Библиография

Abella, Juan Manuel, Alberto Valenciano, Alejandro Pérez-Ramos, Plinio Montoya, and Jorge Morales. 2013. «On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos arctoides: An Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology». PLoS ONE 8 (9): €73711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073711.

Adams, Lionel E. 1898. «Observations on the Pairing of Limax maximus». Fournal of Conchology 9: 92–95.

Adebayo, A. O., A. K. Akinloye, S. A. Olurode, E. O. Anise, and B. O. Oke. 2011. «The Structure of the Penis with the Associated Baculum in the Male Greater Cane Rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)». Folia Morphologica 70 (3): 197–203. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc50/62c392cbb01008fc8fdblac5c7159d966293.pdf.

Ah-King, Malin, Andrew B. Barron, and Marie E. Herberstein. 2014. «Genital Evolution-Why Are Females Still Understudied?» PLoS Biology 12 (5): e1001851. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001851.

Aisenberg, Anita, Gilbert Barrantes, and William G. Eberhard. 2015. «Hairy Kisses: Tactile Cheliceral Courtship Affects Female Mating Decisions in Leucauge mariana (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)». Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69: 313-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/00265-014-1844-2.

al-Attia, H. M. 1997. «Male Pseudohermaphroditism Due to 5 Alpha-reductase-2 Deficiency in an Arab Kindred». Postgraduate Medical Journal 73 (866): 802-07. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.73.866.802.

Aldersley, Andrew, and Lauren J. Cator. 2019. «Female Resistance and Harmonic Convergence Influence Male Mating Success in Aedes aegypti». Scientific Reports 9: 2145. https://doi.org/10.1038/41598-019-38599-3.

Aldhous, Peter. 2019. «How Jeffrey Epstein Bought His Way into an Extensive Intellectual Boys Club». BuzzFeed News. September 26, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/jeffrey-epstein-john-brockman-edge-foundation/.

Amcoff, Mirjam. 2013. «Fishing for Females: Sensory Exploitation in the Swordtail Characin». PhD diss., Uppsala University.

Anderson, Matthew J. 2000. «Penile Morphology and Classification of Bush Babies (Subfamily Galagoninae)». International Journal of Primatology 21: 815-36. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005542609002.

Anderson, Sarah L., Barbara J. Parker, and Cheryl M. Bourguignon. 2008. «Changes in Genital Injury Patterns over Time in Women After Consensual Intercourse». Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 15 (5): 306-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2007.12.007.

Andonov, Kostadin, Nikolay Natchev, Yuri V. Kornilev, and Nikolay Tzankov. 2017. «Does Sexual Selection Influence Ornamentation of Hemipenes in Old World Snakes?» Anatomical Record 300 (9): 1680-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23622.

André, Gonçalo I., Renée C. Firman, and Leigh W. Simmons. 2018. «Pheno-typic Plasticity in Genitalia: Baculum Shape Responds to Sperm Competition Risk in House Mice». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1882): 20181086. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1086.

Andrew, R. J., and D. B. Tembhare. 1993. «Functional Anatomy of the Secondary Copulatory Apparatus of the Male Dragonfly Tramea virginia (Odonata: Anisoptera)». Journal of Morphology 218 (1): 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052180108.

Arikawa, Kentaro, E. Eguchi, A. Yoshida, and K. Aoki. 1980. «Multiple Extra-ocular Photoreceptive Areas on Genitalia of Butter fly, Papilio xuthus». Nature 288: 700-02. https://doi.org/10.1038/288700a0.

_____ and Nobuhiro Takagi. 2001. «Genital Photoreceptors Have Crucial Role in Oviposition in Japanese Yellow Swallowtail Butter fly, Papilio xuthus». Zoological Science 18 (2): 175-79. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.18.175.

Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Paula England, and Alison C. K. Fogarty. 2012. «Ac-counting for Women's Orgasm and Sexual Enjoyment in College Hookups and Relationships». American Sociological Reviere 77 (3): 435-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412445802.

Aschwanden, Christie. 2019. «200 Researchers, 5 Hypotheses, No Consistent Answers». Wired, December 6, 2019. https://www.wired.com/story/200-researchers-5-hypotheses-no-consistent-answers.

Ashton, Sarah, Karalyn McDonald, and Maggie Kirkman. 2017. «Women's Experiences of Pornography: A Systematic Review of Research Using Qualitative Methods». The Journal of Sex Research 55 (3): 334-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1364337.

Austin, Colin R. 1984. «Evolution of the Copulatory Apparatus». Italian Journal of Zoology 51 (1–2): 249-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250008409439463.

Badri, Talel, and Michael L. Ramsey. 2019. Papule, Pearly Penile. Treasure Is-land, FL: StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/booksINBK442028.

Bailey, Nathan W., and Marlene Zuk. 2009. «Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Evolution». Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24 (8): 439-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014.

Baird, Julia. 2019. «Opinion: What I Know About Famous Men's Penises». New York Times, August 31, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/31/opinion/sunday/world-leaders-penises.html.

Baker, John R. 1925. «On Sex-Intergrade Pigs: Their Anatomy, Genetics, and Developmental Physiology». British Journal of Experimental Biology 2: 247-63. https://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/2/2/247.full.pdf.

Bauer, Raymond T. 1986. «Phylogenetic Trends in Sperm Transfer and Storage Complexity in Decapod Crustaceans». Journal of Crustacean Biology 6 (3): 313-25. https://doi.org/10.1163/193724086X00181.

_____. 2013. «Adaptive Modification of Appendages for Grooming (Cleaning, Antifouling) and Reproduction in the Crustacea». In The Natural History of the Crustacea, edited by Les Watling and Martin Thiel. 337-75. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof: osobl/9780195398038.003.0013.

Baumeister, Roy F. 2010. Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men. New York: Oxford University Press.

Beechey, Des. 2018. «Family Amphibolidae: Mangrove Mud Snails». The Seashells of New South Wales. https://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Amphibolidae/Pages/Amphibolidae_intro.htm.

Benedict, Mark Q., and Alan S. Robinson. 2003. «The First Releases of Transgenic Mosquitoes: An Argument for the Sterile Insect Technique». Trends in Parasitology 19 (8): 349-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4922(03)00144-2.

Berger, David, Tao You, Maravillas R. Minano, Karl Grieshop, Martin I. Lind, Göran Arnqvist, and Alexei A. Maklakov. 2016. «Sexually Antagonistic Selection on Genetic Variation Underlying Both Male and Female Same-Sex Sexual Behavior». BMC Evolutionary Biology 16: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/12862-016-0658-4.

Bertone, Matthew A., Misha Leong, Keith M. Bayless, Tara L. F. Malow, Robert R. Dunn, and Michelle D. Trautwein. 2016. «Arthropods of the Great Indoors: Characterizing Diversity Inside Urban and Suburban Homes». Peer 4: el582. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1582.

Bittel, Jason. 2018. «It's Praying Mantis Mating Season: Here's What You Need to Know». National Geographic, September 7, 2018. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/praying-mantis-mating-cannibalism-birds-bite-facts-news.html.

Bondeson, Jan. 1999. A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities: A Compendium of the Odd, the Bizarre, and the Unexpected. New York: W. W. Norton.

Bosson, Jennifer K., Joseph A. Vandello, and Camille E. Buckner. 2018. The Psychology of Sex and Gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Boyce, Greg R., Emile Gluck-Thaler, Jason C. Slot, Jason E. Stajich, William J. Davis, Tim Y. James, John R. Cooley, Daniel G. Panaccione, Jorgen Eilenberg, Henrik H. de Fine Licht, et al. 2019. «Psychoactive Plant- and Mushroom-Associated Alkaloids from Two Behavior Modifying Cicada Pathogens». Fungal Ecology 41: 147-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002.

Brassey, Charlotte A., James D. Gardiner, and Andrew C. Kitchener. 2018. «Testing Hypotheses for the Function of the Carnivoran Baculum Using Finite-Element Analysis». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285 (1887): pi: 20181473. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1473.

Brennan, Patricia L. R. 2016a. «Evolution: One Penis After All». Current Biology 26 (1): R29-R31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.024.

_____. 2016b. «Studying Genital Coevolution to Understand Intromittent Organ Morphology». Integrative and Comparative Biology 56 (4): 669-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw018.

_____. Tim R. Birkhead, Kristof Zyskowski, Jessica van der Waag, and Richard O. Prum. 2008. «Independent Evolutionary Reductions of the Phallus in Basal Birds». Journal of Avian Biology 39 (5): 487-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908–8857.2008.04610.x.

_____, Ryan Clark, and Douglas W. Mock. 2014. «Time to Step Up: Defending Basic Science and Animal Behaviour». Animal Behaviour 94: 101-05. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.05.013.

_____, Richard O. Prum, Kevin G. McCracken, Michael D. Sorenson, Robert E. Wilson, and Tim R. Birkhead. 2007. «Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl». PLoS ONE 2 (5): e418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000418.

