Collins Cobuild English Grammar

percentages 2.249

—————— O ——————

object complement see object of a verb, describing

object of a verb, describing (object complement) 3.161–3.171

object already mentioned 3.51–3.53

verbs with object complements 3.128

object pronouns 1.104–1.106

of

in prepositional phrases 1.109, 2.277–2.283

after nouns and adjectives 6.120

with reporting verbs 7.85

objects

•indirect objects 3.6, 3.73–3.82, 6.113

•direct objects 3.3, 3.14–3.18

leaving objects out 3.22–3.33, 3.49–3.50

in phrasal verbs 3.101–3.106

of prepositions 3.106, 6.73, 6.77

with reporting verbs 7.82–7.84

offers and invitations 5.42, 5.171–5.173

offers of help 5.174–5.176

on

list of nouns usually followed by on 2.288

in time expressions 4.96–4.98

referring to exact position 6.89

with reporting verbs 7.85

once

as adverb of frequency 4.115

referring to sequence of events 8.15

one

as generic pronoun 1.121

as pronoun 1.161, 3.140

as possessive determiner 1.208

as determiner 1.249–1.250

as cardinal number 2.214–2.215

one another see each other and one another

only 9.65

opinions 5.7

or

after whether in conditional clauses 8.40

linking words and phrases 8.152, 8.173, 8.187, 8.193, 8.200

orders and instructions 5.35, 5.43

reporting orders and requests 7.39–7.42

ordinal numbers 2.209, 2.232–2.239, R46–R47

as modifiers 2.233

written forms 2.234

with of 2.235

as pronouns 2.236–2.237

as adverbs 2.238

other

others and the others as pronouns 1.160–1.161

used with countable nouns 1.224

used with plural nouns and uncountable nouns 1.240

every other 4.118

ought to

expressing expectation 5.131–5.134

making suggestions 5.182

expressing importance 5.213, 5.216

oughtn’t to 5.102

our 1.194–1.208

ours 1.107–1.110, 1.122

ourselves 1.111–1.118, 1.122

out 6.68, 6.94

over

talking about age 2.260–2.261

talking about periods of time 4.106

own 1.200, 1.215

—————— P ——————

participles R124–R135

-ed participle 2.293, 2.300, 3.201, 3.212, 8.137–8.138, 8.142–8.143, R71–R80

-ing participle 2.293, 2.301, 3.190–3.191, 3.204, 8.71, 8.72, 8.88, 8.133–8.136, 8.139–8.141, R59–R70

