18 19/20
18-
»5
26
28
»9
Death of Agrippina (18 October). Death of Drusus. Suicide of Asinius Gallus. Quaes- torship of Gaius.
21—2 Building of castra praetoria.
■7
Outbreak of war against Tacfarinas in Numidia. Germanicus sent to the East with imperium. Cappadocia becomes a province. Commagene also annexed. Germanicus visits Egypt. Death of Germanicus at Antioch (10 October). Death of Arminius.
21 Revolt of Florus and Sacrovir in Gaul.
24 Defeat and death of Tacfarinas.
26 (?) Pontius Pilate becomes praefectus of
30 Publication of Velleius Paterculus' history.
34 Death of Artaxias of Armenia.
Judaea. 28 Revolt of the Frisii.
jj (?) Death of Philip, son of Herod; his tetrarchy is taken under direct rule.
Death of Livy. Death of Ovid (?). Dedication of temple of Janus (18 October) and Fors Fortuna.
Death of Tiberius at Misenum (16 March). Gaius Caligula acclaimed princeps (18 March), confirmed by the Senate (28 March). Death of Antonia the Younger (1 May). Claudius consul with Gaius (1 July - j i August). Suicide of Tiberius Gemellus. Illness of Gaius (autumn). Birth of Nero (15 December).
37
}8
Death and deification of Drusilla (10 June, 2j September). Gaius marries Lollia Paulina.
39
Gaius divorces Lollia Paulina and marries Milonia Caesonia. Leaves Rome (September). Gaudius marries Messallina. Gaius returns to Rome (31 August).
40
41
Murder of Gaius (24 January). Proclamation of Claudius (23 January). Birth of Britannicus.
Claudius proclaimed pater patriae (12 January).
4*
44 Aerarium transferred from praetors to quaestors. Claudius' triumph for conquest of Britain.
Pontius Pilate removed from his post for maladministration by L. Vitellius, governor of Syria.
Herod Agrippa I given Philip's kingdom.
Trouble between the Jewish and Greek communities in Alexandria.
Herod Antipas deposed. Gaius visits the Rhineland (October). Conspiracy and execution of Gaetulicus.
Herod Antipas' ethnarchy given to Herod Agrippa I. Gaius in Gaul (winter). Preparations for an invasion of Britain. Outbreak of rebellion in Mauretania. Gaius orders his statue to be placed in the Temple at Jerusalem.
40-4 Conquest of Mauretania and organization of provinces of Tingitana and Caesariensis.
Claudius' letter to the Alexandrians.
Conspiracy and death of Scribonianus.
Invasion of Britain. Lycia-Pamphylia made a province.
Death of Herod Agrippa I.
37 Dedication of the temple of Divus Augus-
41 Beginning of the construction of a new harbour at Ostia and of the draining of the Fucine Lake. Seneca sent into exile.
Ovation of Aulus Plautius for conquest of Britain.
47-8 Censorship of Claudius and L. Vitellius. Celebration of ludi saeculares.
'Marriage' and execution of Messallina and C. Silius.
Marriage of Claudius and Agrippina the Younger (t January). Extension of the pomerium of Rome. Seneca returns from exile and becomes praetor and tutor of Nero.
jo Claudius adopts Nero (2; February). Agrippina becomes Augusta.
51 Burrus becomes praetorian prefect. Nero given the title of princeps iuventutis.
5 5 Nero marries Octavia.
54 Death of Claudius (1 j October), accession of Nero.
5; Death of Britannicus.
56 Nero given the title of pater patriae. Aerarium transferred from quaestors to praejecti.
5 8 Rejection of proposal that Nero should be consul perpetuus.
Murder of Agrippina. Institution of Iuvena- lia.
Institution of the Neronia.
Annexation of Thrace.
Corbulo in the Rhineland.
49 Agrippa II given the kingdom of Chalcis.
51 Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus. Death of Gotarzes of Parthia, succeeded by Vonones and then Vologaeses.
5 3 Parthians take control of Armenia and Tiri- dates is appointed to the throne.
5 5 Corbulo appointed to an eastern command against Parthia and Armenia.
Corbulo attacks Tiridates and captures Artaxata.
Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo.
Completion of the subjugation of Armenia and appointment to the throne of Tigranes, great-grandson of Herod and of Archelaus of Cappadocia. Corbulo appointed governor of Syria. Revolt of Boudica and the Iceni.
51-2 Dedication of the Triumphal Arch of Claudius, forming part of the Aqua Virgo.