Bribiescas, Richard G. 2006. Men: Evolutionary and Life History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Briceño, R. Daniel, and William G. Eberhard. 2009a. «Experimental Demonstration of Possible Cryptic Female Choice on Male Tsetse Fly Genitalia». Journal of Insect Physiology 55 (11): 989-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.07.001.

_____, and William G. Eberhard. 2009b. «Experimental Modifications Imply a Stimulatory Function for Male Tsetse Fly Genitalia, Supporting Cryptic Female Choice Theory». Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22 (7): 1516-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420–9101.2009.01761.x.

_____ and William G. Eberhard. 2015. «Species-Specific Behavioral Differences in Tsetse Fly Genital Morphology and Probable Cryptic Female Choice». In Cryptic Female Choice in Arthropods, edited by Alfredo V. Peretti and Anita Eisenberg. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.

_____, William G. Eberhard, and Alan S. Robinson. 2007. «Copulation Behaviour of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Muscidae) Outside and Inside the Female, with a Discussion of Genitalic Evolution». Bulletin of Entomological Research 97 (5): 471-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/0007485307005214.

_____, D. Wegrynek, E. Chinea-Cano, William G. Eberhard, and Tomy dos Santos Rolo. 2010. «Movements and Morphology Under Sexual Selection: Tsetse Fly Genitalia». Ethology, Ecology, & Evolution 22 (4): 385-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2010.505581.

Brindle, Matilda, and Christopher Opie. 2016. «Postcopulatory Sexual Selection Influences Baculum Evolution in Primates and Carnivores». Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 283 (1844): 20161736. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1736.

Brownell, Robert L., Jr., and Katherine Ralls. 1986. «Potential for Sperm Competition in Baleen Whales». Reports of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue 8: 97-112.

Brownlee, Christen. 2004. «Biography of Juan Carlos Castilla». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (23): 8514-16. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403287101.

Burns, Mercedes, and Nobuo Tsurusaki. 2016. «Male Reproductive Morphology Across Latitudinal Clines and Under Long-Term Female Sex-Ratio Bias». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 715-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw017.

_____, Marshal Hedin, and Jeffrey W. Shultz. 2013. «Comparative Analyses of Reproductive Structures in Harvestmen (Opiliones) Reveal Multiple Transitions from Courtship to Precopulatory Antagonism». PLoS ONE 8 (6): e66767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066767.

_____, and Jeffrey W. Shultz. 2015. «Biomechanical Diversity of Mating Structures Among Harvestmen Species Is Consistent with a Spectrum of Pre-copulatory Strategies». PLoS ONE 10 (9): e0137181. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137181.

Cardoso, Maria Fernanda. 2012. «The Aesthetics of Reproductive Morphologies». PhD diss., University of Sydney.

Castilla, Juan Carlos. 2009. «Darwin Taxonomist: Barnacles and Shell Burrowing Barnacles [Darwin taxónomo: cirrípedos y cirrípedos perforadores de conchas]». Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 82 (4): 477-83.

Cattet, Marc. 1988. «Abnormal Sexual Differentiation in Black Bears (Ursus americanus) and Brown Bears (Ursus arctos)». Journal of Mammalogy 69 (4): 849-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1381646.

Chase, Ronald. 2007a. «The Function of Dart Shooting in Helicid Snails». American Malacological Bulletin 23 (1): 183-89. https://doi.org/10.400310740-2783-23.1.183.

_____. 2007b. «Gastropod Reproductive Behavior». Scholarpedia 2 (9): 4125. https://doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.4125.

Chatel, Amanda. 2019. «The 17 Most Innovative Sex Toys of 2019». Bustle, De-cember 11, 2019. https://www.bustle.com/p/the-17-most-innovative-sex-toys-of-2019-19438655.

Cheetham, Thomas Bigelow. 1987. «A Comparative Study of the Male Gentalia in the Pulicoidea (Siphonaptera)». Retrospective Theses and Dissertations 8518. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8518.

Cheng, Kimberly M., and Jeffrey T. Burns. 1988. «Dominance Relationship and Mating Behavior of Domestic Cocks: A Model to Study Mate-Guarding and Sperm Competition in Birds». The Condor 90 (3): 697–704. https://doi.org/10.2307/1368360.

Choulant, Ludwig. 1920. History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration in Its Relation to Anatomic Science and the Graphic Arts [Geschichte und Bibliographie der matomischen Abbildung nach ihrer Beziehung auf anatomische Wissenschaft und bildende Kunst]. Translated and edited with notes and a biography by Mortimer Frank. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cockburn, W. 1728. The Symptoms, Nature, Cause, and Cure of a Gonorrhoea. 3rd ed. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/symptomsnatureca00cock/pageln4/mode/2up.

Cocks, Oliver T. M., and Paul E. Eady. 2018. «Microsurgical Manipulation Re-veals Pre-copulatory Function of Key Genital Sclerites». Journal of Experimental Biology 221 (8): jeb.173427. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.173427.

Cordero, Carlos, and James S. Miller. 2012. «On the Evolution and Function of Caltrop Cornuti in Lepidoptera-Potentially Damaging Male Genital Struc-tures Transferred to Females During Copulation». Journal of Natural History 46 (11–12): 701-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.651638.

Cordero, Margarita. 2016. «A Serious Human Drama That Health Authorities Ignore» [Un grave drama humano al que las autoridades de salud dan la espalda]. Diario Libre, March 20, 2016. https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/salud/un-grave-drama-humano-al-que-las-autoridades-de-salud-dan-la-espalda-EX3055457.

Cordero-Rivera, Adolfo. 2016a. «Demographics and Adult Activity of Hemi-phlebia mirabilis: A Short-Lived Species with a Huge Population Size (Odo-nata: Hemiphlebiidae)». Insect Conservation and Diversity 9 (2): 108-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12147.

_____. 2016b. «Sperm Removal During Copulation Confirmed in the Oldest Extant Damselfly, Hemiphlebia mirabilis». Peer: 4:e2077. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2077.

_____. 2017. «Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Genitalia: Male Damselflies Remove More Sperm When Mating with a Heterospecific Female». Scientific Reports 7: 7844. https://doi.org/10.1038/41598-017-08390-3.

_____ and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar. 2010. «Selective Forces Propelling Genitalic Evolution in Odonata». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 332-52. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cormier, Loretta A., and Sharyn R. Jones. 2015. The Domesticated Penis: How Womanhood Has Shaped Manhood. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Costa, Rui Miguel, Geoffrey F. Miller, and Stuart Brody. 2012. «Women Who Prefer Longer Penises Are More Likely to Have Vaginal Orgasms (but Not Clitoral Orgasms): Implications for an Evolutionary Theory of Vaginal Orgasm». The Journal of Sexual Medicine 9 (12): 3079-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743–6109.2012.02917x.

Cox, Cathleen R., and Burney J. Le Boeuf. 1977. «Female Incitation of Male Competition: A Mechanism in Sexual Selection». The American Naturalist 111 (978): 317-35. https://doi.org/10.1086/283163.

Crane, Brent. 2018. «Chasing the World's Most Endangered Turtle». The New Yorker, December 24, 2018. https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/chasing-the-worlds-rarest-turtle.

Cree, Alison. 2014. Tuatara: Biology and Conservation of a Venerable Survivor. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press.

Cruz-Lucero, Rosario. 2006. «Judas and His Phallus: The Carnivalesque Narratives of Holy Week in Catholic Philippines». History and Anthropology 17(1): 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757200500395568.

Cunningham, Andrew. 2010. The Anatomist Anatomis'd: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Czarnetzki, Alice B., and Christoph C. Tebbe. 2004. «Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wolbachia in Collembola». Environmental Microbiology 6 (1):35–44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462–2920.2003.00537.x.

Darwin, Charles. 1851. A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia. Vol. 1: The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.

_____. 1854. A Monograph on the Fossil Balanide and Verrucide of Great Britain. London: Palzontographical Society.

De Waal, Frans. 2007. Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dendy, Arthur. 1899. «Memoirs: Outlines of the Development of the Tuatara, Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus». Journal of Cell Science s2-42: 1-87.

Dines, James P., Sarah L. Mesnick, Katherine Ralls, Laura May-Collado, Ingi Agnarsson, and Matthew D. Dean. 2015. «A Trade-off Between Precopula-tory and Postcopulatory Trait Investment in Male Cetaceans». Evolution 69 (6): 1560-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12676.

_____, Erik Otárola-Castillo, Peter Ralph, Jesse Alas, Timothy Daley, Andrew D. Smith, and Matthew D. Dean. 2014. «Sexual Selection Targets Cetacean Pelvic Bones». Evolution 68 (11): 3296-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12516.

Diogo, Rui, Julia L. Molnar, and Bernard Wood. 2017. «Bonobo Anatomy Reveals Stasis and Mosaicism in Chimpanzee Evolution, and Supports Bonobos as the Most Appropriate Extant Model for the Common Ancestor of Chimpanzees and Humans». Scientific Reports 7: 608. https://doi.org/10.1038/41598-017-00548-3.