partitives see amounts

passive 3.207, 3.208, 9.3, 9.8–9.24, R109–R119, R129

for expressing general beliefs 7.69

in reported speech 7.73–7.74

formation 9.9, R109–R119, R129

with by 9.14

mentioning things or methods used 9.15

of verbs referring to states 9.16

phrasal verbs in 9.17

verbs that are usually used in the passive 9.18

verbs that are rarely used in the passive 9.19

of reporting verbs 9.45

past continuous see past progressive

past forms R52–R84

past perfect 4.37–4.39, R102

for emphasizing time and duration 4.38

for expectations and wishes 4.39

time adverbials used with the past perfect 4.49–4.51

past perfect progressive 4.38–4.39, R103

past progressive 4.31–4.32, R99

repeated actions 4.31

contrasting events 4.32

used with the past simple 4.44

time adverbials used with past progressive 4.45

for events planned in the past 4.67–4.68

past simple 4.27–4.30, R98

for habitual and regular actions 4.30

time adverbials used with past simple 4.44

past time 4.26–4.51

•past perfect 4.37–4.39, R102

•past perfect progressive 4.38, R103

•past progressive 4.31–4.32, R99

•past simple 4.27–4.30, R98

•present perfect 4.33–4.36, R100

•present perfect progressive 4.35, R101

repeated actions 4.31

using time adverbials to indicate past time 4.40

modals in 5.133–5.139

percentages 2.249, R49

performative verbs (verbs used to perform an action) 7.64–7.66

permission 5.140–5.143

personal pronouns 1.5, 1.95–1.106

subject pronouns 1.96–1.103

position in clause 1.105–1.106

persuading 5.183

persuasive invitations 5.178–5.179

phrasal verbs 3.83–3.116, 6.111, 9.17

intransitive phrasal verbs with adverbs 3.85–3.86

intransitive phrasal verbs with prepositions 3.87–3.88, 9.23–9.24

transitive phrasal verbs 3.91–3.92

used both with and without an object 3.93–3.96

ergative phrasal verbs 3.97–3.100

position of the object 3.101–3.102

when the object is a pronoun 3.103

transitive phrasal verbs with prepositions 3.107–3.108

intransitive three-word phrasal verbs 3.111–3.112

transitive three-word phrasal verbs 3.113–3.114

in questions and relative clauses 3.115–3.116

place clauses 8.73–8.77

place names 6.122–6.127

for talking about the people who live or work there 6.125

for talking about events 6.126

as modifiers before nouns 6.127

plural forms 1.19–1.20, 1.91–1.92, 2.170, 2.182, 2.184, 2.243, R2–R19

plural nouns 1.41–1.46

use with modifiers 1.43

with or without determiners 1.44

politeness 9.90, 5.217–5.218, 5.220, 5.184

possession 1.194–1.222

possessive pronouns 1.107–1.110

possessive determiners 1.194–1.210

apostrophe s (‘s) 1.211–1.221

other ways of showing 1.222

possessive determiners 1.194–1.210

table of possessive determiners 1.195–1.196

position 1.197–1.198

agreement with noun 1.199

use of own 1.200

uses of possessive determiners 1.201–1.207

generic use 1.208

in titles 1.210

before -ing participle 3.203

possessive form see apostrophe s

possessive pronouns 1.107–1.110

used with of 1.109–1.110

possibility 5.115, 5.135–5.136, 5.225–5.229, 7.54, 9.87

postdeterminers 2.40

predeterminers 1.251

predicative adjectives 2.44–2.50

prefacing structures (introducing your statement) 9.73–9.78

preference 5.204

prefixes 2.75, R68, R77–R78

prepositional phrases 6.3, 6.78–6.121

referring to time 4.85–4.142, 6.103

position of 6.78

after nouns 6.100–6.101

showing reason, cause, or purpose 6.110

after nouns and adjectives 6.117–6.120

with reporting verbs 7.85

prepositions 6.73–6.121

after verbs showing position 6.78

