. Reform Reaffirmed // Foreign Policy. — No. 90 (Spring 1993). — P. 38-56.
388
Interview with Nicholas Burns.
389
Clinton Sends Yeltsin His Full Support // Associated Press. — September 23, 1993.
390
Kaplan F. Yeltsin Suspends Legislature, Faces Impeachment Bid // Boston Globe. — September 22, 1993. — P. 1; Sciolino E. U.S. Supports Move by Russian Leader // New York Times. — September 22, 1993; Friedman S. U.S. Giving Boris its Grudging Support // Newsday. — September 22, 1993. — P. 4; and Friedman T. U.S. to Speed Money to Bolster Yeltsin // New York Times. — September 23, 1993.
391
Jehl D. Clinton Repeats Support for Yeltsin // New York Times. — September 30, 1993. — P. A14; and Clinton, quoted in: Friedman S. A Minefield in Moscow // Newsday. — September 23, 1993. — P. 114.
392
Sell L.D. Embassy under Siege: An Eyewitness Account of Yeltsin's 1993 Attack on Parliament // Problems of Post-Communism. — Vol. 50. — July-August 2003. — P. 64.
393
Clinton, Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters on Russia. — October 3. 1993, reprinted in Public Papers of the President William J. Clinton- 1993. — Vol. 2 (Government Printing Office, 1994). — P. 1647-1648; and Jehl D. Showdown in Moscow: Clinton Reaffirming Support for Yeltsin, Blames Rutskoi's Faction for the Violence // New York Times. — October 4, 1993. — P. All.
394
Jehl D. Showdown in Moscow: U.S. Reaction: Clinton is 'Foursquare' behind Yeltsin but Expects Elections Soon // New York Times. — October 5, 1993. — P. A19.
395
Ibid.
396
Interview with Nicholas Burns and Thomas Donilon.
397
Gosselin P. and Putzel M. U.S. Reaffirms Full Support for Russian Leader // Boston Globe. — October 5, 1993. — P. 12.
398
Rosner J. The New Tug of War: the Executive Branch, and National Security. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. — P. 55, 59.
399
Speaker's Advisory Group on Russia, Christopher Cox, Chairman, Russia's Road to Corruption: How the Clinton Administration Exported Government Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People (U.S. House of Representatives, September 2000), especially chap. 4.
400
Quoted in: Curtius M. U.S. Banking on Win for Russia Reforms // Boston Globe. — December 12, 1993. — P. 20.
401
Sciolino E. U.S. Offers Help to Russians to Insure Election Are Fair // New York Times. — October 24, 1993. — P. A12.
402
Interview with Boris Fyodorov, Anders Aslund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — Brookings, 1995. — P. 199.
403
Interview with Merry.
404
McFaul M. Russian Electoral Trends // Borany Z. ed. Russian Politics: Challenge of Democratization. — Cambridge University Press, 2001. — P. 19-63.
405
Yanov A. Weimar Russia. — New York: Slovo-Word, 1995; McFaul M. Nuts 'n' Honey: Why Zhirinovsky Can Win // New Republic. — February 14, 1994. — P. 23-24; Макфол. Спектр российского фашизма // Независимая газета. — 1994. — 2 ноября.
406
Fairbanks С. The Politics of Resentment // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 5. — April 1994. — P. 41.
407
Williams D. and R. Smith J. U.S. Now Gloomy on Russia Vote; Dazed Delegation in Moscow Rules Out Meeting Zhirinovsky // Washington Post, December 15, 1993. — P. Al; and interview with Talbott.
408
Hellmann, Winners Take All.
409
Подробнее см. McFaul M. Understanding Russia's Parliamentary Elections: Implications for American Foreign Policy, Essays in Public Policy (Palo Alto: Hoover Institution Press, 1994).
410
Passell P. Russia's Political Turmoil Follows Half Steps, Not Shock Therapy. — New York Times. — December 30, 1993. — P. D2.
411
Interviews with Lipton D., Kaslow A. World Leaders Move to Ease Terms for Russia // Christian Science Monitor. — December 24. — 1993. — P. 1. О негативной реакции экономистов, консультировавших российское правительство, на замечания Гора см.: Passell P. Russia's Political Turmoil Follows Half Steps, Not Shock Therapy // New York Times. — December 30, 1993. — P. Al.
412
Sciolino E. U.S. Is Abandoning 'Shock Therapy' for the Russians // New York Times. — December 21, 1993. — P. Al.
413
Interview with Lipton.
414
Nagorski A. Trying to Keep Russia on Track // Newsweek International. — January 29, 2001.
415
Interview with Talbott.
416
Interview with Boris Fyodorov.
417
Apple R.W. The Russia Vote: Results in Russia Shake Washington // New York Times. — December 15, 1993. — P. A16.
418
Interviews with James Steinberg and Donilon.
419
Apple R.W. The Russia Vote: Results in Russia Shake Washington // New York Times. — December 15, 1993. — P. A16.
420
King J. A Rebuke for Zhirinovsky: Gore Blasts Harsh Views, Urges Greater Aid for Russia // Record. — December 16, 1993. — P. A21; Sciolino E. Clinton Reaffirms Policy on Russia // New York Times. — December 16, 1993. -P. All.
421
May В. Экономическая реформа сквозь призму Конституции и политики. — М.: Ad Marginem, 1994; Sachs J. Betrayal // New Republic. — January 31, 1994. — P. 15; and the interview with Sachs J. They Are Going to Pursue Dangerous Policies // Time. — January 31, 1994. — P. 90; and Boulton L. Chubais Sounds Inflation Warning // Financial Times. — February 3, 1994. — P. 2.
422
Shevtsova L. Yeltsin's Russia: Myths and Reality. — Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. — P. 111.
423
Паин Э. и Попов А. Власть и общество на баррикадах // Известия. — 1994. — 10 февраля.
424
О формировании этой коалиции см.: Минкин А. Адвокат шефа КГБ Крючкова защищает президента Ельцина // Московский комсомолец. — 1995. — 14 января.
425
Гайдар. Дни поражений и побед. — С. 329. См также: Mansfield E. and Snyder J. Democratization and the Danger of War // International Security. — Vol. 20 (Summer 1995). — P. 5-38.
426
Dunlop J.B. Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of Separatist Conflict. — Cambridge University Press, 1998. — P. 124. Об анархии в Чечне при Дудаеве в период так называемой независимости см.: Lieven A. Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power. — Yale University Press, 1998. — P. 74-84.
427
Interview with Talbott.
428
Interviews with Talbott and James Woolsey, then director of central intelligence.
429
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 148; and interview with Nicholas Burns.
430
Interviews with Talbott and Steinberg.
431
Interview with Victoria Nuland.
432
Interviews with Steinberg, Coit D. Blacker, Lake, and Fuerth.
433
Interview with Ashton Carter.
434
Christopher C. In the Stream of History. — P. 266.
435
Interview with Carter.
436
Interview with Lake.
437
Lake A. The Challenge of Change in Russia // Remarks before U.S. — Russia Business Council, April 1, 1996, White House Office of Press Secretary. — April 3, 1996. — P. 2; President Clinton, final press conference at the Summit of the Americas. — Florida, December 11, 1994; and CNN, May 11, 1995. — Transcript 1020-3.
438
Interview with Burns.
439
Interview with Talbott; Smith J. U.S. Interests Seem Allied with Russian in Chechnya // Washington Post. — December 25, 1994. — P. A27; and interview with Warren Christopher on MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour, December 13, 1994. Об альтернативной перспективе, дезавуировавшей метафору о «принципе домино», см.: McFaul M. Russian Politics after Chechnya // Foreign Policy. — No. 99 (Summer 1995). — P. 149-165.
440
U.S. Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, daily press briefing, January 3, 1995.
441
Hoffman D. and Harris J. Clinton, Yeltsin Gloss Over Chechen War // Washington Post. — April 22, 1996. — P. Al.
442
Interviews with Nuland and Talbott; and Talbott S. The Russia Hand. — P. 205.
443
Lake A. The Challenge of Change in Russia. — P. 2; see: Talbott S., deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropria tion Committee. February 5, 1996. — 104 Cong. 1 sess. — P. 3; Christopher W. In the Stream of History; Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era. — Stanford University Press. — P. 249.
444
Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott. Supporting Democracy and Econo mic Reform in the New Independent States, statement before the Subcommittee on Foreign Operations of the Senate Appropriations Committee, February 9, 1995, 104 Congreess // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 6. — February 20, 1995. — P. 121; and interview with Christopher on McNeil/Lehrer Newshour.
445
McCurry M. State Department briefing. — January 3, 1995.
446
Interview with Christopher on McNeil/Lehrer Newshour; and interview with Fuerth.
447
Christopher W. In the Stream of History. — P. 268.
448
Interview with Talbott.
449
NPR's Morning Edition. — March 30, 1995. — Transcript 1574-5. — P. 2.
450
Ross W. The Role of Foreign Policy Advisors in Dole, Clinton Campaigns, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda // USIA Electronic Journals. — Vol. 1 (October 1996).
451
Brzezinski. On CNN International. — June 15, 1996. — Transcript 1549-3.
452
Yavlinsky G. Shortsighted // New York Times Magazine. — January 6, 1995. — P. 66.
453
For details, see McFaul M. Russian Politics after Chechnya // Foreign Policy. — No. 99 (Summer 1995). — P. 149-165.
454
Interview with Burns.
455
См.: Hoffman D. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in New Russia (Public Affairs, 2002).
456
Interviews with Steinberg, Fuerth, and other U. S. government officials.
457
Почему Явлинский не мог победить в 1996 году, см.: McFaul M. Russia between Elections: The Vanishing Center, Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 7. — April 1996. — P. 90-104.
458
Veliko Vujacic V. Gennady Zyuganov and the Third Road, Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 12. — April-June 1996. — P. 118-154; Невежин Ю. Новый «призрак» у шахтеров // Независимая газета. — 1996. — 30 марта; Lawson E. and Marshall В. Russia on Election Eve: A U.S. — Russia Business Council Report to the Board of Directors. — Washington, U.S. Russia Business Council. — May 17, 1996. — P. 4-5, 16.
459
Singer D. The Burden of Boris. Nation. — April 1, 1996. — P. 23; and Hough J., Davidheiser E. and Lehman S.G. The 1996 Russian Presidential Election. — Brookings, 1996. — P. 86; and Lawson and Marshall. Russia on Election Eve. — P. 15.
460
Interview with Gaidar.
461
Коржаков цитируется в книге Бориса Ельцина: Midnight Diaries, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatric (Public Affairs, 1999). — P. 23; and Remnicks D. Resurrection: The Struggle for Russia Random House, 1997. — Chap. 11.
462
Interviews with David Lipton, Lake, and other U.S. government officials.
463
Interviews with Lipton, Atwood, and Talbott.
464
Interview with Talbott. Collins quoted // Sciolino E. Who'll Win Russia? For America, Uncertainty Wraps the Riddle // New York Times. — May 19, 1996. — Sec. 4. — P. 1.
465
Interviews with Talbott and Blacker. A photograph of the meeting is in Christopher, In the Stream of History.
466
Interviews with Blacker and Fuerth.
467
Talbott S. The Russia Hand. — P. 195.
468
Morris D. Behind the Oval Office: Getting Reelected against All Odds. — Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 1999. — P. 250; and interviews with Dick Morris and Sandy Berger.
469
PBS Frontline. Return of the Czar, 2000 (www.pbs.org.).
470
Mitchell A. Clinton Tiptoed around Russian Vote Except to say He's for It // New York Times. — April 21, 1996. — Sec. 1. — P. 10; and Powell S. Clinton Cautious as Russian Vote Nears // Times Union (Albany, N.Y.). — June 9, 1996. — P. A9.
471
Backing Boris: Summiteering, Electioneering, and Debt Relief. Prism: A Bi-Weekly on Post-Soviet Studies. — Vol. 11. — May 3, 1996. — Part 1.
472
Interview with Morris.
473
Беккер А. Запад идет на выручку российским властям // Сегодня. — 1997. — 28 марта; OECD, Russian Federation 1997. — Paris, 1997. — P. 69.
474
Interviews with Carlos Pascual and Lipton. Mitchell A. Pulling for Yeltsin, but Gingerly // New York Times. — April 14, 1996. — Sec. 4. — P. 4; and Erlanger S. Chicken Parts and Politics on Agenda at Sinai Talks // New York Times. — March 28, 1996. Talbott credits Dick Morris for the Saudi debt scheme. See: Talbott S. The Russia Hand. — P. 447. — Note 6.
475
Interviews with Fyodorov and Lipton; and Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Block. — Cambridge University Press, 2001. — P. 427.
476
Lopez-Claros A. The Role of International Financial Institutions during Transition in Russia, unpublished manuscript, September 2002. — P. 18.
477
Lawson and Marshall. Russia on Election Eve. -PI; and interview with Stanley Fisher.
478
Press conference by Vice President Gore and Prime Minister Chernomyrdin of Russia, Old Executive Office Building, Room 450, White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — January 30, 1996.
479
Interviews with Lipton, Berger, and other U.S. government officials.
480
Quinn-Judge P. Clinton Gives Yeltsin a Vote of Confidence: Declares Support for $9 billion Loan // Boston Globe. — January 31, 1996. — P. 2; and Shweid B. Clinton, Gore Back Huge Loan to Russia // Associated Press. — January 31, 1996; Gordon M. Russia and I.M.F. Agree on Loan for $10.2 Billion // New York Times. — February 23, 1996. — P. 2; and interviews with Lipton, Pascual, and other U.S. officials.
