Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective // Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives / Ed. F.Beach, M.Diamond. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977; см. также: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia /
Ed. G.Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. F. 66.
38 39
Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 257.
Ibid.
Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective.
Friedl E. Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1975.
40
Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 253. Kluckhohn C. Mirror for Man. Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 289.
43
Tanner N., Zihlman A. Women in Evolution // Signs. 1976. Vol. 1. № 3; Tanner N. Becoming Human. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Zihlman A. Motherhood in Transition: From Ape to Human // The First Child and Family Formation /
Ed. W.Miller, LNewman. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, 1978.
421
44 Fisher H. The Anatomy of Love. New York: Norton, 1992. P. 57.
45 Rosaldo M. The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-Cultural Understanding //
Signs. 1980. Vol. 5. № 3. P. 393; рецензия Бонни Нарди на кн. П.Р.Санди «Female Power and Male
Dominance»: Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 11. P. 1159.
46 Gimbutas M. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982; Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.
47 Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. P. 45, 58.
Fukuyama F. Women and the Evolution of World Politics // Foreign Affairs. 1998. September. P. 27.
49
Leacock E. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization. P. 200.
Глава 4
1 Freud S. The Dissection of the Psychical Personality // Freud S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W.W.Norton, 1965. P. 74.
2 Ibid. P. 76.
3 Freud S. Civilisation and Its Discontents. New York: W.W.Norton, 1970,
4 Letters of Sigmund Freud, 1873-1939 / Ed. E.Freud. London: Hogarth Press, 1961. P. 419-420.
5 Masson J. The Assault on Truth. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Miller A. Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Idem. For Your Own Good. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.
Terman L., Cox Miles C. Sex and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936; см. также: Minton H. Feminity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s // Journal of Homosexuality.
1986. Vol. 13. № 1.
Henry G. Psychogenic Factors in Overt Homosexuality // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1937. Vol. 93; цит. по: Minton H.
Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women. P. 2. Однако отметим: Генри добавляет, что эти тенденции не просто
возникнут, а социальная реакция на эти черты их преувеличит и укрепит; т.е. открытая гомофобная реакция на самом
деле лишь поощрит тенденцию к гомосексуальности.
оPiaget J. Plays, Dreams and Imitation in Children. New York: Norton, 1951; Idem. The Language and Thought of the Child.
London: Routledge, 1952; Idem. The Moral Judgement of the Child. New York: Free Press, 1965.
Kohlberg L. A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children's Sex Role Concepts and Attitudes // The Development of Sex Differences Ed. E.Maccoby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966; Kohlberg L., Zigler E. The Impact of Cognitive Maturity on the Development of Sex Role Attitudes in the Years 4 to 8 / Genetic Psychology Monographs.
1967. Vol. 75.
422
'°BanduraA.,HustonA. Identification as a Process of Incidental Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961.
Vol. 63; Bandura A., Ross D., Ross S. A Comparative Test of the Status Envy, Social Power, and Secondary Reinforcement Theories of Indeificatory Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1963. Vol. 67; Mischel W. A Social-Learning View of Sex Differences // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby.
1' См.: Homey K. On the Genesis of the Castration Complex in Women // Psychoanalysis and Women Ed. J.B.Miller. New York: BrunerMazel, 1973.
12 Bettelheim B. Symbolic Wounds. New York: Collier, 1962; Lederer W. The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.
13 Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978; Benjamin J. The Bonds of Love. New York: Pantheon, 1984; Dinnerstein D. The Mermaid and the Minotaur. New York: Harper and Row, 1977; Rubin L.
Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. У этих трех авторов — Чодороу, Бенджамин и Рубин — докторская
степень по социологии, и они одновременно являются практикующими психотерапевтами. Такое сочетание, с моей
точки зрения, дало им возможность с исключительной проницательностью исследовать социальные последствия
индивидуального обесценивания женщины.
Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering; см. также: Idem. Family Structure and Feminine Personality // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
Chodorow N. Family Structure and Feminine Personality. P. 50.
Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. P. 173.
Belenky M.F. et al. Women's Way of Knowing. New York: Basic Books, 1987; Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. New York: William Morrow, 1990; Bly R. Iron John. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991.
I8
См.: Crothers H. Meditations on Votes for Women. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1914. P. 74.
Gilligan C. Reply // On In a Different Voice: An Interdisciplinary Forum // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 327.
Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman // Feminism and Psychology. 1993. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 153.
Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 24—25, см. также: Idem. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
22 23
Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 181.
Maccoby E., Jacklin C. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974. P. 362.
Джозеф Плек предложил превосходное резюме этих исследований: Pleck J. The Theory of Male Sex Role Identity: Its Rise and Fall, 1936 to the Present // In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Views the Sexes / Ed. M.Lewin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Многое из его эссе я использовал в своем обзоре.
423
25 Adorno T. et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1950.
26 Miller D., Swanson E.G. Inner Conflict and Defense. New York: Holt, 1960.
27 Parsons T. Certain Primary Sources and Patterns of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World //
Psychiatry. 1947. Vol. 10. P. 309.
28 Bern S. The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974.
Vol. 42; Idem, Androgyny vs. the Tight Little Lives of Fluffy Women and Chesty Men // Psychology Today. 1975.
September; Idem. Beyond Androgyny: Some Presumptuous Prescriptions for a Liberated Sexual Identity // The Future of Women: Issues in Psychology / Ed. J.Sherman, F.Denmark. New York: Psychological Dimensions, 1978.
См. также: Kaplan A., Sedney M.A. Psychology and Sex Roles: An Androgynous Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, 1980 (цитата на с. 6); Spence J., Helmreich R., Stapp J. The Personal Attributes Questionaire: A Measure of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Masculinity-Femininity // JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 1974.
Vol. 4.
29 Pleck J. The Myth of Masculinity. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1981.
30 Farrell W. The Myth of Male Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.
~' Я не хочу сказать, что у Плека не было смелой попытки это сделать. В его работе: Pleck J. Men's Power over Women, Other Men and in Society // Women and Men: The Consequences of Power / Ed. D.Hiller, R.Sheets.
Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Women's Studies, 1977 — теория задействована, насколько это было
возможно, но все же отсутствует адекватное теоретизирование различия и институционализированных
тендерных отношений.
Sartre J.-P. Anti-Semite and Jew. New York: Schocken Press, 1965. P. 60.
Глава 5
1 Pines M. Civilizing of Genes // Psychology Today. 1981. September.
2 Lopata H.Z., Thome B. On The Term «Sex Roles» // Signs. 1978. \Ы. 3. P. 719.
Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity // Theory and Society. 1985. Vol. 14. См. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987; Idem. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; Stacey J., Thome B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology // Social Problems. 1985. Vol.
32. № 4, — в которых даны тщательная переработка и краткое изложение социологической критики теории
половых ролей.
4 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 42.
424
Stacey J., Thorne B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. P. 307.
6 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. p. 587; см. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power.
7 Hacker H. Women as a Minority Group // Social Forces. 1951. \bl. 30; Tresemer D. Assumptions Made about Gender Roles // Another Voice: Feminist Perspectives on Social Life and Social Science Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Ranter. New York: Anchor Books, 1975. P. 323; Warner R.S., Wellman D., Weitzman L. The Hero, the Sambo and the Operator: Three Characterizations of the Oppressed / Urban Life and Culture. 1973. Vol. 2.
Carrigan T, Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 587. 9
10
Arendt H. On Revolution. New York: Viking 1976. Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism. New York: W.H.Freeman, 1985.
Chafetz J.S. Toward a Macro-Level Theory of Sexual Stratification // Current Perspectives in Social Theory. 1980.
Vol. I.
Goffman E. The Arrangement between the Sexes // Theory and Society. 1977. Vol. 4. P. 316.
Kanter R. M. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977. См. также: Idem. Women and the Structure of Organizations: Explorations in Theory and Behavior // Another Voice / Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Kanter.
Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations // Gender & Society. 1990. Vol. 4. № 2. P.
146; см. также: Idem. Sex Bias in Job Evaluation: A Comparable Worth Issue // Ingredients for Women's Employment Policy Ed. C.Bose, G.Spitze. Albany: SUNY Press, 1987; Idem. Class, Gender and the Relations of Distribution / Signs. 1988. Vol. 13; Idem. Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989; Acker J., Van Houten D.R. Differential Recruitment and Control: The Sex Structuring of Organizations // Administrative Science Quarterly. 1974. Vol. 19. № 2.
15 Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 146—147.
Gerson J., Peiss K. Boundaries, Negotiation, Consciousness: Recon-ceptualizing Gender Relations // Social Problems. 1985. Vol. 32. № 4. P. 320.
Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 258.
ID
West C., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender // Gender & Society. 1987. Vol. l.№ 2. P. 140.