after verbs indicating movement 6.79–6.83

after verbs indicating activities 6.80–6.81

showing position 6.85–6.87

with comparative forms 6.88

showing position and distance 6.92

showing direction 6.93–6.99

used with verbs 6.111–6.116

extended meanings of prepositions 6.121

present continuous see present progressive

present perfect 4.33–4.36, R100

situations that still exist 4.35

emphasizing duration of event 4.36

time adverbials used with the present perfect 4.46–4.48

present perfect progressive 4.35–4.36, R101

present possibility 5.124

present progressive 4.17–4.20, R128

moment of speaking 4.17

emphasizing the present moment 4.18

progressive change 4.19

habitual actions 4.20

firm plans for the future 4.60

vivid narrative 4.65

in conditional sentences 8.29

present simple 4.8–4.16

general present including present moment 4.9

regular or habitual actions 4.11

in reviews 4.12–4.13

in commentaries 4.14

in reporting 4.15

commenting 4.16

vivid narrative 4.65

in conditional sentences 8.29

present time 4.7–4.25

present simple 4.8–4.16

present progressive 4.17–4.20

using time adverbials to indicate present time 4.21–4.25

previous 2.232, 4.107, 10.11

promises 5.8

pronouns 1.93–1.161

•generic pronouns 1.119–1.123

•indefinite pronouns 1.128–1.141

•interrogative pronouns 1.151–1.153

•demonstrative pronouns 1.124–1.127

•personal pronouns 1.95–1.106

•possessive pronouns 1.107–1.110

•reciprocal pronouns 1.142–1.145

•reflexive pronouns 1.111–1.118

•relative pronouns 1.146–1.150

as objects 3.75

after linking verbs 3.145

used for referring back 10.3

pronunciation R1

of the 1.165

of a or an 1.229

of there 9.46

of the plurals of nouns R4–R8

of possessives R32–R40

of apostrophe s forms R37–R38

of verb forms R55–R59, R72

proper nouns 1.3, 1.52–1.58

relationship nouns 1.54

titles 1.55

in noun modifiers 2.173–2.174

punctuation

of quotes 7.26

of non-defining relative clauses 8.86

purpose clauses 8.43–8.48

putting something first 9.69

verb first 8.36–8.37

adverbials first 9.70

reported question first 9.71

using whole sentences to point forward 9.78

—————— Q ——————

qualifiers (expanding the noun phrase) 1.178, 1.231, 2.272–2.301, 6.100–6.101

qualitative adjectives 2.7, 2.22–2.25

qualitative -ed adjectives 2.80

compound qualitative adjectives 2.97

intensifying qualitative adjectives 2.143–2.144

reducing the effect of qualitative adjectives 2.145

linking qualitative adjectives 8.181

quantity expressions 2.176–2.193

numbers as quantity expressions 2.227

questions 5.10–5.34

yes/no-questions 5.12–5.13

question tags 5.15–5.20

either/or-questions 5.20

without a verb 5.25, 5.45

rhetorical questions 5.44, 9.94

with modals 5.103

reporting questions 7.32

wh-questions 7.37–7.38

question tags 5.15–5.20

forming question tags 5.16

checking statements 5.17

replying to tags 5.18

other uses 5.19

with modals 5.104

quite 2.193, 6.49–6.50

quotation marks 7.16, 7.26

quotes 7.2, 7.16

—————— R ——————

rarely 5.80–5.86

rather

before a comparative 2.162

would rather 5.204

reason clauses 8.49–8.53

reciprocal pronouns 1.142–1.145

reciprocal verbs 3.5, 3.68–3.70

referring back 1.173–1.174, 10.2–10.39

with determiners 10.4–10.5

demonstratives referring to things 10.7–10.9

demonstratives referring to sentences 10.10

with former and latter 10.13–10.14

referring to pieces of writing 10.23

with do so 10.27

with adjectives 10.32

with adverbials 10.38–10.39

referring forward 10.40–10.47

using this and these 10.41–10.42

using following 10.43

using next 10.44

