Войны мозга. Научные споры вокруг разума и сознания

1

Arthur Koestler, Janus: A Summing Up (New York: Random House; 1978), 229, in Larry Dossey, “Is the Universe Merely a Statistical Accident?” HuffPost Living, June 23, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-larry-dossey/spiritual-living-is-the-u_b_621261.html.

2

Francis Crick, The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul (New York: Simon & Schuster, Touchstone, 1995), 3.

3

Dossey, “Is the Universe Merely a Statistical Accident?”

4

M. R. Bennett, “Development of the Concept of Mind,” Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 41 (2007): 943-56.

5

Bennett, “Development of the Concept of Mind.”

6

Richard Tarnas, The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View (New York: Ballantine Books, 1991).

7

E. M. Sternberg and P. W. Gold, The Mind-Body Interaction in Disease, http://being.publicradio.org/programs/stress/mindbodyessay.shtml.

8

Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind.

9

Thomas Huxley, “On the Hypothesis That Animals Are Automata, and Its History,” Fortnightly Review 16 (1874): 555-80.

10

Ferdinand Schiller, Riddles of the Sphinx (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1891).

11

William James, “Human Immortality: Two Supposed Objections to the Doctrine,” in William James on Psychical Research, ed. G. Murphy and R. O. Ballou (New York: Viking, 1898), 279–308.

12

James, “Human Immortality.”

13

Wilder Penfield, Control of the Mind. Представлено на симпозиуме в медцентре Калифорнийского университета в Сан-Франциско, 1961 г. Цитируется по изданию: Arthur Koestler, Ghost in the Machine (London: Hutchinson, 1967), 203-4.

14

Wilder Penfield, The Mysteries of the Mind (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1975).

15

John C. Eccles, Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self (London: Routledge, 1989), 241.

16

John C. Eccles, How the Self Controls Its Brain (Berlin/New York: Springer, 1994); F. Beck and J. C. Eccles, “Quantum Aspects of Brain Activity and the Role of Consciousness,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 (1992): 11357-61.

Экклс предположил, что дендриты, разветвленные отростки нейрона, проводящие импульсы от соседних нейронов внутрь, к телу клетки, – это основные рецептивные элементы мозговой коры (слоя серого вещества, покрывающего поверхность полушарий головного мозга). Пучки дендритов (которые Экклс назвал дендронами) связаны с ментальными элементами (или психонами), представляющими собой конкретное явление или опыт.

При формировании психических намерений, а также тогда, когда мышление направляется волей, говорил он, психоны воздействуют на дендроны и на время повышают вероятность выработки нейромедиаторов из пресинаптических пузырьков (маленьких пузырьков в оболочке, расположенных возле синапсов нейронов и содержащих нейромедиаторы). Этот процесс не противоречит закону сохранения энергии, поскольку чрезвычайно малые размеры синаптического «микроландшафта», испускающего нейромедиаторы, находятся в пределах допустимого согласно квантовой механике.

17

H. Feigl, “The Mental and the Physical,” in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Concepts, Theories and the Mind-Body Problem, Vol. 2, ed. H. Feigl, M. Scriven and G. Maxwell (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1958).

18

P. M. Churchland, A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).

19

R. W. Sperry, “Mind-Brain Interaction: Mentalism, Yes; Dualism, No,” Neuroscience 5 (1980): 195–206.

20

См., например: N. Murphy and W. S. Brown, Did My Neurons Make Me Do It? Philosophical and Neurobiological Perspectives on Moral Responsibility and Free Will (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).

21

D. J. Chalmers, “Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 2 (1995): 200–219.

22

Однако научный мир далек от консенсуса по вопросу природы взаимоотношений между разумом и мозгом. Существует множество других теорий, пытающихся объяснить взаимосвязь между разумом и мозгом, – таких как функционализм, биологический натурализм, нейтральный монизм, панпсихизм. В этой главе я не рассматриваю их все, поскольку книга написана главным образом для непосвященных. Читателям, которые хотят больше узнать о других теориях, можно порекомендовать обратиться к таким научным работам, как «Кембриджский справочник сознания» (The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness) и «Справочник по сознанию» (The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness).

23

Ради знакомства с трудами и взглядами Фредерика Майерса рекомендую прочитать превосходную книгу: E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, eds., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).

24

В науке не только наблюдения определяют теории, но и теории влияют на полученные в экспериментах результаты наблюдений.

25

Anne Harrington, The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1997), 1.

26

B. Klopfer, “Psychological Variables in Human Cancer,” Journal of Projective Techniques and Person Assessment 21 (1957): 331-34.

27

M. Brooks, “Anomalies: 13 Things That Don’t Make Sense,” New Scientist, March 19–25, 2005.

28

A. Hróbjartsson and P. C. Götzsche, “Is the Placebo Powerless? An Analysis of Clinical Trials Comparing Placebo with No Treatment,” New England Journal of Medicine 344 (2001): 1594–1602.

29

В 2007 году я написал научную статью с обзором нескольких исследований эффекта плацебо, в которой утверждал, что эти исследования наглядно свидетельствовали о нашей способности в значительной степени влиять на наш мозг и тело с помощью одних только наших убеждений. Первая глава представляет собой популяризированную версию этой статьи. M. Beauregard, “Mind Does Really Matter: Evidence from Neuroimaging Studies of Emotional Self-Regulation, Psychotherapy, and Placebo Effect,” Progress in Neurobiology 81 (2007): 218-36.

30

A. K. Shapiro and L. A. Morris, “The Placebo Effect in Medicine and Psychological Therapies,” in Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis, 2nd ed., ed. S. L. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1978), 369–410.

31

T. J. Kaptchuk, C. E. Kerr, and A. Zanger, “Placebo Controls, Exorcisms, and the Devil,” Lancet 374 (2009): 1234-35.

32

H. K. Beecher, “The Powerful Placebo,” Journal of the American Medical Association 159 (1955): 1602-6.

33

G. S. Kienle and H. Kienle, “The Powerful Placebo Effect: Fact or Fiction?” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50 (1997): 1311-18.

34

F. Benedetti, Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009).

35

R. Ornstein and D. Sobel, The Healing Brain: Breakthrough Discoveries About How the Brain Keeps Us Healthy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).

