Примечания

1

For these and many others, see http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/807126.stm

2

A useful starting point for descriptions of the symptoms of schizophrenia, its effects on patients and their families, and relevant statistics is www.schizophrenia.com

3

http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk/home/the-liver.aspx

4

http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2010/Features/WTX063605.htm

5

Quoted in the The Scientist Speculates, ed. Good, I.J. (1962), published by Heinemann.

6

Key papers from this programme of work include: Gurdon et al. (1958) Nature 182: 64–5; Gurdon (1960) J Embryol Exp Morphol. 8: 505–26; Gurdon( 1962) J Hered. 53: 5–9; Gurdon (1962) Dev Biol. 4: 256–73; Gurdon (1962) J Embryol Exp Morphol. 10: 622–40.

7

Waddington, C. H. (1957), The Strategy of the Genes, published by Geo Allen & Unwin.

8

Campbell et al. 1996 Nature 380: 64–6.

9

For a useful review of the state of knowledge at the time see Rao, M. (2004) Dev Biol. 275: 269–86.

10

Takahashi and Yamanaka (2006), Cell 126: 663–76.

11

Pang et al. (2011), Nature online publication May 26.

12

Alipio et al. (2010), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 107: 13426–31.

13

Nakagawa et al. (2008), Nat Biotechnol. 26: 101–6.

14

See, for example, Baharvand et al. (2010) Methods Mol Biol. 584: 425–43.

15

Gaspar and Thrasher (2005), Expert Opin Biol Ther. 5: 1175–82.

16

Lapillonne et al. (2010), Haematologica 95: 1651–9.

17

See http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020745.html for a wealth of useful genome-related facts and figures.

18

Schoenfelder et al. (2010), Nat Genet. 42: 53–61.

19

Kruczek and Doerfler (1982), EMBO J. 1:409–14.

20

Bird et al. (1985), Cell 40: 91–99.

21

Lewis et al. (1992), Cell 69: 905–14.

22

Nan et al. (1998), Nature 393: 386–9.

23

For a recent review of the actions of MeCP2, see Adkins and Georgel (2011), Biochem Cell Biol. 89: 1–11.

24

Guy et al. (2007), Science 315: 1143–7.

25

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyAvKGmAElQ&feature=related

26

The most important papers from the Allis lab in 1996 were: Brownell et al. (1996), Cell 84: 843–51; Vettese-Dadey et al. (1996), EMBO J. 15: 2508–18; Kuo et al. (1996), Nature 383: 269–72.

27

A useful review by one of the leading researchers in the field is Kouzarides, T. (2007) Cell 128: 693–705.

28

Jenuwein and Allis (2001), Science 293: 1074–80.

29

Ng et al. (2010), Nat Genet. 42: 790–3.

30

Laumonnier et al. (2005), J Med Genet. 42: 780–6.

31

Fraga et al. (2005), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 102: 10604–9.

32

Ollikainen et al. (2010), Human Molecular Genetics 19: 4176–88.

33

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/4/l_044_02.html

34

http://www.evolutionpages.com/Mouse%20genome%20home.htm

35

Gartner, K. (1990), Lab Animal 24:71–7.

36

Whitelaw et al. (2010), Genome Biology.

37

Tobi et al. (2009), HMG.

38

Kaminen-Ahola et al. (2010).

39

If you want to know more, try Arthur Koestler’s highly readable though exceptionally partisan book, The Case of the Midwife Toad.

40

Lumey et al. (1995), Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol. 61: 23–20.

41

Lumey (1998), Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57: 129–135.

42

Kaati et al. (2002), EJHG 10: 682–688.

43

Morgan et al. (1999), Nature 23: 314–8.

44

Wolff et al. (1998), FASEB J 12: 949–957.

45

Rakyan et al. (2003), PNAS 100: 2538–2543.

46

World Cancer Research Fund figures http://tinyurl.com/47uosv4

47

www.nhs.uk

48

Waterland et al. (2007), FASEB J 21: 3380–3385.

49

Ng et al. (2010), Nature 467: 963–966.

50

Carone et al. (2010) Cell 143: 1084–1096.

51

Anway et al. (2005) Science 308: 1466–1469.

52

Guerrero-Bosagna et al. (2010), PLoS One: 5.

53

Surani, Barton and Norris (1984), Nature 308: 548–550.

54

Barton, Surani and Norris (1984), Nature 311: 374–376.

55

Surani, Barton and Norris (1987), Nature 326: 395–397.

56

McGrath and Solter (1984), Cell 37: 179–183.