19
Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed Infants // Signs. 1990. Vol. 16. № I. P.
12, 13.
Выражение заимствовано у Р.В.Коннелла; но лично я взял его из названия книги Барбары Ризман: Risman B.
Gender Vertigo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
21 Цит. по: West C, Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 133—134.
Goldberg C. Shunning «He» and «She», They Fight for Respect // The New York Times. 1996. September. P. A24.
425
23 Цит. по: Goldberg С. Shunning «Не» and «She»... P. A24.
24 Garfmkel H. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hal I, 1967. P. 128, 132.
25 Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender. P. 25.
26 Groth N., Burgess A., Sgroi S. Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
27 Sheffield C. Feminist Jurisprudence. New York: Routledge, 1997. P. 203.
28 Более подробно я пишу о социологии полового насилия в главе 11.
29 West С., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 140; Thorne В. Children and Gender: Constructions of Difference //
Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed. D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 110; Thompson E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon, 1963. P. II.
30 Messerschmidt J. Masculinities and Crime. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and, Littlefield, 1993. P. 121.
31 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 589; Fyke K.D. Class-Based Masculinities: The Interdependence of Gender, Class and Interpersonal Power // Gender & Society. 1996. Vol. 10.
№ 5. P. 530.
Глава 6
1 Сложно суммировать здесь суть всех дебатов о семье. См. несколько работ, напр.: Whitehead B.D. Dan Quayle Was Right // The Atlantic. 1993. April; Popenoe D. Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence that Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: The Free Press, 1996; Idem. Modern Marriage: Revising the Cultural Script // Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America / Ed. D.Popenoe, J.B.Elshtain, D.Blankenhorn.
Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996. С другой стороны, см.: Stacey J. Brave New Families. New York: Basic Books, 1990; Idem. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997, а также: CoontzS. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Idem. The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
2 К.Поллит цит. по: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 95.
3 Coltrane S. Gender and Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1998. P. 48—49; Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.
4 По вопросу трансформации идеи брака см., напр.: Shorter E. The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books, 1977; Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Basic Books, 1993; Lasch C. Women and the Common Life: Love, Marriage and Feminism. New York: Norton, 1997, особенно с. 162.
О жестокости мужей см., напр.: Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of the American Family.
New York: The Free Press, 1988. P. 58.
426
Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 50; см. также: Smith P. Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History. Boston: Little Brown, 1970; Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood: A New Exploration in American Family History // Father and Child: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives / Ed. S.Cath, A.Gurwitt, J.Ross. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. P. 429.
Demos J. Past, Present, and Personal: The Family and Life Course in American History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 32; см. также: Hareven T. Family Time and Industrial Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Теннисон цит.
по: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 35.
Цит. no: Popenoe D. Life without Father. P. 95.
Lerner G. The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson // American Studies Journal. 1969.
Vol. 10. № 1. P. 7, 9; Dwight T. The Father's Book. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam, 1834. Общую информацию см.: Kimme! M. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press, 1996. Chaps. 1, 2.
Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 162.
Dill B.T. Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families // Journal of Family History. 1988. Vol. 13.
№ 4. P. 428.
Gillis J. Making Time for Family: The Invention of Family Time(s) and the Reinvention of Family History // Journal of Family History. 1996. Vol. 21; Idem. A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 33; «Харперс базар» цит. по: Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood. P. 442; см.
также: LaRossa R. Fatherhood and Social Change // Family Relations. 1988. Vol. 37; Idem. The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997; Griswold R. Fatherhood in America: A History. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
13 Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 41; Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 110.
См.: Sugarman S.D. Single Parent Families // All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century / Ed. M.Mason, A.Skolnick.
S,Sugarman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 20-21.
См.: LaRossa R. The Modernisation of Fatherhood.
Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 179, 237; см. также: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.
17 Chafe W. The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 125; Zelditch M. Role Differentiation in the Nuclear Family: A Comparative Study // Family, Socialization and Interaction Process / Ed. T.Parsons, R.F.Bales. New York: The Free Press, 1955. P. 339.
is
Archibald MacLeish. Poem in Prose; из личного общения с Хелен
Смит. Я благодарен Хелен за то, что она подтолкнула меня к мысли, что
427
семья 1950-х гг. стала моделью для американцев среднего класса, проживающих в пригородах, включая, очевидно, и меня самого.
19 Griswold R. Fatherhood in America. P. 204; Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 94; Cowan R.S. More Work for Mother. The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books, 1983. P. 216; Лернер цит. по: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 115.
См., напр.: Ehrenreich В. The Hearts of Men. New York: Doubleday, 1983 (о «протесте мужчин» против статуса
кормильца). См. также: Kimmel M. Manhood in America (особенно гл. 7).
См.: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 148.
22
America's Fathers and Public Policy / Ed. N.A.Crowell, E.M.Leeper. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994. P. 1.
23
Quindlen A. Men at Work // The New York Times. 1990. FebruarylS.
24 Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 79; Skolnick A. The Intimate Environment. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 342; Bruce J., Lloyd C.B., Leonard A. Families in Focus: New Perspectives on Mothers, Fathers, and Children. New York: The Population Council, 1995; Johnson D. More and More, the Single Parent Is Dad // The New York Times. 1996. March 27. P. A15.
25 Cherlin A. By the Numbers // The New York Times Magazine. 1998. April 5.
Hochschild A. (with A. Machung). The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking, 1989. P. 258.
Footlick J.K. What Happened to the Family? // Newsweek. Special edition: The 21st Century Family. 1990.
Winter—Spring. P. 14.
TO
Coltrane S. Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. P.
203; см. также: Rubin L. Worlds of Pain. New York: Basic Books, 1976. R 131; Cherlin A. By the Numbers. P. 39.
29 Bernard J. The Future of Marriage. New York: World," 1972.
30 Gove WR. The Relationship between Sex Roles, Marital Status and Mental Illness // Social Forces. 1972. Vol. 51; Gove W, Hughes M. Possible Causes of the Apparent Sex Differences in Physical Health: An Empirical Investigation // American Sociological Review. 1979. Vol. 44; Gove W, Tudor J. Adult Sex Roles and Mental Illness // American Journal of Sociology. 1973. Vol. 73.
Бебин и статистика цит. по: Carey E. Kids Put a Damper on Marital Bliss: Study //Toronto Star. 1997. August 15.
P. A], A14.
32 Condry J., Condry S. Sex Differences: A Study in the Eye of the Beholder // Child Development. 1976. Vol. 47.
Lott B. Women's Lives: Themes and Variations in Gender Learning. Monterey, Calif: Brooks/Cole, 1987. См.
также: Schwartz L.A., Markham W.T. Sex Stereotyping in Children's Toy Advertisements // Sex Roles. 1985. Vol.
12; Ungar S.B. The Sex Typing of Adult and Child Behavior in Toy Sales // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8.
428
34 Отчет об этом и других исследованиях см.: Jacklin С. Female and Male: Issues of Gender //American Psychologist. 1989. Vol. 44.
35 См., напр.: Thorne В. Boys and Girls Together... But Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary Schools
// Relationships and Development / Ed. W.Hartup, Z.Rubin. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.
3 См., напр.: Thorne В., Luria Z. Sexuality and Gender in Children's Daily Worlds // Social Problems. 1986. Vol.
33.
Thorne B. Gender Play. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993. P. 3.
38 Hochschild A. The Second Shift; Amato P., Booth A. Changes in Gender Role Attitudes and Perceived Marital Quality // American Sociological Review. 1995. Vol. 60.
Mainardi P. The Politics of Housework // Sisterhood Is Powerful / Ed. R.Morgan. New York: Vintage, 1970.
Баллард и Фут цит. по: Cowan R.S. More Work for Mother. P. 43; Кэмпбелл цит. по: Strasser S. Never Done: A History of American Housework. New York: Pantheon, 1982. P 62.
Johnson D. More and More, the Single Parent Is Dad. P. A15.
42 Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 46; Vannoy-Hiller D., Philliber W.W. Equal Partners: Successful Women in Marriage. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1989. P. 115; Hochschild A. The Second Shift.
Hochschild A. Ideals of Care: Traditional, Postmodern, Cold-Modem and Warm-Modern // Social Politics. 1995.
Fall. P. 318.
Анна Куиндлен цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P, 8.
О привлечении мужчин к домашним обязанностям см.: Pleck J. Men's Family Work: Three Perspectives and Some New Data // The Family Coordinator. 1979. Vol. 28; Idem. American Fathering in Historical Perspective //
Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and, Masculinity Ed. M.S.Kimmel. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1937; Idem. Working WivesWorking Husbands. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1985; Idem.