36

D. Evans, Placebo: The Belief Effect (London: HarperCollins, 2004).

37

D. E. Moerman, “Cultural Variations in the Placebo Effect: Ulcers, Anxiety and Blood Pressure,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14 (2000): 51–72.

38

A. J. de Crean et al., “Effect of Colour of Drugs: Systemic Review of Perceived Effect of Drugs and of Their Effectiveness,” British Medical Journal 313 (1996): 1624-26.

39

I. Hashish et al., “Reduction of Postoperative Pain and Swelling by Ultrasound Treatment: A Placebo Effect,” Pain 33 (1988): 303-11.

40

J. D. Levine, N. C. Gordon, and H. L. Fields, “The Mechanism of Placebo Analgesia,” Lancet 312 (1978): 654-57.

41

J. K. Zubieta et al., “Placebo Effects Mediated by Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission and i-opioid Receptors,” Journal of Neuroscience 25 (2005), 7754-62.

42

R. de la Fuente-Fernandez et al., “Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinson’s Disease,” Science 293 (2001): 1164-66.

43

A. J. de Craen et al., “Placebo Effect in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 48 (1999): 853-60.

44

K. Schapira et al., “Study on the Effect of Tablet Colour in the Treatment of Anxiety States,” British Medical Journal 2 (1970): 446-49.

45

I. Kirsch and G. Sapirstein, “Listening to Prozac but Hearing Placebo: A Meta-analysis of Antidepressant Medication,” Prevention & Treatment 1 (1998): 2a. Документ на сайте: http://journals.apa.org/prevention.

46

L. A. Cobb et al., “An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technique,” New England Journal of Medicine 260 (1959): 1115-18.

47

J. B. Moseley Jr. et al., “Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Perspective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial: Results of a Pilot Study,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 24 (1996): 28–34.

48

J. B. Moseley et al., “A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee,” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 81–88.

49

C. McRae et al., “Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life and Medical Outcomes in a Double-Blind Placebo Surgery Trial,” Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (2004): 412-20.

50

McRae et al., “Effects of Perceived Treatment on Quality of Life,” 418-19.

51

E. D. Eaker, J. Pinsky, and W. P. Castelli, “Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Death Among Women: Psychosocial Predictors from Twenty-Year Follow-Up of Women in the Framingham Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 135 (1992): 854-64.

52

W. P. Kennedy, “The Nocebo Reaction,” Medical World 95 (1961): 203-5.

53

R. R. Reeves et al., “Nocebo Effects with Antidepressant Clinical Drug Trial Placebos,” General Hospital Psychiatry 29 (2007): 275-77.

54

Reeves et al., “Nocebo Effects.”

55

A. J. Barsky and J. F. Borus, “Functional Somatic Syndromes,” Annals of Internal Medicine 130 (1999): 910-21.

56

M. G. Myers, J. A. Cairns, and J. Singer, “The Consent Form as a Possible Cause of Side Effects,” Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic 42 (1987): 250-53.

57

M. Flaten and T. D. Blumenthal, “Caffeine-Associated Stimuli Elicit Conditioned Response: An Experimental Model of the Placebo Effect,” Psychopharmacology 145 (1999): 105-12.

58

M. Shepherd, “The Placebo: From Specificity to the Non-Specific and Back,” Psychological Medicine 23 (1993): 569-78.

59

R. A. Preston et al., “Placebo-Associated Blood Pressure Response and Adverse Effects in the Treatment of Hypertension,” Archives of Internal Medicine 160 (2000): 1449-54.

60

J. A. Turner et al., “The Importance of Placebo Effects in Pain Treatment and Research,” Journal of the American Medical Association 271 (1994): 1609-14.

61

P. Enck, F. Benedetti, and M. Schedlowski, “New Insights into the Placebo and Nocebo Responses,” Neuron 59 (2008): 195–206.

62

T. Koyama et al., “The Subjective Experience of Pain: Where Expectations Become Reality,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (2005): 12950-55.

63

H. Benson, “The Nocebo Effect: History and Physiology,” Preventive Medicine 26 (1997): 612-15.

64

C. K. Meador, “Hex Death: Voodoo Magic or Persuasion?” Southern Medical Journal 85 (1992): 244-47.

65

H. Basedow, The Australian Aborigenal (Adelaide, Australia: Preece, 1925). Цитируется по изданию: W. B. Cannon, “Voodoo Death,” American Anthropology 44 (1942): 169-81.

66

Meador, “Hex Death.”

67

H. Pilcher, “The Science of Voodoo: When Mind Attacks Body,” New Scientist, May 13, 2009. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20227081.100-the-science-of-voodoo-when-mind-attacks-body.html.

68

Meador, “Hex Death.”

69

S. Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective. Drugmakers Are Desperate to Know Why,” Wired Magazine, September 17, 2009. http://www.wired.com/medtech/drugs/magazine/1709/ff_placebo_effect?currentPage=all.

70

Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”

71

Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”

72

Silberman, “Placebos Are Getting More Effective.”

73

L. Colloca and F. G. Miller, “How Placebo Responses Are Formed: A Leaning Perspective,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366 (2011): 1859-69.

74

J. Robbins, A Symphony in the Brain: The Evolution of the New Brain Wave Biofeedback, rev. ed. (New York: Grove Press, 2008), xv.

75

Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.

76

Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.

77

http://www.aapb.org/.

78

Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.

79

Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.

80

M. B. Sterman, L. R. Macdonald and R. K. Stone, “Biofeedback Training of the Sensorimotor Electroencephalogram Rhythm in Man: Effects on Epilepsy,” Epilepsia 15 (1974): 395–416.

81

M. B. Sterman and L. R. Macdonald, “Effects of Central Cortical EEG Feedback Training on Incidence of Poorly Controlled Seizures,” Epilepsia 19 (1978): 207-22.

82

M. B. Sterman, “Biofeedback in the Treatment of Epilepsy,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 77 (2010): S60-S67.

83

Russell A. Barkley, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment (New York: Guildford, 1996).

84

S. Mannuzza et al., “Educational and Occupational Outcome of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 (1997): 1222-27.

85

M. Arns et al., “Efficacy of Neurofeedback Treatment in A. D. H. D.: The Effects on Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity: A Meta-analysis,” Clinical Electroencephalography and Neuroscience 40 (2009): 180-89.