481
Gordon. Russia and I.M.F. Agree on Loan for $10.2 Billion. — P. 1.
482
Fyodorov. Quoted in: Gordon. Russia and I.M.F. Agree on Loan for $10.2 Billion. — P. 2.
483
See: interviews with Lipton and Fisher.
484
Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Block. — Cambridge University Pres: 2001; and Treisman D. Fighting Inflation in a Transitional Regime: Russia's Anomalous Stabilization // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 235-265; and Fisher S. The Russian Economy: Prospects and Retrospects, address to the Higher School of Economics. — Moscow (Russia), June 19, 2001 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2001/061901.htm [July 2003]).
485
Interviews with Talbott, Blacker, and Berger; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 195.
486
Interviews with Talbott, Blacker, and others; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 195.
487
О распрях и раздорах в предвыборной команде Ельцина в 1996 году см.: McFaul M. Russia's 1996 Presidential Elections: The End of Polarized Politics. — Hoover Institution Press, 1997. — Chap. 3.
488
Интервью Макфола в 1996 году с представителями избирательного штаба Ельцина: Анатолием Чубайсом, Игорем Малашенко, Вячеславом Никоновым и Георгием Сатаровым. См. также: Kramer M. Rescuing Boris // Time. — July 15, 1996. В статье Крамера сильно преувеличивается роль американских советников, но она дает верное представление об их деятельности.
489
Interview with Morris.
490
Mendelson S. Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia // International Security. — Vol. 25 (Spring 2001). — P. 68-106.
491
Rose R. and Tikhomirov E. Russia's Forced-Choice Presidential Elections // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 12. — October-December 1996. — P. 351-79; Colton T. Transitional Citizens: Voters and What Influences Them in the New Russia. — Harvard University Press, 2000; and McFaul. Russia's 1996 Presidential Elections.
492
Зудин А. Бизнес и политика в президентской кампании 1996 года // Pro et Contra: Т. 1 (Октябрь 1996). — С. 46-60. Некоторые аналитики подчеркивали важную роль, которую обещания сыграли в обеспечении победы Ельцина. См.: Brudny Y. In Pursuit of the Russian Presidency: Why and How Yeltsin Won the 1996 Presidential Election // Communist and Post-Communist Studies. — Vol. 3 (Fall 1997). — P. 255-75; and Treisman D. Deciphering Russia's Federal Finance: Fiscal Appeasement in 1995 and 1996 // Europe-Asia Studies. — Vol. 50 (July 1998). — P. 893-906; Запелкий А., Мухин А., Тюков Н. Россия: президентская кампания 1996 года. — М.: СПИК-Центр, 1996; более скептический анализ: Thames F. Did Yeltsin Buy Elections? The Russian Political Business Cycle, 1993-1999 // Communist and Post-Communist Studies. — Vol. 34 (March 2001). — P. 63-76; and Hoffman D. The Oligarchs. — Chap. 13.
493
Yeltsin. Midnight Diaries. — P. 25.
494
Asmus. Opening NATO's Door. — P. 166.
495
Hill F. The Caucasus and Central Asia // Policy Brief — No. 80 (Brookings, May 2001).
496
Interview with Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall.
497
Interview with Victoria Nuland.
498
Хороший обзор режима контроля ракетных технологий (РКРТ) см.: Ozga D. A. A Chronology of the Missile Technology Control Regime // Nonpro-liferation Review. — Vol. 1. — Winter 1994. — P. 66-93.
499
Gore-McCain Missile and Proliferation Control Act, Congressional Record. — August 4, 1989. — P. S10 230.
500
Ozga. Chronology. — P. 82-83.
501
Armitage R. Russia's Eligibility from Assistance under FREEDOM Support Act, unclassified action memorandum from EUR Thomas M.T. Niles and D/CISA, released in full by the Department of State, June 27, 2001, in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request from the authors.
502
Ibid.
503
Interviews with Gottemoeller and Poneman. Reporters covering the issue understood quid pro quo; for example. See: Smith R.J. U.S. Russia Near Accord on Technology for India // Washington Post. — July 14, 1993. — P. A17.
504
Interview with Fuerth and Andrei Kozyrev; Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 59-60.
505
Interview with Fuerth and Gotemoeller.
506
Gordon M.R. U.S. Sets Penalty for Russian Firms // New York Times. — June 25, 1993; and Smith R.J. U.S., Russia Near Accord on Technology for India.
507
Interview with Strobe Talbott; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 81-82; and Smith. U.S., Russia Near Accord on Technology for India.
508
Interview with Strobe Talbott; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 81-82.
509
Smith. U.S., Russia Near Accord on Technology for India; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 81-82.
510
Ozga. Chronology. — P. 88.
511
Rosewicz B. Technology: Former Space-Race Rivals Poised to Launch Greater Cooperation; First U.S. Commercial Use of Russia's Mir Station to Be Pact's Centerpiece // Wall Street Journal. — September 2, 1993. — P. B6; Rosewicz B. Technology: U.S. And Russia May Join Forces on Space Station // Wall Street Journal. — September 3. — 1993. — P. B3; Clayton Jr. W.E. and Carreau M. U.S., Russia Agree to Joint Space Venture // Houston Chronicle. — September 3, 1993. — P. Al; Vartabedian R. and McManus D. U.S., Russia to Jointly Build Space Station // Los Angeles Times. — September 3, 1993. — P. A8; and Holmes S.A. U.S. and Russians Join in New Plan for Space Station // New York Times. — September 3, 1993. — Al.
512
Robbins C.A. and Rosewicz B. Reaching Out: U.S. Hopes to Move Moscow into the West through Deeper Ties; but Courting Russia's Elites in Military and Industry Entails Significant Risks — Helping Future Imperialists? // Wall Street Journal. — December 13, 1993. — P. Al. Interviews with Fuerth and Gottemoeller.
513
Interview with Boris Tarasyuk.
514
For elaboration, see Garnett S. Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997. — Chap. 5.
515
Interview with Talbott; and John Buntin. Decision to Denuclearize: How Ukraine became a Non-Nuclear Weapons State. Kennedy School of Government Case Program, C14-98-1425.0. — P. 13.
516
Interview with Gottemoeller.
517
Segal L. Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the United States and Russia, 1985-1994 (Century Foundation Press. 2000). — P. 251-262; Buntin. — Decision to Denuclearize. — P. 16-17; and interviews with Gottemoeller and Ashton Carter. The administration became publicly to emphasize it was changing the tone from sticks to carrots. See: Gordon M.R. With Aid, U.S. Seeks to Sway Ukraine on A-Arms, New York Times, June 4, 1993, p. A7.
518
Interview with Carter.
519
Goodby J. Europe Divided: The New Logic of Peace in the U.S. — Russian Relations. — Washington, U.S. Institute of Peace, 1998. — P. 80.
520
Interview with Talbott; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 80.
521
Interview wit Talbott; on Garmish meetings. See: Healy M. Aspin Proposes U.S. — Russian Joint Maneuvers // Los Angeles Times. — June 6, 1993. — P. Al; see also: Gordon M. R. Aspin Meets Russian in Bid to Take Ukraine's A-Arms // New York Times. — June 6, 1993. — P. 16; and Gordon M. R. Russians Fault U.S. on Shifting Ukraine's Arms // New York Times. — June 7, 1993. -P. Al. Анализ недовольства Грачева вмешательством США в то, что ему представлялось как чисто российско-украинская проблема, см.: Lapychak Ch. U.S. Changes Its Strategy to Help Ukraine Disarm // Christian Science Monitor. — June 9, 1993. — P. 2.
522
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 83.
523
Sigal. Hang Separately. — P. 264.
524
Secto 17 049, Secretary's Meeting with Ukrainian President Kravchuk, October 25, 1993. Kiev, declassified May 11, 2000, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by the authors.
525
Secto 17 049, also Secto 17 045, Secretary's Meeting with Ukrainian Rada Leaders, October 25, 1993. Kiev, declassified May 11, 2000, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by the authors.
526
Sigal. Hang Separately. — P. 264; and Buntin. Decision to Denuclearize. — P. 20.
527
Interview with Talbott.
528
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 109.
529
Interview with Talbott; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 109.
530
Buntin, Decision to Denuclearize. — P. 24-26; and Sigal. Hang Separately. — P. 264.
531
Buntin J. Epilogue: To Budapest and Beyond // KSG Case Program, С14-98-1425.1. — 1997. — P. 4
532
For background see: Beyrle J.R. The Long Good-Bye: The Withdrawal of Russian Military Forces from Baltic States, Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, case 371 (Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1996). Beyrle served on NSC staff from 1993 through 1995.
533
Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 2-3.
534
Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 6-7; коллега Бейрли по СНБ Николас Берне обсуждал интерес Лейка к Балтии в интервью с авторами. Краткий обзор некоторых проблем см.: Hokstader. Russia to Remove Troops from Estonia by Aug. 31 // Washington Post. — July 27, 1994. — P. A22.
535
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 63; and Beyrle. The Long Good- Bye. — P. 7.
536
Interviews with Talbott and Burns.
537
Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 7.
538
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 443, note 3; interview with Talbott; and Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 7-9.
539
Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 8; and Talbott, The Russia hand. — P. 126.
540
Talbott, The Russia Hand. -P. 126.
541
Burns is quoted in Beyrle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 9. О заявлении Клинтона по этому вопросу в Латвии см.: Press Conference by President Clinton, President Ulmanis of Latvia, and President Men of Estonia, Press Availability, State Room, Riga Castle, Riga, Latvia, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Warsaw, Poland). — July 6, 1994.
542
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 127.
543
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 128; interview with Talbott; Farrell J.A. Yeltsin Makes Concessions on Baltic Security // Boston Globe. — July 11. — P. 8; and Beryle, The Long Good-Bye. — P. 9.
544
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 126, 130.
545
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 128.
546
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 128.
547
Ibid. — P. 129; and interview with Talbott.
548
Interview with Nuland.
549
Соответствующие комментарии на этот счет российского министра иностранных дел Козырева см.: Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 158-159.
550
Дополнительно см.: Greenhouse S. Russia and China Pressed Not to Sell A-Plants to Iran // New York Times. — January 25, 1995. — P. A6; and Einhorn R.J. and Samore G. Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb // Survi val. — Vol. 44 (Summer 2002). — P. 51-70; and Talbott, The Russia Hand — P. 158.
551
Interview with Talbott.
552
Lauter D. Yeltsin Pledges to End Arms Sales to Iran // Los Angeles Times. — September 29, 1994. — P. A12.
553
Kaplan F. Reactor Sale Adds to U.S. — Russia Strain // Boston Globe. — February 26, 1995. — P. 22.
554
Christopher W. In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era. — Stanford University Press, 1998. — P. 253; and Williams D. and Lippman T.W. Christopher Charges Iran Continues Nuclear Program // Washington Post. — January 21, 1995. — P. All.
555
См.: Sciolino E. Congress Presses Russia, and Clinton, over Iran Deal // New York Times. — February 22, 1995. — P. A8; and Greenhouse S. Russia Insists Reactor Sale to Iran Is Firm // New York Times. — February 24, 1995. — P. 5.
556
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 152-154; and interview with Coit D. Blacker.
557
Stephanopulos. All Too Human. — P. 329-330.
558
Interview with Dick Morris. См. также: Morris D. Behind the Oval Office: Getting Reelected against All Odds. — Los Angeles: Renaissance, 1999. — P. 250
559
Interview with Dick Morris; and Morris, Behind the Oval Office. — P. 250-251.
560
Interview with Poneman.
561
Greenhouse S. U.S. Gives Russia Secret Data on Iran to Discourage Atom Deal // New York Times. — April 2, 1995. — P. A9; and Erlanger S. Russia Says Sale of Atom Reactor to Iran Is Still On // New York Times. — April 4, 1995. — P. A1.
562
Christopher, In the Stream of History. — P. 267.
563
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 159-160.
564
Sciolino E. Clinton and Yeltsin Seeking Common Ground for Talks // New York Times. — April 28, 1995. — P. A8.
565
Erlanger S. Summit in Moscow: The Overview // New York Times. — May 11, 1995. — P. Al; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 161 and 445. — No 7; and remarks by President Clinton and President Yeltsin in a Joint Press Conference. — Moscow, May 11, 1995. — P. Al.
566
Dobbs M. Summit Seen as 'Failure' by Republicans on the Hill // Washington Post. — May 11, 1995. — P. A32; Broder J.M. and Williams C.J. Yeltsin Offers Minor Concessions to U.S. // Los Angeles Times. — July 1, 1995. — P. Al.
567
Erlanger S. Facing Threat in Parliament, Yeltsin Removes Three Ministers // New York Times. — July 1, 1995. — P. 1; and Boudreaux R. Russia Agrees to Stop Selling Arms to Iran // Los Angeles Times. — July 1, 1995. — P. Al.
568
Einhorn and Samore. Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb. — P. 53; and Broder J.M. Despite a Secret Pact by Gore in '95, Russian Arms Sales to Iran Go On // New York Times. — October 13, 2000. Al. О деталях см.: Contracts Suspended with Iran that could be Renewed Outlined. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV-2000-1123. — November 23, 2000.
569
Broder J.M. Despite a Secret Pact by Gore in '95, Russian Arms Sales to Iran Go On // New York Times. — October 13, 2000. — P. Al.
570
Основополагающий акт о взаимоотношениях, сотрудничестве и без опасности между Российской Федерацией и Организацией Североатлантического договора. Май 1997 года.
571
Russia and the Threat of NATO (interview with Anatoly Chubais) // Time. — February 17, 1997. — P. 40.