57

Cattanach and Kirk (1985), Nature 315: 496–498.

58

Hammoud et al. (2009) Nature 460: 473–478.

59

Reik et al. (1987), Nature 328: 248–251.

60

Sapienza et al. (1987), Nature 328: 251–254.

61

Rakyan et al. (2003), PNAS 100: 2538–2543.

62

Surani, Barton and Norris (1984), Nature 308: 548–550.

63

Barton, Surani and Norris (1984), Nature 311: 374–376.

64

Surani, Barton and Norris (1987), Nature 326: 395–397.

65

Cattanach and Kirk (1985), Nature 315: 496–8.

66

De Chiara et al. (1991), Cell 64: 845–859.

67

Barlow et al. (1991), Nature 349: 84–87.

68

Reviewed in Butler (2009), Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics: 477–486

69

Prader, A., Labhart, A. and Willi, H. (1956), Schweiz Med Wschr. 86: 1260–1261.

70

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/176270

71

Angelman, H. (1965), ‘Puppet children’: a report of three cases. Dev Med Child Neurol. 7: 681–688.

72

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/105830

73

Knoll et al.(1989), American Journal of Medical Genetics 32: 285–290.

74

Nicholls et al. (1989), Nature 342: 281–185.

75

Malcolm et al. (1991), The Lancet 337: 694–697.

76

Wiedemann (1964), J Genet Hum. 13: 223.

77

Beckwith (1969), Birth Defects 5: 188.

78

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/130650

79

Silver et al. (1953), Pediatrics 12: 368–376.

80

Russell (1954), Proc Royal Soc Medicine. 47: 1040–1044.

81

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/180860

82

For a useful review, see Gabory et al. (2010), BioEssays 32: 473–480.

83

Frost & Moore (2010), PLoS Genetics 6 e1001015.

84

Ohinata et al. (2005), Nature 436: 207–213.

85

Buiting et al. (2003), American Journal of Medical Genetics 72: 571–577.

86

Hammoud et al. (2009), Nature 460: 473–478.

87

Ooi et al. (2007), Nature 448: 714–717.

88

Stadtfeld et al. (2010), Nature 465: 175–81.

89

See Butler (2009), J Assist Reprod Genet. 26: 477–486 for a useful review.

90

Kono et al. (2004), Nature 428: 860–864.

91

Blewitt et al. (2006), PLoS Genetics 2: 399–405.

92

See, for example, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/aug/04/cloned-meat-british-bulls-fsa?INTCMP=SRCH

93

For a recent review, see Bukulmez, O. (2009) Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 21: 260–4.

94

Jäger et al. (1990), Nature 348: 452–4.

95

Margarit et al. (2000), American Journal of Medical Genetics 90: 25–8.

96

For a good review of this, see Graves (2010), Placenta, Supplement A Trophoblast Research 24: S27–S32.

97

Lyon, M. F. (1961), Nature 190: 372–373.

98

Lyon, M. F. (1962), American Journal of Human Genetics 14: 135–148.

99

For a useful review, see Okamoto and Heard (2009), Chromosome Res. 17: 659–69.

100

McGrath and Solter (1984), Cell 37: 179–83.

101

Cattanach and Isaacson (1967), Genetics 57: 231–246.

102

Rastan and Robertson (1985), J Embryol Exp Morphol. 90: 379–88.

103

Brown et al. (1991), Nature 349: 38–44.

104

Borsani et al. (1991), Nature 351: 325–329.

105

Brown et al. (1992), Cell 71: 527–542.

106

Brockdorff et al. (1992), Cell 71: 515–526.

107

Borsani et al. (1991), Nature 351: 325–329.

108

For a good review, see Lee, J. T. (2010) Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 a003749.

109

Lee et al. (1996), Cell 86: 83–84.

110

Xu et al. (2006), Science 311: 1149–52.

111

Lee et al. (1999), Nature Genetics 21: 400–404.

112

Navarro et al. (2008), Science 321: 1693–1695.

113

Maherali et al. (2007), Cell Stem Cell 1: 55–70.

114

Zonana et al. (1993), Amer J Human Genetics 52: 78–84.

115

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/305100

116

Reviewed in Pinto et al. (2010), Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 5: 14–23.

117

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/310200

118

Pena et al. (1987), J Neurol Sci. 79: 337–344.

119

Gordon (2004), Science 306: 496–499.

120

For a good review of this, see Graves (2010), Placenta Supplement A Trophoblast Research 24: S27–S32.

121

Rao et al. (1997), Nature Genetics 16: 54–63.