86

Robbins, Symphony in the Brain.

87

J. Levesque, M. Beauregard and B. Mensour, “Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Substrates of Selective Attention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study,” Neuroscience Letters 394 (2006): 216–221; M. Beauregard and J. Levesque, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of the Effects of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Bases of Selective Attention and Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback 31 (2006): 3-20.

88

J. Levesque et al., “Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Substrates of Selective Attention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder”; Beauregard and Levesque, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of the Effects of Neurofeedback Training on the Neural Bases of Selective Attention and Response Inhibition in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.”

89

Медленные волны, возникающие в этом участке мозга, не оказывают негативного влияния на когнитивную деятельность.

90

E. G. Peniston and P. J. Kulkosky, “Alpha-Theta Brainwave Training and Beta-Endorphin Levels in Alcoholics,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13 (1989): 271-79.

91

E. G. Peniston and P. J. Kulkosky, “Alpha-Theta Brain Wave Neurofeedback for Vietnam Veterans with Combat Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Medicine and Psychotherapy 4 (1991): 1-14.

92

R. C. deCharms, “Application of Real-Time fMRI,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 720-29.

93

R. C. deCharms et al., “Learned Regulation of Spatially Localized Brain Activation Using Real-Time fMRI,” Neuroimage 21 (2004): 436-43.

94

R. C. deCharms et al., “Control over Brain Activation and Pain Learned by Using Real-Time Functional MRI,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (2005): 18626-31.

95

J. P. Hamilton et al., “Modulation of Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity with Real-Time Neurofeedback,” Human Brain Mapping 32 (2011): 22–31.

96

http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/brain/experiments/.

97

Нейропротез – устройство, восполняющее двигательную или сенсорную способность, утраченную в результате болезни или травмы. Кохлеарный имплантат – один из примеров нейропротеза.

98

J. J. Daly and J. R. Wolpaw, “Brain-Computer Interfaces in Neurological Rehabilitation,” Lancet Neurology 7 (2008): 1032-43.

99

N. Birbaumer et al., “A Spelling Device for the Paralysed,” Nature 398 (1999): 297-98.

100

http://www.innovationwatcharchive.com/choiceisyours/choiceisyours. 2006.11.30.htm.

101

D. Graham-Rowe, “Dialing with Your Thoughts,” April 12, 2011, http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/37357/?pi=Ai&a=f.

102

H. Yomogida, “NeuroSky Demos Brain-Controlled Mobile Phone Applications,” September 11, 2008, http://www.technologyreview.com/communications/37357/?pi=Ai&a=f.

103

M. Snider, “New Toy Trains to Use ‘The Force,’” http://www.mindpowernews.com/LearnThe Force.htm.

104

К другим состояниям, лечение которых осуществлялось с применением нейрофидбека, относятся большое депрессивное расстройство и синдром Аспергера.

105

http://www.futurehealth.org/populum/page.php?f=Electroencephalography-and-by-Vietta-Sue-Wilson-100208-348.html.

106

http://braintrackers.com/library/76-italian-soccer-training-a-biofeedback.

107

http://www.nba.com/clippers/news/kaman_espnotl_080115.html.

108

http://neurofeedback-singapore.com/news-update.html.

109

Слова Далай-ламы процитированы по: S. Begley, Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How a New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007), vii-viii.

110

S. Begley, “Scans of Monks’ Brains Show Meditation Alters Structure, Functioning,” Wall Street Journal, November 5, 2004, http://online.wsj.com/article/o,SB109959818932165108,00.html.

111

«Институт разума и жизни» (Mind & Life Institute), XII конференция, 2004.

112

Norman Doidge, The Brain That Changes Itself (New York: Penguin, 2007).

113

G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, and F. H. Gage, “More Hippocampal Neurons in Adult Mice Living in an Enriched Environment,” Nature 386 (1997): 493-95; G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, and F. H. Gage, “Experience-Induced Neurogenesis in the Senescent Dentate Gyrus,” Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1998): 3206-12.

114

B. Oaff, “Black-Cab Drivers,” Observer, November 10, 2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2002/nov/10/wageslaves.careers.

115

“Taxi Drivers Brains ‘Grows’ on the Job,” BBC News, Tuesday, March 14, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/677048.stm.

116

J. Lenzer, “Study of London Taxi Drivers Wins Ig Nobel Prize”, BMJ.com, October 11, 2003, 327(7419): 831, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc.

117

V. Paquette et al., “Change the Mind and You Change the Brain: Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on the Neural Correlates of Spider Phobia,” Neuroimage 18 (2003): 401-9.

118

V. Paquette et al., “Change the Mind and You Change the Brain,” 401-9.

119

M. Beauregard, J. Levesque and P. Bourgouin, “Neural Correlates of the Conscious Self-Regulation of Emotion,” Journal of Neuroscience 21 (2001): RC165 (1–6).

120

J. Levesque et al., “Neural Circuitry Underlying Voluntary Self-Regulation of Sadness,” Biological Psychiatry 53 (2003): 502-10.

121

E. Perreau-Linck et al, “In Vivo Measurements of Brain Trapping of a-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan During Acute Mood Changes,” Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 32 (2007): 430-34.

122

Begley, “Scans of Monks’ Brains.”

123

R. J. Davidson and A. Lutz, “Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25 (2008): 174-76.

124

A. Chiesa and A. Serretti, “A Systematic Review of Neurobiological and Clinical Features of Mindfulness Meditations,” Psychological Medicine 40 (2010): 1239-52.

125

B. A. Wallace, “The Buddhist Tradition of Samatha: Methods for Refining and Examining Consciousness,” Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (1999): 175-87.

126

J. Geirland, “Buddha on the Brain – The Not New Frontier of Neuroscience: Meditation!” Wired, February 2006, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/ 14.02/dalai.html.

127

D. Adam, “Plan for Dalai Lama Lecture Angers Neuroscientists,” Guardian, July 27, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jul/27/-research.highereducation.

128

http://www.petitiononline.com/sfn2005/.

129

Adam, “Plan for Dalai Lama Lecture.”

130

D. Gilgoff, “Can Meditation Change Your Brain? Contemplative Neuroscientists Believe It Can,” CNN, October 26, 2010, http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/10/26/can-meditation-change-your-brain/contemplative-neuroscientists-believe-it-can/.

