Еврейская мудрость

О цитатах из классических текстов иудаизма

При цитировании стихов из Танаха я в основном следовал за переводом Еврейского общества издателей (Филадельфия, 1985), превосходным и очень легко читаемым переложением Танаха на современный английский язык. При случае, однако, я переводил стихи самостоятельно или использовал другие переводы, которые казались мне предпочтительными для данного стиха.

При цитировании Талмуда я часто полагался на высокоточный и дословный перевод «Сончино Пресс» (Лондон, 1935), единственный полный перевод Талмуда на английский язык. В настоящее время «Рэндом Хаус» издает перевод больших фрагментов Талмуда на английский язык, следуя переводу раввина Адина Штайнзальца. «Артскролл», крупнейший бруклинский издатель еврейской литературы, в настоящее время также анонсировал перевод Талмуда на английский язык и планирует закончить его полностью в течение нескольких лет. Оба эти перевода превосходны, и я иногда сверялся с обоими. Тем не менее, многие из талмудических текстов, цитируемых в этой книге, были переведены мной с оригинала. Там, гдея использовал переводы, которые появились в других книгах (например, перевод Вильяма Брауда «Книги легенд»), я указывал источник.

Имеется несколько английских переводов Мишны, среди них перевод, сделанный Гербертом Дэнби (Оксфорд: Клэрендон Пресс, 1933), и недавний перевод Иакова Пейснера, изданный Йельским университетом (1988). Издательство Йельского университета выпустило в свет также «Отцы по Рабби Натану» в переводе Иеhуды Голдина (1955) и перевод Дова Злотника «Трактата Эйха» (1966).

В течение нескольких десятилетий издательство Йельского университета также выпустило переводы четырнадцати томов «Мишне Торы» Маймонида под названием «Кодекс Маймонида». К сожалению, стандартный кодекс еврейского права XVI века «Шульхан Арух» не имеет (за исключением нескольких маленьких глав) систематического перевода на английский язык. Юридический кодекс раввина Шломо Ганзфрида (XIX в.) был недавно вновь переведен Элияhу Тугером и издан в двух томах под названием «Кицур Шульхан Арух: классическое руководство к ежедневному соблюдению еврейского Закона» (Бруклин, Н.-Й.: Мознаим, 1991).

Цитаты из «Мидраш Рабба» в целом даются по переводу в десятитомнике «Сончино Пресс» (Лондон, 1983), причем я сверил весь перевод с оригиналом и внес некоторые изменения. «Мехилта» была переведена и издана в трех томах Еврейским обществом издателей (Филадельфия, 1933).

Десять наиболее важных сборников еврейских цитат и текстов: личный выбор

Baron, Joseph. A Treasury of Jewish Quotations. Morthvale, Ш.: Jason Aaronson Inc., 1985. Бэрон Иосиф, «Сокровищница еврейских цитат». Сборник на все случаи жизни из приблизительно 18 000 цитат, сделанный раввином Иосифом Бэроном в течение его длинной карьеры раввина.

Bialik, Hayim Nahman, and Yehoshua Hana Kavnitzky. The Book of Legends: Legends from the Talmud and Midrash (translated from the Hebrew Sefer Ha-Aggadah by William Braude). New York: Schocken Books, 1992. Бялик, Хаим Нахман и Йеhошуа Хана Равницкий, «Книга легенд: легенды из Талмуда и мидрашей». Это, возможно, самый обширный сборник этического и мифологического материала из Талмуда и мидрашей, и в то же время одна из классических книг еврейской литературы. Его недавний перевод на английский язык заполняет серьезную брешь в культуре.

Bokser, Ben Zion, and Baruch Bokser. The Talmud: Selected Writings, new York: Paulist Press, 1989. Боксер бен Цион, Барух Боксер, «Талмуд: избранные тексты». Наиболее красивые и нравственно содержательные тексты, компиляция существенных отрывков из Талмуда.

Cohen, A. Everyman’s Talmud. New York: Dutton, 1968 (originally published in 1932). Коэн А., «Талмуд для всех». Замечательный путеводитель по Талмуду.

Glatzer, Nahum. Hammer on the Rock: A Midrash Reader, New York: Schocken Books, 1948, 1962. Глатцер Наhум, «Молот и скала». Доктор Глатцер был одним из мастеров-антологистов еврейской литературы. Эта работа, хотя и вкратце, содержит многие из самых драгоценных камней мидрашей.

Hertzberg, Arthur. Judaism: An Anthology of the Key Spiritual Writings of the Jewish Tradition. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. Герцберг Артур, «Иудаизм: антология ключевых духовных сочинений еврейской традиции». Чрезвычайно полезная, наталкивающая на размышления, подборка ключевых еврейских сочинений, составленная широко известным еврейским ученым.

Klagsbrun, Francine. Voices of Wisdom: Jewish Ideals and Ethics for Everyday Living, New York: Pantheon, 1980. Клагсбурн Франсина, «Голоса мудрости: еврейские идеалы и этика для повседневной жизни». Необыкновенная подборка наиболее красивых и важных текстов иудаизма. Эта книга по праву считается классической.