122

From Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers (1950).

123

Mulder et al. (1975), Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 39: 397–400.

124

Ohno (1972), Brookhaven Symposia in Biology 23: 366–370.

125

See Orgel and Crick (1980), Nature 284: 604–607.

126

See Doolittle and Sapienza (1980), Nature 284: 601–603.

127

Mattick (2009), Annals N Y Acad Sci. 1178: 29–46.

128

http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/node30006.html

129

http://wiki.wormbase.org/index.php/WS205

130

For a useful review see Qureshi et al. (2010), Brain Research 1338: 20–35.

131

Clark and Mattick (2011), Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, in press at time of publication.

132

Carninci et al. (2005), Science 309: 1559–1563.

133

Nagano et al. (2008), Science 322: 1717–1720.

134

Zhao et al. (2010), Molecular Cell 40: 939–953.

135

Garber et al. (1983), EMBO J. 2: 2027–36.

136

Rinn et al. (2007), Cell 129: 1311–1323.

137

Ørom et al. (2010), Cell 143: 46–58.

138

Lee et al. (1993), Cell 75: 843–854.

139

Wightman et al. (1993), Cell 75: 858–62.

140

For a good review, see Bartel (2009), Cell 136: 215–233.

141

Mattick, J. S. (2010), BioEssays 32: 548–552.

142

Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005), Nature 437: 69–87.

143

Athanasiasdis et al. (2004), PLoS Biol. 2: e391.

144

Paz-Yaacov et al. (2010), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 107: 12174–9.

145

Melton et al. (2010), Nature 463: 621–628.

146

Yu et al. (2007), Science 318: 1917–20.

147

Marson et al. (2008), Cell 134: 521–33.

148

Judson et al. (2009), Nature Biotechnology 27: 459–461.

149

Reviewed in Pauli et al. (2011), Nature Reviews Genetics 12: 136–149.

150

Giraldez et al. (2006), Science 312: 75–79.

151

West et al. (2009), Nature 460: 909–913.

152

Vagin et al. (2009), Genes Dev. 23: 1749–62.

153

Deng and Lin (2002), Developmental Cell 2: 819–830.

154

Aravin et al. (2008), Molecular Cell 31: 785–799.

155

Kuramochi-Miyagawa et al. (2008), Genes and Development 22: 908–917.

156

Reviewed in Mattick et al. (2009), BioEssays 31: 51–59.

157

Wagner et al. (2008), Dev Cell. 14: 962–9.

158

Lewejohann et al. (2004), Behav Brain Res. 154: 273–89.

159

Clop et al. (2006), Nature Genetics 38: 813–818.

160

Abelson et al. (2005), Science 310: 317–320.

161

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/188400

162

Strak et al. (2008), Nature Genetics 40: 751–760.

163

Calin et al. (2004), Proc Nat Acad Sci. USA 101: 2999–3004.

164

Volinia et al. (2006), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 103: 2257–2261.

165

For a useful review see Garzon et al. (2010), Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9: 775–789.

166

Melo et al. (2009), Nature Genetics 41: 365–370.

167

Karon et al. (1973), Blood 42: 359–65.

168

Constantinides et al. (1977), Nature 267: 364–366.

169

Taylor and Jones (1979), Cell 17: 771–779.

170

Jones (2011), Nature Cell Biology 13: 2.

171

Jones and Taylor (1980), Cell 20: 85–93.

172

Santi et al. (1983), Cell 33: 9–10.

173

Ghoshal et al. (2005), Molecular and Cellular Biology 25: 4727–4741.

174

Kuo et al. (2007), Cancer Research 67: 8248–8254.

175

For an excellent history of the development of SAHA, see Marks and Breslow (2007), Nature Biotechnology 25: 84–90.

176

Friend et al. (1971), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 68: 378–382.

177

Richon et al. (1996), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 93: 5705–5708.

178

Yoshida et al. (1990), Journal of Biological Chemistry 265: 17174–17179.

179

Richon et al. (1998), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 95: 3003–3007.

180

Herman et al. (1994), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 91: 9700–9704.

181

Esteller et al. (2000), Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92: 564–569.

182

Toyota et al. (1999), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 96: 8681–8686.

183

Lu et al. (2006), Oncogene 25: 230–9.

184

Gery et al. (2007), Clin Cancer Res. 13: 1399–404.

185

For a recent review of a disorder where gene therapy is proving broadly effective see Ferrua et al. (2010), Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 10: 551–6.

186

Kantarjian et al. (2006), Cancer 106: 1794–1803.