572
О критике Партнерства ради мира (ПРМ) см. интервью с Козыревым in: Time. — July 1994. — P. 44-45. О критике хартии см.: Aron L. The Foreign Policy Doctrine of Post-Communist Russia and Its Domestic Context, in: Mandelbaum M. ed. The New Russian Foreign Policy. — New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1998. — P. 47.
573
McFaul M. A Precarious Piece: Domestic Politics in the Making of Russian Foreign Policy // International Security. — Vol. 22 (Winter 1997-1998). — P. 5-35.
574
Kozyrev A. Don't Threaten Us // New York Times. — March 18, 1994. — P. All.
575
См: Goldgeier J.M. Not Whether but When: The U.S. Decision to Enlarge NATO (Brookings, 1999). — P. 14-17. The Genscher quote is in Stephen F. Sabo. The Diplomacy of German Unification (St. Martin's Press, 1992). — P. 57-58.
576
Zelikow P. and Rice С Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. — Harvard University Press, 1995. — P. 176.
577
Zelikow and Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. — P. 180-183.
578
По этому вопросу см.: Hutchings R.L. American Diplomacy and the End of the Cold War: An Insider's Account of U.S. Policy in Europe, 1989-1992. — Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997. — P. 290ff; see also: Asmus R.D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. — Columbia University Press, 2002. — P. 5.
579
For a discussion of the debate in the administration during this period, see: Goldgeier, Not Whether but When. — Chap. 2; and Asmus, Opening NATO's Door.
580
Interview with Anthony Lake.
581
Interview with William Perry.
582
Asmus, Opening NATO's Door. — P. 50; and Talbott, The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 99-100.
583
Secretary Christopher's meeting with President Yeltsin, October 22, 1993, Moscow, October 25, 1993. Declassified in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request by the authors, May 8, 2000; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 115.
584
Grachev, quoted in Alessandra Stanley. Russia Seeks Link to NATO but Nationalists Are Bitter // New York Times. — March 18, 1994. — P. A4. See also: Clark B. Russian Warms to NATO Partnership // Financial Times. — April 28, 1994. — P. 2.
585
Clinton W. The President's News Conference with Visegrad Leaders in Prague. — January 12, 1994, Public Papers of the President of the United States, Book 1 (Government Printing Office, 1994). — P. 40.
586
Clinton W. Interview with Tomasz Lis of Polish Television. — July 1, 1994, Public Papers. — Book 1. — P. 1187; Clinton W. Remarks following Discussions with President Lech Walesa of Poland and an Exchange with reporters in Warsaw. — July 16, 1994; Public Papers. — Book 1. — 1994. — P. 1250-06.
587
Interview with Talbott; and see also: Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 131.
588
U.S. — German Relations and the Challenge of a New Europe. U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 5. — September 12, 1994. — P. 597-598; and James Goldgeier's interview with Wesley Clark and John Shalikashvily in 1998 and 1999.
589
Interview with Talbott.
590
Относительно внутриполитических причин, сковывавших внешнюю политику Ельцина, см.: Фельгенгауэр П. Российское общество приходит к консенсусу по вопросам национальных интересов // Сегодня. — 1995. — 26 мая; о заявлении Ельцина-Валенсы см.: Asmus, Opening NATO's Door. — P. 37.
591
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 136; and Asmus, Opening NATO's Door. — P. 90.
592
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 137.
593
Thomas D. The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights and the Demise of Communism. — Princeton University Press, 2001.
594
Interview with Talbott.
595
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 138-139; and interview with Talbott.
596
Claes W. NATO and the Evolving Euro-Atlantic Security Architecture. NATO Review. — No. 6 (December 1994) — No 1 (January 1995) (www.nato.int); and Christopher W. The North Atlantic Council Final Communique. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 5. — December 19, 1994. — P. 833.
597
ITAR-TASS. — December 4, 1994. — In: FBIS, Daily Report: Soviet Union. — December 5, 1994. — P. 4.
598
Interview with Thomas Donilon.
599
Clinton W. The President's News Conference with President Kuchma of Ukraine. — November 22, 1994. Public Papers of the President of the United States. — Book 2 (1994). — P. 2115.
600
Interview with Talbott; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 141; Remarks by the President at the Plenary Session of 1994 Summit of the Council [sic] on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Office of the Press Secretary (Budapest). — December 5, 1994.
601
FBIS. Daily Report: Soviet Union. — December 5, 1994. — P. 4; Asmus, Opening NATO's Door. — P. 95.
602
Interviews with Bums and Talbott.
603
Interview with Ross.
604
Interview with Victoria Nuland.
605
Interview with Talbott.
606
Interview with Perry.
607
Goldgeier, Not Whether but When. — Chap. 4.
608
Interview with Talbott.
609
Interview with Fuerth.
610
Interview with Talbott; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 144-145; and Erlanger S. Gore Upbeat after Talks with Top Russian Leaders // New York Times. — December 17, 1994. — P. 7.
611
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 444. — No. 11.
612
Carter A.B. and Perry W.J. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Brookings, 1999). — P. 29-31; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 145-146; and interview with Perry.
613
Interview with Perry.
614
См: Goldgeier. Not Whether but When. — P. 75-76; and Talbot's version of events in The Russia Hand. — P. 145.
615
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 154.
616
Interview with Talbott; Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 156.
617
Smith R.J. and Williams D. U.S. Plans New Tack on Russia-NATO Tie // Washington Post. — January 16, 1995. — P. Al; Smith R.J. Russia Intends to Pursue Guarantees from NATO // Washington Post. — March 11, 1995. — P. A21.
618
Pushkov A. Reacting to NATO Expansion, Russia Should Take Its Time // Moscow News. — March 24, 1995.
619
Interview with Talbott; Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 161-162.
620
Interview with Talbott.
621
On the treaty, see: Falkenrath R.A. Shaping Europe's New Military Order: The Origins and Consequences of the CFE Treaty (MIT Press, 1995); Harahan J. and Kuhn III J. On-Site Inspections under the CFE Treaty. — Washington, On-Site Inspection Agency, 1996.
622
Remarks by President Clinton and President Yeltsin in a Joint Press Conference. — Moscow, May 10, 1995.
623
Interview with Ashton Carter.
624
On the October 8 meeting, see: Perry and Carter. Preventing Defense. — P. 35-39; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 175; for public comments at the time on a Russian nonmilitary role, see: remarks by Anthony Lake in Farrell J.A. Clinton, Yeltsin Split on NATO, Planning for New Bosnia Force // Boston Globe. — October 23, 1995. — P. 1.
625
Interview with Carter.
626
Carter and Perry. Preventive Defense. — P. 44; interview with Carter; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 176, 186.
627
Interview with Talbott.
628
Lippman T.W. Russia Offered Ties with NATO; U.S. Hopes to Ease Moscow's Opposition to Alliance's Expansion // Washington Post. — September 7, 1996. — P. A15.
629
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 228; and interview with Eric Edelman.
630
Goldgeier, Not Whether but When. — P. 105.
631
Ibid. — P. 105-106.
632
Remarks by the President to the People of Detroit. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, October 22, 1996; and Harris J.F. Campaign '96 — Clinton Wows Wider NATO in 3 Years // Washington Post. — October 23, 1996. — P. Al.
633
Interview with Eric Edelman; Drozdiak W. Europeans Approve Arms Cuts; Russia Still Opposes an Expanded NATO // Washington Post, December 3, 1996. — P. A20; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 222.
634
Christopher W. Fulfilling the Founding Vision of NATO, U.S. //Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 7. — December 9, 1996. — P. 601; Drozdiak W. NATO Pledges Not to Put Nuclear Arms in New Members States // Washington Post. — December 11, 1996. — P. A16.
635
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 229; and Drozdiak, NATO Pledges Not to Put Nuclear Arms in New Member States. — P. A16; Drozdiak, Russia Accepts NATO's Offer of Negotiations on New Ties // Washington Post. — December 12, 1996. — P. Al.; Kempster N. Russia, NATO to Hammer Out a New Treaty // Los Angeles Times. — December 12, 1996. — P. Al.
636
Interviews with Talbott and other U.S. officials who were in the larger meeting, including NSC staffer Carlos Pascual, Treasury official David Lipton, and Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) official Michael Nacht; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 230-231. See also: Russia and the Threaty of NATO (interview with Anatoly Chubais) // Time. — February 17, 1997. — P. 40.
637
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 225.
638
Interview with Talbott.
639
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 226-227.
640
Interview with Talbott.
641
Interview with Bass and Talbott.
642
Goldgeier, Not Whether but When. — P. 113; and Whitney C.R. NATO Says It Won't Base New Forces in the East // New York Times. — March 15, 1997. — P. A6.
643
Quoted in: Drozdiak W. Poland Urges NATO Not to Appease Russia: The Smell of Yalta Is Always with Us // Washington Post. — March 17, 1997. — P. A13.
644
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 237.
645
On MIRVs, ibid. — P. 438. — Note 14.
646
Ibid. — P. 238.
647
Clinton and Yeltsin and How They Failed «Three Fundamental Challenges» // New York Times. — March 22, 1997. — P. A6. On Yeltsin, see: Stanley A. Yeltsin Tells Russians that Bending on the NATO Issue Paid Off // New York Times. — March 27, 1997. — P. A5. On Denver, see: Remarks by President Clinton and President Yeltsin in Photo Opportunity. Brown Palace Hotel, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Denver), June 20, 1997; Press Briefing by the Press Secretary Mike McCurry, Deputy Director of the NSC Jim Steinberg, and Deputy Secretary Larry Summers. White House, Office of the Press Secretary, June 20, 1997; and Baker P. Industrial Powers Gather; In: Transition, Russia.Attends Denver Summit // Washington Post. — June 21, 1997. — P. Al.
648
Yeltsin B. Midnight Diaries. Translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (Public Affairs, 1999). — P. 130.
649
Ibid. — P. 131.
650
Interviews with Sandy Berger, Lake and Lipton.
651
For Clinton public statements. See: Press Conference of the President Clinton and President Yeltsin, Kalastaja Torppa, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Helsinki, Finland), March 21, 1997; on Baltic issue, see: Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 239-241.
652
Interview with John Bass.
653
Interviews with Jamie Shea and Talbott. On Primakov-Yeltsin and positions on military equipment, see also: Dobbs M. For Clinton, Sticking with Yeltsin Sealed Agreement on NATO // Washington Post. — May 27, 1997. — P. All.
654
The Founding Act as posted on the NATO website (www.nato.int).
655
Remarks by the President in Live telecast to Russian People, Ostankino TV Station, Moscow, Russia, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Moscow Russia), January 14, 1994; Remarks by the President Clinton, French President Chirac, Russian President Yeltsin, and NATO Secretary-General Solana at NATO-Russia Founding Act Signing Ceremony. White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Paris, France), May 27, 1997.
656
For a survey, see: Stent A. Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe. — Princeton University Press, 1999. — P. 226-229, the Gaidar quote is on. — P. 227.
657
Аналогичную позицию см. в высказываниях Майкла Макфола и его заявлении в: Russia's Election: What Does It Mean? Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 104 Cong. 2 sess. — July 10, 1996. — P. 19-21 and 57-67. Others did not, see: Reddaway P. Russia Heads for Trouble // New York Times. — July 2, 1996. — P. A15. Layard R. and Parker J. // The Coming Russian Boom: A Guide to New Markets and Politics. — Free Press, 1996. Намного раньше других предсказали экономический рост в России.
658
Talbott S. The End of the Beginning: The Emergence of a New Russia, address delivered at Stanford University. — September 19, 1997; and Talbott S. The Struggle for Russia's Future // Wall Street Journal. — September 25, 1997. — P. A22.
659
Talbott. The End of the Beginning.
660
McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001. — Chap. 7; Clinton's remarks were posted at www.g7.utoronto.
661
American Foreign Policy Council, Russia Reform Monitor. — Washington, September 1997. — No. 308; and Gordon M. Russia Resists IMF's Strategy for Reducing Budget Deficit // New York Times. — May 16, 1998. — P. 3.
662
Kara H., Pinto В. and Ulatov S. An Analysis of Russia's 1998 Meltdown: Fundamentals and Market Signals. — Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. — Vol. 1 (2001). — P. 14.
663
Treisman D. Fighting Inflation in a Transitional Regime: Russia's Anomalous Stabilization // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 235-265; and General Accounting Office. Foreign Assistance: International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Mixed Results, report to the House Committee on Banking and Financial Services, GAO-01-8 (November 2000). — P. 46.
664
Joint Statement on U.S. — Russia Economic Initiative. — March 21, 1997; Public Papers of the President, 1997. — Vol. 1 (Government Printing Office, 1997). — P. 345.
665
Gore-Chernomyrdin press conference. — September 23, 1997. U.S. Information Agency transcript.
666
U.S. to Push for Russia's Integration into WTO // Wall Street Journal. — April 1, 1997. — P. A5.
667
Fisher S. The Russian Economy: Prospects and Retrospects, address to the Higher School of Economics. — Moscow (Russia), June 19, 2001 (www.imf.org/ external/np/speeches/2001/061901.htm [July 2003]).
668
Fisher S. What Went Wrong in Russia // Financial Times. — September 27, 1999. — P. 26.
669
Summers L.H. The Global Stake in Russian Economy Reform, speech to the U.S. — Russia Business Council, April 1, 1997 (www.ustres.gov/press/release/ n-1578 [July 2003]).
670
См.: Fisher. What Went Wrong in Russia.
671
McFaul M. Russia's 'Privatized' State as an Impediment to Democratic Consolidation. — Part 2. Security Dialogue. — Vol. 29 (Summer 1998). — P. 219-236; and Hoffman D. The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia (Public Affairs, 2002). — P. 419.