131

B. R. Cahn and J. Polich, “ Meditation States and Traits: EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 132 (2006): 180–211.

132

F. Travis and J. Shear, “Focused Attention, Open Monitoring and Automatic Self-Transcending: Categories to Organize Meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese Traditions,” Consciousness and Cognition 19 (2010): 1110-18.

133

A. Lutz et al., “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practice,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2004): 16369-73.

134

S. Begley, “How Thinking Can Change the Brain,” January 19, 2007, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB116915058061980596.html.

135

J. A. Brefczynski-Lewis et al., “Neural Correlates of Attentional Expertise in Long-Term Meditation Practitioners,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (2007): 11483-88.

136

A. Lutz et al., “Regulation of the Neural Circuitry of Emotion by Compassion Meditation: Effects of Meditative Expertise,” PLoS One 3 (2008): e1897.

137

V. Taylor et al., “Impact of Mindfulness on the Neural Responses to Emotional Pictures in Experienced and Beginning Meditators,” Neuroimage 57 (2011), 1524-33.

138

S. W. Lazar et al., “Meditation Experience Is Associated with Increased Cortical Thickness,” Neuroreport 16 (2005): 1893-97.

139

W. J. Cromie, “Meditation Found to Increase Brain Size,” January 27, 2006, http://www.physorg.com/news10312.html.

140

B. K. Hölzel et al., “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research 191 (2011), 36–43.

141

G. Pagnoni and M. Cekic, “Age Effects on Gray Matter Volume and Attentional Performance in Zen Meditation,” Neurobiology of Aging 28 (2007): 1623-27.

142

Y. Y. Tang et al., “Short-Term Meditation Induces White Matter Changes in the Anterior Cingulate,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010): 15649-52.

143

Проект «Шаматха», http://mindbrain.ucdavis.edu/-people/jeremy/shamatha-project/.

144

O. C. Simonton, J. Creighton and S. Matthew Simonton, Getting Well Again: The Bestselling Classic About the Simontons’ Revolutionary Life-saving Self-Awareness Techniques (New York: Bantam, 1992).

145

http://www.holisticu.org/jack/mindovermatter.html.

146

L. K. Kothari, A. Bordia, and O. P. Gupta, “The Yogi Claim of Voluntary Control over the Heart Beat: An Unusual Demonstration,” Journal of the American Heart Association 86 (1973): 282-84.

147

L. K. Kothari et al., “A Letter to the Journal of the American Heart Association,” 1973, http://www.sol.com.au/kor/10_02.htm.

148

Коллаген – волокнистая ткань, связывающая клетки тела.

149

Norman Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on Healing and Regeneration (New York: Norton, 1979), 33.

150

Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness.

151

Tom Long, “Jordan Fieldman, 38; Doctor Promoted Holistic Medicine,” Boston Globe, June 10, 2004, http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/ 2004/06/10/jordan_fieldman_38_doctor_promoted_holistic_medicine/.

152

http://www.berniesiegelmd.com/remarkable_recoveries.htm.

153

Как отмечалось во вступлении, древнегреческие врачи считали разум и тело единым целым. Они полагали, что разум играет важную роль в здоровье и болезнях. Аналогично средневековые мусульманские врачи Абу зайд Ахмед ибн Сахл аль-Балхи и Хали Аббас предположили, что болезнь иногда отражает влияние разума на тело. D. Nurdeen and A. T. Mansor, “Mental Health in Islamic Medical Tradition,” International Medical Journal 4, 2005), 76–79.

Научно-технический прогресс в странах Запада в XIX веке позволил ученым изучить кровь и воду и выяснить, что они кишат живыми организмами, которых не увидеть невооруженным глазом. И когда врачи начали выявлять различные возбудители болезней – бактерии, грибки, вирусы, – они по понятным причинам поверили в то, что лечение инфекционных болезней требует только устранения этих возбудителей. Эта вера вместе с прогрессивным характером Промышленной революции привела к тому, что врачи взяли на вооружение механистические взгляды. Тело воспринимали как биологическую машину, на которую не может повлиять разум; задачей медицины видели исключительно устранение неисправностей тела. E. M. Sternberg and P. W. Gold, The Mind-Body Interaction in Disease, http://being.publicradio.org/programs/stress/mindbodyessay.shtml.

154

E. M. Sternberg, The Balance Within: The Science Connecting Health and Emotions (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2001).

155

G. F. Solomon and R. H. Moss, “Emotions, Immunity, and Disease: A Speculative Theoretical Integration,” Archives of General Psychiatry 11 (1964): 657-74.

156

J. S. Gordon, “Mind-Body Medicine and Cancer,” Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 22 (2008): 683–708.

157

J. M. Williams et al., “Sympathetic Innervation of Murine Thymus and Spleen: Evidence for a Functional Link Between the Nervous and Immune Systems,” Brain Research Bulletin 6 (1981): 83–94.

158

Candace Pert, Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine (New York: Touchstone, 1997).

159

O. Ray, “The Revolutionary Health Science of Psychoendoneuroimmunology,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 35–51.

160

Pert, Molecules of Emotion.

161

Ray, “Psychoendoneuroimmunology.”

162

J. A. Dusek et al., “Genomic Counter-Stress Changes Induced by the Relaxation Response,” PLoS One 3 (2008): e2576.

163

Ray, “Psychoendoneuroimmunology.”

164

Sternberg and Gold, Mind-Body Interaction in Disease.

165

Ray, “Psychoendoneuroimmunology.”

166

L. Vitetta et al., “Mind-Body Medicine: Stress and Its Impact on Overall Health and Longevity,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1057 (2005): 492–505.

167

A. Baum, L. Cohen and M. Hall, “Control and Intrusive Memories as Possible Determinants of Chronic Stress,” Psychosomatic Medicine 55 (1993): 274-86.

168

S. A. Everson et al., “Hopelessness and Risk of Mortality and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Cancer,” Psychosomatic Medicine 58 (1996): 113-21.

169

E. W. Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence,” in Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty-First Century, ed. E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 117–239.

170

M. Callanan and P. Kelley, Final Gifts: Understanding the Special Needs, Awareness, and Communications of the Dying (New York: Bantam, 1993).