54 Publication of Seneca, Apocolocyntosis. 5 5 Publication of Seneca, De dementia. 56-7 Dedication of the Macellum Magnum.
61 Nero divorces Octavia and marries Pop- paea Sabina. Execution of Octavia (9 June). Death of Burrus, retirement of Seneca. Introduction of maiestas charges.
Birth and death of daughter of Nero and Poppaea, deified as Gaudia Augusta.
Outbreak of fire in Rome (18/19 July). Victimization of the Christians. Reform of the currency.
6j Neronia held again. Conspiracy of Piso (April). Death of Seneca. Death of Poppaea Sabina.
66 Deaths of Thrasea Paetus and Barea Sora- nus. Conspiracy of Vinicianus. Nero marries Statilia Messallina. Tiridates crowned king of Armenia in Rome.
Nero returns to Italy and while in Naples receives news of the revolt of Vindex. Death of Nero (9 or possibly 11 June). Proclamation of Galba as princeps. Galba arrives at Rome (autumn).
Otho proclaimed princeps by the praetorian guard (13 January). Murder of Galba. Otho defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum (14 April) and commits suicide (16 April). Vitellius granted imperial powers by the Senate (19 April) and enters Rome (June).
в.с. в.с.
Tigranes invades Adiabene. Vologaeses threatens Syria.
Caesennius Paetus sent to Cappadocia. Sur- 62 Construction of the Thermae Neronianae renders to Vologaeses at Rhandeia. (or possibly 64).
64-j Incorporation of kingdom of Pontus into 64 Destruction of the Domus Transitoria.
Galatia. 64-8 Building of the Domus Aurea, rebuilding of
the Circus Maximus and reconstruction of Rome.
65 Deaths of Seneca and Lucan.
Nero proclaims the freedom of Greece (? or 66 Death of Petronius. 67, see p.664). Conspiracy and deaths of the
Scribonii brothers. Corbulo instructed to commit suicide. Outbreak of revolt in Judaea.
Vespasian appointed as legate in command of the war in Judaea (February).
Vespasian reduces Samaria and Idumaea and prepares to attack Jerusalem. Revolt of Vindex in Gaul. Galba acclaimed by his troops in Spain (2 or 3 April). Battle of Vesontio and suicide of Vindex (late spring). Revolt of Clodius Macer in Africa.
German legions in revolt against Galba. Vitellius proclaimed emperor by the German legions. Revolt of Civilis and the Batavians. Vespasian proclaimed emperor at Alexandria (1 July) and then by the army in Syria and Judaea.
Second battle of Cremona (24/2; Octol Antonius Primus enters Rome, murde Vitellius (20 or 21 December) 70 Mucianus arrives in Rome (January). ' pasian confirmed by the Senate as prin Publication of the lex de imperio Vespas Domitian made urban praetor with imperium of a consul. Arrival of Vespa in Rome (summer).
70 Imperium GaUiarum of Iulius Classicus and Iulius Tutor. Petilius Cerialis defeats the Batavian revolt. Titus attacks and captures Jerusalem and destroys the Temple (August).
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ZDPalV Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina- Vereins
ZPE Zeitschrift fiir Papyrologie und Epigraphik
ZRG Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftungfŭr Rechtsgeschicbte
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40 3. Timpe, D. Untersuchungen \ur Kontinuitat desfriihen Prin^ipats. Wiesbaden, 1962 Townend, G. 'Some Flavian connections', JRS 51 (1961) 54—62 Turner, E. G. 'Tiberius Julius Alexander', JRS 44 (1954) 54-64 Urban, R. Der' BataverauJstand und die Erhebung des Julius Classicus (Trierer historische Forschungen 8). Trier, 1985 Wallace, K. G. 'The Flavii Sabini in Tacitus', Hist. 36 (1987) 343-58 Wankenne, J. 'Encore et toujours Neron', AC 53 (1984) 249—65 Warmington, В. H. Nero: Reality and Legend. London, 1969 Waters, К. H. 'The character of Domitian', Phoenix 18 (1964) 49-77 Weinrib, E. J. 'The family connections of M. Livius Drusus Libo', HSCP 72 (1967) 247-78 Wellesley, K. The Long Year a.d. 69. London, 1975 Wellesley, K. 'What happened on the Capitol in December a.d. 69?', A]AH 6 (1981) 166-90 Wilkes, J. J. 'A note on the mutiny of the Pannonian legions in a.d. 14', 02 56 (1963) 268-71
D. GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION i. the imperial court Alfoldi, A. 'Die Ausgestaltung des monarchischen Zeremoniells am romischen Kaiserhofe', MDAI(R) 49 (1934) 1-118 (=d 3, 119-276) Alfoldi, A. 'Insignien und Tracht der romischen Kaiser', MDAI(R) 50 (193 5) 3-1 58 ( = d 3, 3-171) Alfoldi, A. Die monarchische Repriisentation im romischen Kaiserreiche. 3rdedn. Darmstadt, 1970 Amarelli, F. Consilia Principum. Naples, 1983 Bang, M. 'Die Freunde und Begleiter der Kaiser', in a 30, iv, 56-76. Leipzig, 1921 Boulvert, G. Esclaves et affranchis imperiaux sous le haut-empire romain, role politique et administratif. Naples, 1970 Boulvert, G. Domestique etfonctionnaire sous le haut-empire romain: la condition de Faffranchi et de I'esclave. Paris, 1974 Burton, G. Review of Boulvert 1970 (d 6) and 1974 (d j), JRS 67 (1977) 162-6 Chantraine, H. Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der romischen Kaiser: Studien ihrer Nomenklatur. Wiesbaden, 1967 Crook, J. A. Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian. Cambridge, 1955 Frezouls, E. 'Les Julio-Claudiens et le Palatium', in Levy, E. (ed.) Le systeme palatial en Orient, en Grece, et a Rome (Actes du colloque de Strasbourg 19-22 juin 1985) 445-62. Leiden, 1987 Herman, G. 'The "friends" of the early hellenistic rulers: servants or officials', Talanta 12-13 (1980-1) 103-49 Hirschfeld, O. Die Kaiserlichen Verwaltungsbeamten bis auf Diocletian. 2nd edn. Berlin, 1912 Millar, F. 'Epictetus and the imperial court', JRS 55 (1965) 141-8 Millar, F. 'Emperors at work', JRS 57 (1967) 9-19 Mooren, L. La hierarchie du cour ptolemaique. Louvain, 1977 Parsi, B. Designation et Investiture de FEmpereur Romain. Paris, 1963 Pavis d'Escurac, H. 'La familia Caesaris et les affaires publiques: discretam domum et rempublicam' in Levy, E. (ed.) Le systeme palatial en Orient, en Grece, et a Rome (Actes du colloque de Strasbourg 19—22 juin 1985) 393—410. Leiden, 1987 Rogers, R. S. 'The emperor's displeasure - amicitiam renuntiare', ТА PA 90 (1959) "4-37 Turcan, R. Vivre a la cour des Cesars d'Auguste a Diocletien (Coll. etudes anciennes 57). Paris, 1987 Wallace-Hadrill, A. 'Civilis princeps: between citizen and king', JRS 72 (1982) 32-48 Weaver, P. R. C. Familia Caesaris. A Social Study of the Emperor's Freedmen and Slaves. Cambridge, 1972 2. the senate and the equites
2 3. Alfoldy, G. 'Die Stellung der Ritter in der Fiihrungsschicht des Imperium Romanum', Chiron 11 (1981) 169—215 ( = Die romische Gesellschaft, 162— 207. Stuttgart, 1981) Bonnefond-Coudry, M. Le senat de la republique romaine de la guerre Bowersock, G. W. 'Roman senators from the Near East', in d 42, 651-68 Brunt, P. A. 'Princeps and equites', JRS 73 (1983) 42—75 Brunt, P. A. 'The role of the senate in the Augustan regime', CQ 34 (1984) 423-44 Brunt, P. A. 'The equites in the Late Republic', in a 11, 144—93 Cadoux, T. J. Review of Vitucci, G. Ricerche sulla Praefectura Vrbi, JRS 49 (1959) 152-60 Chastagnol, A. 'Les modes d'acces au senat romain au debut de l'empire. Remarques a propos de la table claudienne de Lyon', BSNAF (1971) 282-309 Chastagnol, A. 'La naissance de l'ordo senatorius', MEFRA 85 (1973) 581-607. (=d 54, 175-98) Chastagnol, A. 'Les senateurs d'origine provinciale sous le regne d'Auguste'. Melanges Boyance, 163—71. Rome, 1974 Chastagnol, A. '"Latus clavus" et "adlectio"; l'acces des hommes nouveaux au senat romain sous le haut-empire', RHD 53 (1975) 375-94 (=D 54, i99-27) Chastagnol, A. 