672
Hoffman, The Oligarchs. — P. 433.
673
Ibid. — P. 437.
674
Илларионов А. Инфляция и антиинфляционная политика в: Красавина Л. Инфляция и антиинфляционная политика в России. — М.: Финансы и статистика, 2000. — С. 81-87; Коунов А., Алексашенко С. Битва за рубль. — М.: Алма-матер, 1999. — С. 236.
675
World Bank/IMF Agenda. World Bank Transition Newsletter. — Washington, December 1997.
676
Khara, Pinto, and Ulanov. An Analysis of Russia's 1998 Meltdown.
677
Woodruff D. Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism. — Cornell University Press, 1999.
678
Российский статистический ежегодник. — 1997. — С. 535; and Gaddy C. Statement to the House Committee on International Relations. Hearings on U.S. — Russian Relations before House Committee on International Relations, 105 Cong. 2 sess., July 16, 1998.
679
Blasi J., Kriumova M. and Kruse D. Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy. — Cornell University Press, 1997.
680
Buckberg E. and Pinto B. How Russia Is Becoming a Market Economy. Unpublished manuscript. — September 1997.
681
After the Fall Was Over. Business Russia, June 1998. — P. 1 (Economist Intelligence Unit) (eiu.com); an Debra Javeline, Protest and Politics of Blame: The Russian Response to Unpaid Wages (University of Michigan Press, 2002).
682
Kahn J. and O'Brien T.L. Easy Money: A Special Report: For Russia and Its U.S. Bankers, Match Wasn't Made in Haven // New York Times. — October 18, 1998. — P. 1; and Khara, Pinto, and Ulanov. An Analysis of Russia's 1998 Meltdown. — P. 4.
683
Hoffman. The Oligarchs. — P. 470; Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Trans formation of the Former Soviet Block. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. — P. 409; также: Деньги и кредит. — 1998. — № 10. — С. 43.
684
Hoffman, The Oligarchs. — P. 469.
685
Illarionov A. The Roots of the Economic Crisis // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 10 (Spring 1999). — H. 75.
686
Stone R. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition. — Princeton University Press, 2002. — P. 153-158; Деньги и кредит. — 1998. — No 10. — С. 43; Алексашенко. Битва за рубль. — С. 109; and Russia's Challenges in the 1990s: An Interview with Martin Gilman of the IMF. — December 3, 2002 (www.washprofile.org).
687
Константинов Ю.А. и Ильинский А.И. Финансовый кризис: причины и преодоление. — М.: ЗАО «Финстатинформ», 1999. — С. 44; Попов В. Уроки валютного кризиса в России и других странах // Вопросы экономики. — Июнь 1999. — № 6. — С. 101. On the worldwide crisis, see Blustein P. The Chastening: Inside the Crisis that Rocked the Global Financial System and Humbled the IMF (Public Affairs, 2001).
688
Freeland Ch. Sale of the Century. — P. 297; Алексашенко. Битва за рубль. — С. 108-110; General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Mixed Results. — P. 46; and Thornhill J. IMF and Russia in a New Loan Accord // Financial Times. — 1998. — July 8. — P. 2.
689
Stiglitz J. Globalization and Its Discontent. — Basic Books, 2002. — P. 145.
690
Cooper W. The Russian Financial Crisis: An Analysis of trends, Causes, and Implications, report for Congress 98-578. — February 18, 1999 (ncseonline.org/ NLE/CRSreports/international/inter-16.cfm [July 2003]).
691
См.: Илларионов А. Удалось ли Чубайсу обмануть президента России? // Известия. — 1998. — 21 марта; Илларионов А. «Эффективность» бюджетной политики в России в 1994-1997 годах // Вопросы экономики. — 1998. — № 2. — С. 22-36; and Illarionov A. Financial Crisis in Russia, presentation to Aspen Institute Conference. — Budapest, August 21, 1998.
692
Interview with Mark Medish. В период кризиса сторонники российских реформ на Западе придерживались аналогичных взглядов. См., например: Aslund A. Don't Devalue Ruble // Moscow Times. — July 7, 1998.
693
Интервью с Дмитрием Васильевым. Конечно, вопрос о том, были ли эти реформы, в первую очередь массовая приватизация, «успехом», требует отдельного рассмотрения. Точку зрения скептиков см.: McFaul M. State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia // World Politics. — Vol. 47 (January 1995). — P. 210-243; and Black В., Kraakman R. and Tarasova A. Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong? // Stanford Law Review. — Vol. 52 (July 2002). — P. 1731-1808.
694
Robbins C.A. and Liesman S. How an Aid Program Vital to New Economy of Russia Collapsed // Wall Street Journal. — August 13, 1997. — P. 1, 6.
695
Cited in David Marcus. U.S. Halts Harvard Contracts in Russia // Boston Globe. — May 21, 1997. — P. A1.
696
Выдержки из письма Чубайса администратору AMP Брайану Атвуду от 19 мая 1997 года см. в: Reddaway P. Beware the Russian Reformer: While the U.S. Depends on Chubais, Accusations Fly in Moscow // Washington Post. — August 24, 1997. — P. C1.
697
Interview with Brian Atwood.
698
Interview with David Lipton.
699
Interview with Lipton.
700
Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the transition in Russia. — P. 18; Blustein. The Chastening. — P. 243; and Stone. Lending Credibility.
701
Interview with Boris Fyodorov.
702
Stiglitz J. Globalization and Its Discontents. — Norton and Company, 2002. — P. 149.
703
Относительно ограниченных возможностей Фонда в тот период см.: Blustein P. IMF Battens Down for More 111 Wind: Fund Keeps Weather Eye on Risk Spots // Washington Post. — July 29, 1998. — P. A16; Senator Faircloth L. Unwise Bailouts: The Clinton administration has effectively privatized the lenders' profits and socialized their losses // Washington Post. — December 12, 1997. — P. A29; and Shultz G., Simon W. and Riston W. Who Needs IMF // Wall Street Journal. — February 3, 1998. — P. A22.
704
Interview with Stephen Sestanovich.
705
Interview with Medish.
706
Interviews with Sestanovich and Fuerth, Madeleine Albright, Medish and others.
707
Interview with Fuerth.
708
Interview with Albright.
709
Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 304. See also: Russia's Challenge in the 1990s: An Interview with Martin Gilman of the IMF.
710
General Accounting Office «International Monetary Fund: Approach Used to Establish and Monitor Conditions for Financial Assistance». GAO-GGD- NSIAD-99-168 (Letter report [June 1999]).
711
Gordon M. Russia Resists IMF's Strategy for Reducing Budget Deficit // New York Times. — May 15, 1998. — P. 3.
712
World Bank/IMF Agenda. World Bank Transition Newsletter. — December 1997 (www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/dec97/pgs29-31.htm [July 2003]); and Frye Т. Brokers and Bureaucrats: Building Market Institutions in Russia. -University of Michigan Press, 2000. — P. 200; Фрай цитирует: Jacobs M. Russian Banks: Sailing Ahead or Sinking Fast // Research report. — Moscow: United Financial Group, August 1998. — P. 1-71.
713
Caryl Ch. Crisis? What Crisis? // U.S. News and World Report. — June 22, 1998. — P. 44.
714
Aslund A. Russia's Financial Crisis: Causes and Probable Remedies // Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. — Vol. 39 (June 1998). — P. 309-328.
715
Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 307.
716
Public Papers of the President: William Jefferson Clinton. — 1998. — Vol. 1 (GPO, 1998). — P. 853. См. также положительную трактовку, которую официальные лица российского и американского правительств дали заявлению Клинтона: Fidler St. Russian Financial Turmoil Poses Dilemmas for IMF // Financial Times. — June 1, 1998. — P. 3.
717
Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 307.
718
Brzezinski M. IMF Doubts Whether It Can Afford Russian Aid // Wall Street Journal. — June 22, 1998. — P. A17.
719
Nikitin M. Bank of Finland: Russian and Baltic Economies, the Week in Review. — June 26, 1998; Thornhill J. IMF and Russia in a New Loan Accord // Financial Times. — July 8, 1998. — P. 2; Pine A. IMF, Russia Open Talks on Large Loan // Los Angeles Times. — June 27, 1998. — P. 3; Finance and Economics: To the Rescue // Economist. — July 18, 1998. — P. 65-66.
720
Blustein, The Chastening. — P. 254.
721
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2001). — P. 275.
722
Interview with James Steinberg.
723
Interview with Medish and Lipton.
724
IMF Sets $22,6 Billion Loan Accord with Russia — Aid Plan Depends on Nation's Ability to Deliver reforms // Wall Street Journal. — July 14, 1998. — P. A12; Wessel D. and Robbins С in D.C. with Mark Whitehouse in Moscow, Russia Vows Reforms // Wall Street Journal. — July 22, 1998. — P. A10.
725
Brzezinski M. Yeltsin Sets Tax to Meet IMF Pledge // Wall Street Journal. — July 20, 1998. — P. A15; Kranz P. And Now, the Plan: Can Yeltsin Meet IMF Terms While Curbing the Backlash? // Business Week. — July 27, 1998. — P. 43; O'Brien K. Easy Money: A Special Report.
726
Fisher S. Press Briefing on Russia. — July 13, 1998, Washington (www.imf.org/external/np/tr/1998/tr980713.htm [July 2003]).
727
Both are quoted in Wessel and Robbins with Whitehouse, Russia Vows Reform after IMF Cuts Funds. — P. A10.
728
Finance and Economics: To the Rescue // Economist. — July 18, 1998. — P. 65-66.
729
Camdessus Sees Improvement in Russian Finances // Agence France-Presse. — July 13, 1998.
730
Высказывание Рубина цитируется по: Rubin Warns about Delay of IMF Funds for Russia // Wall Street Journal. — July 29, 1998. — P. A4. В тот же день Фишер высказался в столь же позитивном плане. See: Blustein. IMF Battens Down for More 111 Wind. — P. A16.
731
Russia Can Expect 2 Portions of IMF Credit in September // Interfax. — August 7, 1998.
732
Russian Financial Crisis: Confidential Interim Assessment. — No 1 // Institute for EastWest Studies (iews.org). — August 20, 1998.
733
Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 312.
734
Interview with Lipton.
735
Soros G. Letter to the Editor. Soros Sees G7 — Backed $50bn Currency Board for Russia as Only Way out of Crisis // Financial Times. — August 13, 1998. — P. 18.
736
Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 323.
737
Lawrence H. Summers, testimony before the House International relations Committee on Russia, September 17, 1998, 105 Cong. 2 sess. (www.treas.gov/ press/releases/rr2686.htm [July 2003]); Hoffman, The Oligarchs. — P. 493.
738
IMF News Brief 98/30. — Washington, August 17, 1998 (www.imf.org/ external/np/sec/nb/1998/nb9830.htm [July 2003]); and interview with Lipton.
739
IMF News Brief 98/30.
740
Interviews with James Chavin and Elstein.
741
Sanger D. U.S. Official Questions How Russia Used Loan // New York Times. — March 19, 1999. — P. A8.
742
Elstein, as quoted in: Thornhill J. Communists Attack Yeltsin and Foreign Investors: Zyuganov Demands President's resignation over Monetary Policy U-turn // Financial Times. — August 15, 1999. См. также: Константинов и Ильинский. Финансовый кризис: причины и преодоление; Kahn and O'Brien. Easy Money. — P. 1; Matlock G. Russian Worries Overwhelm Stock Market // Wall Street Journal Europe. — August 28-29, 1998. — P. 13.
743
Lippman T. Turmoil, Drift in Russia Prompt U.S. Policy Shift; Flexibility Recognition of Limits Mark New Approach // Washington Post. — November 1, 1998. — P. A27.
744
Illarionov A. The Roots of the Economic Crisis. — P. 68-69. Выделено в оригинале.
745
20 наиболее влиятельных политиков России в январе // Независимая газета. — 1999. — 30 января.
746
Whitehouse M. Politics Silence Russian Markets: Yeltsin's Leadership Might Face End // Wall Street Journal. — August 28-29, 1998. — P. 7.
747
Democratic Choice Warns of Threat of Dictatorship // Itar-Tass. — January 30, 1999; Hanson S. and Kopstein J. The Weimar/Russia Comparison // Post- Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 13 (July-September 1997). — P. 252-283; Stenfield S. The Weimar/Russia Comparison: Reflections on Hanson and Kopstein // in Post- Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 14. — October-December 1998. — P. 355-368.
748
Powell B. and Albats E. Summer of Discontent // Newsweek (international edition). — January 19, 1999. — P. 28.
749
Primakov's 'Non-Aggression' Initiative Gets Mixed Reviews. Monitor — A Daily Briefing on the Post-Soviet States. — January 27, 1999 (Washington: Jamestown Foundation).
750
Наиболее глубокий и целостный план реформ можно найти в: Шейнис В. Конституция и жизнь // Независимая газета. — 1999. — 27 января.
751
Bush K. The Russian Economy in June 1999 (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 1999). — P. 5; Thornhill J. Primakov Defies IMF Advice // Financial Times. — September 17, 1998; and Thornhill J. Luzhkov Lays Blame on IMF for Woes // Financial Times. — September 24, 1998. — P. 2.
752
См. подробные воспоминания Примакова о переговорах с МВФ в: Восемь месяцев плюс. — М.: Мысль, 2001. — С. 109-129.
753
Тэлботт об эффекте дела Левински и последовавшем процессе импичмента см.: The Russia Hand. — P. 276.