using below 10.45

using such 10.46

reflexive pronouns 1.111–1.118

used as object 1.113–1.114

used as object of preposition 1.115

used for emphasis or contrast 1.116–1.118, 3.29–3.31

in reported speech 7.81

reflexive verbs 3.26–3.31

in the passive 9.22

refusal 5.114, 5.194–5.196

regret 5.207

relative clauses 8.83–8.116

with superlatives 2.116

with indefinite place adverbs 6.62

punctuation in 8.86

use after pronouns 8.87

relative pronouns 1.146–1.150, 8.84–8.116

who and whom 1.147

which 1.148

that 1.149

whose 1.150

referring to people in defining clauses 8.90

referring to things in defining clauses 8.91

referring to people in non-defining clauses 8.93

referring to things in non-defining clauses 8.94

reported speech 5.111, 7.27–7.85

reported questions 1.153, 7.32–7.38

reporting verbs 3.24–3.25, 7.5–7.15

indicating the way that something is said 7.12

negatives in reporting clauses 7.13

position of reporting verb 7.22–7.24

position of reported clauses 7.31

time reference 7.49

tense of verb in reported clause 7.52

modals in reported clauses 7.53–7.58

making your reference appropriate 7.60

avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking 7.68–7.71

referring to the speaker and hearer 7.72–7.81

use of passive 7.73–7.74, 7.69

nouns used with reported clauses 7.86

passive of reporting verbs 9.45

reporting verbs 3.24–3.25, 7.5–7.15, 7.33–7.34

showing the purpose of speaking 7.7–7.8

reporting speech and thought in informal spoken English 7.14–7.15

reporting statements and thoughts 7.29

reporting questions 7.32

reporting requests 7.39–7.42

reporting suggestions 7.43–7.44

reporting intentions and hopes 7.45–7.47

reporting uncertain things 7.48

reporting conditional statements 7.59

used for performing an action 7.64–7.67

mentioning the hearer 7.77–7.80

reporting someone’s actual words see direct speech

requests 5.43, 5.157–5.164, 5.169

polite additions to requests 5.170

reporting requests 7.39–7.42

result clauses 8.54–8.64

rhetorical questions 5.44, 9.94

—————— S ——————

s form of verbs R52–R58

’s see apostrophe s

same 10.33–10.35

same as 2.135–2.137

say 7.6, 7.36, 7.84

seem 3.132–3.136, 7.70–7.71, 9.53

seldom 4.114, 5.80–5.86

semi-modals 5.246–5.255

dare and need 5.247–5.251

inflected forms 5.248

use with other modals 5.249

use with do 5.250

used to 5.252–5.256

negatives 5.255

sentence adverbials 9.56–9.68

sentence connectors 10.48–10.56

indicating an addition 10.49

indicating a similar point 10.50

contrasts and alternatives 10.51

showing cause 10.52

showing sequence in time 10.53

putting points in order 10.54

conjunctions 10.55

several 1.154, 1.223–1.224, 4.115, 8.87

several of 2.177, 2.179, 2.182

shall

talking about the future 4.53, 5.108, R104

expressing certainty 5.130

shall not for forbidding 5.148

giving formal instructions 5.167

making suggestions 5.186–5.187

expressing intentions 5.191

shan’t 5.59

she 1.95–1.96, 1.98

should

expressing certainty 5.122

expressing expectation 5.131–5.134

should not for undesirable actions 5.150

should like for requests 5.169

making offers of help 5.176

making suggestions 5.182

expressing wishes 5.203

expressing importance 5.213, 5.216

being polite 5.220

shouldn’t 5.59

similarity 2.123

things with the same quality 2.124–2.131

with like 2.132–2.134

same as 2.135–2.137

adjectives meaning the same 2.138

since

with present perfect 4.34, 4.137

in time clauses 8.19

in reason clauses 8.50

singular nouns 1.34–1.40

so