171

Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence.”

172

S. Cohen et al., “Emotional Style and Susceptibility to the Common Cold,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003): 652-57; S. Cohen et al., “Positive Emotional Style Predicts Resistance to Illness After Experimental Exposure to Rhinovirus or Influenza A Virus,” Psychosomatic Medicine 68 (2006): 809-15.

173

C. Greer, “Psychological Response to Cancer and Survival,” Psychological Medicine 21 (1991): 43–49.

174

НК-клетки играют ключевую роль в отторжении опухолей и клеток, зараженных вирусами.

175

J. K. Kiecolt-Glaser et al., “Psychoneuroimmunology and Psychosomatic Medicine: Back to the Future,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (2002): 15–28.

176

Gordon, “Mind-Body Medicine and Cancer.”

177

Gordon, “Mind-Body Medicine and Cancer.”

178

E. C. Trakhtenberg, “The Effects of Guided Imagery on the Immune System: A Critical Review,” International Journal of Neuroscience 118 (2008): 839-55.

179

O. C. Simonton, J. Creighton and S. Matthew Simonton, Getting Well Again: The Bestselling Classic About the Simontons’ Revolutionary Life-saving Self-Awareness Techniques (New York: Bantam, 1992).

180

Gordon, “Mind-Body Medicine and Cancer.”

181

L. E. Carlson and B. D. Bultz, “Mind-Body Interventions in Oncology,” Current Treatment Options in Oncology 9 (2008): 127-34.

182

Gordon, “Mind-Body Medicine and Cancer.”

183

M. Falco, “Herschel Walker Reveals Many Sides of Himself,” CNN, April 15, 2008, http://articles.cnn.com/2008-04-15/health/herschel.walker.did_i_disorder-russian-roulette-herschel-walker/3?_s=P.M.: HEALTH.

184

Falco, “Herschel Walker”; H. Walker and J. Mungadze, Breaking Free: My Life with Dissociative Identity Disorder (New York: Touchstone, 2008).

185

Falco, “Herschel Walker.”

186

Falco, “Herschel Walker.”

187

A. A. Reinders et al., “One Brain, Two Selves,” Neuroimage 20 (2003): 2119-25.

188

Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence,” 117–239.

189

H. Benson et al., “Body Temperature Changes During the Practice of g Tummo Yoga,” Nature 295 (1982): 234-36.

190

Helen Flanders Dunbar, Emotions and Bodily Changes, 4th ed. (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1954).

191

Elmer Green and Alyce Green, Beyond Biofeedback (New York: Delacorte Press/S. Lawrence, 1977).

192

Ray, “Psychoendoneuroimmunology,” 1.

193

Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence.”

194

Pert, Molecules of Emotion.

195

Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence.”

196

L. Alderman, “Using Hypnosis to Gain More Control Over Your Illness,” New York Times, April 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/health/ 16patient.html.

197

A. A. Mason, “A Case of Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythreodermia of Brocq Treated by Hypnosis,” British Medical Journal 2 (1952): 422.

198

Mason, “Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythrodermia,” 422-23.

199

A. A. Mason, “Ichthyosis and Hypnosis,” 1955, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/p.m.C1980190/?page=2.

200

D. Barrett, “The Power of Hypnosis,” Psychology Today, January/February, 2001, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200101/the-power-hypnosis.

201

J. H. Stewart, “Hypnosis in Contemporary Medicine,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80 (2005): 511-24.

202

J. Esdaile, Mesmerism in India, and Its Practical Applications in Surgery and Medicine (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longman (1846): 240-41.

203

Stewart, “Hypnosis in Contemporary Medicine.”

204

Alderman, “Using Hypnosis.”

205

D. Elkan, “You Will Feel Nothing: Hypnosis Meets Surgery,” HypnoGenesis, 2006, http://www.hypnos.co.uk/hypnomag/hypnosisnes/-hypnosissurgery.htm.

206

M. Cheng, “For Some, Hypnosis Eases Pain, Recovery of Surgery,” Associated Press, July 27, 2011, http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/-some-hypnosis-eases-pain-recovery-surgery.

207

Cheng, “For Some, Hypnosis Eases Pain.”

208

G. H. Montgomery, K. N. DuHamel, and W. H. Redd, “A Meta-analysis of Hypnotically Induced Analgesia: How Effective Is Hypnosis?” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 48 (2000): 138-53.

209

M. M. Berger, et al., “Impact of a Pain Protocol Including Hypnosis in Major Burns,” Burns 36 (2010): 639-46.

210

G. R. Elkins et al., “Hypnosis to Reduce Pain in Cancer Survivors with Advanced Disease: A Prospective Study,” Journal of Cancer and Integrative Medicine 2 (2004): 167-72.

211

J. A. D. Anderson, M. A. Basker, and R. Dalton, “Migraine and Hypnotherapy,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 23 (1975): 48–58.

212

A. S. Landolt and L. S. Milling, “The Efficacy of Hypnosis as an Intervention for Labor and Delivery Pain: A Comprehensive Methodological Review,” Clinical Psychology Review 3 (2011): 1022-31.

213

T. Harmon, M. Hynan, and T. Tyre, “Improved Obstetric Outcomes Using Hypnotic Analgesia and Skill Mastery Combined with Childbirth Education,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58 (1990): 525-30.

214

L. Mehl-Madrona, “Hypnosis to Facilitate Uncomplicated Birth,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 46 (2004): 299–312.

215

A. M. Cyna, M. I. Andrew, and G. L. McAuliffe, “Antenatal Self-Hypnosis for Labor and Childbirth: A Pilot Study,” Anesthesia Intensive Care 34 (2006): 464-69.

216

H. Saadat et al., Hypnosis Reduces Preoperative Anxiety in Adult Patients,” Anesthesia and Analgesia 102 (2006): 1394-96.

217

E. V. Lang et al., “Adjunctive Self-Hypnotic Relaxation for Outpatient Medical Procedures: A Prospective Randomized Trial with Women Undergoing Large Core Breast Biopsy,” Pain 126 (2006): 155-64.

218

P. D. Shenefelt, “Hypnosis in Dermatology,” Archives of Dermatology 136 (2000): 393-99.

219

Shenefelt, “Hypnosis in Dermatology.”