Families and Work: Small Changes with Big Implications // Qualitative Sociology. 1992. Vol. 15; Idem. Father Involvement: Levels, Origins and Consequences // The Father's Role / Ed. M.Lamb. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1997.
Press J., Townsley E. Wives' and Husbands' Housework Reporting: Gender, Class and Social Desirability // Gender
& Society. 1998. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 214.
47
Ladies Home Journal. 1997. September; Gray J. Domesticity, Diapers and Dad // Toronto Globe and Mail. 1996. June 15.
48 Usdansky M. White Men Don't Jump into Chores // USAToday. 1994. August 20; LawlorJ. Blue Collar Dads Leading Trend in Caring for Kids, Author
Says // The New York Times. 1998. April 15. 40
Цит. по: Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 162.
429
Adoption Symposium / Ed. A.Sullivan. Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1995. P. 5.
98 All Our Families. P. 8; Gay and Lesbian Parents / Ed. F.W.Bozett.
Stacey J. Gay and Lesbian Families: Queer Like Us // All Our Families. P. 135.
100 101
См.: Ibid.
Цит. no: Gelles R. The Violent Home. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1972. P. 14.
102 Bergman A., Larsen R., Mueller B. Changing Spectrum of Child Abuse // Pediatrics. 1986. Vol. 77.
Straus M., Gelles R., Steinmetz S. Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. New York: Anchor, 1981. P.
94; Straus M. Beating the Devil Out of Them. New York: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
Gelles R. Family Violence. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1987. P. 165.
105
Skolnick A. The Intimate Environment, P. 426.
106
Harvard Men's Health Watch. 1998. № 2(11).
107 Demo D.H. Parent-Child Relations: Assessing Recent Changes // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1990.
Vol. 54. № 1. P. 224.
108 Hochschild A. The Second Shift. P. 269.
109
no
Цит. по: Quindlen A. Men at Work.
Greeley A. The Necessity of Feminism // Society. 1993. September. P. 13-14.
112
Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 119. Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 223-225.
Глава 7
1 Поскольку по этим делам я делал экспертизу для Отдела гражданских прав Министерства юстиции США, то
опираюсь здесь на собственный опыт.
^Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 56.
3 Clarke E.C. Sex in Education, or A Fair Chance for the Girls. Boston: Osgood, 1873. P. 128, 137.
Ferrier W.W. Origin and Development of the University of California. Berkleley: University of California Press, 1930; см.
также: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness: How Schools Shortchange Girls. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
P. 22.
5 Durant H. F. The Spirit of the College // Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776—1990, a Documentary History / Ed. M.S.Kimmel, Th.Mosmiller. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992. P. 132.
434
Mauasiey н. лех in Mind and in Education (1874] // Desire and Imagination: Classic Essays in Sexuality / Ed. R.Barreca.
New York: Meridian, 1995. P. 208-209.
Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 14. Эти стереотипы иногда разрушаются при наложении на другие, например, на расовые; например, считается, что американки азиатского происхождения любят математику и
естественные предметы больше, чем белые девушки.
о
Karp D., Yoels W.C. The College Classroom: Some Observations on the Meanings of Student Participation // Sociology and Social Research. 1976. Vol. 60. № 4; How Schools Shortchange Girls: A Study of Major Findings on Girls and Education. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women, 1992. P. 68; Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 5.
9 Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 42—43. 10Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. New York: Doubleday, 1994. P. 11-12.
11 Weitzman L, Russo D. The Biased Textbook: A Research Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Research Center on Sex Roles and Education, 1974.
1 Weitzman L. et al. Sex Role Socialization in Picture Books for Preschool Children // American Journal of Sociology.
1972. Vol. 77. № 6.
13 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P. 56.
14 National Television Violence Study: In 2 vols. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998. Vol. 2. P. 97.
15 Об IQ см.: Terman L., Oden M. The Promise ofYouth // Genetic Studies of Genius / Ed. L.Terman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935. О том, как девочек оценивают за внешность, а не за успехи, см.: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 55, 134. О принижении одаренных девочек см.: How Schools Shortchange Girls. P. 48; Кэролайн
Хейлбран цит. по: Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. P. 37.
16 Hostile Hallways: The AAUW Survey on Sexual Harassment in America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women, 1993; Садлер цит. по: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 111.
17 Smolowe J. Sex with a Scorecard // Time. 1993. .'.pril 5. P. 41; Gross J. Where «Boys Will Be Boys» and Adults Are Bewildered // The New York Times. 1993. March 29. P. Al.
18 Соммерс цит. по: Viadero D. Behind the Mask of Masculinity // Education Week. 1998. May 13; Томпсон цит. по: Combs M. What about the Boys? // Boston Globe. 1998. July 26; Koerner B. Wheri the Boys Aren't // U.S. News and World Report. 1999. February 8. P. 26. Подробнее об этой аргументации см.: Gurian M. The Wonder of Boys. New York: Jeremy Tarcher; Putnam, 1997. Несогласие с этой точкой зрения см. в рецензиях на книгу: Kimmel M. Boys to Men // San Francisco Chronicle. 1997. January 12; Idem. What about the Boys // Ms. 1999. October; Connell R.W.
Teaching the Boys // Teachers College Record. 1996. Vol. 98. № 2.
19 Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982; Brown L.M., Gilligan C. Meeting at the Crossroads.
New York: Ballantine, 1992.
l5* 435
20 Поллак иит. по: Viadero D. Behind the Mask of Masculinity. См. также: Pollack W. Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood. New York: Random House, 1998.
21 Martino W. Masculinity and Learning: Exploring Boys' Underachievement and Under-representation in Subject English //Interpretation. 1994. Vol. 27. № 2; Idem. Boys and Literacy: Exploring the Construction of Hegemonic Masculinities and the Formation of Literate Capacities for Boys in the English Classroom // English in Australia.
1995. Vol. 112; Idem. Gendered Learning Experiences: Exploring the Costs of Hegemonic Masculinity for Girls and Boys in Schools // Gender Equity: A Framework for Australian Schools. Canberra: Publications and Public Communications, Department of Urban Services, ACT Government, 1997. Кэтрин Стимпсон иит. по: Lewin Т.
American Colleges Begin to Ask, Where Have All the Men Gone? // The New York Times. 1998. 6 December.
Martino W. Gendered Learning Experiences. P. 133—134.
7Я
Mac an Ghaill M. The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling. Buckinghamshire, England: Open University Press, 1994. P. 59; Gillborne D. Race, Ethnicity and Education. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990. P. 63; Coleman J. The Adolescent Society. New York: Harper and Row, 1961.
24 Цит. no: Kimmel M.S. The Struggle for Gender Equality: How Men Respond // Thought and Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal. 1993. Vol. 8. № 2.
Кеттел цит. по: O'Neit W. Divorce in the Progressive Era. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967. P. 81; Chadwick F.E. The Woman Peril // Educational Review. 1914. February. P. 47 (цит. по: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness).
26 United States Department of Education, 1996.
Riordan C. The Future of Single-Sex Schools // Separated by Sex: A Critical Look at Single-Sex Education for Girls.
Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, 1998. P. 54.
28 Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. P. 27.
Tidball E. Perspective in Academic Women and Affirmative Action // Educational Record. 1973.
Epstein C.F. Deceptive Distinctions. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
Crosby F. et al. Taking Selectivity into Account, How Much Does Gender Composition Matter?: A Reanalysis of M.
E.Tidball's Research // National Women's Studies Association Journal. 1994. № 6; см. также: Epstein C.F. The Myths and Justifications of Sex Segregation in Higher Education: VMI and The Citadel // Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy.
1997. № 4; Idem. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation // New York Law School Journal of Human Rights.
1998. № 14.
Jencks C., Riesman D. The Academic Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. P. 298, 300; Riesman D. A Margin of Difference: The Case for Single-Sex Education // Social Roles and Social Institutions: Essays 436
in Honor of Rose Laub Coser / Eds. J.R.BIau, N.Goodman. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991. Несмотря на свои
исследования, Д.Рисман поддерживал политику военных вузов.
Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. P. 127; Priest R., Vitters A., Prince H. Coeducation at West Point // Armed Forces and Society. 1978. Vol. 4. № 4. P. 590.
4 Epstein C.F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P. 191.
Dewey J. Is Coeducation Injurious to Girls? // Ladies Home Journal. 1911. June 11. P. 60.
36 Higginson T.W. Sex and Education // The Woman's Journal. 1874. P. 1 (перепечатано в: History of Woman Suffrage: In 6
vols. / Eds. S.B.Anthony, E.C.Stanton. Rochester, N.Y.: National American Woman Suffrage Association Press, 1881-1922. Vol.
3).