so, so that and so as to in purpose clauses 8.43–8.47

so and so that in result clauses 8.54–8.60

so as a substitute for something already mentioned 10.24–10.27

if so 10.25

so with reporting verbs 10.26

some 1.236–1.238

structures used with some- 1.139

as indefinite determiner 1.223

some of 2.179–2.180, 2.185

somebody 1.128–1.139

someone 1.128–1.139

something 1.128–1.139

somewhere 6.61–6.71

split infinitive 6.11

split sentences 9.4, 9.25–9.30

it as the subject 9.26

using what and all 9.28–9.30

focusing on the topic 9.29

focusing on what someone wants or needs 9.30

statements 5.2–5.9

stative verbs 4.69, R120–R122

still

with comparatives 2.160, 6.51

for existing situations 4.77

for expected situations 4.78

subject pronouns 1.96–1.104

I 1.97

you 1.98

he and she 1.99

it 1.100–1.101

we 1.102, 1.222

they 1.103

submodifying adverbs 2.140–2.156

used with other adverbs 6.51

subordinate clauses 4.6, 8.1–8.145, R124

subordinating conjunctions 8.1–8.82

substituting for something already mentioned: using so and not 10.24–10.27

such

with not 2.130

used in result clauses 8.61–8.63

as a determiner 10.29

as a predeterminer 10.30

as an adjective 10.31

referring forward 10.46

suffixes 1.74–1.75, 2.118, 2.201, 9.61

suggestions 5.46, 5.180, 5.181–5.187

polite suggestions 5.184

superlative adjectives 1.180, 2.112–2.122, R20–R31

used in front of a noun 2.114

used after a linking verb 2.115

structures used after superlatives 2.116–2.117

used with other adjectives 2.118

used as nouns 2.119–2.120

used with ordinal numbers 2.121

the least 2.122

superlative adverbs 6.30–6.35, R150–R154

—————— T ——————

take

list of nouns used after delexical take 3.42, 3.45

for duration 4.133

tenses, formation of R89–R123

than 2.106, 6.35

that

as demonstrative pronoun 1.124–1.126

for joining clauses 1.149, 8.90–8.91

as determiner 1.184, 1.187–1.189

for referring back 10.7–10.10

that-clauses

following an adjective 2.53

for reporting speech 7.27–7.81

for expressing purpose 8.47–8.48

with impersonal it 9.42–9.45

the 1.163–1.183

pronouncing the 1.165

with a noun 1.166

specific places and organizations 1.168

generalizing about people and things 1.169

using adjectives as nouns 1.170

formal generalizations 1.171–1.172

with longer noun phrases 1.175

with uncountable nouns 1.179

emphasizing the 1.181

with indefinite determiners 1.182

with numbers 1.183

with comparatives and superlatives 2.109, 2.112–2.122

with days of the week 4.96

their 1.194–1.210

theirs 1.107–1.110, 1.123

them 1.104–1.106, 1.123

themselves 1.111–1.118, 1.123, 3.26–3.31

then

referring back or forward 4.75, 10.15

in conditional clauses with if 8.26, 8.152, 8.155

there as subject 3.131, 9.6, 9.46–9.55

with be 3.131, 9.6, 9.46–9.52

saying that something exists 9.46–9.47

saying that something happened 9.48

describing something that is happening 9.49

contractions: there’s, there’d and there’ll 9.51

with verbs other than be 9.53

formal and literary uses 9.54–9.55

these

as demonstrative pronoun 1.124, 1.127

as determiner 1.184, 1.186

informal use 1.193

for referring back 10.7

for referring forward 10.41–10.42

they 1.103, 1.123

this 1.184

as demonstrative pronoun 1.125–1.126

as determiner 1.185–1.186

informal use 1.193

for referring back 10.7, 10.9

for referring forward 10.41–10.42

those

as demonstrative pronoun 1.124, 1.127

as determiner 1.187–1.191

instead of the 1.192

for referring back 10.7

though 8.66, 8.70–8.71

as though 8.78–8.82

thousand 2.221–2.224