Dixson, A. F. 1983. «Observations on the Evolution and Behavioral Significance of 'Sexual Skin' in Female Primates». Advances in the Study of Behavior 13:63-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60286-7

_____. 1995. «Baculum Length and Copulatory Behaviour in Carnivores and Pinnipeds (Grand Order Ferae)». Journal of Zoology 235 (1): 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469–7998.1995.tb05128.x.

_____. 2012. Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

_____. 2013. Sexual Selection and the Origin of Human Mating Systems. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dougherty, Liam R., and David M. Shuker. 2016. «Variation in Pre- and Post-copulatory Sexual Selection on Male Genital Size in Two Species of Lygaeid Bug». Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70: 625-37. https://doi.org110.1007/00265-016-2082-6.

_____, Emile van Lieshout, Kathryn B. McNamara, Joe A. Moschilla, Göran Arnqvist, and Leigh W. Simmons. 2017. «Sexual Conflict and Correlated Evolution Between Male Persistence and Female Resistance Traits in the Seed Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284 (1855): 20170132. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0132.

Dreisbach, Robert Rickert. 1957. «A New Species in the Genus Arachnoproctonus (Hymenoptera: Psammocharidae) with Photomicrographs of the Genitalia and Subgenital Plate». Entomological News 68 (3): 72–75.

Dukoff, Spencer. 2019. «The State of the American Penis». Men's Health, June 7, 2019. https://www.menshealth.com/health/a27703087/the-state-of-the-american-penis.

Dunlop, Jason A., Lyall I. Anderson, Hans Kerp, and Hagen Hass. 2003. «Pal-acontology: Preserved Organs of Devonian Harvestmen». Nature 425: 916. https://doi.org/10.1038/425916a.

_____, Paul A. Selden, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2016. «Penis Morphology in a Burmese Amber Harvestman». The Science of Nature 103: 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/00114-016-1337-4.

Dytham, Calvin, John Grahame, and Peter J. Mill. 1996. «Synchronous Penis Shedding in the Rough Periwinkle, Littorina arcana». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76 (2): 539-42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400030733.

Eady, Paul. 2010. «Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in the Coleoptera: Mechanisms and Consequences». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 353-78. New York: Oxford University Press.

_____, Leticia Hamilton, and Ruth E. Lyons. 2006. «Copulation, Genital Damage and Early Death in Callosobruchus maculatus». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1607): 247-52. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3710.

Eberhard, William G. 1985. Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

_____. 2009. «Evolution of Genitalia: Theories, Evidence, and New Direc-tions». Genetica 138: 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/10709-009-9358-y.

_____. 2010. «Rapid Divergent Evolution of Genitalia: Theory and Data Up-dated». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 40–78. New York: Oxford University Press.

_____. 2011. «Experiments with Genitalia: A Commentary». Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26 (1): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.10.009.

_____, and Bernhard A. Huber. 2010. «Spider Genitalia: Precise Maneuvers with a Numb Structure in a Complex Lock». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 249-84. New York: Oxford University Press.

_____, and Natalia Ramírez. 2004. «Functional Morphology of the Male Genitalia of Four Species of Drosophila: Failure to Confirm Both Lock and Key and Male-Female Conflict Predictions». Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97 (5): 1007-17. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097 [1007FMOTMG]2.0.CO;2.

_____, Rafael Lucas Rodríguez, Bernhard A. Huber, Bretta Speck, Henry Miller, Bruno A. Buzatto, and Glauco Machado. 2018. «Sexual Selection and Static Allometry: The Importance of Function». The Quarterly Reviere of Biology 93 (3): 207-50. https://doi.org/10.1086/699410.

Eisner, T., S. R. Smedley, D. K. Young, M. Eisner, B. Roach, and J. Meinwald. 1996a. «Chemical Basis of Courtship in a Beetle (Neopyrochroa flabellata): Cantharidin as 'Nuptial Gift». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (13): 6499-503. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.13.6499.

_____. 1996b. «Chemical Basis of Courtship in a Beetle (Neopyrochroa flabellata): Cantharidin as Precopulatory 'Enticing' Agent». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 (13): 6494-98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.13.6494.

El Hasbani, Georges, Richard Assaker, Sutasinee Nithisoontorn, William Plath, Rehan Munit, and Talya Toledano. 2019. «Penile Ossification of the Entire Penile Shaft Found Incidentally on Pelvic X-Ray». Urology Case Reports 26: 100938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2019.100938.

Ellison, Peter T., ed. 2001. Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Emerling, Christopher A., and Stephanie Keep. 2015. «What Can We Learn About Our Limbs from the Limbless?» Understanding Evolution, November 2015. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/151105_limbless.

Engel, Katharina C., Lisa Männer, Manfred Ayasse, and Sandra Steiger. 2015.

«Acceptance Threshold Theory Can Explain Occurrence of Homosex-ual Behaviour». Biology Letters 11 (1): 20140603. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsb1.2014.0603.

Eres, Ittai E., Kaixuan Luo, Chiaowen Joyce Hsiao, Lauren E. Blake, and Yoav Gilad. 2019. «Reorganization of 3D Genome Structure May Contribute to Gene Regulatory Evolution in Primates». PLoS Genetics 15 (7): e1008278. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008278.

Evans, Benjamin R., Panayiota Kotsakiozi, André Luis Costa-da-Silva, Rafaella Sayuri Ioshino, Luiza Garziera, Michele C. Pedrosa, Aldo Malavasi, Jair F. Virginio, Margareth Lara Capurro, and Jeffrey R. Powell. 2019. «Transgenic Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Transfer Genes into a Natural Population». Scientific Reports 9: 13047. https://doi.org/10.1038/41598-019-49660-6.

Faddeeva-Vakhrusheva, Anna, Ken Kraaijeveld, Martin F. L. Derks, Seyed Yahya Anvar, Valeria Agamennone, Wouter Suring, Andries A. Kamp-fraath, Jacintha Ellers, et al. 2017. «Coping with Living in the Soil: The Genome of the Parthenogenetic Springtail Folsomia candida». BMC Genomics 18:493. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3852-x.

Finlay, Alison. 2020. «Volsa Pattur» translation. London: Birkbeck College.

Finn, Julian. 2013. «Taxonomy and Biology of the Argonauts (Cephalopoda: Argonautidae) with Particular Reference to Australian Material». Molluscan Research 33 (3): 143–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2013.824854.

_____, and Mark D. Norman. 2010. «The Argonaut Shell: Gas-Mediated Buoyancy Control in a Pelagic Octopus». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277 (1696): 2967-71. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0155.

Fitzpatrick, John L., Maria Almbro, Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer, Niclas Kolm, and Leigh W. Simmons. 2012. «Male Contest Competition and the Co-evolution of Weaponry and Testes In Pinnipeds». Evolution 66 (11): 3595-604.

Floyd, Kathy. 2019. «New Family of Spiders Found in Chihuahuan Desert». Texomas, July 18, 2019. https://www.texomashomepage.com/news/new-family-of-spiders-found-in-chihuahuan-desert.

Fooden, Jack. 1967. «Complementary Specialization of Male and Female Re productive Structures in the Bear Macaque, Macaca arctoides». Nature 214:939-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/21493960.

Fowler-Finn, Kasey D., Emilia Triana, and Owen G. Miller. 2014. «Mating in the Harvestman Leiobunum vittatum (Arachnida: Opiliones): From Premat-ing Struggles to Solicitous Tactile Engagement». Behaviour 151 (12–13):1663-86. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003209.

Frazee, Stephen R., and John P. Masly. 2015. «Multiple Sexual Selection Pressures Drive the Rapid Evolution of Complex Morphology in a Male Secondary Genital Structure». Ecology and Evolution 5 (19): 4437-50. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1721.

Frederick, David A., H. Kate St. John, Justin R. Garcia, and Elisabeth A. Lloyd. 2018. «Differences in Orgasm Frequency Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Men and Women in a U.S. National Sample». Archives of Sexual Behavior 47:273-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/10508-017-0939-z.

Friedman, David M. 2001. A Mind of Its Own. New York: Free Press.

Friesen, C. R., E. J. Uhrig, R. T. Mason, and P. L. R. Brennan. 2016. «Female Behaviour and the Interaction of Male and Female Genital Traits Mediate Sperm Transfer During Mating». Journal of Evolutionary Biology 29 (5): 952-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12836.

_____, Emily J. Uhrig, Mattie K. Squire, Robert T. Mason, and Patricia L. R.Brennan. 2014. «Sexual Conflict over Mating in Red-Sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) as Indicated by Experimental Manipulation of Genita-lia». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1774): 20132694. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2694.

Fritzsche, Karoline, and Göran Arnqvist. 2013. «Homage to Bateman: Sex Roles Predict Sex Differences in Sexual Selection». Evolution 67 (7): 1926-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12086.

Gack, C., and K. Peschke. 1994. «Spernathecal Morphology, Sperm Transfer and a Novel Mechanism of Sperm Displacement in the Rove Beetle, Aleochara curtula (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)». Zoomorphology 114: 227-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00416861.

Gammon, Katharine. 2019. «The Human Cost of Amber». The Atlantic, August 2,2019. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amber-fossil-supply-chain-has-dark-human-cost/594601.