37 IMI I. 766 Fed. Supp. P. 1435; VMI V. 116 S. St. 2264. См. также: Vojdik V.K. Girls' Schools after VMI: Do They Make the Grade? // Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy. 1997. № 4. P. 85; Epstein C.F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P 108.
38 Faulkner v. Jones, 858 Fed. Supp. 552 1994; Citadel Defendants' Proposed Findings of Fact. P. 1434.
39 См.: Vojdik V.K. Girls' Schools after VMI. P. 76. (Как и всякий, кто начинал учиться в колледже для юношей, а
продолжал учебу в колледже смешанного обучения, я готов под присягой подтвердить, что мужчин в мужском классе
гораздо сильнее отвлекало отсутствие женщин, чем их присутствие в классе совместного обучения. Когда рядом нет
женщин, большинство молодых людей только о них и думают!)
40 Epstein C,F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P. 206.
41 IMI. 852. Fed. Supp. P. 484; The New York Times, 1994. 9 May.
42 U.S. v. Virginia Military Institute, 116 S. Ct. 2285.
43 Henry T. VMI Cadets of Both Sexes Found «Kit Line* Equal // USA Today. 1998. March 18, P. 8D.
44 Gorman M.O. Front and Center // Runner's World. 1998. March. P. 90.
45 Bowler M. All-Male, All-Black, All Learning // The Baltimore Sun. 1995. October 15; Estrich S. For Girls' Schools and Women's College, Separate Is Better // The New York Times. 1994. May 22.
46 Harlem Girls School vs. The Three Stooges // The New York Observer. 1998. March 30. P. 4.
47 Haag P. Single-Sex Education in Grades K-12: What Does the Research Tell Us? // Separated by Sex. P. 34; Lee V. Is Single-Sex Secondary Schooling a Solution to the Problem of Gender Inequity // Ibid. P. 43; Riordan C. The Future of Single-Sex Schools // Ibid. P. 53; Leslie C. Separate and Unequal? // Newsweek. 1998. March 23. P. 55; Кларк цит. по: Whitaker С. Do Black Males Need Special Schools? // Ebony. 1991. March. P. 18.
48 Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 125-126.
437
35 Hartmann H. Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex // Signs. 1976. Vol. l.№ 3. P. 139.
36 Цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P, 144.
37 MacKinnon C. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.
38 Henson v. Dundee. 682 F 2d. 897. P. 902.
39 Crawford S. Sexual Harassment at Work Cuts Profits, Poisons Morale // Wall Street Journal. 1993. April 19. P.
llff; Stanko E. Intimate Intrusions. London: Routledge, 1985; Couric E. An NJL/West Survey, Women in the Law: Awaiting Their Turn //National Law Journal. 1989. December 11.
40 Neuborne E. Complaints High from Women in Blue Collar Jobs // USA Today. 1996. May 3-4.
41 De'Ann W Slow Healing at Mitsubishi // US News and World Report. 1997. September 22. P. 74, 76.
42 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P 28.
Цит. по: Stanko E. Intimate Intrusions. P. 61.
Crawford S. Sexual Harassment at Work Cuts Profits, Poisons Morale. P, llff.
Steinberg R. How Sex Gets into Your Paycheck. P. 2. 46 См.: Reskin В., Padavic I. Women and Men at Work.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1995.
Evans S., Nelson B. Wage Justice: Comparable Worth and the Paradox of Technocratic Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. P. 13; Reskin B. Bringing the Men Back In. P. 21.
48 Цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P. 165, 169.
См., напр.: Schwartz F., Anders G. The Mami Track // Hispanic. 1993. July.
Steinberg R., Cook A. Policies Affecting Women's Employment in Industrial Countries // Women Working / Ed.
A.Stromberg, S.Harkess. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1988. P. 326.
Mason K.O. Commentary: Strober's Theory of Occupational Sex Segregation // Sex-Segregation in the Workplace / Ed. B.Reskin. P. 169.
Crosby F. Spouse, Parent, Worker: On Gender and Multiple Roles. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990; Peters J. When Mothers Work; Loving Our Children without Sacrificing Ourselves. New York: Addison Wesley, 1997.
Глава 9
Цит. по: Sherrod D. The Bonds of Men: Problems and Possibilities in Close Male Relationships // The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies / Ed. H.Brod. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987, P. 230; цит. по: Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. P. 59.
440
I Wollstonecraft M. A Vindication of the Rights of Women [1792]. London: Penguin, 1969. P. 56; Beauvoir S. de.
The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1959. P. 142.
Tiger L. Men in Groups. New York: Vintage, 1969.
Balswick J. The Inexpressive Male: A Tragedy of American Society // The Forty-Nine Percent Majority / Ed.
D.David, R.Brannon. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1976; Komorovsky M. Blue Collar Marriage. New York: Vintage, 1964; Pleck J. The Male Sex Role: Definitions, Problems and Sources of Change //Journal of Social Issues.
1976. Vol. 32. № 3. P. 273.
5 Lewis R. Emotional Intimacy among Men // Journal of Social Issues. 1978. Vol. 34; см. также: Pleck J. The Male Sex Role. P. 273.
Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol.
8. № 1. P. 3; Levinson D. The Seasons of a Man's Life. New York: William Morrow, 1978. P. 335.
Cancian F. The Feminization of Love // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11; Idem. Love in America: Gender and Self-Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
uBrehm S.S. Intimate Relationships. New York: Random House, 1985. P. 346.
Caldwell M., Peplau L. // Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendships // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 7; Hess B.
Friendship // Aging and Society / Ed. M.Riley, M.Johnson, A.Foner. New York: Russell Sage, 1972.
Davidson L., Duberman L. Friendship: Communication and Interactional Patterns in Same-Sex Dyads // Sex Roles.
1982. \bl. 8. № 8. P. 817.
II Rubin L. Just Friends. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. P. 60-63; idem.
Intimate Strangers. P. 130, 135.
Brehm S.S. Intimate Relationships; Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter; Davidson L., Duberman L. Friendship; Bell R. Worlds of Friendship, Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1981.
Walker K. «I'm Not Friends the Way She's Friends»: Ideological and Behavioral Constructions of Masculinity in Men's Friendships // masculinities. 1994. Vol. 2. № 2. P. 228; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 104. Более подробно
о влиянии телефона см.: Fischer С. То Dwell among Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Miller S. Men and Friendship. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
Allen G. Friendship — Developing a Sociological Perspective. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989. P. 66.
Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter. P. 19.
Ashton N.L Exploratory Investigation of Perceptions of Influences on Best-Friend Relationships // Perception and Motor Skills. 1980. Vol. 50; Wall S., Pickert S.M., Paradise L.V. American Men's Friendships: Self-Reports on Meaning and Changes // The Journal of Psychology. 1984. Vol. 116.
441
18 Hacker H. Blabbermouths and Clams: Sex Differences in belt-Disclosure in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendship Dyads // Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1981. Vol. 5. № 3.
19 Swain S. Men's Friendship with Women: Intimacy, Sexual Boundaries, and the Informant Role // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992. P. 77, 84. Развернутый обзор
литературы на эту тему см.: Maccoby E., Jacklin С. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
20 Bank B. Friendships in Australia and the United States: From Feminization to a More Heroic Image // Gender & Society. 1995. Vol. 9. № 1. P. 96.
21 Cohen T.F. Men's Families, Men's Friends: A Structural Analysis of Constraints on Men's Social Ties // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 117; Allen G. Friendship — Developing a Sociological Perspective. P. 75.
22 Harris S. Black Male Masculinity and Same Sex Friendships // The Western Journal of Black Studies. 1992. Vol.
16. № 2. P. 77; Simmons M. The Truth about Male Friendships // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
Harris S. Black Male Masculinity and Same Sex Friendships. P. 78, 81; см. также: Franklin C.W. «Hey Home» —
«Yo, Bro»: Friendship among Black Men // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi.
24 Reid H.M., Fine G.A. Self-Disclosure Men's Friendships: Variations Associated with Intimate Relations //
Men's Friendships Ed. P.Nardi; Tschann J. Self-Disclosure in Adult Friendship: Gender and Marital Status Differences / Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1988. Vol. 5; Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter. P. 16-17.
25 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 150, 154.
Suttles G. Friendship as a Social Institution // Social Relationships / Ed. G.McCall et al. Chicago: Aldine, 1970. P. 116.
27 Miller S. Men and Friendship. P. 2—3; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers.
P. 103.
?ft
Об этом эксперименте см.: Faderman L. Surpassing the Love of Men.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1981; цит. по: Swain S. Covert Intimacy: Closeness in Men's Friendships // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 83—84.
29 Nardi P., Sherrod D. Friendship in the Lives of Gay Men and Lesbians // Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.