187

Silverman et al. (2002), J Clin Oncol. 20: 2429–2440.

188

Duvic et al. (2007), Blood 109: 31–39.

189

www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/results?protocolsearchid=8828355

190

www.lifesciencesworld.com/news/view/11080

191

http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2008/04/21/story1-Epigenetics-is-the-word-on-bio-investors-lips.html

192

Viré et al. (2006), Nature 439: 871–874.

193

Schlesinger et al. (2007), Nature Genetics 39: 232–236.

194

Shi et al. (2004), Cell 29: 119; 941–53.

195

Ooi et al. (2007), Nature 448: 714–717.

196

Bachmann et al. (2006), J Clin Oncology 24: 268–273.

197

Lim et al. (2010), Carcinogenesis 31: 512–20.

198

Kondo et al. (2008), Nature Genetics 40: 741–750.

199

Widschwendter et al. (2007), Nature Genetics 39: 157–158.

200

Taby and Issa (2010), CA Cancer J Clin. 60: 376–92.

201

Bernstein et al. (2006), Cell 125: 315–326.

202

Ohm et al. (2007), Nature Genetics 39: 237–242.

203

Fabbri et al. (2007), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 104: 15805–10.

204

For a recent review, see Heim et al. (2010), Dev Psychobiol. 52: 671–90.

205

Yehuda et al. (2001), Dev Psychopathol. 13: 733–53.

206

Heim et al. (2000), JAMA 284: 592–7.

207

Lee et al. (2005), Am J Psychiatry 162: 995–997.

208

Carpenter et al. (2004), Neuropsychopharm. 29: 777–784.

209

Weaver et al. (2004), Nature Neuroscience 7: 847–854.

210

Murgatroyd et al. (2009), Nature Neuroscience 12: 1559–1565.

211

Skene et al. (2010), Mol Cell 37: 457–68.

212

McGowan et al. (2009), Nature Neuroscience 12: 342–248.

213

http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/

214

Reviewed in Uchida et al. (2011), Neuron 69: 359–372.

215

Uchida et al. (2011), Neuron 69: 359–372.

216

Elliott et al. (2010), Nature Neuroscience 13: 1351–1353.

217

Uchida et al. (2011), Neuron 69: 359–372.

218

For a useful review of animal models of depression, see Nestler and Hyman (2010), Nature Neuroscience 13: 1161–1169.

219

Uchida et al. (2011), Neuron 69: 359–372.

220

Weaver et al. (2004), Nature Neuroscience 7: 847–854.

221

See, for example, interviews in Buchen (2010), Nature 467: 146–148.

222

Mayer et al. (2000), Nature 403: 501–502.

223

Tahiliani et al. (2009), Science 324: 30–5.

224

Globisch et al. (2010), PLoS One 5: e15367.

225

For a useful review of DNA methylation and memory formation, see Day and Sweatt (2010), Nature Neuroscience 13: 1319–1329.

226

Korzus et al. (2004), Neuron 42: 961–972.

227

Alarcón et al. (2004), Neuron 42: 947–959.

228

MacDonald and Roskams (2008), Dev Dyn. 237: 2256–2267.

229

Guan et al. (2009), Nature 459: 55–60.

230

Fischer et al. (2007), Nature 447: 178–182.

231

Im et al. (2010), Nature Neuroscience 13: 1120–1127.

232

Deng et al. (2010), Nature Neuroscience 13: 1128–1136.

233

Garfield et al. (2011), Nature 469: 534–538.

234

http://www.isaps.org/uploads/news_pdf/Raw_data_Survey2009.pdf

235

Aubert and Lansdorp (2008), Physiological Reviews 88: 557–579.

236

For a review of this and other surveys on public attitudes to lifespan extension, see Partridge et al. (2010), EMBO Reports 11: 735–737.

237

Bjornsson et al. (2008), Journal of the American Medical Association 299: 2877–2883.

238

Gaudet et al. (2003), Science 300: 488–492.

239

Eden et al. (2003), Science 300: 455.

240

For a useful review of changes in epigenetic modifications during ageing, see Calvanese et al. (2009), Ageing Research Reviews 8: 269–276.

241

Kennedy et al. (1995), Cell 80: 485–496.

242

Kaeberlein et al. (1999), Genes and Development 13: 2570–2580.

243

Dang et al. (2009), Nature 459: 802–807.

244

Tissenbaum and Guarente (2001), Nature 410: 227–230.

245

Rogina and Helfand (2004), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101: 15998–16003.

246

Michishita et al. (2008), Nature 452: 492–496.