754
Kramer D. It May Be a Summit of Embarrassment // Boston Globe. — August 30, 1998. — P. E2.
755
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 281; President Clinton Announces Summit Meeting with Russian Federation President Boris Yeltsin. White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — July 6, 1998.
756
Interview with Medish, also confirmed by other interviews.
757
См.: Baker P. The Breach: Inside the Impeachment Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (Scribner, 2000). — P. 59.
758
Lloyd J. Who Lost Russia? The Devolution of Russia // New York Times Magazine. — August 15, 1999. — P. 34-41, 52, 61, 64.
759
Подробности скандала с «Бэнк оф Нью-Йорк» см.: (www.russianlaw.org/ bonynews.htm [July 2003]).
760
Belton С. Was the July'98 Aid Diverted? // Moscow Times. — July 27, 2000.
761
Reddaway P. Is Chernomyrdin a Crook? // Post-Soviet Prospects. — Vol. 3. — August 1995. — P. 1-4; and. Aslund A. Russia's Sleaze Sector' // New York Times. — July 11, 1995. — P. A17.
762
Risen J. Gore Rejected CIA Evidence of Russian Corruption // New York Times. — November 23, 1998. — P. A8. Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 448, note 11, on the lack of concrete evidence about the memo.
763
Speaker's Advisory Group on Russia, Christopher Cox, chairman, Russia's Road to Corruption: How the Clinton Administration Exported Government Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People (House of Representa tives, September 2000 (policy.house.gov/Russia [July 7, 2003]). Chapter 6 of this study is called «Bull****: Gore and Other Administration Policy Makers Systematically Ignore Evidence of Corruption of Their 'Partners'».
764
Помимо очерка Ллойда, перечень статей с тем же названием включает: Broder J. Who Lost Russia? // Salon. — September 1, 1998 (salon.com); Who Lost Russia? // Socialism Today. — No. 32. — October 1998; a special symposium of several authors under the title. What Went Wrong In Russia // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 10. — April 1999. — P. 3-86; Soros G. Who Lost Rus sia? // New York Review of Books. — April 13, 2000. — P. 10; Who lost Russia? // New York Post. — September 24, 2000. — P. 56; Cage M. Looking Behind Potemkin's Wall: How American Policy Has Failed Russia. — Washington: Nixon Center Working Paper, October 2000; a book review by R. Kap lan called Who Lost Russia? // New York Times. — October 8, 2000. — Sec. 7. — P. 29.
765
Who Lost Russia? // New York Post. — September 24, 2000.
766
Ignatius D. Who Robbed Russia? // Washington Post. — August 25, 1999. — P. A17.
767
Weinberger С Historical Solutions Would Have Worked Better, remarks in «Who Lost Russia?» // Heritage Lectures. — No. 629. — January 8, 1999.
768
Lapidus G. Transforming Russia: American Policy in the 1990s. — In: Lieber R. Eagle Adrift: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Century (Longman, 1997). — P. 130.
769
U.S. — Russian Relations at the Turn of the Century (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000). — P. 19-20.
770
Graham Т.Е. A World with Russia? paper presented at Jamestown Foundation Conference. — June 9, 1999. — P. 1.
771
См. также: Илларионов А. Как был организован российский финансовый кризис //Вопросы экономики. — № 11, ноябрь 1998. — С. 20-35; and Illarionov A. Russia and IMF, statements prepared for the General Oversight and Investigation Subcommittee of the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services, Hearing to Examine the Russian Economic Crisis and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Aid Package. — September 10, 1998. — 105 Cong. 2 sess. Западные специалисты приводили подобные аргументы, см.: Slay B. Russia and the IMF: Economic Choises and Political Will // Russian Business Watch. — Vol. 7 (Summer 1999). — P. 1, 16-20; McFaul M. Getting Russia Right // Foreign Policy. — No 117 (Winter 1999-2000) (www.foreignpolicy.com).
772
Hedlund, Russia and the IMF. — P. 104-136.
773
Simes D.K. Russia's Crisis, America's Complicity // National Interest. — No. 54 (Winter 1998-1999). — P. 12-22; Reddaway P. and Glinski D. The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism against Democracy. — Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2001.
774
On the first school, see Stone, Lending Credibility. On the second school, see: Aslund, Building Capitalism. On the third school, см.: Илларионов А. Инфляция и антиинфляционная политика.
775
The FDI figures were reported in Kahn and O'Brien, Easy Money: A Special Report.
776
Lapidus. Transforming Russia: American Policy in 1990s. — P. 130.
777
Simes D. After the Collapse: Russia Seeks Its Place as a Great Power (Simon and Schuster, 1999); Cohen S. Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia (W.W. Norton, 2000).
778
Simes. Russia's Crisis, America's Complicity. — P. 12-22.
779
Blank S. Partners in Discord Only // Orbis. — Vol. 44 (Fall 2000). — P. 557-570.
780
David Lipton testimony before the House Banking General Oversight Committee and Investigation Subcommittee on Russia, 105 Cong. 2 sess. — September 10, 1998.
781
Talbott S. Gogol's Troika: the Case for Strategic Patience in a Time of Troubles, address at Stanford University. — November 6, 1998.
782
David Lipton, testimony before the House Banking General Oversight Committee and Investigation Subcommittee on Russia.
783
U.S. Policy toward Russia: Foundations, Achievements, and Continuing Agenda, document sent to McFaul from David Levy, National Security Council, Office of Public Affairs and Communications, September 17, 1999. — P. 2.
784
Lawrence Summers, testimony before House International Relations Committee on Russia, 105 Cong. 2 sess. — September 17, 1998.
785
Interview with Atwood.
786
Madeleine Albright, address to the U.S. — Russian Business Council, Chicago Illinois, October 2, 1998 and Lippman, Turmoil, Drift in Russia Prompts U.S. Policy Shift, Flexibility, Recognition of Limits Mark New Approach. — P. A27.
787
Summers L. The Global Stake in Russian Economic Reform, speech to the U.S. — Russia Business Council, April 1, 1997.
788
Lippman. Turmoil, Drift in Russia Prompts U.S. Policy Shift, Flexibility, Recognition of Limits Mark New Approach. — P. A27.
789
Madeleine Albright, address to the U.S. — Russian Business Council.
790
Talbott, Gogol's Troika: the Case for Strategic Patience in a Time of Troubles.
791
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 286.
792
Tarnoff С U.S. Bilateral Assistance to Russia, 1992-2001. — In: Russia's Uncertain Economic Future, compendium of papers submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Government Printing Office, December 2001). — P. 381.
793
Interview with George Ingram.
794
U.S. Policy toward Russia Foundations, Achievements, and Continuing Agenda. — P. 2.
795
Madeleine Albright, address to the U.S. — Russia Business Council; and Albright address to Carnegie Endowment.
796
Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state, «Russia: Its Current Troubles and Its Ongoing Transformations», prepared testimony before the House International Committee, 106 Cong, 1 sess. — October 19, 1999. — P. 5.
797
Fisher S. What Went Wrong in Russia // Financial Times. — September 27, 1999. — P. 26.
798
Albright, address to the U.S. — Russia Business Council.
799
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 287.
800
Excerpts from Clinton's Remarks: «You Have to Play by the Rules // New York Times. — September 2, 1998. — P. A10.
801
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 286.
802
Albright, address to the U.S. — Russia Business Council; and interview with Lipton.
803
См.: Примаков Е. Восемь месяцев плюс, С. 129-144.
804
Interview with Talbott.
805
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 296.
806
IMF Says Russia Managing Well without IMF Loans // Reuters. — September 8, 2000.
807
Aslund A. Go Long on Russia // International Economy. — July-August 2002. — P. 38-39. Серьезную критическую оценку долгосрочных уроков, извлеченных из событий августа 1998 года, см.: Gaddy С. and Ickes В., Russia's Virtual Economy (Brookings, 2002). — Chap. 9.
808
См. обобщенное изложение Путиным этих достижений в выступлении на встрече Всемирного экономического форума в России 30 октября 2001 г.
809
Aslund A. and Boone P. Russia's Surprise Economic Success // Financial Times. — October 9, 2001. — P. 13. On specific sectors, see: Further Expansion of Manufacturing Economy Recorded as Demand Rises Sharply // Moscow Narodny Purchasing Manager's Index. — May 1, 2001. — P. 1.
810
Brunswick UBS Warburg, Russia Equity Guide 2000/2001. — P. 21.
811
См., например, совпадающие оценки различных аналитиков в: Sapir J. The Russian Economy from Rebound to Rebuilding // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 17. — January-March 2002. — P. 1-22; Millar J. The Russian Economy: Putin's Pause // Current History. — October 2001. — P. 336-42; and Gaddy and Ickes. Russia's Virtual Economy' and Aslund, Building Capitalism.
812
Remarks by Stephen Sestanovich, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. — February 21, 2001.
813
RFE/RL, Newsline. — Vol. 5. — No. 229. — Part 1. — December 5, 2001.
814
Halberstam D. War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton and the Generals (Scribner, 2001).
815
Интервью со Строубом Тэлботтом.
816
McFaul M. Russia's Many Foreign Policies // Демократизация. — Т. 7 (лето 1999 г.). — С. 393-412.
817
Mandelbaum M. A Perfect Failure // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 78. — Septembe-October 1999. — P. 2-8; а также Nye J. Redefining the National Interest // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 78. — July-August 1999. — P. 22-35.
818
Yeltzin B. Midnight Diaries, trans, by Catherine Fitzpatrick // Public Affairs, 2000. — C. 255.
819
Yeltsin, Midnight Diaries. — P. 225.
820
Дополнительно о причинах войны см.: Daalder I. H. and O'Hanlon M.E. Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo (Brookings, 2000).
821
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy. — P. 300.
822
См.: Daalder I.H. and O'Hanlon M.E. Winning Ugly. — P. 45-49.
823
Ibid.; and Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace.
824
Интервью с рядом американских и других западных деятелей, в том числе с советником А. Гора по национальной безопасности Леоном Фертом и пресс-секретарем НАТО Джеми Шеа.
825
Interviews with James Steinberger and Leon Fuerth.
826
Interview with Alexander Vershbow; Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 91; LippmanT.W. Albright Misjudged Milosevich on Kosovo // Washington Post. — September 21, 1999. — P. Al, 16.
827
Interview with Talbott and John Bass.
828
Interview with Madeleine Albright, Newshour transcript (www.pbs.or&/ newshour/bb/europe/jan-june 99/albright_3-24html[July 2003]. Точку зрения M. Олбрайт на продолжительности войны см. также: Lipman M. «Albright Misjudged Milosevic on Kosovo», p. Al.
829
Yeltsin. Midnight Diaries. — P. 257.
830
Относительно продолжительности разговора см.: Информация для прессы by Joe Lockhart, The Briefing Room, White House, March 24, 1999; это воспоминание из интервью Эндрю Уайса. Его воспоминания совпадают с тем, что пишет Тэлботт в The Russia Hand. — P. 305.
831
Примаков Е. Восемь месяцев плюс… — М.: Мысль. — С. 148.
832
Interview with Fuerth.
833
Примаков принял решение развернуть самолет, и Ельцин это одобрил. См.: Примаков Е. Восемь месяцев плюс… — М.: Мысль. — С. 152; Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 310.
834
Remarks by President Clinton, French President Chirac, Russian President Yeltsin, and NATO Secretary-General Solana at NATO-Russia Founding Act Signing Ceremony, White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — Paris, France. — May 27, 1997.
835
Interview with Jamie Shea.
836
Опрос проведен фондом «Общественное мнение» 3-4 апреля 1999 г. (www.fom.ru.).
837
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 307.
838
Press conference with Arbatov, National Press Institute, March 26, 1999, translation and transcript provided by Federal News Service.
839
Сноска пропущена в оригинале (OCR)
840
Clark. Waging Modern War. — P. 212-213; and Filipov D. Russia's Military Sees a Balkan Opportunity // Boston Globe. — April 8, 1999. — P. A1.
841
Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 127; Matloff J. Russia's Tough Talk Unsettles West // Christian Science Monitor. — April 12, 1999. — P. 1; interview with Steinberg; and Friedman T. Our Buddy Boris // New York Times. — April 16, 1999. — P. A25.
842
Заявление по Косово, сделанное главами государств и правительств, участвующих во встрече Североатлантического совета в Вашингтоне в апреле 1999 года. См. сайт НАТО (www.nato.int.).
843
Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 139-140.
844
Interviews with Steinberg and Sandy Berger.
845
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 310.
846
Ibid. — P. 311.
847
Ibid. — P. 311.
848
Press briefing by senior administration officials, the Briefing Room, White House. — May 3, 1999; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 311, 313-314.
849
Interviews with Eric Edelman, Carlos Pascual, and Martti Ahtisaari; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 314.
850
Interview with Edelman.
851
Interview with Ahtisaari; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 314.
852
Interview with Ahtisaari.
853
Quoted in Ahtisaari M. Tehtava Belgradissa (Mission to Belgrade), переведено посольством США в Хельсинки, которое предоставило авторам экземпляр перевода. Наши ссылки касаются этого неофициального перевода.
854
Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 170-171; and Ahtisaari, I Mission to Belgrade.
855
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 316-317.
856
Interview with Edelman; Talbott confirms outlines of this story in Russia Hand. — P. 317-318.
857
Ahtisaari, Mission to Belgrade; Talbott The Russia Hand; and interview with Edelman.
858
Interview with Talbott.
859
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 318-319.
860
Ahtisaari, Mission to Belgrade.
861
Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 171.
862
Yeltsin, Midnight Diaries. — P. 130.