1994. Vol. 11; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 105.
Цит. no: Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 130.
Nardi P. The Politics of Gay Men's Friendships // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. P. 250.
32 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 58, 159, 205.
33 Sherrod D. The Bonds of Men. P. 231.
34 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 206.
442
Friendships: Male Intimacy and Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800-1900 //Journal ofSocial History.
1989. Vol. 23. № I. P. 21.
36 М.Фуко цит. по: Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 184; Segal L. Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990. P. 139.
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective // Passionate Attachments: Thinking about Love /
Ed. W.Gaylon, E.Person. New York: The Free Press, 1988. P. 33; Cancian F. Love in America. P. 70.
1Я
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective. P. 28.
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective. P. 32; Gordon M., Bernstein M.C. Mate Choice and Domestic Life in the Nineteenth-Century Marriage Manual // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1970.
November. P. 668-669.
Goode W.J. The Theoretical Importance of Love // American Sociological Review. 1959. Vol. 24. № 1.
41 Цит. по: Cancian F. Love in America. P. 19, 21, 23; см. также: Ryan M. The Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, N.Y, 1790-1865. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
42 Cancian F. Love in America. P. 121 ;TavrisC. The Mismeasure of Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.
P. 263; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers.
43 Rubin L. Worlds of Pain. New York: Basic Books, 1976. P. 147.
44 Hatfield E. What Do Women and Men Want from Love and Sex // Changing Boundaries / Ed. E.Allegier, N.McCormick. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1983.
45 Kephart W. Some Correlates of Romantic Love // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1967. Vol. 29; Dion K., Dion K. Correlates of Romantic Love // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1973. Vol. 41; Hill C., Rubin Z., Peplau L.A. Breakups before Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs // Divorce and Separation: Context, Causes and Consequences Ed. G.Levinger, O.C.Moles. New York: Basic Books, 1979; Hobau C. Disillusionment in Marriage and Romanticism / Marriage and Family Living. 1958. Vol. 20; Idem. The Incidence of Romanticism during Courtship // Social Forces. 1958. Vol. 36; Knox D., Spoakowski J. Attitudes of College Students Toward Love // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1968. Vol. 30; Theodorson G. Romanticism and Motivation to Marry in the United States, Singapore, Burma and India // Social Forces. 1965. Vol. 44.
Dion K., Dion K. Correlates of Romantic Love; Rubin Z. Measurement of Romantic Love // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1970. Vol. 16. № 2; Hochschild A. Attending to, Codifying and Managing Feelings: Sex Differences in Love: Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1975; Kanin E., Davidson K., Scheck S. A Research Note on Male-Female Differentials 443
in the Experience of Heterosexual Love // Journal of Sex Research. 1970. Vol. 6. P. 70.
47 Hill C., Rubin Z., Peplau L.A. Breakups before Marriage.
48 Kephart W. Some Correlates of Romantic Love.
49 Sprecher S-, Aron E., Hatfield E., Cortese A., Potapova E., Levitskaya N. Love: American Style, Russian Style, Japanese Style: Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference on Personal Relationships, Orono, Maine, 1992.
50 Из личного общения с Кэти Гринблат; результаты этого исследования еше не опубликованы.
51 Tavris С. The Mismeasure of Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. P. 284.
52
53
Cancian E The Feminization of Love. P. 705, 709. Rubin L. Just Friends. P. 41.
Глава 10
1 Жюль Мишле цит. по: Gardetto D.C. The Social Construction of the Female Orgasm, 1650-1890: Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, 1988. P. 18.
2 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of Medical Advice to Women. New York: Anchor, 1974.
3 Kinsey A., Pomeroy W., Martin C. Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1953. P. 376.
4 Bart P. Male Views of Female Sexuality: From Freud's Phailacies to Fisher's Inexact Test: Paper presented at the Second National Meeting of the special section of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Biscayne, Florida, 1974. P. 6-7.
5 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991. P. 28, 42.
6 MacKinnon C. Only Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. P. 185.
7 См.: Sanders S., Reinisch J.M. Would You Say You «Had Sex» If... // JAMA 281. 1999. January 20.
8 Reynaud E. Holy Virility. London: Pluto Press, 1983. P. 41.
9 См., напр.: Tavris С. The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992; Lerner H. Women in Therapy.
New York: Harper and Row, 1989. Chap. 2.
loLaumann E.,GagnonJ., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
11 Ibid. P. 135.
12 Kimmel M., Plante R. Sexual Fantasies and Gender Scripts: Heterosexual Men and Women Construct Their Ideal Sexual Encounters: Unpublished
444
paper. Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1998.
13 См. также: Hariton E.B., Singer J. Women's Fantasies during Sexual Intercourse: Normative and Theoretical Implications //Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974. Vol. 42. № 3; Goleman D. Sexual Fantasies: What Are Their Hidden Meanings? // The New York Times. 1983. February 28; Idem. New View of Fantasy: Much Is Found Perverse // The New York Times. 1991. May 7; May R. Sex and Fantasy: Patterns of Male and Female Development. New York: W.W.Norton, 1980; Chick D., Gold S. A Review of Influences on Sexual Fantasy: Attitudes, Experience, Guilt and Gender // Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 1987-1988. Vol. 7. № 1; Mednick R.A. Gender Specific Variances in Sexual Fantasy // Journal of Personality Assessment. 1977. Vol. 41. № 3; Follingstad D., Kimbrell C.D. Sexual Fantasies Revisited: An Expansion and Further Clarification of Variables Affecting Sex Fantasy Production // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1986. Vol. 15. № 6; Knafo D., Jaffe Y. Sexual Fantasizing in Males and Females // Journal of Research in Personality. 1984. Vol. 18.
14 Stoller R. Porn. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. P. 31.
Обзор эмпирических исследований порнографии см.: Kimmel M., Linders A. Does Censorship Make a Difference?: An Aggregate Empirical Analysis of Pornography and Rape // Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality. 1996. Vol. 6.
№ 2.
Stoltenberg J. Refusing to Be a Man. Portland, Ore.: Breitenbush Books, 1989. P. 121.
17 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 102; Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1984. P. 111.
1R
Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. New York: William Morrow, 1983. P. 279; Schwartz P., Rutter V. The Gender of Sexuality. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1998. P. 60—61. Конечно, имеются систематические
тендерные различия в том, как респонденты говорят о своей сексуальной жизни: мужчины склонны
преувеличивать свой опыт, женщины — преуменьшать. Поэтому на столь существенные различия нужно
смотреть скептически.
Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. P. 23^.
Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 347.
1 Jackson S. The Social Construction of Female Sexualitv // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader / Ed. S.Jackson, S.Scott.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. P. 71.
22
Muehlenhard C. «Nice Women» Don't Say Yes and «Real Men» Don't Say No: How Miscommunication and the Double Standard Can Cause Sexual Problems // Women and Therapy. 1988. № 7. P. 100-101.
Аллен и другие мужчины цит. по: Fracher J., Kimmel M. Hard Issues and Soft Spots: Counseling Men about Sexuality
// Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy with Men / Ed. M.Scher, M.Stevens, G.Good, G.Eichenfeld. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1987.
445
24 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 13; о темпах изменения сексуальной активности см.: Grunseit A.C., Kippax S., Baldo M., Aggleton PA, Slutkin G. Sexuality Education and Young People's Sexual Behavior: A Review of Studies
// Journal of Adolescent Research. 1997.
25 Hollibaugh A. Desire for the Future: Radical Hope in Passion and Pleasure // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader
/ Ed. SJackson, S.Scott; Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 5, 46.
26 Об уровне мастурбации см.: Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 86; Schwartz P., Rut-terV. The Gender of Sexuality. P. 39. О сексуальных установках см.: Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 507.
27 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality; Schwartz P., Rutter V.
The Gender of Sexuality. P. 165.
28 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality; Schwartz P., Rutter V.
The Gender of Sexuality. P. 102— 103; Janus S. The Janus Report on Sexual Behavior. New York: John Wiley, 1993. P. 315—316; Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples; New Sexual Agendas / Ed. L.Segal. New York: New York University Press, 1997. P. 67.
29 Kolata G. Women and Sex: On This Topic, Science Blushes // The New York Times. 1998. June 21. P. СЗ; молодая женщина цит. по: Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 14.
30 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 120.
31 Цит. по: Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 58; Koss M. et al. No Safe Haven: Male Violence against Women at Home, at Work, and in the Community. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1994.
32 Koss M., Dinero P.T., Seibel C.A., Cox S.L. Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences in the Victim's Experience? // Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1988. Vol. 12. № I.
33 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 336; Koss M. et al. No Safe Haven.
34 Levant R.F. Nonrelational Sexuality in Men // Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant, G.Brooks. New York: John Wiley, 1997. P 270.