'Le laticlave de Vespasien', Hist. 25 (1976) 253-6 Chastagnol, A. 'La crise de recrutement senatorial des annees 16—11 av. J.- C.', Demougin, S. 'Uterque ordo\ les rapports entre l'ordre senatorial et l'ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens', in d 42, 73-104 Demougin, S. L'Ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Collection de l'ecole franfaise de Rome 108). Rome, 1988 Devreker, J. 'Les orientaux au Senat romain d'Auguste a Trajan', Latomus 41 (1982) 495-516 Eck, W. 'Senatorial self-representation: developments in the Augustan period', in с 176, 129-67 Eck, W. 'Die Ausformung der ritterlichen Administration als
Antisenatspolitik?', in Opposition et Resistances (Entretiens Hardt 33) 24983. Vandoeuvres, 1986 Ensslin, W. 'Praefectus Praetorio', RE xxii (1954) 2391-502 Epigrafia e ordine senatorio: Attidel Colloquio Internationale AIEGL, Roma, 14-20 Maggio 1981 (ed. Panciera, S.). Rome, 1982 Frei-Stolba, R. Untersuchungen \u den Wahlen in der romischen Kaiser^eit. Zurich, 1967 Halfmann, H. Die Senatoren aus den ostlichen Teilen des Imperium Romanum bis Zum Ende des 2. Jh. n. Chr. (Hypomnemata 58). Gottingen, 1979 Hammond, M. 'Curatores tabularum publicarum', in Jones, L. W. (ed.) Classical and Medieval Studies in Honor of E. K. Rand, 123-31. New York, 1938 Henderson, M. I. 'The establishment of the equester ordo', JRS 53 (1963) 61-72 Jones, A. H. M. 'The elections under Augustus', JRS 45 (1955)9—21 ( = a 47. 27-50) Laet, S. J. de. De Samenstelling van den romeinschen Senaatgedurende de eerste Eeuw van bet Principaat (28 voor Chr.-68 na Chr.). Antwerp, 1941 Millar, F. 'Some evidence on the meaning of Tacitus, Annals xii. 60', Hist. 13 (1964) 180-7 Millar, F. 'The development of jurisdiction by imperial procurators: further evidence', Hist. 14 (1965) 362—7 Morris, J. 'Leges annales under the Principate, 1. Legal and constitutional', LF 87 (1964) 316-37; '11. Political effects', ibid. 88 (1965) 22-31 Nicolet, C. L'Ordre equestre 1-11. Paris, 1966, 1974
j 3. Nicolet, C. 'Le cens senatorial sous la republique et sous Auguste',/RĴ 66 (1976) 20—38. (Repr. with revisions in d 54, 143—74) Nicolet, C. (ed.) Des Ordres a Rome. Paris, 1984 Pavis d'Escurac, H. La Prefecture de I'annone: service administratif imperial tf Auguste a Constantin. Rome, 1976 Pflaum, H.-G. Les procurateurs iquestres sous le haut-empire romain. Paris, 1950 Pflaum, H.-G. 'Procurator', RE ххш (1957) 1240-79 Pflaum, H.-G. Abrigi des procurateurs iquestres. Paris, 1974 Pflaum, H.-G. Les carrieres procuratoriennes iquestres sous le Haut-Empire Romain. 3 vols. Paris, 1960-1, with Supplement. Paris, 1982 Pistor, H.-H. 'Prinzeps und Patriziat in der Zeit von Augustus bis Commodus'. Diss., Freiburg, 1965 Raepsaet-Charlier, M. T. Prosopographie des femmes de I'ordre senatorial. Louvain, 1987 Sailer, R. P. 'Patronage and promotion in equestrian careers', JRS 70 (1980) 44-63 Sattler, P. Augustus und der Senat. Untersuchungen \ur romischen Innenpolitik Zwischen jo und 17 v. Chr. Gottingen, i960 Shatzman, I. Senatorial Wealth and Roman Politics (Coll. Latomus 142). Brussels, 1975 Sherwin-White, A. N. 'Procurator Augusti', PBSR 15 (1939) 11-26 Stein, A. Der romische Kitterstand. Munich, 1927 Syme, R. 'Who was Decidius Saxa?', JRS 27 (1937) 127-37 ( = A 94> r> 31-41) Syme, R. 'Caesar, the senate and Italy', PBSR 14 (1938) 1—31 ( = a 94, 1, 88-119) Syme, R. 'Who was Vedius Pollio?' JRS 51 (1961) 23-30 ( = a 94, 11, 518-29) Syme, R. Some Arval Brethren. Oxford, 1980 Syme, R. 'The sons of Piso the Pontifex', AJPh 101 (1980) 333-41 ( = a 94, hi, 1226-32) Syme, R. 'Clues to testamentary adoption', Tituli iv (1984) 397-410 ( = a 94, iv, 159-73) Syme, R. 