thousands used for emphasis 2.224

time

on time 4.71

at the same time 4.109

every time and each time 8.13

by which time 8.21

time

position of time adverbial 4.3

referring to an earlier or a later time 4.21–4.25, 4.71–4.73

time adverbials and prepositional phrases 4.70–4.112

previously mentioned time 4.75

specific clock times 4.85–4.86, 9.37–9.38

clock times 4.86

times of the day 4.87

months, seasons, and dates 4.89

years, decades, and centuries 4.90

in for periods of time 4.94

in for specific time 4.95

on 4.97–4.98

ordering of 4.99

approximate times 4.100–4.102

over 4.106

events that happen at the same time 4.109

time adverbials 4.70–4.112

with reference to the present 4.21–4.25

with reference to the past 4.40–4.51

with reference to the future 4.60–4.63

to indicate past, present, or future 4.70

time clauses 8.8–8.24

tenses in time clauses 8.9–8.12

saying when a situation began 8.19

saying when a situation ends 8.20–8.22

time expressions

see also time adverbials

used for modifying nouns 4.143–4.144

time reference in reported speech 7.49

titles

of people 1.55, 9.97–9.98

used without names 1.56

used as countable nouns 1.57

of works 3.170

to

after predicative adjectives 2.46

expressing a range of numbers 2.271

list of nouns usually followed by to 2.287

in prepositional phrase containing indirect object 3.76

in reported speech 7.70, 7.77

with relative pronoun as indirect object 8.97

to-infinitive

after adjectives 2.51–2.52, 2.291

after ordinal numbers 2.235

after nouns 2.294–2.299

used when commenting 3.148–3.154

after verbs 3.192–3.194

verbs followed by for and a to-infinitive 3.209

used with not 5.58

in reported speech 7.39–7.48, 7.70

showing purpose 8.45–8.46, 3.188, 3.199–3.200

in impersonal it structures 9.39–9.40

form R126

too 1.248, 2.153

transitive verbs 3.3–3.4, 3.14–3.45, 3.123

different types of object 3.15–3.16

human objects 3.17–3.18

that need to be followed by an adverb or prepositional phrase 3.19–3.20

of position and movement 3.21–3.23

reflexive verbs 3.26–3.31

transitive phrasal verbs 3.91–3.92, 3.101–3.106

transitive phrasal verbs with prepositions 3.107–3.108

transitive three-word phrasal verbs 3.113–3.114

transitive compound verbs 3.123–3.124

with an -ing participle 3.204

with a to-infinitive 3.206

with an infinitive without to 3.210

linking transitive verbs 8.166

with an object complement 9.21

—————— U ——————

uncertainty 5.137

uncountable nouns 1.23–1.33

list of uncountable nouns 1.25–1.26

ending in -s 1.33

uncountable -ing nouns 1.78–1.79

used with the 1.179

used with a or an 1.233

undesirable actions 5.150–5.151

until 4.140, 4.142, 8.20, 8.24

unwillingness 5.194, 5.197–5.199, 5.239–5.241

us 1.104, 1.122

used to 5.252–5.255, 7.57

—————— V ——————

verbs

•auxiliary verbs 5.12–5.13, 5.16, 5.53–5.56, 8.167, 10.61–10.71, R80–R87

•compound verbs 3.117–3.125

•delexical verbs 3.32–3.45

•ditransitive verbs (verbs with two objects) 3.7, 3.73–3.82, 9.20

•ergative verbs 3.59–3.67

•intransitive verbs 3.2–3.13, 8.165

•linking verbs 3.126–3.181

•performative verbs (verbs used to perform an action) 7.64–7.66

•phrasal verbs 3.83–3.116, 6.111, 9.17

•reciprocal verbs 3.5, 3.68–3.70

•reflexive verbs 3.26–3.31

•reporting verbs 3.24–3.25, 7.5–7.15, 7.33–7.34

•stative verbs 4.69, R120–R122

•transitive verbs 3.3, 3.14–3.45, 3.123

list of verbs of position 3.12

verbs that can be used both with and without an object 3.46

list of verbs that can be transitive or intransitive depending on the meaning 3.48