35 См., напр.: Billy J.O., Tanfer G.K., Grady W.R., Klepinger D.H. The Sexual Behavior of Men in the United States // Family Planning Perspectives. 1993. Vol. 25. № 2; Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality.
36 Brooks G. The Centerfold Syndrome. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995; Idem. The Centerfold Syndrome //
Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant, G.Brooks. См. также: Levant R.F. Nonrelational Sexuality in Men // Ibid. P. 19; Johnston J. Appearance Obsession: Women's Reactions to Men's Objectification of Their Bodies // Ibid. P. 79, 101.
446
37
Good G., Sherrod N.B. Men's Resolution of Nonrelational Sex across the Lifespan // Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant G.Brooks. P. 189, 190.
38 Ibid. P. 186.
39 Wyden P., Wyden B. Growing Up Straight: What Every Thoughtful Parent Should Know about Homosexuality.
New York: Trident Press, 1968.
Green R. The «Sissy Boy» Syndrome. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
41 Gilder G. Men and Marriage. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publisher, 1985.
Jackson J. Real Men (1983); социологическое исследование гендерной организации жизни таких геев см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Цит. по: Chappie S., Talbot D. Burning Desires: Sex in America. New York: Doubleday, 1989. P. 356.
Clarke C. Lesbianism: An Act of Resistance // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader / Ed. S.Jackson, S.Scott. P. 155.
Bell A., Weinberg M. Homosexualities. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978; Masters W., Johnson V, Kolodny R.
Human Sexuality. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. P. 317.
Данные из: Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples; интервью цит. no: Bell A., Weinberg M.
Homosexualities. P. 220.
Nichols M. Lesbian Sexuality: Issues and Developmental Theory // Lesbian Psychologies / Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987; Masters W, Johnson V, Kolodny R. Human Sexuality.
48 Plummer K. Sexual Stigma. New York: Routledge, 1975. P. 102.
Davison G., Neale J. Abnormal Psychology: An Experimental-Clinical Approach. New York: John Wiley, 1974. P.
293.
Muehlenhard C. «Nice Women» Don't Say Yes...; Gagnon J., Michaels S. Answer No Questions: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Deviant Categorization: unpublished manuscript. 1989. P. 2. О влиянии гомофобии на
жизнь гетеросексуальных мужчин см. также: Goldstein R. The Hate That Makes Men Straight // The Village Voice. 1998. December 22.
Об этих изменениях в общем см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho.
Kimmel M., Levine M. A Hidden Factor in AIDS: «Real» Men's Hypersexuality//The Los Angeles Times. 1991.
June 3. Конечно, выбираемые женщинами стратегии рискованного поведения тоже гендеризованы. Если
мужчины часто демонстрируют свою мужественность, совершая весьма рискованные поступки или
занимаясь рискованными видами деятельности, то женщины часто начинают употреблять наркотики в
контексте «романтических» отношений или при сексуальной инициации. А некоторые женщины также
подвергают себя риску заразиться СПИДом от мужчин — сексуальных партнеров. На это указала мне Роуз
Вайтц, за что я ей выражаю благодарность.
447
53 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 82-84, 98, 177, 192, 302-309, 518-529.
54 Rubin L. Erotic Wars-P. 165.
Глава 11
1 Youth and Violence: Psychology's Response. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth, 1993; Saving Youth from Violence // Carnegie Quarterly. 1994. Vol. 39. № I.
2 United States Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reports, 1991. P. 17; Craven D. Sex Differences in Violent Victimization, 1994. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ-164508), 1994; см. также: Daly M., Wilson M.
Homicide. Chicago: Aldine, 1988.
3 Цит. по: Gottfredson M., Hirschi T. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. P. 145. См.
также: Barkan S. Why Do Men Commit Almost All Homicides and Assault? // Criminology: A Sociological Understanding.
Englewood, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1997; Masculinities and Violence / Ed. L.Bowker. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998.
4 Wilson J.Q., Herrnstein R. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. P. 121. Описания
некоторых биологических теорий насилия см. выше, в главе 2.
5 Эти аргументы я обобщил в главе 2.
6 Lorber J. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. P. 39. О социологии насилия мужчин см.
особенно: Kaufman M Cracking the Armour: Power, Pain and the Lives of Men. Toronto: Viking, 1993; Idem. The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 4th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997; Jackson Т Violence and the Masculine Ideal: Some Qualitative Data // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1966. № 364 (March).
7 Ehrenreich B. Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997. P. 45, 127.
8 Howell S., Willis R. Societies at Peace. New York: Routledge, 1983.
9 Ibid. P. 38.
10 См. также: Stanko E. Everyday Violence. London: Pandora, 1990. P. 71.
11 Butterfield F. All God's Children: The Bosket Family and the American Tradition of Violence. New York: Avon, 1995. P.
329.
12 Ibid. P. 325; см. также: Wray H. Behind Bars // U.S. News and World Report. 1998. March 23. P. 33; Livingston J.
Crime and Sex: It's a Man's World // Crime and Criminology. 2nd edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
13 Цит. по: Stephenson J. Men Are Not Cost Effective. Napa: Diemer, Smith, 1991. P. 248.
448
14 Sharkey J. Slamming the Brakes on Hot Pursuit // The New York Times. 1997. December 14. P. 3.
l5AdlerF. Sisters in Crime. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. P. 10; Simon R. Women and Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1975 P. 40.
16 Feely M., Little D.L. The Vanishing Female: The Decline of Women in the Criminal Process // Law and Society Review. 1991. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 739.
17 Steffensmeier D.J. Trends in Female Crime: It's Still a Man's World // The Criminal Justice System and Women / Ed.
B.R.Price, N.J.SokoIoff. New York: Clark, Boardman, 1982. P. 121.
18
Katz J. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books, 1988. P. 71.
19 Ibid. P. 247.
20 StefTensmeicr D., Allan E. Criminal Behavior: Gender and Age // Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook /
Ed. J.F.Sheley. Mountain View, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1995. P. 85.
21 Adams D. Biology Does Not Make Men More Aggressive Than Women // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression / Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P. Niemela. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992. P. 14; см. также: Pearson P.
When She Was Bad: Violent Women and the Myth of Innocence. New York: Viking, 1998; Mann C.R. When Women Kill. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Fraczek A. Patterns of Aggressive-Hostile Behavior Orientation among Adolescent Boys and Girls // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P.Niemela; Lagerspetz K.M.J., Bjorkvist K. Indirect Aggression in Boys and Girls /Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives / Ed. L.R.Huesmann. New York: Plenum, 1994.
Viemero V Changes in Female Aggression Over a Decade // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression /
Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P.Niemela. P. i05.
См., напр.: Donahue A. Population of Female Inmates Reaches Record // USA Today. 1997. July 21; Steffensmeier D., Allan E. Criminal Behavior. P. 85.
25CaIdicott H. Missile Envy. New York: William Morruv,, 1984; Ehrenreich B. The Violence Debate since Adam and Eve // Test the West: Gender Democracy and Violence. Vienna: Federal Minister of Women's Affairs, 1994. P.
34.
"\f
Connell R.W. Masculinity, Violence and War // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 3rd ed. P. 129.
7 Halberstam D. The Best and the Brightest, New York: Random House, 1972. P. 531.
2Я
Цит. по: Easlea B. Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists and the Nuclear Arms Race. London: Pluto Press, 1983. P. 117; см. также: Easlea B. Patriarchy, Scientists and Nuclear Warriors // Beyond Patriarchy: Essays by Men on Pleasure, Power and Change Ed. M.Kaufman. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987; Stone I.F. Machismo in Washington / Men and Masculinity / Ed. J.Pleck, J.Sawyer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974; Cohn C. «Clean 449
Bombs» and Clean Language // Women, Militarism and War: Essays in History, Politics and Social Theory / Ed.
J.B.Elshtain. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990. P. 137.
29 Cohn C, «Clean Bombs» and Clean Language. P. 35.
30 Ewing W. The Civic Advocacy of Violence // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 1st ed. New York: Macmillan, 1989.
Слова матери Джексона цит. по: Butterfield F. All God's Children. P. 11; см. также: The Civilization of Crime /
Ed. E.A.Johnson, E.H.Monkkonen. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996; Courtwright D. Violent Land: Single Men and Social Disorder from the Frontier to the Inner City. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. См.
также трилогию Р.Слоткина: Slotkin R. Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600—1860. New York: Atheneum, 1973; Idem. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization. New York: Atheneum, 1985; Idem. Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth Century America. New York: Atheneum, 1992.