220

C. Ginandes et al., “Can Medical Hypnosis Accelerate Post-Surgical Wound Healing? Results of a Clinical Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 45 (2003): 333-51.

221

D. M. Ewin, “Hypnosis in Burn Therapy,” in Hypnosis, ed. G. Burrows, D. R. Collison, and L. Dennerstein (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1979), 269-75; Shenefelt, “Hypnosis in Dermatology.”

222

Stewart, “Hypnosis in Contemporary Medicine.”

223

R. D. Willard, “Breast Enlargement Through Visual Imagery and Hypnosis,” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 19 (1977): 195–200.

224

C. S. Ginandes and D. I. Rosenthal, “Using Hypnosis to Accelerate the Healing of Bone Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study,” Alternative Therapies, Health and Medicine 5 (1999): 67–75.

225

D. Barrett, “Trance-Related Pseudocyesis in a Male,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 36 (1988): 256-61.

226

S. M. Kosslyn et al., “Hypnotic Visual Illusion Alters Color Processing in the Brain,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 1279-84.

227

Kosslyn et al., “Hypnotic Visual Illusion.”

228

S. Schulz-Stübner et al., “Clinical Hypnosis Modulates Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensities and Pain Perception in a Thermal Stimulation Paradigm,” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 29 (2004): 549-56.

229

M. Pyka et al., “Brain Correlates of Hypnotic Paralysis: A Resting-State fMRI Study,” Neuroimage 56 (2011): 2173-82.

230

Pyka et al., “Brain Correlates of Hypnotic Paralysis.”

231

E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, eds., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 117–239.

232

Kelly, “Psychophysiological Influence.”

233

http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/6172.S_ren_Kierkegaard.

234

Joe McMoneagle, Mind Trek: Exploring Consciousness, Time, and Space Through Remote Viewing (Norfolk, VA: Hampton Roads, 1993): 29–30.

235

Joe McMoneagle, Mind Trek, 29–30.

236

Dean Radin, The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena (New York: HarperEdge, 1997).

237

Radin, Conscious Universe.

238

J. Utts, “An Assessment of the Evidence for Psychic Functioning,” Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 (1996): 3.

239

Radin, Conscious Universe.

240

R. Milton, Alternative Science (Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 1996).

241

Chris Carter, Parapsychology and the Skeptics: A Scientific Argument for the Existence of ESP (Pittsburgh, PA: Sterling House, 2007).

242

Carter, Parapsychology and the Skeptics.

243

Radin, Conscious Universe.

244

C. Honorton and E. I. Schecter, “Ganzfeld Target Retrieval with an Automated System: A Model for Initial Ganzfeld Success,” in RIP 1986, ed. D. B. Weiner and R. D. Nelson (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1987), 36–39.

245

Dean Radin, Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality (New York: Pocket Books, 2006).

246

C. Honorton and E. I. Schecter, “Ganzfeld Target Retrieval.”

247

Radin, Conscious Universe.

248

R. Rosenthal, “The File Drawer Problem and Tolerance for Null Results,” Psychological Bulletin 86 (1979): 638-41.

249

Radin, Entangled Minds.

250

Radin, Conscious Universe.

251

P. Tressoldi, L. Storm and D. Radin, “Extrasensory Perception and Quantum Models of Cognition,” NeuroQuantology 8 (2010): S81-S87.

252

N. J. Holt, “Are Artistic Population Psi-Conducive? Testing the Relationship Between Creativity and Psi with an Experience-Sampling Protocol,” in Proceedings of the Fiftieth Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association (Petaluma, CA: Parapsychological Association, 2007), 31–47.

253

C. Honorton and D. C. Ferrari, “Future Telling: A Meta-analysis of Forced-Choice Precognition Experiments, 1935–1987,” Journal of Parapsychology 53 (1989): 281–308.

254

Radin, Conscious Universe.

255

Radin, Conscious Universe.

256

D. J. Bierman and H. S. Scholte, “Anomalous Anticipatory Brain Activation Preceding Exposure of Emotional and Neutral Picture,” доклад представлен на конференции: Toward a Science of Consciousness IV, Tucson, AZ, 2002.

257

Дин Радин, в личной беседе.

258

D. Bem, “Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroacive Influences on Cognition and Affect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (2011): 407-25.

259

Bem, “Feeling the Future,” 409.

260

Bem, “Feeling the Future.”

261

E. Halliwell, “Can We Feel the Future Through Psi? Don’t Rule It Out,” Guardian (2011), http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/-belief/2011/jan/25/precognition-feeling-the-future.

262

Jim Schnabel, “Don’t Mess with My Reality,” January 16, 2011, http://hereticalnotions.com/2011/01/16/dont-mess-with-my-reality/.

263

Radin, Conscious Universe.

264

Radin, Conscious Universe.

265

R. D. Nelson and D. Radin, “When Immovable Objections meet Irresistible Evidence,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1987): 600-1.

266

R. Jahn et al., “Mind/Machine Interaction Consortium: PortREG Replication Experiments,” Journal of Scientific Exploration 14 (2000): 499–555.

267

Radin, Conscious Universe.

268

Radin, Conscious Universe.

269

W. G. Braud and M. J. Schlitz, “Consciousness Interactions with Remote Biological Systems: Anomalous Intentionality Effects,” Subtle Energies 2 (1991): 1-46.

270

T. D. Duane and R. Behrendt, “Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction Between Identical Twins,” Science 150 (1965): 367.

271

L. J. Standish et al., “Electroencephalographic Evidence of Correlated Event-Related Signals Between the Brains of Spatially and Sensory Isolated Human Subjects,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10 (2004): 307-14.

272

T. L. Richards et al., “Replicable functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of correlated brain signals between physically and sensory isolated subjects,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 955-63.

273

Radin, Conscious Universe; Radin, Entangled Minds.

274

Radin, Conscious Universe; Radin, Entangled Minds.

275

R. Haynes, The Society for Psychical Research, 1882–1982, A History (London: Macdonald & Co., 1982), 83.

276

Ствол головного мозга играет важную роль в регулировании сердечных и дыхательных функций. Эта структура головного мозга также имеет решающее значение для сохранения сознания.

277

Michael B. Sabom, Light and Death: One Doctor’s Fascinating Account of Near-Death Experiences (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1998).