Gans, Carl, James C. Gillingham, and David L. Clark. 1984. «Courtship, Mating and Male Combat in Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus». Journal of Herpetology 18 (2): 194-97. https://doi.org/10.2307/1563749.

Gautier Abreu, Teofilo. 1992. «Obstacles to Medical Research in the Country. Application to Teaching and Practice of the Findings of an Investigation of Cases of Pseudohermaphroditism in Salina, Barahon Province, Dominican Republic [in Spanish]». Acta Médica Dominicana January/February: 38-9.

Ghiselin, Michael T. 1969. «The Evolution of Hermaphroditism Among Animals». The Quarterly Review of Biology 44 (2): 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1086/406066.

Gibbens, Sarah. 2017. «Watch the Elaborate Courtship of Three Gray Whales». National Geographic, February 10, 2017. Video, 1:05. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/02/video-footage-gray-whale-mating.

Gibbons, Ann. 2019. «Our Mysterious Cousins-the Denisovans-May Have Mated with Modern Humans as Recently as 15,000 Years Ago». Science, March 29, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax5054.

Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. 1993. «You Can Hide, But You Can't Run: Representations of Women's Work in Illustrations of Palaeolithic Life». Visual Anthropology Review 9 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1525/var.1993.9.1.22.

Godwin, John, and Marshall Phillips. 2016. «Modes of Reproduction in Fishes». Encyclopedia of Reproduction 6: 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.20532-3.

Goldhill, Olivia. 2019. «Ancient Romans Etched Penis Graffiti as a Symbol of Luck and Domination». Quartz, March 2, 2019. https://qz.com/1564029/penis-graffiti-symbolized-luck-and-domination-to-ancient-romans.

Golding, Rosemary E., Maria Byrne, and Winston F. Ponder. 2008. «Novel Copulatory Structures and Reproductive Functions in Amphiboloidea (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia, Pulmonata)». Invertebrate Biology 127 (2): 168-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744–7410.2007.00120.x.

Gonzales, Joseph E., and Emilio Ferrer. 2016. «Efficacy of Methods for Ovulation Estimation and Their Efect on the Statistical Detection of Ovulation-Linked Behavioral Fluctuations». Behavior Research Methods 48: 1125-44. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0638-4.

Gower, David J., and Mark Wilkinson. 2002. «Phallus Morphology in Caecilians (Amphibia, Gymnophiona) and Its Systematic Utility». Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Zoology) 68 (2): 143-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/SO96804700200016X.

Gredler, Marissa L. 2016. «Developmental and Evolutionary Origins of the Amniote Phallus». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 694–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw102.

_____, C. E. Larkins, F. Leal, A. K. Lewis, A. M. Herrera, C. L. Perriton, T. J. Sanger, and M. J. Cohn. 2014. «Evolution of External Genitalia: Insights from Reptilian Development». Sexual Development 8 (5): 311-26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365771.

Green, Kristina Karlsson, and Josefin A. Madjidian. 2011. «Active Males, Reactive Females: Stereotypic Sex Roles in Sexual Conflict Research?» Animal Behaviour 81 (5): 901-07. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.033.

Haase, Martin, and Anna Karlsson. 2004. «Mate Choice in a Hermaphrodite: You Won't Score with a Spermatophore». Animal Behaviour 67 (2): 287-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.009.

Hafsteinsson, Sigurjón Baldur. 2014. Phallological Museum. Münster: LIT Verlag.

Hatheway, Emily. 2018. «How Androcentric Science Affects Content and Conclusions». The Journal of the Core Curriculum 27 (Spring): 25–31. http://www.bu.edu/core/files/2019/01/journal18.pdf.

Hay, Mark. 2019. «Why Tiny Dicks Might Come Back into Fashion». Vice, August 14, 2019. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbmav3/why-tiny-dicks-might-come-back-into-fashion/.

Hazley, Lindsay. 2020. «Tuatara». Southland Museum and Art Gallery. https://www.southlandmuseum.co.nz/tuatara.html.

Helliwell, Christine. 2000. «It's Only a Penis: Rape, Feminism, and Difference». Signs 25 (3): 789–816. https://doi.org/10.1086/495482.

Herbenick, Debby, Michael Reece, Vanessa Schick, and Stephanie A. Sanders. 2014. «Erect Penile Length and Circumference Dimensions of 1,661 Sexually Active Men in the United States». The Journal of Sexual Medicine 11 (1):93-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12244.

Hernández, Linda, Anita Aisenberg, and Jorge Molina. 2018. «Mating Plugs and Sexual Cannibalism in the Colombian Orb-Web Spider Leucauge mariana». Ethnology 124 (1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12697.

Hernandez, L. O., Inchaustegui, S., and Arguello, C. N. 1954. Journal of Dominican Medicine 6 (2): 114.

Herrera, Ana M., P. L. R. Brennan, and M. J. Cohn. 2015. «Development of Avian External Genitalia: Interspecific Differences and Sexual Differentiation of the Male and Female Phallus». Sexual Development 9 (1): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000364927.

_____, Simone G. Shuster, Claire L. Perriton, and Martin J. Cohn. 2013. «Developmental Basis of Phallus Reduction During Bird Evolution». Current Biology 23 (12): 1065-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062.

Hoch, J. Matthew, Daniel T. Schneck, and Christopher J. Neufeld. 2016. «Ecology and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Penis and Cirri of Barnacles». Integrative and Comparative Biology 56 (4): 728-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw006.

Hochberg, Z., R. Chayen, N. Reiss, Z. Falik, A. Makler, M. Munichor, A. Farkas, H. Goldfarb, N. Ohana, and O. Hiort. 1996. «Clinical, Biochemical, and Genetic Findings in a Large Pedigree of Male and Female Patients with 5 Alpha-reductase 2 Deficiency». The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 81 (8): 2821-27. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.8.8768837.

Hodgson, Alan N. 2010. «Prosobranchs with Internal Fertilization». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 121-47. New York: Oxford University Press.

Holwell, Gregory I., and Marie E. Herberstein. 2010. «Chirally Dimorphic Male Genitalia in Praying Mantids (Ciulfina: Liturgusidae)». Journal of Morphology 271 (10): 1176-84. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10861.

_____, Olga Kazakova, Felicity Evans, James C. O'Hanlon, and Katherine L. Barry. 2015. «The Functional Significance of Chiral Genitalia: Patterns of Asymmetry, Functional Morphology and Mating Success in the Praying Mantis Ciulfina baldersoni». PLoS ONE 10 (6): e0128755. https://doi.org.110.1371/journal.pone.0128755.

Hopkin, Stephen. 1997. «The Biology of the Collembola (Springtails): The Most Abundant Insects in the World». https://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources-rx/files/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf.

Hosken, David J., C. Ruth Archer, Clarissa M. House, and Nina Wedell. 2018. «Penis Evolution Across Species: Divergence and Diversity». Nature Reviews Urology 16: 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0112-z.

_____, Kate E. Jones, K. Chipperfield, Alan Dixson. 2001. «Is the Bat Os Penis Sexually Selected?» Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 450-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/002650100389.

Hotzy, Cosima, Michal Polak, Johanna Liljestrand Rönn, and Göran Arnqvist. 2012. «Phenotypic Engineering Unveils the Function of Genital Morphol-ogy». Current Biology 22 (23): 2258-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.009.

Houck, Lynne D., and Paul A. Verrell. 2010. «Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Amphibians». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 409-21. New York: Oxford University Press.

House, Clarissa M., Zenobia Lewis, David J. Hodgson, Nina Wedell, Manmo-han D. Sharma, John Hunt, and David J. Hosken. 2013. «Sexual and Natural Selection Both Influence Male Genital Evolution». PLoS ONE 8 (5): e63807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063807.

_____, M. D. Sharma, Kensuke Okada, and David J. Hosken. 2016. «Pre and Post-copulatory Selection Favor Similar Genital Phenotypes in the Male Broad Horned Beetle». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 682-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw079.

Huber, Bernhard A. 2003. «Rapid Evolution and Species-Specificity of Arthropod Genitalia: Fact or Artifact?» Organisms Diversity & Evolution 3 (1): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00059.

_____. 2004. «Evolutionary Transformation from Muscular to Hydraulic Movements in Spider (Arachnida, Araneae) Genitalia: A Study Based on Histo-logical Serial Sections». Journal of Morphology 261 (3): 364-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10255.

_____, and Olga M. Nuñeza. 2015. «Evolution of Genital Asymmetry, Exagger ated Eye Stalks, and Extreme Palpal Elongation in Panjange Spiders (Ara-neae: Pholcidae)». European Journal of Taxonomy 169: 1-46. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2015.169.

_____, and Abel Pérez González. 2001. «Female Genital Dimorphism in a Spider (Araneae: Pholcidae)». Journal of Zoology 255 (3): 301-04. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095283690100139X.

_____, Bradley J. Sinclair, and Michael Schmitt. 2007. «The Evolution of Asymmetric Genitalia in Spiders and Insects». Biological Reviers of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 82 (4): 647-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469185X.2007.00029x.