'Marriage ages for Roman senators', Hist. 36 (1987) 318-32 ( = a 94, vi, 232-46) Syme, R. 'Paullus the censor', Athenaeum 75 (1987) 7-26 ( = a 94, vi, 247-68) Szramkiewicz, R. Les gouverneurs de province a I'epoque augusteenne (Etudes Prosopographiques in-iv). Paris, 1975 and 1976 Talbert, R. J. A. 'Augustus and the senate', G & R 31 (1984) 5 5-63 Talbert, R. J. A. The Senate of Imperial Rome. Princeton, 1984 Talbert, R. J. A. 'Commodus as diplomat in an extract from the acta senatus', ZPE 71 (1988) 137-47 Thompson, D. L. 'The meetings of the Roman senate on the Palatine', AJA 85 (1981) 335-9 Wiseman, T. P. 'The definition of "Eques Romanus" in the late Republic and early Empire', Hist. 19 (1970) 67-83 ( = a 109, 57-73) Wiseman, T. P. New Men in the Roman Senate. Oxford, 1971 Wiseman, T. P. 'Legendary genealogies in late Republican Rome', G & R 21 (1974) 153-64 ( = A 109, 207-18) 3. provincial administration Abbott, F. F. and Johnson, A. C. Municipal Administration in the Roman Empire. Princeton, 1926 Badian, E. Publicans and Sinners. Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic. Ithaca, 1972 Braunert, H. 'Der romische Provinzialzensus und der Schatzungsbericht des Lukas-Evangeliums', Hist. 6 (1957) 192-214 ( = Gesammelte Aufsat^e, 24-37) Brunt, P. A. 'Charges of provincial maladministration under the early Principate', Hist. 10 (1961) 189—223 ( = a 12, ch. 4) Brunt, P. A. 'Procuratorial jurisdiction', Latomus 25 (1966) 461-87 ( = л 12, ch. 8 Burton, G. P. 'Proconsuls, assizes and the administration of justice under the Empire', JRS 65 (1975) 92-106 Burton, G. P. 'The issuing of mandata to proconsuls and a new inscription from Cos', ZPE 21 (1976) 63-8 Cardinali, G. 'Amministrazione territoriale e finanziaria', in с 12л, 161-94 Deininger, J. Die Provin%iallandtage der romischen Kaiser^eit von Augustus bis %um Ende des dritten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. ( Vestigia 6). Munich, 1965 Galsterer, H. 'La loi municipale des romains: chimere ou rĉalitĉ?' RHD 65 (1987) 181-203 Isaac, B. 'The Decapolis in Syria, a neglected inscription', ZPE 44 (1981) 67-74 Jones, A. H. M. The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian. Oxford, 1940 Jones, A. H. M. 'Procurators and prefects in the early empire', in a 47, 115-25 Jones, A. H. M. Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1971 Laffi, U. Attributio e contributio: problemi del sistema politico-amministrativo dello stato romano. Pisa, 1966 Levick, В. M. The Government of the Roman Empire. London, 1985 Lintott, A. W. Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration. London, 1993 Millar, F. 'The emperor, the senate and the provinces', JRS 56 (1966) i56-66 Millar, F. 'Empire and city, Augustus to Julian: obligations, excuses, and status', JRS 73 (1983) 76-96 Millar, F. 'State and subject: the impact of monarchy', in с 176, 37-60 Millar, F.' "Senatorial provinces": an institutionalised ghost', ANCW20 (1989) 93-7 Nicolet, C. Tributum: recherches sur la fiscalitidirecte sous la republique romaine. Bonn,1976 Norr, D. Imperium und Polis in der hohen Prini(ipats%eit (Mŭnchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte 50). Munich, 1966: 2nd edn 1969 Norr, D. 'Die Stadte des Ostens und das Imperium', ANRW II, 7.1 (1979) 3-20 Purcell, N. 'The arts of Government', in Boardman, J., Griffin, J. and Murray, O. The Oxford History of the Classical World, 5 60-91. Oxford, 1986 Pflaum, H.-G. 'De nouveau sur les agri decumates a la lumiere d'un fragment de Capoue, CIL x. 3872', BJ 163 (1963) 224-37 Sherwin-White, A. N. Roman Society and Roman Lav in the New Testament. Oxford, 1963 Thomasson, B. Laterculi Praesidum 1-11. Gothenburg, 1975—84
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