278

Sabom, Light and Death, 41.

279

Sabom, Light and Death, 42.

280

Sabom, Light and Death, 42.

281

The Day I Die: The Mind, the Brain, and Near-Death Experiences. BBC, 2002.

282

The Day I Die: The Mind, the Brain, and Near-Death Experiences. BBC, 2002.

283

Raymond Moody Jr., Life After Life (Covington, GA: Mockingbird Books, 1975).

284

Клиническая смерть определяется либо по прекращению пульса и дыхания, либо по необратимому прекращению всей активности мозга.

285

Pim van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life: The Science of the Near-Death Experience (New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

286

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life.

287

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life.

288

Kenneth Ring and Evelyn Elsaesser-Valarino, Lessons from the Light: What We Can Learn from the Near-Death Experience (New York and London: Plenum, Insight Books, 1998).

289

A. Kellehear, “Culture, Biology and the Near-Death Experience,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181 (1993): 148-56.

290

Ring and Elsaesser-Valarino, Lessons from the Light.

291

Reinee-Pasarow, “A Personal Account of an NDE,” Vital Signs 1, no. 3, (1981): 4–7.

292

Англ. аббревиатура “dead on arrival” – смерть до прибытия «скорой помощи».

293

http://www.iands.org/nde_archives/experiencer_accounts/chose_second_chance.html.

294

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life.

295

P. van Lommel et al., “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Study in the Netherlands,” Lancet 358 (2001): 2039-45.

296

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life; Ring and Elsaesser-Valarino, Lessons from the Light.

297

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life.

298

B. Greyson and N. E. Bush, “Distressing Near-Death Experiences,” Psychiatry 55 (1992): 95-110.

299

E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, eds., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 367–422.

300

K. Clark, “Clinical Interventions with Near-Death Experiencers,” in The Near-Death Experience: Problems, Prospects, Perspectives, ed. B. Greyson and C. P. Flynn (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1984).

301

K. Clark, “Clinical Interventions,” 243.

302

H. L. Clute and W. J. Levy, “Electroencephalographic Changes During Brief Cardiac Arrest in Humans,” Anesthesiology 73 (1990): 821-25.

303

S. Parnia et al., “A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Incidence, Features and Aetiology of Near Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors,” Resuscitation 48 (2001): 149-56.

304

P. van Lommel et al., “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest.”

305

Parnia et al., “A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Incidence, Features and Aetiology of Near Death Experiences.”

306

B. Greyson, “Incidence and Correlates of Near-Death Experiences in a Cardiac Care Unit,” General Hospital Psychiatry 25 (2003): 269-76.

307

E. W. Cook, B. Greyson, and I. Stevenson, “Do Any Near-Death Experiences Provide Evidence for the Survival of Human Personality After Death? Relevant Features and Illustrative Case Reports,” Journal of Scientific Exploration 12 (1998): 377–406.

308

P. van Lommel et al., “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest.”

309

K. Ring and S. Cooper, “Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind: A Study of Apparent Eyeless Vision,” Journal of Near-Death Studies 16 (1997): 101-47.

310

Ring and Elsaesser-Valarino, Lessons from the Light, 87–90.

311

Ring and Cooper, “Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind.”

312

Ring and Cooper, “Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind.”

313

Ring and Cooper, “Near-Death and Out-of-Body Experiences in the Blind.”

314

O. Blanke et al., “Stimulating Illusory Own-Body Perceptions,” Nature 419 (2002): 269-70.

315

F. Grace, Out of Body Experiences Explained, CBS London, September 19, 2002.

316

O. Blanke et al., “Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin,” Brain 127 (Pt 2) (2004): 243-58.

317

van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life.

318

Grace. Out of Body Experiences.

319

S. J. Blackmore and T. Troscianko, “The Physiology of the Tunnel,” Journal of Near-Death Studies 8 (1988): 15–28.

320

van Lommel et al., “Near-Death Experience in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest.”

321

Sam Parnia, What Happens When We Die: A Ground-Breaking Study into the Nature of Life and Death (London: Hay House, 2008).

322

J. E. Whinnery, “Psychophysiologic Correlates of Unconsciousness and Near-Death Experiences,” Journal of Near-Death Studies 5 (1997): 232-58.

323

K. Jansen, “Near Death Experience and the NMDA Receptor,” British Medical Journal 298 (1989): 1708.

324

M. A. Persinger, “Near-Death Experiences and Ecstasy: A Product of the Organization of the Human Brain?” in Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain, ed. S. Della Sala, Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1999), 85–99.

325

Kelly et al., “Unusual Experiences.”

326

E. J. Larson and L. Witham, “Leading Scientists Still Reject God,” Nature 394 (1998), 313.

327

William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1975).

328

Richard M. Bucke, Cosmic Consciousness, New York: Dutton, 1969; первая публикация: 1901.

329

Пер. Валерия Чухно. – Прим. пер.

330

S. Grof and H. Z. Bennett, The Holotropic Mind: The Three Levels of Human Consciousness and How They Shape Our Lives (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 97–98.

331

http://www.issc-taste.org/arc/dbo.cgi?set=expom&id=00004&ss=1.

332

Grof and Bennett, The Holotropic Mind.

333

Walter T. Stace, Mysticism and Philosophy (New York: Macmillan, 1960).

334

Bucke, Cosmic Consciousness.

335

http://www.issc-taste.org/arc/dbo.cgi?set=expom&id=00004&ss=1.

336

Evelyn Underhill, Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man’s Spiritual Consciousness (New York: New American Library, 1974).

337

J. L. Waldron, “The Life Impact of Transcendent Experiences with a Pronounced Quality of Noesis,” Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 30 (1998): 103-34; J. Levin and L. Steele, “The Transcendent Experience: Conceptual, Theoretical and Epidemiological Perspectives,” Explore 1 (2005): 89-101.

338

Grof and Bennett, The Holotropic Mind.

339

Andrew M. Greeley, The Sociology of the Paranormal: A Reconnaissance (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1975).

340

L. Thomas and P. Cooper, “Incidence and Psychological Correlates of Intense Spiritual Experiences,” Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 12 (1980): 75–85.

341

E. F. Kelly and E. W. Kelly, eds., Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the Twenty-First Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).