Petuchowski, Jakob J. Our Masters Taught: Rabbinic Stories and Sayings. New York: Crossroad, 1982. Петуховский Иаков, «Наши мудрецы учили: раввинские истории и высказывания». Короткая, но емкая подборка важных талмудических историй.

Siegel, Danny. Where Heaven and Earth Touch: An Anthology of Midrash and Halachah. riorthvale, H.J.: Jason Aronson, Inc., 1989. Сигал Дэнни, «Там, где небо и земля касаются друг друга: антология мидрашей и Галахи». Дэнни Сигал – выдающийся еврейский поэт, его необыкновенная интерпретация многочисленных талмудических цитат поднимает искусство перевода на новую высоту.

Weiss, Saul. Insights: A Talmudic Treasury. Jerusalem: Feldheim, 1990. Вейс Саул. «Прозрения: сокровищница Талмуда». Раввин Саул Вейс отобрал пятьсот не самых распространенных, но очень важных талмудических цитат и снабдил их обстоятельным, проницательным и очень интересным комментарием.

Библиография (книги и статьи)

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Cargas, Harry James. Shadows of Auschwitz: A Christian Response to the Holocaust, New York: Crossroad, 1992.

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Cohen, Jeremy. Traditional Prejudice and Religious Reform: The Theological and Historical Foundations of Luther’s Anti-Judaism, in Sander Gilman and Steven Katz, eds. Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis, New York: New York University Press, 1991, pages 81-102.

Conn, Norman. Warrant for Genocide: The Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. NewYork: Harper and Row, 1966, 1967.

Colson, F. H. trans. Philo, Vol. 7, Loeb Classical Library, London: William Heinemann, n.d., although the preface is dated January 1937.

Condition of Jewish Belief, The, a symposium compiled by the editors of Commentary magazine. NewYork: Macmillan, 1966; reissued: north-vale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1989.

Cowan, Lore, and Maurice Cowan, eds. The Wit of the Jews. Nashville, Tenn.: Aurora Publishers, 1970.

Dalin, David G., ed. American Jews and the Separationist Faith: The riew Debate on Religion in Public Life. Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1993.

Davies, Alan T. Response to Irving Greenberg, in Eva Fleischner, ed., Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? Reflections on the Holocaust, New York: published jointly by Ktav Publishing, The Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine, and the Anti-Defamation League, 1977, pages 57–64. Davidowicz, Lucy. A Holocaust Reader, NewYork: Behrman House, 1976.

Dinnerstein, Leonard, Antisemitism in Crisis Times in the United States: The 1920s and 1930s, in Sander Gilman and Steven Katz, eds. Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis, New York: New York University Press, 1991, pages 212–226.

Eban, Abba. Personal Witness: Israel Through My Eyes. NewYork: Putnam, 1992.

Eliach, Yaffa. Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Eliot, T.S. Collected Poems 1909–1935. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936.

Epstein, Joseph. Pertinent Players: Essays on the Literary Life, New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.

Evans, Eli N. The Lonely Days Were Sundays: Reflections of a Jewish Southerner. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 1993.

Fackenheim, Emil. The Holocaust and the State of Israel: Their Relation, in Eva Fleischner, ed., Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? Reflections on the Holocaust. New York: published jointly by Ktav Publishing, The Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine, and the Anti-Defamation League, 1977, pages 205–215.

Feldman, David M. Birth Control in Jewish Law: Marital Relations, Contraception, and Abortion as Set Forth in the Classic Texts of Jewish Law. Hew York: New York University Press, 1968.

Flannery, Edward. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Anti-Semitism. New York: Macmillan, 1965.

Fleg, Edmond. Why I Am a Jew, translated from the French by Louis Waterman Wise. New York: Bloch, 1929.

Fleischner, Eva, ed. Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? Reflections on the Holocaust. New York: published jointly by Ktav Publishing, The Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine, and the Anti-Defamation League, 1977. This book is a collection of some twenty-five papers given at the International Symposium on the Holocaust held at the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine in New York City, June 3–6, 1974.

Fox, Marvin, ed. Modern Jewish Ethics: Theory and Practice. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1975.

Frank, Anne. The Diary of Anne Frank. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1952; New York: Simon and Schuster, Pocket Books (pbk.), 1963, 1974.

Freud, Sigmund. The Future of an Illusion, New York: Norton, 1961.

Friedman, Dayle. The Crown of Glory: Aging in the Jewish Tradition, in Rela Fi. Geffen, ed., Celebration and Renewal: Rites of Passage in Judaism. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1993, pages 202–225.

Friedrich, Otto. The End of the World: A History. New-York: Coward, McCann, 1982.

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Gilder, George. Naked Nomads: Unmarried Men in America, New York: Quadrangle/ The New York Times Book Co., 1974.

Gilman, Sander, and Steven Katz, eds. Anti-Semitism in Times of Crisis. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

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Jewish Ethics and Halakhah for Our Time, Vol. II. Hoboken, N.J.: Ktav and Yeshiva University Press, 1989.

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Lipstadt, Deborah. Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory. New York: Free Press, 1993.

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Man’s Quest for God: Studies in Prayer and Symbolism. New York: Scribner, 1954

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