_____, and Charles M. Warui. 2012. «East African Pholcid Spiders: An Over-view, with Descriptions of Eight New Species (Araneae, Pholcidae)». European fournal of Taxonomy 19: 1-44. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2012.29.

Humphries, D. A. 1967. «The Action of the Male Genitalia During the Copulation of the Hen Flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank)». Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology 42 (7–9): 101-06. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–3032.1967.tb01009.x.

Imperato-McGinley, Julianne, Luiz Guerrero, Teófilo Gautier, and Ralph E. Peterson. 1974. «Steroid 5a-reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Male Pseudohermaphroditism». Science 186 (4170): 1213-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-197505000-00017.

_____, M. Miller, J. D. Wilson, R. E. Peterson, C. Shackleton, and D. C. Gaj-dusek. 1991. «A Cluster of Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5a-reductase Deficiency in Papua New Guinea». Clinical Endocrinology 34 (4): 293-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2265.1991.tb03769.x.

Infante, Carlos R., Alexandra G. Mihala, Sungdae Park, Jialiang S. Wang, Kenji K. Johnson, James D. Lauderdale, and Douglas B. Menke. 2015. «Shared Enhancer Activity in the Limbs and Phallus and Functional Divergence of a Limb-Genital cis-Regulatory Element in Snakes». Developmental Cell 35 (1): 107-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.003.

Inger, Robert F., and Hymen Marx. 1962. «Variation of Hemipenis and Cloaca in the Colubrid Snake Calamaria lumbricoidea». Systemic Biology 11 (1): 32–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/2411447.

Jarne, Philippe, Patrice David, Jean-Pierre Pointier, and Joris M. Koene. 2010. «Basommatophoran Gastropods». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 173-96. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jervey, Edward D. 1987. «The Phallus and Phallus Worship in History». The Journal of Popular Culture 21 (2): 103-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022–3840.1987.2102_103.x.

Jolivet, Pierre. 2005. «Inverted Copulation». In Encyclopedia of Entomology, edited by John L. Capinera, 2041-44. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_2220.

Jones, Marc E. H., and Alison Cree. 2012. «Tuatara». Current Biology 22 (23):R986-.

Jones, Thomas Rymer. 1871. General Outline of the Organization of the Animal Kingdom and Manual of Comparative Anatomy. London: John Van Voorst.

Joyce, Walter G., Norbert Micklich, Stephan F. K. Schaal, and Torsten M. Scheyer. 2012. «Caught in the Act: The First Record of Copulating Fossil Vertebrates». Biology Letters 8 (5): 846-48.

Juzwiak, Rich. 2014. «This Man Wants His Penis to Be the Most Famous Penis on Earth (NSFW)». Gawker, April 16, 2014. https://gawker.com/this-man-wants-his-penis-to-be-the-most-famous-penis-on-1563806397.

Kahn, Andrew T., Brian Mautz, and Michael D. Jennions. 2009. «Females Prefer to Associate with Males with Longer Intromit tent Organs in Mosquitofish». Biology Letters 6 (1): 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0637.

Kahn, Penelope C., Dennis D. Cao, Mercedes Burns, and Sarah L. Boyer. 2018. «Nuptial Gift Chemistry Reveals Convergent Evolution Correlated with Antagonism in Mating Systems of Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)». Ecology and Evolution 8 (14): 7103-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4232.

Kamimura, Yoshitaka, and Yoh Matsuo. 2001. «A 'Spare' Compensates for the Risk of Destruction of the Elongated Penis of Earwigs (Insecta: Dermap-tera)». Naturwissenschaften 88 (11): 468-71.

Kawaguchi, So, Robbie Kilpatrick, Lisa L. Roberts, Robert A. King, and Stephen Nicol. 2011. «Ocean-Bottom Krill Sex». Fournal of Plankton Research 33 (7): 1134-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr006.

Kelly, Diane A. 2016. «Intromittent Organ Morphology and Biomechanics: Defining the Physical Challenges of Copulation». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 705-14. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw058.

_____, and Brandon C. Moore. 2016. «The Morphological Diversity of Intro-mittent Organs: An Introduction to the Symposium». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 630-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw103.

Keuls, Eva C. 1985. The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens. Berkeley: University of California Press.

King, Richard B., Robert C. Jadin, Michael Grue, and Harlan D. Walley. 2009. «Behavioural Correlates with Hemipenis Morphology in New World Natri-cine Snakes». Biological Fournal of the Linnean Society 98 (1): 110-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095–8312.2009.01270.x.

Klaczko, J., T. Ingram, and J. Losos. 2015. «Genitals Evolve Faster than Other Traits in Anolis Lizards». Journal of Zoology 295 (1): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/izo.12178.

Klimov, Pavel B., and Ekaterina A. Sidorchuk. 2011. «An Enigmatic Lineage of Mites from Baltic Amber Shows a Unique, Possibly Female-Controlled, Mating». Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 102 (3): 661-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095–8312.2010.01595.x.

Knapton, Sarah. 2015. «The Astonishing Village Where Little Girls Turn into Boys Aged 12». The Telegraph, September 20, 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/03/12/the-astonishing-village-where-little-girls-turn-into-boys-aged-1.

Knoflach, Barbara, and Antonius van Harten. 2000. «Palpal Loss, Single Palp Copulation and Obligatory Mate Consumption in Tidarren cuneolatum (Tullgren, 1910) (Araneae, Theridiidae)». Journal of Natural History 34 (8): 1639-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930050117530.

Kolm, Niclas, Mirjam Amcoff, Richard P. Mann, and Göran Arnqvist. 2012. «Diversification of a Food-Mimicking Male Ornament via Sensory Drive». Current Biology 22 (15): 1440-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.050.

Kozlowski, Marek Wojciech, and Shi Aoxiang. 2006. «Ritual Behaviors Associated with Spermatophore Transfer in Deuterosminthurus bicinctus (Collembola: Bourletiellidae)». Journal of Ethology 24: 103-09. https://doi.org/10.1007/10164-005-0162-6.

Krivatsky, Peter. 1968. «Le Blon's Anatomical Color Engravings». Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 23 (2): 153-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/XXIII.2.153.

Kunze, Ludwig. 1959. «Die funktionsanatomischen Grundlagen der Kopula-tion der Zwergzikaden, untersucht an Euscelis plebejus (Fall.) und einigen 'Typhlocybinen». Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 6 (4): 322-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19590060402.

Lamuseau, Maarten H. D., Pieter van den Berg, Sofie Claerhout, Francesc Calafell, et al. 2019. «A Historical-Genetic Reconstruction of Human Extra-Pair Paternity». Current Biology 29 (23): 4102-07.7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.075.

Lange, Rolanda, Klaus Reinhardt, Nico K. Michiels, and Nils Anthes. 2013. «Functions, Diversity, and Evolution of Traumatic Mating». Biological Reviers of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 88 (3): 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12018.

_____, Johanna Werminghausen, and Nils Anthes. 2014. «Cephalo-traumatic Secretion Transfer in a Hermaphrodite Sea Slug». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1774): 20132424. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2424.

Langerhans, R. Brian, Christopher M. Anderson, and Justa L. Heinen-Kay. 2016. «Causes and Consequences of Genital Evolution». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 741-51. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw101.

_____, Craig A. Layman, and Thomas J. DeWitt. 2005. «Male Genital Size Reflects a Tradeoff Between Attracting Mates and Avoiding Predators in Two Live-Bearing Fish Species». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (21): 7618-23. https://doi.org/10.1073pnas.0500935102.

Lankester, E. Ray. 1915. Diversions of a Naturalist. London: Methuen. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17665.

Larivière, S., and S. H. Ferguson. 2002. «On the Evolution of the Mammalian Baculum: Vaginal Friction, Prolonged Intromission or Induced Ovulation?» Mammal Review 32 (4):283-94. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2907.2002.00112.x.

Larkins, C. E., and M. J. Cohn. 2015. «Phallus Development in the Turtle Trachemys scripta». Sexual Development 9: 34–42. https://doi.org/10.11591000363631.

Leboeuf, Burney J. 1972. «Sexual Behavior in the Northern Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris». Behaviour 41 (1–2): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853972X00167.

Lee, T. H., and F. Yamazaki. 1990. «Structure and Function of a Special Tissue in the Female Genital Ducts of the Chinese Freshwater Crab Eriocheir sinensis». The Biological Bulletin 178 (2): 94-100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1541967.

Lehman, Peter. 1998. «In an Imperfect World, Men with Small Penises Are Unforgiven: The Representation of the Penis/ Phallus in American Films of the 1990s». Men and Masculinities 1 (2): 123-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X98001002001.

Lehmann, Gerlind U. C., and Arne W. Lehmann. 2016. «Material Benefit of Mating: The Bushcricket Spermatophylax as a Fast Uptake Nuptial Gift». Animal Behaviour 112: 267-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.022.