342

J. L. Saver and J. Rabin, “The Neural Substrates of Religious Experience,” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 9 (1997): 498–510.

343

T. Alajouanine, “Dostoiewski’s Epilepsy,” Brain 86 (1963): 209-18.

344

J. R. Hughes, “Did All Those Famous People Really Have Epilepsy?” Epilepsy and Behavior 6 (2005): 115-39.

345

D. Hay, “The Biology of God: What Is the Current Status of Hardy’s Hypothesis?” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 4 (1994): 1-23.

346

Mario Beauregard and Denyse O’Leary, The Spiritual Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 2007).

347

M. A. Persinger, “Religious and Mystical Experiences as Artefacts of Temporal Lobe Function: A General Hypothesis,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 57 (1983): 1255-62.

348

M. A. Persinger and F. Healey, “Experimental Facilitation of the Sensed Presence: Possible Intercalation Between the Hemispheres Induced by Complex Magnetic Fields,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 190 (2002): 533-41.

349

P. Granqvist et al., “Sensed Presence and Mystical Experiences Are Predicted by Suggestibility, Not by the Application of Transcranial Weak Complex Magnetic Fields,” Neuroscience Letters 379 (2005): 1–6.

350

E. Halgren et al., “Mental Phenomena Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Hippocampal Formation and Amygdala,” Brain 101 (1978): 83-117.

351

A. Newberg et al., “Cerebral Blood Flow During Meditative Prayer: Preliminary Findings and Methodological Issues», Perceptual and Motor Skills 97 (2003): 625-30.

352

M. Beauregard and V. Paquette, “Neural Correlates of a Mystical Experience in Carmelite Nuns,” Neuroscience Letters 405 (2006): 186-90.

353

M. Beauregard, C. Courtemanche, and V. Paquette, “Brain Activity in Near-Death Experiencers During a Meditative State,” Resuscitation 80 (2009): 1006-10.

354

Kelly and Grosso, “Mystical Experience.”

355

Gordon Wasson, Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1968).

356

Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper & Row, 1954).

357

Huston Smith, The Religions of Man (New York: Harper, 1958).

358

Huston Smith, Empirical Metaphysics, http://www.psychedelic-library.org/books/ecstatic5.html.

359

Как человек, переживший так называемый спонтанный мистический опыт (вместе с состояниями космического сознания) и духовные опыты, вызванные употреблением психоделических веществ, я могу свидетельствовать, что порой бывает трудно различить с эмпирической точки зрения эти две категории опыта.

360

Stace, Mysticism and Philosophy.

361

R. R. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, U. McCann, R. Jesse, “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” Psychopharmacology 187 (2006): 268-83.

362

R. R. Griffiths, W. A. Richards, M. Johnson, U. McCann, R. Jesse, “Mystical-Type Experiences Occasioned by Psilocybin Mediate the Attribution of Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance 14 Months Later,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 22 (2008): 621-32.

363

Tierney J., “Hallucinogens Have Doctors Tuning In Again,” New York Times, April 11, 2010.

364

Grof and Bennett, Holotropic Mind.

365

Hopwood Jeans, The Mysterious Universe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1930), 137.

366

B. Greyson, “Cosmological Implications of Near-Death Experiences,” Journal of Cosmology 14, 2011), http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness129.html.

367

Методы нейробиологии позволяют исследователям измерять физические и химические корреляты ментальных событий, а не сами ментальные события. Корреляты между ментальной активностью и мозговой активностью не подразумевают причинной обусловленности и тождественности. К примеру, нейробиологи могут с помощью ЭЭГ записать электрическую активность мозга на коже головы добровольного участника исследований в то время, пока он испытывает некие чувства. Но записанная ЭЭГ-активность – совсем не то, что чувства, которые испытывают участники опыта. Корреляция между электрической активностью и изменением эмоционального состояния участников не означает, что изменения в ЭЭГ обуславливают чувства.

Ошибочное убеждение, будто бы ментальные события идентичны их нейронным коррелятам, по-прежнему бытует среди авторов научно-популярной литературы, журналистов и нейробиологов, и оно приводит к тому, что получило название «мереологического заблуждения»: ошибочному приписыванию ментальных свойств частям мозга (или самому мозгу – см.: M. R. Bennett and P. M. S. Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience, New York, Blackwell, 2003). Как отмечает психолог-исследователь и специалист по философии науки Саулу де Фрейташ Араужу, материалисты, совершающие эту ошибку, возвышают мозг до всесильной физической сущности и ищут в его свойствах базовые объяснения всех ментальных феноменов. Они не учитывают, что не только участки мозга, но и люди в целом сознают, воспринимают, мыслят, чувствуют, верят и принимают решения.

368

http://www.word-gems.com/mind.html.

369

Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics (Boston: Shambhala, 1975).

370

http://quantumenigma.com/nutshell/notable-quotes-on-quantumphysics/?phpMyAdmin=54029d98bao71eecoc69ff5c106b9539l.

371

B. Rosenblum and F. Kuttner, Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).

372

Wolfgang Pauli, The Influence of Archetypal Ideas on the Scientific Theories of Kepler: The Interpretation of Nature and the Psyche (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1955).

373

M. Kafatos and R. Nadeau, The Conscious Universe: Parts and Wholes in Physical Reality (New York: Springer, 1999).

374

Но Саулу де Фрейташ Араужу показал, что это пророческое убеждение уже было признано сторонниками материализма в XVIII веке: S. De Freitas Araujo, “Materialism’s Eternal Return: Recurrent Patterns of Materialistic Explanations of Mental Phenomena,” in Exploring the Frontiers of the Mind-Brain Relationship, ed. A. Moreira-Almeida and F. Santana Santos (New York: Springer, in press).

375

Открытия квантовой механики и результаты, рассмотренные в этой книге, дают нам возможность мельком увидеть эту зарождающуюся модель, о которой уже написали некоторые авторы. Заинтересованные читатели могут обратиться к трудам Уиллиса Хармена, Ричарда Тарнаса, Питера Расселла, Фритьофа Капры и Дэвида Лоримера. Поскольку наука постоянно движется и развивается, эта модель по определению является временной и неполной, и, конечно, нам всегда следует помнить, что модель реальности – это не сама реальность.