863
Daalder and O'Hanlon, Winning Ugly. — P. 172. О важности Кёльнской встречи см.: Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 317, 322-323.
864
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 324-325; and interviews with members of Talbott's team.
865
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 324.
866
Clark, Waging Modern War. — P. 345-346.
867
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 326.
868
Interview with Ahtisaari. On the U.S. Информация получена от участников команды.
869
Clark, Waging Modern War. — P. 351-354.
870
Ibid. — P. 373.
871
Ibid. — P. 371-373.
872
Interview with John Bass; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 324ff.
873
Interview with John Bass and Andrew Weiss; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 337.
874
Соответствующий анализ подтвердил это заключение. См.: Lynch A. The Realism of Russia's Foreign Policy. — Europe-Asia Studies. — Vol. 53. — January 2001. — P. 20.
875
Schmitt E. Crisis in the Balkans: NATO Bars Russia from Reinforcing Troops in Kosovo // New York Times. — July 3, 1999. — P. Al; Clark, Waging Modern War; and Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 346-347.
876
Clark, Waging Modern War. — P. 390-392.
877
Ibid. — P. 392.
878
Ibid. — P. 395.
879
Ahtisaari, Mission in Belgrade; and interview with Vershbow.
880
Interview with Carlos Pascual.
881
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 351.
882
Иванов И. Россия в меняющемся мире: президент и министерство иностранных дел будут стремиться к созданию многополярного мира // Независимая газета. — 1999. — 25 июня.
883
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 352; и высказывания президента по поводу соглашения в Хельсинки, сделанные у входа в Кёльнский собор: White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Cologne). — June 18, 1999.
884
Lynch, The Realism of Russia's Foreign Policy. — P. 7-31.
885
Ahtisaari. Mission in Belgrade; and interview with Ahtisaari. Zbigniew Brzezinski agrees. See his testimony in: The War in Kosovo and a Postwar Analysis. Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 106 Cong. 1 sess. — October 6, 1999. — Government Printing Office, 2000. — P. 77ff.
886
Yeltsin, as quoted in George Breslauer. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. — P. 226.
887
Бреслауэр аргументирует, что сосредоточение внимания на внутренних проблемах, в первую очередь вопросах экономического развития, было вполне логичной реакцией России на обнаружившуюся ее слабость.
888
Interview with Leon Fuerth.
889
Ivanov. Russia in a Changing World. См. также Концепцию национальной безопасности российского правительства, принятую в начале 2000 года, где эта переориентация подчеркивается, хотя и чисто в риторическом плане. Объяснения по поводу корректировки этого положения доктрины см. также: the Russian government's «Concept of National Security», which took effect at the beginning of 2000, stressing, at least rhetorically, this reorientation. For explanations of the changes in this doctrinal statement. See: Kramer M. What is Driving Russia's New Strategic Concept? PONARS Policy Memo Series. No. 113 (Harvard University, January 2000); Sergey Rogov. The New Russian National Security Concept (Alexandria, Va.: Center for Strategic Studies, November 2000); and WallanderC. Wary of the West: Russian Security Policy at the Millennium // Arms Control Today. — Vol. 30. — March 2000. — P. 7-12.
890
Rubin J. U.S. Department of State Noon Briefing, Tuesday, August 10; см. также: Америка обсуждает действия бандформирований на Северном Кавказе // Российская газета, 13 августа 1999 г., с. 1.
891
Rubin J. U.S. Department of State Daily Press Briefing, August 16, 1999.
892
ИТАР-ТАСС // Операция началась. Горячая хроника // Российская газета, 14 августа 1999 г., с. 3.
893
Владимир Зайнетдинов, Алексей Сивив и Мария Блочкова. Вчера в школах от Чукотки до Калининграда прозвенел первый звонок. А в Охотном ряду последний звонок // Российская газета, 2 сентября 1999 г., с. 1; Теракт в Буйнакске // Российская газета, 6 сентября 1999 г., с. 2; Александр Бабакин. В бой идут одни пацаны // Российская газета, 7 сентября 1999 г., с. 1; и Александр Шаповалов. Два раза Москва, теперь Волгодонск: где дальше? // Независимая газета, 17 сентября 1999 г., с. 1.
894
Hoffman D. Russian Premier Pins Bombing on Chechens // Washington Post. — September 16, 1999. — P. A26; и цит. по: В.В. Путин. На войне как на войне // Российская газета. — 1999. — 25 сентября).
895
Горячая хроника: конечная цель — уничтожить бандитов // Российская газета. — 1999. — 6 октября.
896
Kramer M. Civil-Military relations in Russia and the Chechen Conflict. — Policy Memo Series. — No. 99 (Harvard University, Program on New Approaches to Russian Security, December 1999); Trenin D. Chechnya: Effects of the War and prospects of Peace, unpublished manuscript, 2000.
897
Организация «Хьюман Райте Уотч» скрупулезно документировала случаи проявления жестокости во второй чеченской войне, включая казни без суда, бомбардировки деревень и изнасилование чеченских женщин.
898
This figure is cited in: Sarah E. Mendelson. Russia, Chechnya and International Norms: The Power and Paucity of Human Rights, Working Paper. Washington National Council for Eurasian and East European Research. — July 17, 2001. — P. 11.
899
Evangelista. The Chechen War: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? — Brookings, 2003. — P. 155. Евангелиста посвящает отдельную главу своей книги анализу нарушений Россией Женевских конвенций.
900
Интервью с Айрин Стивенсон, Алексеем Яблоковым и Сергеем Григорьянцем.
901
Colton T.J. and McFaul M. Reinventing Russia's Party of Power: Unity and the 1999 Duma Election. — Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 16 (Summer 2000). — P. 201-224.
902
О соперничестве этих партий см.: Макфол М., Петров Н. и Рябов А. (сост.) Россия в избирательном цикле 1999-2000 годов. — М.: Московский центр Карнеги, 2000.
903
Huskey E. Political Leadership and the Center-Periphery Struggle: Putin's Administrative Reforms. — In: Article Brown and Lilia Shvetsova, eds. Gorbachev, Yeltsin and Putin: Political Leadership in Russia's Transition. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001. — P. 113-142.
904
For details, see: Lipman M. and McFaul M. 'Managed Democracy' in Russia: Putin and the Press. — Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. — Vol. 6 (Summer 2001). — P. 117-128; Hoffman. The Oligarchs. — P. 476-485.
905
Interview with John Beyrle.
906
Talbott S. The Russia Hand; A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 276-277.
907
Interview with Strobe Talbott.
908
Interview with James Steinberg.
909
Interview with Talbott.
910
См. заключительную главу в: McFaul M. Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics. — Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1997.
911
See: the chapter on SPS in Michael McFaul, Andrey Ryabov and Nicolay Petrov. Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999.
912
Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state, Russia: It's Current Troubles and Its Ongoing transformation, prepared testimony before the House International Relations Committee, 106 Cong. 1 sess. — October 19, 1999. — P. 1.
913
Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state. Pursuing U.S. Interests with Russia and with President-Elect Putin, prepared testimony before the Subcommittee on Foreign Operations of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 106 Cong. 2 sess. — April 4, 2000. — P. 6.
914
Корецкий А. Чечня объявила войну США // Сегодня. — 1999. — 24 августа.
915
Ambassador-at-Large Stephen Sestanovich, special adviser to the secretary of state for the new independent states «The Conflict in Chechnya and Its Implications for U.S. Relations with Russia», testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 106 Cong. 1 sess. — November 4, 1999. — P. 2.
916
Powell B. Boris to Bill: Butt Out // Newsweek. — November 29, 1999. -P. 60; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 361-362.
917
Albright M. Clear on Chechnya // Washington Post. — March 8, 2000. — P. A31.
918
Remarks by Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright following statement by acting president Vladimir Putin at Multilateral Steering Committee Group Meeting. Moscow, Russia, State Department Briefing. — February 1, 2000. Reprinted by Federal News Service.
919
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 35-60.
920
Baev P. Will Russia Go for a Military Victory in Chechnya? // Policy Memo Series. — No. 107. — Harvard University, Program on New Approaches to Russian Security. — February 2000. — P. 1.
921
Sestanovich. The Conflict in Chechnya and its Implications for U.S. Relations with Russia. — P. 2-3.
922
Talbott. Pursuing U.S. Interests with Russia and with President-Elect Putin. — P. 6.
923
Albright M. Clear on Chechnya // Washington Post. — March 8, 2000. — P. A31.
924
Talbott, Russia: Its Current Troubles and Its Ongoing Transformations. — P. 2; and Strobe Talbott, acting secretary of state, «Statement on Russian Attack on Grozny, Chechnya», as released by the Office of the Spokesman, Department of State. — October 22, 1999.
925
Talbott, Russia: Its Current Troubles and Its Ongoing Transformations. — P. 2
926
Talbott, deputy secretary of state. Pursuing U.S. Interests with Russia and with President-Elect Putin. — P. 7-8.
927
Albright Warns against Remaking Russia a U.S. Enemy // Agence France- Presse. — November 25, 1999.
928
Bill Clinton, Remembering Yeltsin // Time. — January 1, 2001. — P. 94. Clinton's attitude is discussed at length in: Talbott, The Russia Hand.
929
Interviews with Leon Fuerth and Stephen Sestanovich. See also: Stephen Sestanovich. Where Does Russia Belong? // National Interest. — No. 62 (Winter 2000-2001). — P. 15.
930
Interview with John Beyrle.
931
Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 2000 Annual Report. — Department of State. — January 2001. — P. 73-92.
932
McFaul's conversations with Stephen Sestanovich and William Taylor, various interactions (Fall 1999).
933
Interview with a number of U.S. officials.
934
Interview with a number of U.S. officials.
935
Sestanovich. Where Does Russia Belong? — P. 15.
936
Briscoe D. U.S. Gov't Bank to Nix Russia Loans // Associated Press. — December 21, 1999.
937
Interview with Madeleine Albright.
938
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 359; and press statement by Jamie Rubin. — November 12, 1999.
939
Ambassador-at-Large Stephen Sestanovich, special adviser to the secretary of state for the new independent states, «Russia's Election and American Foreign Policy», testimony before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 106 Cong. 2 sess. — April 12, 2000. — P. 3.
940
Interview with Talbott; Sestanovich, Where Does Russia Belong? — P. 15.
941
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 357.
942
Interview with Beyrle.
943
Prepared statement of Senator Mitch McConnell before Foreign Operations Subcommittee of the Senate.
944
Russia's Road to Corruption. — P. 57-59.
945
Senate resolution 262, 105 Cong. 2 sess. — February 24, 2000.
946
Talbott. Russia: Its Current Troubles and Its Ongoing Transformations. — P. 5.
947
Briscoe. U.S. Gov't Bank to Nix Russia Loans.
948
Interview with George Bush on the Newshour with Jim Lehrer. — February 16, 2000. (www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/election/jan-june00/bush_2-16html). See chap. 13.
949
Brzezinski Z. Why the West Should Care about Chechnya // Wall Street Journal. — November 10, 1999. — P. A22. He made a similar argument in Zbigniew Brzezinski, testimony before Panel // of a Hearing by the Subcommittee of Euro pean Affairs of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 106 Cong. 2 sess. — April 12, 2000.
950
Zbigniew Brzezinski, testimony before Panel // of a Hearing by the Subcommittee of European Affairs.
951
American Committee for Peace in Chechnya, Founding Declaration, sent to McFaul. — February 10, 2000.
952
Zbigniew Brzezinski, testimony before Panel // of a Hearing by the Subcommittee of European Affairs.
953
American Committee for Peace in Chechnya, Founding Declaration.
954
Brzezinski. Why the West Should Care about Chechnya.
955
См.: McFaul M. Indifference to Democracy // Washington Post. — March 3, 2000, and the repose by Albright, Clear on Chechnya.
956
Interview with Talbott.
957
Lieven A. It Is Hypocrisy to Condemn Russia over Chechnya // Independent (London). — December 13, 1999. — P. 5; Lieven A. Through a Distorted Lens: Chechnya and the Western Media // Current History. — Vol. 99. — October 2000. — P. 321-328.
958
Dimitri Simes, from transcript of Jim Lehrer's Newshour. — November 18, 1999. (www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/international/july-dec99/chechnya_l 1-18.html [July 2003]).
959
Ware R.B. The West's Failure to Understand Chechnya // Boston Globe. — October 26, 1999.
960
Interview with Sestanovich.
961
См.: Graham В. Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack. — New York: Public Affairs, 2001. — P. 18-19.
962
Interviews with Brent Scowcroft, James Baker, Stephen Hadley, and Dennis Ross; and Graham. Hit to Kill. — P. 20-21.
963
Interviews with Dennis Ross and Stephen Hadley; background briefing by senior administration officials, the Briefing Room, White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — June 16, 1992; and Joint U.S.-Russian Statement on a Global Protection System. — June 17, 1992; U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — June 22, 1992.
964
Interview with Scowcroft. On combating the China threat, see: Hadley S.J. A Call to Deploy // Washington Quarterly. — Vol. 23 (Summer 2000). — P. 95-108.
965
Interview with Ross.
966
Эта информация взята из несекретного американского меморандума к переговорам, с которым авторы были ознакомлены.
967
Interview with Hadley. См.: Woolsey R.J. Rethinking Russia and Missile Defense Debate // San Diego Union-Tribune. — June 25, 2000. — P. Gl.
968
Interviews with Ross and Baker.
969
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 375.
970
Interviews with Sandy Berger, Leon Fuerth, Ashton Carter, Robert Bell, and Michael Nacht. См. также: Graham, Hit to Kill.