247

Kawahara et al. (2009), Cell 136: 62–74.

248

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/277700

249

Michishita et al. (2008), Nature 452: 492–496.

250

McCay et al. (1935), Nutrition 5: 155–71.

251

Reviewed in Kaeberlein and Powers (2007), Ageing Research Reviews 6: 128–140.

252

Partridge et al. (2010), EMBO Reports 11: 735–737.

253

Howitz et al. (2003), Nature 425: 191–196.

254

Wood et al. (2004), Nature 430: 686–689.

255

Baur et al. (2006), Nature 444: 337–342.

256

Howitz et al. (2003), Nature 425: 191–196.

257

Beher et al. (2009), Chem Biol Drug Des. 74: 619–24.

258

Pacholec et al. (2010), J Biol Chem. 285: 8340–51.

259

For a review, see Chaturvedi et al. (2010), Chem Soc Rev. 39: 435–54.

260

http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/weak-efficacy-renal-risks-force-gsk-dump-resveratrol-program/2010-12-01

261

McCay et al. (1935), Nutrition 5: 155–71.

262

For a useful review of the differences, see Chittka and Chittka (2010), PLoS Biology 8: e1000532.

263

For a useful summary of these processes, see Maleszka (2008), Epigenetics 3: 188–192.

264

Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium (2006), Nature 443: 931–49.

265

Wang et al. (2006), Science 314: 645–647.

266

Kucharski et al. (2008), Science 319: 1827–1830.

267

Lyko et al. (2010), PLos Biol. 8: e1000506.

268

Spannhoff et al. (2011), EMBO Reports 12: 238–243.

269

Lockett et al. (2010), NeuroReport 21: 812–816.

270

Hunt et al. (2010), Genome Biol Evol 2: 719–728.

271

Lyko et al. (2010), PLos Biol. 8: e1000506.

272

Bonasio et al. (2010), Science 329: 1068–1071

273

Izuta et al. (2009), Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 6: 489–94.

274

For a useful review, see Dennis and Peacock (2009), J Biol 8: article 57.

275

For a useful summary of the epigenetic control of vernalisation, see Ahmad et al. (2010), Molecular Plant 4: 719–728.

276

Pien et al. (2008), Plant Cell 20: 580–588.

277

Sung and Amasino (2004), Nature 427: 159–164.

278

De Lucia et al. (2008), Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 105: 16831–16836.

279

Heo and Sung (2011), Science 331: 76–79.

280

Pant et al. (2008), Plant J 53: 731–738.

281

Palauqui et al. (1997), EMBO J 16: 4738–4745

282

See, for example, Schubert et al. (2006), EMBO J 25: 4638–4649.

283

Gehring et al. (2009), Science 324: 1447–1451.

284

Hsieh et al. (2009), Science 324: 1451–1454

285

Mosher et al. (2009), Nature 460: 283–286.

286

Slotkin et al. (2009), Cell 136: 461–472.

287

Garnier et al. (2008), Epigenetics 3: 14–20.

288

Reviewed in Zhang et al. (2010), J Genet and Genomics 37: 1–12.

289

Chan et al. (2005), Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 351–360.

290

Cokus et al. (2008), Nature 452: 215–219.

291

For a recent review, see Wapstra and Warner (2010), Sex Dev. 4: 110–8.

292

Miller et al. (2004), Fertil Steril. 81: 954–64.

293

Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. C. (1953), Nature 171: 737–738.

294

Cattanach and Isaacson (1967), Genetics 57: 231–246.

295

For further information, see http://www.sienabiotech.com.

296

Mack, G. S. (2010), Nat Biotechnol. 28: 1259–66.

297

MRC Vitamin Study Research Group (1991), Lancet 338: 131–7.

298

Waterland et al. (2006), Hum Mol Genet. 15: 705–16.

299

Reviewed in Calvanese et al. (2009), Ageing Research Reviews 8: 268–276.

300

Reviewed in Guilloteau et al. (2010), Res Rev. 23: 366–84.

301

Palsdottir et al. (2008), PLoS Genet. June 20, 4: e1000099.

302

Abstract from Palsdottir et al. (2010), Wellcome Trust Conference on Signalling to Chromatin Hinxton UK

303

See for example Okabe et al. (1995), Biol Pharm Bull. 18: 1665–70.

304

Nakahata et al. (2008), Cell 134: 329–40.

305

Katada et al. (2010), Nat Struct Mol Biol. 17: 1414–21.

306

Gregoretti et al. (2004), J Mol Biol. 338: 17–31.

Загрузка...