_____, James D. J. Gilbert, Karim Vahed, and Arne W. Lehmann. 2017. «Male Genital Titillators and the Intensity of Post-copulatory Sexual Selection Across Bushcrickets». Behavioral Ecology 28 (5): 1198-205. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arx094.

LeMoult, Craig. 2019. «Baby Anacondas Born at New England Aquarium-Without Any Male Snakes Involved». WGBH News, May 23, 2019. https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2019/05/23/baby-anacondas-born-at-new-england-aquarium-without-any-male-snakes-involved.

Lever, Janet, David A. Frederick, and Letitia Anne Peplau. 2006. «Does Size Matter? Men's and Women's Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan». Psychology of Men & Masculinity 7 (3): 129-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.7.3.129.

Lewin, Bertram D. 1933. «The Body as Phallus». The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 2 (2): 24–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1933.11925164.

Lonfat, Nicolas, Thomas Montavon, Fabrice Darbellay, Sandra Gitto, and Denis Duboule. 2014. «Convergent Evolution of Complex Regulatory Landscapes and Pleiotropy at Hox Loci». Science 346 (6212): 1004-06. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257493.

Long, John A. 2012. The Dawn of the Deed: The Prehistoric Origins of Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

_____, Elga Mark-Kurik, Zerina Johanson, Michael S. Y. Lee, Gavin C. Young, Zhu Min, Per E. Ahlberg, et al. 2015. «Copulation in Antiarch Placoderms and the Origin of Gnathostome Internal Fertilization». Nature 517: 196-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13825.

Lough-Stevens, Michael, Nicholas G. Schultz, and Matthew D. Dean. 2018. «The Baubellum Is More Developmentally and Evolutionarily Labile than the Baculum». Ecology and Evolution 8 (2): 1073-83. https://doi.org/10.1002lece3.3634.

Love, Alan C. 2002. «Darwin and Cirripedia Prior to 1846: Exploring the Origins of the Barnacle Research». Journal of the History of Biology 35: 251-89. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016020816265.

Lowengard, Sarah. 2006. «Industry and Ideas: Jacob Christoph Le Blon's Systems of Three-Color Printing and Weaving». In The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe, 613-40. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lüpold, S., A. G. McElligott, and D. J. Hosken. 2004. «Bat Genitalia: Allome-try, Variation and Good Genes». Biological Fournal of the Linnean Society 83(4): 497–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095–8312.2004.00407.x.

Ma, Yao, Wan-jun Chen, Zhao-Hui Li, Feng Zhang, Yan Gao, and Yun-Xia Luan. 2017 «Revisiting the Phylogeny of Wolbachia in Collembola». Ecology and Evolution 7 (7): 2009-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2738.

Macías-Ordóñez, Rogelio, Glauco Machado, Abel Pérez-González, and Jeffrey W. Shultz. 2010. «Genitalic Evolution in Opiliones». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, 285–306. New York: Oxford University Press.

Marks, Kathy. 2009. «Henry the Tuatara Is a Dad at 111». The Independent, January 26, 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasiahenry-the-tuatara-is-a-dad-at-111-1516628.html.

Marshall, Donald S., and Robert C. Suggs, eds. 1971. Human Sexual Behavior: Variations in the Ethnographic Spectrum. New York: Basic Books.

Marshall, Francis Hugh Adam. 1960. Physiology of Reproduction, vol. 1, part 2. London: Longmans Green.

Martínez-Torres, Martín, Beatriz Rubio-Morales, José Juan Piña-Amado, and Juana Luis. 2015. «Hemipenes in Females of the Mexican Viviparous Lizard Barisia imbricata (Squamata: Anguidae): An Example of Heterochrony in Sexual Development». Evolution & Development 17 (5): 270-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12134.

Mattelaer, Johan J. 2010. «The Phallus Tree: A Medieval and Renaissance Phenomenon». The Journal of Sexual Medicine 7 (2, part 1): 846-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743–6109.2009.01668.x.

Mattinson, Chris, ed. 2008. Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. 2nd ed. Buffalo: Brown Reference Group.

Matzke-Karasz, Renate, John V. Neil, Robin J. Smith, Radka Symonová, Libor Morkovsky, Michael Archer, Suzanne J. Hand, Peter Cloetens, and Paul Tafforeau. 2014. «Subcellular Preservation in Giant Ostracod Sperm from an Early Miocene Cave Deposit in Australia». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1786): 20140394. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0394.

Mautz, Brian, Bob B. M. Wong, Richard A. Peters, and Michael D. Jennions. 2013. «Penis Size Interacts with Body Shape and Height to Influence Male Attractiveness». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (17): 6925-30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219361110.

McIntyre, J. K. 1996. «Investigations into the Relative Abundance and Anatomy of Intersexual Pigs (Sus sp.) in the Republic of Vanuatu». Science in Nero Guinea 22 (3): 137-51.

McLean, Cory Y., Philip L. Reno, Alex A. Pollen, Abraham I. Bassan, Terence D. Capellini, Catherine Guenther, Vahan B. Indjeian, et al. 2011. «Human-Specific Loss of Regulatory DNA and the Evolution of Human-Specific Traits». Nature 471: 216-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09774.

Menand, Louis. 2002. «What Comes Naturally». The New Yorker, November 18, 2002. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/25/what-comes-naturally-2.

Miller, Edward H., and Lauren E. Burton. 2001. «It's All Relative: Allometry and Variation in the Baculum (Os Penis) of the Harp Seal, Pagophilus groen-landicus (Carnivora: Phocidae)». Biological Fournal of the Linnean Society 72 (3):345-55. https://doi.org/10.1006/bij1.2000.0509.

_____, Ian L. Jones, and Garry B. Stenson. 1999. «Baculum and Testes of the Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata): Growth and Size-scaling and Their Relationships to Sexual Selection». Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (3): 470-79. https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-233.

_____, Kenneth W. Pitcher, and Thomas R. Loughlin. 2000. «Bacular Size, Growth, and Allometry in the Largest Extant Otariid, the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)». Journal of Mammalogy 81 (1): 134-44. https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081 <0134BSGAAI>2.0.CO;2.

Miller, Geoffrey P., Joshua M. Tybur, and Brent D. Jordan. 2007. «Ovulatory Cycle Effects on Tip Earnings by Lap Dancers: Economic Evidence for Hu man Estrus?» Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (6): 375-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.06.002.

Miller, Joshua Rhett. 2019. «Husband Hacks Off Alleged Rapist's Penis After Seeing Him Assault Wife». New York Post, October 17,2019. https://nypost.com/2019/10/17/husband-hacks-off-alleged-rapists-penis-after-seeing-him-assault-wife.

Monk, Julia D., Erin Giglio, Ambika Kamath, Max R. Lambert, and Caitlin E. McDonough. 2019. «An Alternative Hypothesis for the Evolution of Same-Sex Sexual Behaviour in Animals». Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1622-31. https://doi.org/10.1038/41559-019-1019-7.

Moreno Soldevila, Rosario, Alberto Marina Castillo, and Juan Fernández Val-verde. 2019. A Prosopography to Martial's Epigrams. Boston: De Gruyter.

Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. «A Penis in Amber». 2019. https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin/en/pressemitteilungen/penis-amber.

Myers, Charles W. 1974. «The Systematics of Rhadinaea (Colubridae), a Genus of New World Snakes». Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 153 (1). http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/605.

Nadler, Ronald D. 2008. «Primate Menstrual Cycle». Primate Info Net, National Primate Center, University of Wisconsin, September 11, 2008. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/aboutp/anat/menstrual.html.

Naylor, R., S. J. Richardson, and B. M. McAllan. 2007. «Boom and Bust: A Review of the Physiology of the Marsupial Genus Antechinus». Journal of Comparative Physiology B 178: 545-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/00360-007-0250-8.

Newitz, Annalee. 2014. «Your Penis Is Getting in the Way of My Science». Gizmod, April 17,2014. https://io9.gizmodo.com/your-penis-is-getting-in-the-way-of-my-science-1564473352.

Norman, Jeremy. n.d. «Jacob Christoph Le Blon Invents the Three-Color Process of Color Printing». HistoryofInformation.com. Accessed January 31, 2020. http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=405

Oswald, Flora, Alex Lopes, Kaylee Skoda, Cassandra L. Hesse, and Cory L. Pedersen. 2019. «I'll Show You Mine So You'll Show Me Yours: Motivations and Personality Variables in Photographic Exhibitionism». The Fournal of Sex Research July 18, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1639036.

Orbach, Dara N., Brandon Hedrick, Bernd Würsig, Sarah L. Mesnick, and Patricia L. R. Brennan. 2018. «The Evolution of Genital Shape Variation in Female Cetaceans». Evolution 72 (2): 261-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13395.

_____, Diane A. Kelly, Mauricio Solano, and Patricia L. R. Brennan. 2017. «Gen-ital Interactions During Simulated Copulation Among Marine Mammals». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284 (1864): 20171265. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1265.

_____, Shilpa Rattan, Mél Hogan, Alfred J. Crosby, and Patricia L. R. Brennan. 2019. «Biomechanical Properties of Female Dolphin Reproductive Tissue». Acta Biomaterialia 86: 117-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.012.