971
Interview with Leon Fuerth.
972
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 375; and interview with Kozyrev.
973
Interviews with Bell and Carter; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 375.
974
Interview with Bell.
975
Hoffman D. Perry Seeks Russian Vote on Arms Pact // Washington Post. — October 16, 1996. — P. A17; Russians Resist Perry on Arms Pact // Washington Post. — October 18, 1996. — P. A44; A START Chronology // Current History. — October 1996. — P. 342; Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 376.
976
Arbatov A. As NATO Grows, Start 2 Shudders // New York Times. — August 26, 1996. — P. A15; Pikaev A. The Rise and Fall of START II: The Russian View, Working Papers. — No 6. — Washington Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. — September 1999.
977
Interview with Strobe Talbott.
978
Ibid.
979
Press conference of President Clinton and President Yeltsin, Kalastaja Torppa, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Helsinki, Finland). — March 21, 1997; press briefing by Robert Bell, senior director for the National Security Council for Defense Policy and Arms Control, Briefing Room, White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — March 24, 1997. A joint statement issued at the summit said, «The United States and Russia are each committed to ABM Treaty, a cornerstone of strategic stability». См.: Joint Statement concerning the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Helsinki, Finland). — March 21, 1997.
980
For the agreement, see Standing Consultative Commission, Agreed Statement. — September 26, 1997. (www.fas.org/nuke/control/abm_secl.htm).
981
Mendelson J. The Russian Strategic Arms Control Agenda // Arms Control Today. — Vol. 27. — November-December 1997. — P. 12-16.
982
Interview with William Perry. See also: Primakov's remarks linking enlargement with arms control in: Asmus R.D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. — Columbia University Press, 2002. — P. 144.
983
Interview with Bell.
984
Interview with Bell; for a chronology of the delays, see: A START Chronology. — P. 342.
985
Цит. по: Graham. Hit to Kill. — P. 32-33.
986
Ibid. — P. 44.
987
См.: National Missile Defense Act of 1999 // Congressional Record. — March 15, 1999. — P. S2625; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 379.
988
Interview with Ross.
989
Interview with Talbott.
990
Interview with Berger.
991
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 380;
992
Interview with Berger.
993
Mufson S. U.S. — Russia to Resume Arms Control Negotiations // Washington Post. — July 28, 1999. — P. 1.
994
Baker G. and Buchan D. Yeltsin and Clinton End Chill // Financial Times. — June 21, 1999. — P. 1; press briefing by National Security Adviser Sandy Berger, Hotel Mondial am Dom, White House, Office of the Press secretary (Cologne, Germany). — June 20, 1999.
995
Graham, Hit to Kill. — P. 143-144.
996
Pine A. U.S. Offers Russia Proposal to Renegotiate Missile Pact // Los Angeles Times. — October 17, 1999. — P. Al; Mufson S. and Graham B. U.S. Offers Aid to Russia on Radar Site // Washington Post. — October 17, 1999. — P. Al; Graham. Hit to Kill. — P. 170.
997
ITAR-TASS. — December 17, 1999. — In: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV-1999-1217 (wnc.fedoworld.gov.).
998
Pikaev A. Moscow Matrix // Washington Quarterly. — Vol. 23 (Summer 2000). — P. 187-194.
999
Remington T. Putin, the Duma, and Political Parties. — In: Herspring D. ed., Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003). — P. 39-62.
1000
Russian Security Adviser Flies Home after Washington Talks // Agence France-Presse. — February 20, 2000; and Perlez J. Russian Aide Opens Door a Bit to U.S. Bid for Missile Defense // New York Times. — February 19, 2000. — P. A3.
1001
Press briefing by Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, National Hotel, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Moscow, Russia). — June 4, 2000. См. также: Ivanov I. Missile Defense Madness // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 79. — September-October 2000. — P. 15-21.
1002
Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 394.
1003
Interview with Berger.
1004
См.: Graham. Hit to Kill. — P. 120.
1005
Ibid. — P. 126-128, 326-332.
1006
Interview of the president on Live National Radio Program with Ekho Moskvy, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Moscow, Russia). — June 4, 2000.
1007
Interview with Talbott; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 255. См. также: Wright R. Russia Warned on Helping Iran Missile Program // Los Angeles Times. — February 12, 1997. — P. A1.; Einhorn R.J. and Samore G. Ending Russian Assistance to Iran's Nuclear Bomb // Survival. — Vol. 44 (Summer 2002). — P. 54.
1008
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 256-257.
1009
Ibid. See also: Einhorn and Samore. Ending Russian Assistance. — P. 54; Gordon M.R. U.S. Is Pressing Moscow on Iran and Missile Aid // New York Times. — March 9, 1998. — P. A1.
1010
Lippman T.W. Israel Presses U.S. to Sanction Russian Missile Firms Aiding Iran // Washington Post. — September 25, 1997. — P. A31; Hoffman D. Gore Says Probe Shows Iran Seeks Technology to Build Nuclear Arms // Washington Post. — September 24, 1997. — P. A26; Freeland С Yeltsin Denies That Russia Aided Iran N-weapons Effort // Financial Times. — September 27, 1997. — P. 2.
1011
Interview with William Cortney; and Freeland. Yeltsin Denies That Russia Aided Iran N-weapons Effort.
1012
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 259; and interview with Talbott.
1013
Interview with Talbott.
1014
Lippman, Israel Presses U.S. to Sanction Russia Missile Firms; and interview with James Steinberg.
1015
Interview with Talbott.
1016
Sestanovich S. At Odds with Iran and Iraq: can the United States and Russia resolve Their Differences? A Century Foundation ans Stanley Foundation Paper (New York and Muscatine, Iowa, February 2003). — P. 22.
1017
Gordon, U.S. Is Pressing Moscow on Iran and Missile Aid. — P. Al; Hoffman D. Russia Was Lab for Theories on Foreign Policy // Washington Post. — June 4, 2000. — P. Al, 9; U.S. Praises Russian Step on Arms Material// New York Times. — January 23, 1998. — P. A6; Einhorn and Samore. Ending Russian Assistance. — P. 54; and Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 260-265.
1018
Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 265; and interview with Talbott.
1019
See: Einhorn and Samore. Ending Russian Assistance. — P. 54; interview with Steinberg; Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 272-273; and interview with Talbott.
1020
Gertz B. Letter Shows Gore Made Deal // Washington Times. — October 17, 2000. — P. 1.
1021
Ibid.
1022
BroderJ.M. Despite a Secret Pact by Gore in '95, Russian Arms sales to Iran Go On // New York Times. — October 13, 2000. — P. Al; Gertz, Letter Shows Gore Made Deal; Hogland J. From Russia with Chutzpah // Washington Post. — November 22, 2000. — P. A27.
1023
Interview with Talbott. On Chechen issue, see also: Einhorn and Samore. Ending Russian Assistance. — P. 62.
1024
Interview with Steinberg.
1025
Sestanovich, At Odds with Iran and Iraq. — P. 22.
1026
Rice C. Promoting the National Interests // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 79. — January-February 2000. — P. 45-62.
1027
Blackwill as quoted in R.W. Apple. Bush Questions Aid to Moscow in a Policy Talk // New York Times. — November 20, 1999. — P. A1.
1028
Rice, Promoting the National Interests. — P. 49.
1029
Rice C, Exercising Power without Arrogance // Chicago Tribune. -December 31, 2000. О взглядах Райc относительно важности ценностей в американской внешней политике см. её высказывания 17 января 2000 г. в Институте мира, опубликованные в: Passing the Baton: Challenges of Statecraft for the New Administration // Peaceworks. — No. 41. — Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace, May 2001. — P. 57-62.
1030
Governor Bush G.W. A Period of Consequences, address at the Citadel South Carolina, September 23, 1999 (citadel.edu/pao/presbush [July 2003]).
1031
Rice, Promoting the National Interests. — P. 57.
1032
Rice, Promoting the National Interests // Foreign Affairs. — P. 57. (Выделено авторами.)
1033
Rice quoted in Romesh Ratnesar, «Condi Rice Can't Lose». CNN.com. — September 20, 1999.
1034
Rice C. Redefining U.S. — Russia Relations // San Francisco Chronicle. — January 3, 2001. — P. A19.
1035
Bush, A Period of Consequences; Bush G.W. New Leadership on National Security, press conference. — Washington, May 23, 2000.
1036
Rice, Promoting the National Interests. — P. 58. На этой же странице содержится патетический призыв сказать правду.
1037
Второй тур президентских дебатов Буша и Гора 2000 года, 11 октября 2000 г. (www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html [July 2003]).
1038
Governor Bush G.W. A Distinctly American Internationalism. Ronald Regan Presidential Library, Simi Valley. — California. — November 19, 1999.
1039
Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism.
1040
Interview with George W. Bush on the Newshour with Jim Lehrer. — February 16, 2000 (www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/election/jan-june00/bush_2-16.html [July 2003]).
1041
Speaker's Advisory Group on Russia, Christopher Cox, chairman, Russia's Road to Corruption: How the Clinton Administration Exported Government Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People (U.S. House of Representatives, September 2000). — Chap. 6. On Chernomyrdin's alleged corrupt practices, see especially Peter Reddaway. «Is Chernomyrdin a Crook?» Post-Soviet Prospects, vol. 3 (August 1995); and Aslund A. Russia's Sleaze Sector // New York Times. — July 11, 1995. — P. A19.
1042
Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism.
1043
Bush, A Distinctly American Internationalism.
1044
Penn M.J. People to Government: Stay Engaged. — Blueprint. — Vol. 5 (Winter 2000). — P. 72-82.
1045
Rice, Exercising Power without Arrogance // Chicago Tribune, December 31, 2000.
1046
Ibid.
1047
Ibid.
1048
Loeb V. and Glaser S. Bush Backs Expulsion of 50 Russians // Washington Post. — March 23, 2001. — P. A1.
1049
Rumsfeld interviewed by Winston Churchill, March 18, 2001 (www.telegraph.co.uk [July 2003]). Paul Wolfowitz quoted in James Risen and Jane Perlez, «Russian Diplomats Ordered Expelled as Countermove», New York Times. — March 21, 2001. — P. A1.
1050
Wolfowitz interviewed by Winston Churchill, March 18, 2001 (www.telegraph.co.uk [July 2003]).
1051
McFaul M. A Step Backward on Nuclear Cooperation // New York Times. — April 11, 2001. — P. A23/
1052
Perlez J. Tougher on Russia // New York Times. — March 23, 2001. — P. A4.
1053
Graham B. Hit to Kill. The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack. — New York: Public Affairs, 2000. — P. 368.
1054
Rice, Promoting the National Interest. — P. 56.
1055
Graham, Hit to Kill. — P. 358.
1056
Press Conference of President Bush and Russian President Putin. Brdo Castle, Brdo Pri Kranju, White House, Office of the Press Secretary (Slovenia). — June 16, 2001.
1057
Интервью с присутствовавшей на встрече российской журналисткой Машей Липман.
1058
Институт Фонда «Общественное мнение» — «Америка — взгляд из России до и после 11 сентября». — М.: ФОМ, 2001.
1059
Ivanov I. Organizing the World to Fight Terror // New York Times. — January 27, 2002. — P. A13. Более скептический взгляд на это сравнение отражен в: Goldgeier J. The United States and Russia // Policy Review. — No. 109. — October-November 2001. — P. 47-56.
1060
President Bush, President Putin Discuss Joint Efforts against Terrorism: Remarks by President Bush and President Putin in Photo Opportunity. Calgary Kananaskis. — Canada, June 27, 2002. (www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2002/06/20020627-3.html [July 2003]).
1061
Vershbow A. NATO and Russia: Redefining Relations for the 21st Century, address at St. Petersburg State University. — February 22, 2002 (http:// usinfo.stste.gov/topical/pol/nato/02022201.htm [July 2003]).
1062
President-elect Bush News Conference nominating Colin L. Powell as a secretary of state. — December 16, 2000.
1063
Remarks by the president at 2002 graduation exercise of the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York (www.whitehouse.gov).
1064
Относительно новизны и опасности новой стратегии см.: Daalder I., Lindsay J. and Steinberg J. The Bush National Security Strategy: An Evalua tion // Policy Brief. — Brookings, October 4, 2002.
1065
White House press secretary Ari Fleisher, White House briefing. — September 26, 2001.
1066
Chechnya Weekly. — Vol. 3. — June 4, 2002. — P. 2.
1067
Weisman S. U.S. Lists 3 Chechen Groups as Terrorists and Freezes Assets // New York Times. — March 1, 2003. — P. A10.
1068
Putin V. Why We Must Act // New York Times. — November 14, 1999. — Sec. 4. — P. 15.
1069
Dettmer J. Bush Woes Putin but Ignores Chechnya // Insight on the News. — August 27, 2001 (www.insightmag.com).
1070
Milbank D. and Baker P. Bush Wary of Confronting Putin // Washington Post. — May 26, 2002. — P. A22.
1071
President Bush, President Putin Discus Joint Efforts against Terrorism: Remarks by President Bush and President Putin in Photo Opportunity. — P. 3.
1072
Chechnya Weekly. — Vol. 3. — June 4, 2002. — P. 1.
1073
Rice in answer to a question after her remarks to the Conservative Political Action Conference. — Arlington. — Virginia. — February 1, 2002 (www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/20020201-6.html [July 2003]).
1074
U.S. Envoy Hails Ties, Chides Russia on Chechnya // Reuters. — December 28, 2001; Vershbow Cites Some Progress // Chechnya Weekly. — Vol. 3. — January 4, 2002. — P. 2; and Mereu F. Russia: U.S. Ambassador Discusses Bilateral Ties, Press Freedom, Chechnya // RFE/RL. — May 31, 2002 (rferl.org. [July 2003]).