32 Mead M. And Keep Your Powder Dry. New York: William Morrow, 1965. P. 151, 157.
33 Puffer J.A. The Boy and His Gang. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912. P. 91.
34 Gilligan J. Violence. New York: Putnam, 1996.
35 Butterfield F. All God's Children. P. 206-207; Roane K. New York Gangs Mimic California Original //The New York Times. 1997. September 14. P. A37; другие цитаты см.: Katz J. Seductions of Crime. P. 88, 107; Seidler V.
Raging Bull // Achilles Heel. 1980. № 5. P. 9; Toch H. Hypermasculinity and Prison Violence // Masculinities and Violence / Ed. L.Bowker. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998. P. 170.
36 Данные см.: The New York Times. 1997. August 25; United States Department of Justice. Family Violence, 1997; Siegel R. The «Rule of Love»: Wife Beating as Prerogative and Privacy // Yale Law Journal. 1996. Vol. 105.
№ 8 (June); Rhode D. Speaking of Sex: The Denial of Gender Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 108; Stephenson J. Men Are Not Cost Effective. P. 285; Websdale N., Chesney-Lind M. Doing Violence to Women: Research Synthesis on the Victimization of Women // Masculinities and Violence / Ed. L.Bowker.
Sanday P.R. Female Power and Male Dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981; цит. по: Baron L., Straus M. Four Theories of Rape: A Macrosociological Analysis // Social Problems. 1987. Vol. 34. № 5. P. 481.
"1Q
См., напр.: Scully D. Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted Rapists. New York: HarperCollins, 1990; Russell D. Rape in Marriage. New York: Macmillan, 1982; Idem. Sexual Exploitation. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1984; Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P. 119-120; Johnson A. On the Prevalence of Rape in the United States // Signs. 1980. Vol. 6. № 1. P.
145. Еще об этом см.: Scully D., Marolla J. «Riding the Bull at Gilley's»: Convicted Rapists Describe the Rewards of Rape //
Social Problems. 1985. № 32.
450
39 United States Department of Justice. Child Rape Victims, 1992 (NCJ-147001). June 1994; Kanin E. False Rape Allegations // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1994. Vol. 23. № 1.
40 Johnson A. On the Prevalence of Rape in the United States // Signs. 1980. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 145; Scully D.
Understanding Sexual Violence. P. 53.
1 Koss M., Gidycz Ch.A., Misniewski N. The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
1987. Vol. 55. № 2.
2 Briere J., Malamuth N. Self-Reported Likelihood of Sexually Aggressive Behavior: Attitudinal versus Sexual Explanations // Journal of Research in Personality. 1983. № 17; Tieger T. Self-Rated Likelihood of Raping and Social Perception of Rape //Journal of Research in Personality. 1991. № 15.
Herman J.L. Considering Sex Offenders: A Model of Addiction // Signs.
1988. Vol. 13; Lefkowitz B. Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997; Terry D. Gang Rape of Three Girls Leaves Fresno Shaken and Questioning //
The New York Times. 1998. April 28; Hood J. «Let's Get a Girl»: Male Bonding Rituals in America // Men's Lives /
Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
44 Scully D. Understanding Sexual Violence. P. 74, 140, 159, 166.
45 Beneke T. Men on Rape. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. P. 81.
46 Straus M. et al. Behind Closed Doors. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1981.
Russell D. Rape in Marriage. New York: Macmillan, 1982; FinklehorD., Yllo K. License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1985. P. 208, 217. О совершаемых мужьями изнасилованиях
см. также: Berger R.K. Wife Rape: Understanding the Response of Survivors und Service Providers. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1996; Buckborough A.L. Family Law: Recent Developments in the Law of Marital Rape // Annual Survey of American Law. 1989; To Have and To Hold: The Marital Rape Exemption and the Fourteenth Amendment // Harvard Law Review. 1986. Vol. 99.
48 РДжеллз цит. по: Schulman J. Battered Women Score Major Victories in New Jersey and Massachusetts Marital Rape Cases // Clearinghouse Review. 1981. Vol. 15. № 4. P. 345,
Ehrenreich B. The Violence Debate since Adam and Eve // Test the West: Gender Democracy and Violence.
Vienna: Federal Minister of Women's Affairs, 1994. P. 30.
50 Bachman R., Saltzman L.E. Violence against Women: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report (NCJ No.
154348). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1994; Physical Violence in American Families Ed. M.Straus, R.Gelles. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1990; Kellerman A.L., Marcy J.A. Men, Women and Murder: Gender Specific Differences in Rates of Fatal Violence and Victimization / Journal of Trauma. 1992. Vol. 33. № 1; Stark E., Flitcraft A. Violence among Intimates: An 451
Epidemiological Review // Handbook of Family Violence / Ed. V. van Hasselt et al. New York: Plenum, 1988.
51 Dobash R.E., Dobash R., Wilson M., Daly M. The Myth оГ Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence // Social Problems.
1992. Vol. 39. P. 81; Dobash R.E., Dobash R. Violence against Wives. New York: The Free Press,
1979; The Case of Wife Beating //Journal of Family Issues. 1981. № 2.
52 DeKeserdy W., Schwartz M. Contemporary Criminology. Mountain View, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1996.
53 Brott A. The Battered Statistic Syndrome // The Washington Post. 1994. July.
54 McNeely R.L., Robinson-Simpson G. The Truth about Domestic Violence: A Falsely Framed Issue // Social Work.
1987. Vol. 32. № 6.
55 SteinmetzS. The Battered Husband Syndrome //Victimology. 1978. № 2; Pagelow M.D. The «Battered Husband Syndrome»: Social Problem or Much Ado about Little? // Marital Violence Ed. N.Johnson. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985; Pleck E., Pleck J., Grossman M., Bart P. The Battered Data Syndrome: A Comment on Steinmetz's Article /Victimology. 1978. № 2; Storch G. Claim of 12 Million Battered Husbands Takes a Beating // Miami Herald.
1978. August 7; Straton J.C. The Myth of the «Battered Husband Syndrome» // masculinities. 1994. Vol. 2. № 4; James K.
Truth or Fiction: Men as Victims of Domestic Violence? // The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy.
1996. Vol. 17. № 3.
56 КДжеймс получил те же результаты на выборках супружеских пар в Австралии и Новой Зеландии, см.: James К. Truth or Fiction.
57 Stets J.E., Straus M. The Marriage License as a Hitting License: A Comparison of Assaults in Dating, Cohabiting and Married Couples // Journal of Family Violence. 1989. Vol. 4. № 2; Stets J.E., Straus M. Gender Differences in Reporting Marital Violence and Its Medical and Psychological Consequences // Physical Violence in American Families /
Ed. M.Straus, R.Gelles.
fQ United States Department of Justice; Bureau of Justice Statistics. Family
Violence, 1984.
Kaufman Kantor G.; Janinski J., Aldorondo E. Sociocultural Status and Incidence of Marital Violence in Hispanic Families //
Violence and Victims. 1994.Vol. 9. № 3; Janinski J. Dynamics of Partner Violence and Types of Abuse and Abusers //
Bachman R., Saltzman L.E. Violence against Women. P. 6; Physical Violence in American Families / Ed. M.Straus, R.Gelles.
См., напр.: Yllo К. Through a Feminist Lens: Gender, Power, and Violence // Current Controversies on Family Violence /
Ed. R.J.Gelles, D.Loseke. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1993.
62 Jacobson N,, Gottman J. When Men Batter Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998. P. 36.
63 Saline C. Bleeding in the Suburbs // Philadelphia Magazine. 1984. March. P. 82; Straus M. et al. Behind Closed Doors; Hampton R.L. Family
452
Violence and Homicides in the Black Community: Are They Linked? // Violence in the Black Family: Correlates and Consequences. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1987; Hampton R.L, Gelles R. Violence towards Black Women in a Nationally Representative Sample of Black Families // Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 1994. Vol. 25. № 1.
64
Cazenave N., Straus M. Race, Class, Network Embeddedness and Family Violence: A Search for Potent Support Systems //
Physical Violence in American Families Ed. M.Straus, R.Geiles; Belluck P. Women's Killers Are Very Often Their Partners /
The New York Times. 1997. March 31. P. BI.
Haddock V. Survey Tracks Gay Domestic Violence // San Francisco Examiner. 1996. October 22.
Цит. по: Stephenson J. Men Are Not Cost Effective. P. 300; Klein D. Violence against Women: Some Considerations Regarding Its Causes and Elimination // The Criminal Justice System and Women / Ed. B.Price, N.Sokoloff. New York: Clark Boardman, 1982. R 212.
Messerschmidt J. Masculinities and Crime. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993. P. 185; Stanko E. The Image of Violence // Criminal Justices Matters. 1992. № 8. P. 3.
AH
Miedzian M. Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Masculinity and Violence. New York: Doubleday, 1991. P. 298.