Panashchuk, Roksana. 2019. «Husband Cuts Off Rapist's Penis After Seeing His Own Wife Being Sexually Assaulted Near Their Home in Ukraine-and Now Faces a Longer Sentence than Her Attacker». Daily Mail Online. October 17, 2019. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7583121/Husband-cuts-rapists-penis-seeing-wife-assaulted-near-home-Ukraine.html.

Patlar, Bahar, Michael Weber, Tim Temizyürek, and Steven A. Ramm. 2019. «Seminal Fluid-Mediated Manipulation of Post-mating Behavior in a Simultaneous Hermaphrodite». Current Biology 30 (1): 143-49.4. https://doiorg/10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.018.

Pearce, Fred. 2000. «Inventing Africa». New Scientist, August 12, 2000. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16722514-300-inventing-africa.

Pedreira, D. A. L., A. Yamasaki, and C. E. Czeresnia. 2001. «Fetal Phallus 'Erection' Interfering with the Sonographic Determination of Fetal Gender in the First Trimester». Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 18 (4): 402-04. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960–7692.2001.00532.x.

Peterson, Jordan B. 2018. 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos. Toronto: Random House Canada.

Phelpstead, Carl. 2007. «Size Matters: Penile Problems in Sagas of Icelanders». Exemplaria 19 (3): 420-37. https://doi.org/10.1179/175330707×237230.

Plutarch. 1924. «The Roman Questions of Plutarch: A New Translation with Introductory Essays and a Running Commentary». Translated by H. J. Rose. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Pommaret, Françoise, and Tashi Tobgay. 2011. «Bhutan's Pervasive Phallus: Is Drukpa Kunley Really Responsible?» In Buddhist Himalaya: Studies in Reli-gion, History and Culture: Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Conference of the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology Gangtok, 2008, edited by Alex McKay and Anna Balikci-Denjongpa. Vol. 1: Tibet and the Himalaya. Gangtok: Namgyal Institute of Tibetology.

Pornhub. n.d. «2018 Year in Review». Accessed January 31, 2019. https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2018-year-in-review.

Prause, Nicole, Jamie Park, Shannon Leung, and Geoffrey Miller. 2015. «Women's Preferences for Penis Size: A New Research Method Using Selection Among 3D Models». PLoS ONE 10 (9): e0133079.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133079.

Pycraft, William Plane. 1914. The Courtship of Animals. London: Hutchinson.

Ramm, S. A. 2007. «Sexual Selection and Genital Evolution: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Baculum Length in Mammals». American Naturalist 169: 360-9. https://doi.org/10.1086/510688.

_____, Lin Khoo, and Paula Stockley. 2010. «Sexual Selection and the Rodent Baculum: An Intraspecific Study in the House Mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)». Genetica 138: 129-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-009-9385-8.

_____, Aline Schlatter, Maude Poirier, and Lukas Schärer. 2015. «Hypodermic Self-insemination as a Reproductive Assurance Strategy». Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282 (1811).

Reise, Heike, and John M. C. Hutchinson. 2002. «Penis-Biting Slugs: Wild Claims and Confusions». Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17 (4): 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/50169-5347(02)02453-9.

Reno, Philip L., Cory Y. McLean, Jasmine E. Hines, Terence D. Capellini, Gill Bejerano, and David M. Kingsley. 2013. «A Penile Spine/ Vibrissa Enhancer Sequence Is Missing in Modern and Extinct Humans but Is Retained in Multiple Primates with Penile Spines and Sensory Vibrissae». PLoS ONE 8 (12): e84258. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084258.

Retief, Tarryn A., Nigel C. Bennett, A nouska A. Kinahan, and Philip W. Bate-man. 2013. «Sexual Selection and Genital Allometry in the Hottentot Golden Mole (Amblysomus hottentotus)». Mammalian Biology 78 (5): 356-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.12.002.

Rogers, Jason. 2019. «Inside the Online Communities for Guys Who Want Bigger Penises». Men's Health, November 15, 2019. https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a29810671/penis-enlargement-online-communities.

Ross, Andrew J. 2018. «Burmese Amber». National Museums Scotland. http://www.nms.ac.uk/explore/stories/natural-world/burmese-amber.

Roughgarden, Joan. 2013. Evolution's Rainbow. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rowe, Locke, and Göran Arnqvist. 2012. «Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Genital Shape and Complexity in Water Striders». Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 66 (1): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558–5646.2011.01411.x.

Rowe, Melissah, Murray R. Bakst, and Stephen Pruett-Jones. 2008. «Good Vi-brations? Structure and Function of the Cloacal Tip of Male Australian Maluridae». Fournal of Avian Biology 39 (3): 348-54. https://doi.org/10.11111.0908–8857.2008.04305.x.

Rubenstein, N. M., G. R. Cunha, Y. Z. Wang, K. L. Campbell, A. J. Conley, K. C. Catania, S. E. Glickman, and N. J. Place. 2003. «Variation in Ovarian Morphology in Four Species of New World Moles with a Peniform Clitoris». Reproduction 126 (6): 713-19. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1260713.

Saint-Andre, Nathaniel, and John Howard. 1727. A Short Narrative of an Extraor-dinary Delivery of Rabbets. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/shortnarrativeof00sain/page/n2/mode/2up.

Sanger, Thomas J., Marissa L. Gredler, and Martin J. Cohn. 2015. «Resurrecting Embryos of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, to Resolve Vertebrate Phallus Evolution». Biology Letters 11 (10): 20150694. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsb1.2015.0694.

Saul, Leon J. 1959. «Flatulent Phallus». The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 28 (3): 382. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1959.11926144.

Schärer, L., G. Joss, and P. Sandner. 2004. «Mating Behaviour of the Marine Turbellarian Macrostomum sp.: These Worms Suck». Marine Biology 145:373-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1314-x.

Schilthuizen, Menno. 2014. Nature's Nether Regions: What the Sex Lives of Bugs, Birds, and Beasts Tell Us About Evolution, Biodiversity, and Ourselves. New York: Penguin.

_____. 2015. «Burying Beetles Play for Both Teams». Studio Schilthuizen, Janu-ary 1, 2015. https://schilthuizen.com/2015/01/28/burying-beetles-play-forboth-teams.

Schulte-Hostedde, Albrecht I., Jeff Bowman, and Kevin R. Middel. 2011. «AI-lometry of the Baculum and Sexual Size Dimorphism in American Martens and Fishers (Mammalia: Mustelidae)». Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104 (4): 955-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095–8312.2011.01775.x.

Schultz, Nicholas G., Jesse Ingels, Andrew Hillhouse, Keegan Wardwell, Peter L. Chang, James M. Cheverud, Cathleen Lutz, Lu Lu, Robert W. Williams, and Matthew D. Dean. 2016. «The Genetic Basis of Baculum Size and Shape Variation in Mice». G3 6 (5): 1141-51. https://doi.org/10.15341g3.116.027888.

_____, Michael Lough-Stevens, Eric Abreu, Teri Orr, and Matthew D. Dean. 2016. «The Baculum Was Gained and Lost Multiple Times During Mam-malian Evolution». Integrative & Comparative Biology 56 (4): 644-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw034.

Schwartz, Steven K., William E. Wagner, and Eileen A. Hebets. 2013. «Spontaneous Male Death and Monogyny in the Dark Fishing Spider». Biology Letters 9 (4). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsb1.2013.0113.

Sekizawa, Ayami, Satoko Seki, Masakazu Tokuzato, Sakiko Shiga, and Yas-uhiro Nakashima. 2013. «Disposable Penis and Its Replenishment in a Si-multaneous Hermaphrodite». Biology Letters 9 (2). https://doi.org/10.1098rsbl.2012.1150.

Shaeer, Osama, Kamal Shaeer, and Eman Shaeer. 2012. «The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): Female Sexual Dysfunction Among Internet Users in the Reproductive Age Group in the Middle East». The Journal of Sexual Medicine 9 (2): 411-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743–6109.2011.02552.x.

Shah, J., and N. Christopher. 2002. «Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length?» BJU International 90 (6): 586-87. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x.

Shevin, Frederick F. 1963. «Countertransference and Identity Phenomena Manifested in the Analysis of a Case of 'Phallus Girl' Identity». Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 11: 331-44. https://doi.org/10.11771000306516301100206.

Simmons, Leigh W., and Renée C. Firman. 2014. «Experimental Evidence for the Evolution of the Mammalian Baculum by Sexual Selection». Evolution 68 (1): 276-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.12229.

Sinclair, Adriane Watkins. 2014. «Variation in Penile and Clitoral Morphology in Four Species of Moles». PhD diss., University of California, San Francisco.

_____ Stephen E. Glickman, Laurence Baskin, and Gerald R. Cunha. 2016. «Anatomy of Mole External Genitalia: Setting the Record Straight». The Anatomical Record 299 (3): 385-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23309.