1075
Steven Pifer, deputy assistant secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs, statement, Hearing: Developments in the Chechen Conflict, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. — May 9, 2002 (www.csce.gov/ briefings.cfm/briefing_id=216 [July 2003]).
1076
Colin Powell, confirmation hearing. — January 17, 2001.
1077
Chechnya Weekly. — Vol. 3. — June 4, 2002. — P. 1.
1078
Powell С U.S. Security Interests in Europe, hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 107 Cong. 1 sess. — June 20, 2001.
1079
Pifer, deputy assistant secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs, statement, Hearing: Developments in the Chechen Conflict. — P. 1.
1080
Richard Boucher, spokesperson, Department of State daily briefing. — March 21, 2001. — P. 4, 7.
1081
Interview with George Bush on Newshour with Jim Lehrer. — February 16, 2000; and Bush. A Distinctly American Internationalism.
1082
Zolotov A., Jr. Report: Russia Is Not Safe for Press // Moscow Times. -January 10, 2003. On Johnson's Russia List (www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7012-l.cfm [July 2003]).
1083
См.: the remarks by the U.S. Ambassador to Russia Alexander Vershbow, in: Mereu. Russia: U.S. Ambassador Discusses Bilateral Ties.
1084
Milbank and Baker, Bush Wary of Confronting Putin. — P. A22.
1085
U.S. Envoy Hails Ties, Chides Russia on Chechnya.
1086
LaFraniere S. Anti-Western Sentiment Grows in Russia: Putin Gives Security Service More Leeway as Disputes Rise over Outside Influence // Washington Post. — January 19, 2003. — P. A24.
1087
Quoted in Milbank and Baker. Bush Wary of Confronting Putin // Washington Post. — May 26, 2002. — P. A22.
1088
West Accused of Ignoring Russian Human Rights Abuses // Associated Press. — July 9, 2002.
1089
Quoted in Milbank and Baker. Bush Wary of Confronting Putin.
1090
Обзор положительных и отрицательных тенденций в российской экономике см. в подборке статей, опубликованных в: Russia's Uncertain Economic Future Compendium of Papers, Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (Government Printing Office, December 2001).
1091
Graham Т.Е. Russia's Decline and Uncertain Recovery (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2002). — P. 73.
1092
Secretary Colin Powell, testimony before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs, 107 Cong. 2 sess. — February 13, 2002.
1093
President Bush, President Putin Discuss Joint Efforts against Terrorism: Remarks by President Bush and President Putin in Photo Opportunity. — P. 3.
1094
Tyler P. Russia's Leader Says He Supports American Leader Aid for Georgia // New York Times. — March 2, 2002. — P. A7.
1095
Селезнев цитируется по выступлению в: Известия. — 2002. — № 12.
1096
См., например, Secretary of State Powell's remarks before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 107 Cong. 2 sess. — July 9, 2002.
1097
Interview with Vladimir Putin // Financial Times. — December 15, 2001 (ft.com).
1098
Graham, Hit to Kill. — P. 346-348.
1099
Полный текст договора см. в: www.whitehouse,gov/news/releases/2002/ 05/print/20020524-3.html (July 2003).
1100
Press briefing by Secretary of State Colin Powell on President's Trip to Russia. Grand Europa Hotel, St. Petersburg, Russia, May 25, 2002; on the Pentagon's plans, see James Dao; U.S. — Russia Atomic Arms Pact Wins Senate Panel's Baking // New York Times. — February 6, 2003. — P. 10; a good critique of the treaty is Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay. One-Day Wonder: The Dangerous Absurdity of the Bush-Putin Arms Treaty // American Prospects. — August 26, 2002 (www.prospect.org).
1101
Fact Sheet G-7/8 Kananaskis Summit Day One — U.S. Accomplishments. White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — June 27, 2002 (www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2002/06/20020627-8.html [July 2003]). — P. 1.
1102
Fact Sheet G-7/8 Kananaskis Summit Day One — U.S. Accomplishments. White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — June 26, 2002 (www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2002/06/20020626-ll.html [July 2003]). — P. 1.
1103
Interview of the National Security Adviser by ITAR-TASS, circulated on Johnson's Russia List, no 7064. — February 16, 2000 (www.cdi.org/russia/johnson [July 2003]).
1104
Gershtenzag J. and Chen E. U.S., Russia Disagree on 'Axis of Evil' Direction of Terror War // Los Angeles Times. — February 5, 2002. — P. A1.
1105
Putin Still Popular with Majority of Russians on the Third Anniversary of Election // Interfax. — March 26, 2003. On the idea that Putin's popularity made him less vulnerable to attacks from dissatisfied interest groups, see Stephen Sestanovich, At Odds with Iran and Iraq: Can the United States and Russia Resolve Differences? // A Century Foundation and Stanley Foundation Paper (New York and Muscatine, Iowa, February 2003).
1106
Sestanovich, At Odds with Iran and Iraq. — P. 32-33.
1107
Baker P. Russia Resists Ending Iran Project: Moscow Balks at U.S. Offer for Curtailing Work on Reactor // Washington Post. — October 22, 2002. — P. A19; EinhomR. and SamoreG. Heading Off Iran Bomb: The Need for Renewed U.S. — Russian Cooperation // Yaderny Kontrol Digest. — Vol. 7 (Summer 2002). — P. 9-23; Katz M. Russian-Iranian Relations in the Putin Era // Demokratizatsiya. — Vol. 10, (Winter 2002). — P. 69-82.
1108
Tavernise S. Russia Presses Iran to Accept Scrutiny of the Nuclear Site // New York Times. — July 1, 2003. — P. A9.
1109
Shepherd R. U.S. Tempts Russia with Profits of Ousting Saddam // Times (London). — September 13, 2002. — P. 17; Wines M. Putin Again Rejects U.S. Calls for Support of a War, Fearing Effect on the Mideast // New York Times. — March 1, 2003. — P. A8; and Lugar Introduces Bill to Improve Trade with Russia. Press release. — March 10, 2003.
1110
Interview Granted by President Vladimir Putin to France-3 Television. — February 10, 2003, transcript and translation provided by Federal News Service (fed.news.com).
1111
Leicester J. France, Russia, Germany Will 'Not Allow' Passage of U.N. Resolution // Associated Press. — March 5, 2003.
1112
News Conference with the Foreign Ministers of Germany, France, and Russia. — March 5, 2003 (fednews.com).
1113
Interview Granted by President Vladimir Putin to France-3 Television.
1114
Заявление президента Путина по Ираку на встрече в Кремле. Передано по РТР 20 марта 2003 г. Запись и перевод предоставлены Федеральной службой новостей (fednews.com).
1115
Выступление министра иностранных дел России Игоря Иванова на заседании Государственной Думы 21 марта 2003 г. Запись и перевод предоставлены Федеральной службой новостей (fednews.com).
1116
Ivanov, as quoted in Vladimir Isachenkov. Russia: U.S. Is Trying to Destroy Iraq // Associated Press. — March 26, 2003.
1117
Chalmers J. U.S., Russia at Odds over War on Terrorism // Reuters. — February 3, 2002.
1118
Рябов А. Путин в зеркале отношения россиян к войне в Ираке // Профиль. — 2003. — № 12. Переведено РИА «Новости».
1119
Mohammed A. U.S. Believes Russian in Bagdad Aiding Iraq // Reuters. — March 24, 2003.
1120
Игорь Иванов. Россия не поставляет в Ирак вооружение, strana.ru 24 марта 2003 г.; and MP Denies Russia Delivers Arms to Iraq // Interfax. — March 27, 2003.
1121
U.S. Threatens Sanctions against Russian Firms // RFE/RL Newsline. — March 27, 2003.
1122
Carr Е.Н. The Twenty Years1 Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations (Macmillan & Co., Limited, 1939).
1123
Interview with Yegor Gaidar.
1124
РИА Новости, 31 июля 2002 г. (en.rian.ru/rian/index.cfm [July 2003]).
1125
Для более широкого обсуждения программы см.: General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance: International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Mixed Results (November 2000).
1126
Источник: Бюро по координации помощи США странам Европы и Евразии. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, FY 2001 Annual Report (Department of State, 2002) (www.state.gov/p/eur/ace [July 2003]).
1127
Interview with Dmitri Vasiliev. См. также: Timothy Frye, Brokers and Bureaucrats: Building Market Institutions in Russia. — University of Michigan Press, 2000. — P. 187-188.
1128
Interview with Vasiliev.
1129
Frye, Brokers and Bureaucrats. — P. 181.
1130
The Agency for International Development has redressed this imbalance. See: U.S. AID, USAID/Russia Strategy Amendment (1999-2005). — Moscow, February 2002.
1131
Stiglitz J. Globalization and Its Discontent (Norton and Company, 2002).
1132
Wedel J.R. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aide to Eastern Europe (St. Martin's, 2001). Cohen, Failed Crusade; and Reddaway and Glinski, The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms.
1133
Figures quoted from Mehmet Ogutcu, «Attracting Foreign Direct Investment for Russia's Modernization: Battling against the Odds», paper presented at OECD- Russian Investment Roundtable. — St. Petersburg. — Russia, 2000. — P. 3-4.
1134
Marshall В. Executive vice president, U. S. — Russia Business Council, testimony before the European Subcommittee of the House Committee of International Relations, 107 Cong. 2 sess. — February 27, 2002; Курьеров В.Г. Иностранные инвестиции в экономике России в 2002 г. (http://econom.nsc.ru.).
1135
Сообщения об этих попятных шагах см.: Colton Т. J. and McFaul M. Russian Democracy under Putin // Problems of Post-Communism. — Vol. 50. — July-August 2003. — P. 12-21.
1136
Gibson J. The Struggle between Order and Liberty in Contemporary Russian Political Culture // Australian Journal of Political Science. — Vol. 32. — July 1997. — P. 271-290; Gibson J. The Russian Dance with Democracy, Post-Soviet Affairs. Vol. 17. — April-June 2001. — P. 101-128; Colton T.J. and McFaul M. Are Russians Undemocratic? // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 18. — April-June 2002. — P. 91-121; Всероссийский центр изучения общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ). От мнения к пониманию: общественное мнение 2000 (ВЦИОМ, декабрь 2000). Для более скептических оценок, фокусирующихся на уважении прав человека, см.: Gerber T. and Mendelson S. Russian Public Opinion on Human Rights and the War in Chechnya // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 18. — October-December 2002. — P. 271-305.
1137
Hiatt F. Chicken before Chechnya // Washington Post. — June 17, 2002. — P. A17.
1138
Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 211.
1139
См.: Hellman J. Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transition // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — No. 1. — 1998; Dethier J.-J., Ghanem H. and Zoli E. Does Democracy Facilitate the Economic Reform? An Empirical Study of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: unpublished manuscript, World Bank (June 1999); Transition Report 1999: Ten Years of Transition (London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1999), chap.; Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Block. — Cambridge University Press, 2001. Причинно-следственная связь между демократией и экономическим ростом не столь понятна.
1140
Colton and McFaul, Are Russians Undemocratic?
1141
Odom W. and Dujarric R. Commonwealth or Empire? Russia, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasia. — Hudson Institute Press, 1995; Ra'anan U. and Martin K. eds. Russia: A Return to Imperialism? (St. Martin's Press, 1995). Теоретическое обоснование вероятности конфликта в подобной ситуации см.: Walt S. Revolution and War. — Cornell University Press, 1996; Snyder J. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. — W.W. Norton, 2000.
1142
Yanks to the Rescue // Time, July 15, 1996.
1143
Lake A. Do the Doable // Foreign Policy. — No. 54 (Spring 1984). — P. 121.
1144
Aslund, Building Capitalism: Transformation, of the Former Soviet Block. — P. 401.
1145
For a similar argument, see Daalder I. and Lindsay J.M. One-Day Wonder: The Dangerous Absurdity of the Bush-Putin Arms Treaty // American Prospect. — August 26, 2002 (www.prospect.org [July 2003]).
1146
Putin, quoted in: Putin: Iraq War Most Serious Crisis since Cold War's End // Dow Jones Newswires. — March 28, 2003.
1147
См., например: Jervis R. Perceptions and Misperceptions in International History. — Princeton University Press, 1974.
1148
Владимир Путин. «Россия на рубеже тысячелетия», 1 января 2000 (government.gov.ru [July 2003]).
1149
Graham Т.Е., Jr., A World without Russia? Jamestown Foundation Conference, Washington, 1999, published in Johnson's Russia List. — June 11, 1999. — No. 3336 (www.cdi.org/russia/johnson [July 2003]).
1150
Hill C. «Russia's Defense Spending», in Russia's Uncertain Economic Future, Compendium of papers submitted the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (GPO, December 2001). — P. 161-182.
ТЕЛЕГРАМКанал с обзорами, анонсами новинок и книжными подборками
Книжный Вестник
Бот для удобного поиска книг (если не нашлось на сайте)
Поиск книг
Свежие любовные романы в удобных форматах
Любовные романы
Детективы и триллеры, все новинки
Детективы
Фантастика и фэнтези, все новинки
Фантастика
Отборные классические книги
Классика
ВКОНТАКТЕБиблиотека с любовными романами, которая наверняка придётся по вкусу женской части аудитории
Любовные романы
Библиотека с фантастикой и фэнтези, а также смежных жанров
Фантастика
Самые популярные книги в формате фб2
Топ фб2
книги