verbs that do not always need an object 3.49–3.50

list of transitive verbs that can be used without an object 3.50

verbs that can take an object or a prepositional phrase 3.55–3.57

verbs of movement 3.58

verbs that involve people affecting each other with the same action 3.68

verbs that can have two objects 3.73–3.82

verbs that usually have both a direct object and an indirect object 3.82

verbs with object complements 3.128

verbs that relate to causing something to happen 3.162

verbs that relate to giving someone a job or role 3.164

verbs of opinion 3.165–3.168

using two main verbs together 3.182–3.211

verbs followed by an -ing participle 3.190–3.191

verbs followed by a to-infinitive 3.192–3.194

verbs with an infinitive without to 3.205

verbs followed by for and a to-infinitive 3.209

list of verbs used to specify position 6.78

verbs of thinking and knowing 7.9

verbs of learning and perceiving 7.10–7.11

verbs that describe the way in which something is said 7.19–7.21

verbs used with that-clauses 7.30

verbs usually used in the passive 9.18

list of verbs rarely used in the passive 9.19

list of verbs often used in split sentences about needs and wants 9.30

list of verbs that can have impersonal it as object 9.35

list of verbs used with impersonal it to describe the weather 9.36

verb forms R50–R88

pronunciation R55, R57, R59

formation of participles R59–R75

list of verbs with irregular past forms and -ed participles R72

forms of auxiliaries R80–R88

formation of tenses R89–R119

formation of infinitives and participles R124–R135

very 1.248, 2.39, 2.140, 2.165, 2.167

vivid narrative 4.65

vocatives 9.95–9.99

with reporting verbs 7.23

—————— W ——————

want 3.191, 3.198, 3.212, 5.234

we 1.102, 1.122

weather 9.36

what

as interrogative pronoun 1.151–1.152

in wh-questions 5.21–5.25, 5.33

what about and what of in questions 5.45–5.46

in nominal relative clauses 8.112–8.116

in split sentences 9.28–9.30

in exclamations 9.92–9.93

whatever 5.34

in wh-questions 5.34

in conditional clauses 8.42

in nominal relative clauses 8.112, 8.115

whatsoever 5.89

wh-clauses 8.126–8.128

when

in wh-questions 5.21–5.25, 5.29

in time clauses 8.10–8.17, 8.24

in relative clauses 8.104–8.105

whenever 8.13, 8.24

where

in wh-questions 5.21–5.25, 5.29

with adjectives such as necessary and possible 8.24

in place clauses 8.73–8.77

in relative clauses 8.104–8.106, 8.114

wherever

in wh-questions 5.34

with adjectives such as necessary and possible 8.24

in conditional clauses 8.42

in place clauses 8.76

whether

in reported speech 7.35–7.36, 7.48

in conditional clauses 8.40–8.41

which

as relative pronoun 1.148

as interrogative pronoun 1.151–1.152

in wh-questions 5.21–5.25, 5.28

of which 8.102

in relative clauses 8.110–8.111

whichever 8.42, 8.115

while

in time clauses 8.11, 8.24

in concessive clauses 8.66, 8.71

whilst

in time clauses 8.11

in concessive clauses 8.66, 8.71

who and whom

as relative pronouns 1.147, 8.84, 8.90, 8.93

as interrogative pronouns 1.151–1.153

in wh-questions 5.21–5.26

of whom 8.102

whoever

in wh-questions 5.34

in conditional clauses 8.42

in nominal relative clauses 8.115

whose

as relative pronoun 1.150, 8.101–8.102

as interrogative pronoun 1.151–1.153

in wh-questions 5.21–5.25, 5.27

wh-questions 5.21–5.34, 5.46, 5.256, 9.94, 10.77

reporting wh-questions 7.37–7.38

wh-words 5.22–5.34

•how 5.31

•what 5.33

•when and where 5.29

•which 5.28

•why 5.30

•whatever, wherever, whoever 5.34

•who and whom 5.26

•whose 5.27

as subject 5.23

as object or adverb 5.24

used to report wh-questions 7.37–7.38

why 4.26

in suggestions 5.46

in defining clauses 8.107

will

talking about the future 4.53, 5.108, R104

expressing general truths 4.54

expressing certainty 4.55–4.56, 5.129

expressing likelihood 5.121

will not and won’t for forbidding 5.147

giving instructions and appeals for help 5.156

giving firm instructions 5.166

making offers and invitations 5.172

expressing intentions 5.189–5.190

will not and won’t for refusal 5.195

in reported speech 7.55

wishes 5.200–5.203, 5.205–5.206

with 2.284

after adjectives 2.48

in reported speech 7.79

in the passive 9.15–9.16

within 4.130, 4.131

won’t 5.16, 5.19, 5.59, 5.102, 5.147, 5.189, 5.195

word order 5.3, 8.7, 8.36, 8.54, 8.62, 8.70, 8.75, 8.99–8.100, 8.131, 8.144, 9.1–9.2, 9.21, 9.67, 9.96

position of adjectives 2.19–2.21, 2.54–2.62

position of numbers 2.213, 2.219, 2.233

position of objects 3.79, 3.101–3.106, 3.115, 6.77

position of adverbs and adverbials 4.41, 4.71–4.84, 6.7–6.13, 6.24, 6.48, 6.50, 6.61

in negatives 5.53–5.57, 5.64–5.66, 5.77, 5.81–5.85

in reported speech 7.22–7.25, 7.27, 7.31

worse and worst 6.32, 6.52, R28

would

talking about things that happened regularly in the past 5.112

thinking about the future 5.113

would not for refusal 5.114, 5.196

expressing likelihood 5.121

expressing certainty 5.122

would have for possibility 5.135

giving instructions and appeals for help 5.157

making offers and invitations 5.173

expressing wishes 5.201–5.202

would rather, would sooner 5.204

would have for wishes 5.205–5.206

being polite 5.220

used in reported speech 7.54–7.55

would like

giving instructions 5.165

making requests 5.169

wouldn’t 5.102, 5.173, 5.196

—————— XYZ ——————

yes/no-questions 5.12–5.14, 5.44

reporting yes/no-questions 7.35–7.36

yet

used with comparatives and superlatives 2.160, 4.81

referring to expected situations 4.79–4.81

used to link words and clauses 8.152, 8.157, 8.187–8.188

you 1.98, 1.104, 1.120

your 1.194–1.210

yours 1.107–1.110, 1.120

yourself 1.111–1.118, 1.120, 3.26–3.31

yourselves 1.111–1.118, 3.26–3.31