Sinclair, Bradley J., Jeffrey M. Cumming, and Scott E. Brooks. 2013. «Male Ter-minalia of Diptera (Insecta): A Review of Evolutionary Trends, Homology and Phylogenetic Implications». Insect Systematics & Evolution 44 (3–4): 373–415. https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-04401001.

Siveter, David J., Mark D. Sutton, Derek E. G. Briggs, and Derek J. Siveter. 2003. «An Ostracode Crustacean with Soft Parts from the Lower Silurian». Science 302 (5651): 1749-51. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1091376.

Smith, Brian J. 1981. «Dendy, Arthur (1865–1925)». Australian Dictionary of Biography 8, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dendy-arthur-5951/text10151.

Smith, Matthew Ryan. 2009. «Reconsidering the Obscene: The Massa Marittima Mural». Shift 2. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/visartspub/7.

Smith, Moira. 2002. «The Flying Phallus and the Laughing Inquisitor: Penis Theft in the Malleus Maleficarum». Journal of Folklore Research 39 (1): 85-117.

Smuts, Barbara B. 2009. Sex and Friendship in Baboons. New York: Aldine.

Song, H. 2006. «Systematics of Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera-Acrididae) with a Focus on the Genus Schistocerca Stal 1873 Evolution of Locust Phase Polyphenism and Study of Insect Genitalia». PhD diss., Texas A&M University.

Stam, Ed M., Anneke Isaaks, and Ger Ernsting. 2002. «Distant Lovers: Spermatophore Deposition and Destruction Behavior by Male Springtails». Journal of Insect Behavior 15: 253-68. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015441101998.

Stern, Herbert. 2014. «Doctor Sixto Incháustegui Cabral [Spanish]». El Caribe, October 18, 2014. https://www.elcaribe.com.do/2014/10/18/doctor-sixto-inchaustegui-cabral.

Stockley, Paula. 2012. «The Baculum». Current Biology 22 (24): R1032-R1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.001.

Stoller, Robert J. 1970. «The Transsexual Boy: Mother's Feminized Phallus». The British Journal of Medical Psychology 43 (2): 117-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/.2044–8341.1970.tb02110.x.

Suga, Nobuo. 1963. «Change of the Toughness of the Chorion of Fish Eggs». Embryologia 8 (1): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.1963.tb00186.x.

Tait, Noel N., and Jennifer M. Norman. 2001. «Novel Mating Behaviour in Florelliceps stutchburyae gen. nov., sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Australia». Journal of Zoology 253 (3): 301-08. https://doi.org/10.1017S0952836901000280.

Tanabe, Tsutomu, and Teiji Sota. 2008. «Complex Copulatory Behavior and the Proximate Effect of Genital and Body Size Differences on Mechanical Reproductive Isolation in the Millipede Genus Parafontaria». The American Naturalist 171 (5): 692-99. https://doi.org/10.1086/587075.

Tasikas, Diane E., Evan R. Fairn, Sophie Laurence, and Albrechte I. Schulte-Hostedde. 2009. «Baculum Variation and Allometry in the Muskrat (Ondatrazibethicus): A Case for Sexual Selection». Evolutionary Ecology 23: 223-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-007-9216-2.

Tinklepaugh, O. L. 1933. «Sex Cycles and Other Cyclic Phenomena in a Chimpanzee During Adolescence, Maturity, and Pregnancy». Journal of Morphology 54 (3): 521-47. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540307.

Todd, Dennis. n.d. «St André, Nathanael». Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref: odnb/24478.

Topol, Sarah A. 2017. «Sons and Daughters: The Village Where Girls Turn into Boys». Harper's Magazine, August 2017. https://harpers.org/archive/2017/08Isons-and-daughters.

Tsurusaki, Nobuo. 1986. «Parthenogenesis and Geographic Variation of Sex Ratio in Two Species of Leiobunum (Arachnida, Opiliones)». Zoological Science 3: 517-32.

Uhl, Gabriele, and Jean-Pierre Maelfait. 2008. «Male Head Secretion Triggers Copulation in the Dwarf Spider Diplocephalus permixtus». Ethology 114 (8): 760-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439–0310.2008.01523.x.

Valdés, Angel, Terrence M. Gosliner, and Michael T. Ghiselin. 2010. «Opistho-branchs». In The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, edited by Janet L. Leonard and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar. 148-72. New York: Oxford University Press.

Van Haren, Merel. 2016. «A Micro Surgery on a Beetle Penis». https://science.naturalis.nl/en/about-us/news/onderzoek/micro-surgery-beetle-penis/. Accessed June 21, 2019.

_____, Johanna Liljestrand Rönn, Menno Schilthuizen, and Göran Arnqvist. 2017. «Postmating Sexual Selection and the Enigmatic Jawed Genitalia of Callosobruchus subinnotatus». Biology Open 6 (7): 1008-112. https://doi.org/10.1101/116731.

Van Look, Katrien J. W., Borys Dzyuba, Alex Cliffe, Heather J. Koldewey, and William V. Holt. 2007. «Dimorphic Sperm and the Unlikely Route to Fer-tilisation in the Yellow Seahorse». The Journal of Experimental Biology 210 (3): 432-37. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02673.

Varki, A., and P. Gagneux. 2017. «How Different Are Humans and 'Great Apes'?: A Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny». In On Human Nature, edited by Michel Tibayrenc and Francisco J. Ayala 151-60. London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420190-3.00009-0.

Waage, Jonathan K. 1979. «Dual Function of the Damselfly Penis: Sperm Removal and Transfer». Science 203 (4383): 916-18. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4383.916.

Wagner, Rudolf, and Alfred Tulk. 1845. Elements of the Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrate Animals. London: Longman.

Waiho, Khor, Muhamad Mustagim, Hanafiah Fazhan, Wan Ibrahim Wan Norfaizza, Fadhlul Hazmi Megat, and Mhd Ikhwanuddin. 2015. «Mating Behaviour of the Orange Mud Crab, Scylla olivacea: The Effect of Sex Ratio and Stocking Density on Mating Success». Aquaculture Reports 2: 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.08.004.

Walker, M. H., E. M. Roberts, T. Roberts, G. Spitteri, M. J. Streubig, J. L. Hartland, and N. N. Tait. 2006. «Observations on the Structure and Function of the Seminal Receptacles and Associated Accessory Pouches in Ovoviviparous Onychophorans from Australia (Peripatopsidae; Ony-chophora)». Journal of Zoology 270 (3): 531-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469–7998.2006.00121.x.

Whiteley, Sarah L., Clare E. Holleley, Wendy A. Ruscoe, Meghan Castelli, Darryl L. Whitehead, Juan Lei, Arthur Georges, and Vera Weisbecker. 2017. «Sex Determination Mode Does Not Affect Body or Genital Development of the Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps)». EvoDevo 8: 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-017-0087-5.

_____, Vera Weisbecker, Arthur Georges, Arnault Roger Gaston Gauthier, Darryl L. Whitehead, and Clare E. Holleley. 2018. «Developmental Asynchrony and Antagonism of Sex Determination Pathways in a Lizard with Temperature-Induced Sex Reversal». Scientific Reports 8: 14892. https://doi.org/10.1038/41598-018-33170-y.

Wiber, Melanie G. 1997. Erect Men, Undulating Women: The Visual Imagery of Gender, «Race», and Progress in Reconstructive Illustrations of Human Evolution. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.

Wilson, Elizabeth. 2017. «Can't See the Wood for the Trees: The Mysterious Meaning of Medieval Penis Trees». Culturised, April 9, 2017. https://culturised.co.uk/2017/04/cant-see-the-wood-for-the-trees-the-mysterious-meaning-of-medieval-penis-trees.

Winterbottom, M., T. Burke, and T. R. Birkhead. 1999. «A Stimulatory Phal-loid Organ in a Weaver Bird». Nature 399: 28. https://doi.org/10.1038/19884.

Woolley, P., and S. J. Webb. 1977. «The Penis of Dasyurid Marsupials». The Biology of Marsupials, 307-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02721-7_18.

_____, Carey Krajewski, and Michael Westerman. 2015. «Phylogenetic Relationships within Dasyurus (Dasyuromorphia: Dasyuridae): Quoll Systematics Based on Molecular Evidence and Male Characteristics». Journal of Mammalogy 96 (1): 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyu028.

Wunderlich, Jörg. n.d. Personal website. Accessed January 31, 2020. http://www.joergwunderlich.de.

Xu, Jin, and Qiao Wang. 2010. «Form and Nature of Precopulatory Sexual Selection in Both Sexes of a Moth». Naturwissenschaften 97: 617-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/00114-010-0676-9.

Yoshizawa, Kazunori, Rodrigo L. Ferreira, Izumi Yao, Charles Lienhard, and Yoshitaka Kamimura. 2018. «Independent Origins of Female Penis and Its Coevolution with Male Vagina in Cave Insects (Psocodea: Prionoglaridi-dae)». Biology Letters 14 (11): 20180533. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsb1.2018.0533.

Zacks, Richard. 1994. History Laid Bare: Love, Sex, and Perversity from the Ancient Etruscans to Warren G. Harding. New York: HarperCollins.

Загрузка...