Эпилог
1 Millett K. Sexual Politics. New York: Random House, 1969.
Dell F. Feminism for Men // The Masses. February 1917; перепечатано в: Against the Tide: Profeminist Men in the United States, 1776—1990, a Documentary History / Ed. M.S.Kimmel, T.Mosmiller. Boston: Beacon Press 1992.
3 Lifton R.J. The Protean Self. New York: Basic Books, 1994. См. также: Epstein C.F. The Multiple Realities of Sameness and Difference: Ideology and Practice //Journal of Social Issues. 1997. Vol. 53. № 2.
УКАЗА! ЕЛЬ ИМЕН
Агнес- 173-174 Адаме Д.- 122, 188 Адлер Ф. — 382 АккерД. — 162, 166 Аламин X. — 97 Александер Р. —
48 Аллен В. — 355 Альмейда Д. — 31 Амато П. - 222, 224, 227 АрендтХ. — 156 Аристотель — 246, 318
Ароне К. - 224 Аронсон Э. — 9
Байрон Д.Г. — 317 Банк Б. - 326 БантингД. — 269 БанчШ.-77 Бараш Д. — 48 БарнетР. -218 Барон Д.-289
Баффри А.У.Х. - 56 Бебин М. - 198 Бейли М. — 63, 75 Бем Д. — 140 БемС. - 140 Бенджамин Д. — 128
Бенеке Т.-395-396 Бергман А. — 236 Бердвистелд Р. — 183 Берк К. - 9 Берн Ш. - 7 Бернард Д. — 197
Беттельхейм Б. — 128 Бехан П. — 56, 65 Билби У. - 289 Бисмарк О. — 122 БичерК. - 186 Бичер-Стоу Г. —
186 Блай Р.-221 Бланкенхорн Д. — 221 Блейер Р. — 56 Блок Джек — 226 Блок Джин — 226
Боббитт Л. - 350, 400 БобовичА.С.-319 БовуарС.,де-319, 386 БоллЭ.-21 Боллард М.М. — 207 Браун P.M. -
343 Брей Р. - 75 БремШ.-321 Броди Т. — 255 Бронте Ш. - 277 Бронте, сестры — 19 Брукс Г. — 361 Бруш Д. -
10 Брэд — 247 Брэйн Р. — 333 Бут А. - 222, 227 Бутовская М.Л. — 7 Буш Д. - 387 Бэбкок Б. — 311 БэквитД.
— 58
Валлерстайн Д. — 225—226 Вассар М. — 245 Вассерстайн В. — 331 Вейнрич Д. — 63 ВейцманЛ.-224, 250
Висман В. — 77 Витком Д. — 308 Вол Л.- 10 Вольфганг М. — 380 Вудхэм Л. - 373, 377 Вурхис Б. - 102
Ганди И.- 158
Гарди Т. — 19
Гарфинкель Г. - 173-174
Генри Д.В.- 123
Герсон Д. — 165
Герсон К. — 30
Гешвинд Н. — 56, 65
ГилдерД. — 364
Гиллиган Д. — 380, 390
Гиллиган К. - 9, 129-133, 258, 268
Гиллис Д. — 187
454
Гимбутас М. — ПО
Гингрич Н. - 24, 195
ГнедичТ.-317
ГолдбергС.-64, 73, 81
Готман Д. - 306
Готтфредсон М. — 375
Гоулд С.Д. - 50
Гоффман И. - 9, 27, 160-161
Грегор Т. - 92-94
Грей Д.-11,56
Грили Э. - 239
Грин Р. - 67, 363-364
Гринблат К. — 340
Гриффин С. - 394
Гуд Г.-361
Гуд У.Д. - 336
Гуде Э. - 9
Гудман Н. — 9
Гэйлин У. - 278
Гэньон Д. - 369
ДавенпортУ. — 105 Дарвин Ч.-41,43-44 Даулинг К. - 29 ДеллФ.-412 ДемоД.-238 Демос Д.- 185 Дерден-
СмитД. — 57 ДжаклинК. - 135,202 Джей - 395-396 Джеймс Г. — 19 Джексон Д. — 365 Джексон М. — 21
Джексон Э. - 386, 389 Джеллз Р. - 237, 397 Дженкс К. — 265 Дженнес В. — 23 Джонс П. - 304 Джонсон А. —
393 Джонсон В. - 366—367 Джонсон Л.-386-387 Джордан Н. — 171 Джуэт М. — 245 Дикинсон Э. — 207
Диккенс Ч.- 19,287 Дин К. - 233 Диннерштейн Д. — 128 Добаш Р. - 398
Добаш Э. — 398 Добсон Д. — 73 Докинс Р. 45 Донато К. - 289 Дорнер Г. - 60, 69-70 Дуайт Т.- 186
ДьюберманЛ. —322 Дьюи Д.- 113,266-267 Дэвидсон Л. —322 Дэлтон К. — 51 Д'ЭмилиоД. — 75 Дюран Г.Ф.
- 242, 245
Зайдлер В. — 390 Зенкевич М. — 241 Зильман Э. — 86 ЗиммельГ.-9, 21-22 Зиммер Л.-299-300 ЗиммерманД.
— 167, 177
Илло К. - 397, 402 Ильин Е.П. - 7 Императо-Макгинли Д. — 72 Ирвинг В.-261
Йейтс У.Б. - 259
Кадушин А. — 301
Казакова Д. — 338
Казенав Н. - 403
Кайзер Д.-269-270
Кантер P.M. - 30, 161-162, 298—
299
Кантор К. - ^03 КанчианФ. — 335, 341 КапланП.- 133-134 Каплоу Т. - 193 Картер Б. - 229 Картер Д.- 159
311,387 КацД.-383 Качински Т. — 374 КвиннД.Б. — 29 Кемпер Т. — 66 Кессел Н. — 68 Кесслер Р. — 31
КесслерС. — 168, 174 Кесслер-Харрис А. — 290 Кеттел Д. — 261
455
^^
КефартУ. — 339
Киммел З.А. — 10
Киммел М. — 5 — 7, 10
Кинсбурн М. — 59
Кинси А. - 64, 107, 245, 344, 348,
358,370
Киплинг Р. — 52 Клакхон К. - 96, 103, 107 Кларк Д. — 235 Кларк К. - 272 Кларк Э.К.-43-44, 244 КлеболдД.-23, 25
Клее П. - 144
Клинтон У - 24, 291, 304, 347, 387 Колдуэлл М. — 322 Колтрейн С. - 9, 91-92, 195, 240 КольбергЛ.- 124, 129
Коморовски М. — 320 Кон И.С. - 7 Кон К. - 387 Кон С. - 287
Коннелл Р.В. - 9, 26-27, 151-152 Коппен А. — 68 Косби Б. - 253 Косе М. - 360, 393 Коулман Д. — 260 Коэн Т. - 327
Краус В. - 300 Кросби Ф.-313 Крук Э. - 225 Куиндлен А. — 209 Кук Э.-312 КуэйлД. - 181 КэдиффЭ. - 189
Кэмпбелл Э. - 207 Кюри М.-250
Лайл К. - 255 Ле Бон Г. - 43 Левант Р.-360-361 ЛеВейС.-60-61,75, 78 ЛевиД. -57 Левин М. — 362 Левински М. —
347 Левинсон Д. — 320 Леви-Стросс К. —90 Левонтин Р. — 49 ЛейнгЭ. — 46
Ленин В.И.- 122 ЛернерГ. - 186 ЛернерМ.- 192 Лернер Ф. — 9 Леско Н. - 9 ЛессингД. — 317 Лефковиц Б. — 394
Ликок Э. - 88-89, 112 Линд Р. - 193 ЛиндХ. - 193 Линкольн А. — 249 ЛифтонР.Д.-412 Лозинский М. — 373 Лонг
Д.-44 ЛопатаХ. - 148 ЛорберД.-9, 292, 373 Лорен Р. - 258 Лотт Б. - 202 Льюис К.-319 Льюис Р. - 320 ЛэйнгЭ. —
173 ЛэшК. - 187,240
Майклз С. — 369
Майлз К.К. - 119-120, 122-123,
136
Макбил О. - 252 Макви Т. — 374 Маккенна В. — 168 Маккиннон К. - 9, 302, 345 Мак-Клинток Б. — 53, 159
Маккоби Э. - 135, 202, 229-230 Маклейш А. — 191 Макнил М. —284 Малиновский Б. — 370 Мани Д.-66-67 Маркс
К. - 87 Мартин Л.-305 Мартин М.К. - 102 Мартино Г. — 81 Мартино У. - 259 Мастере У. — 366—367
МаттоксУ.Р.-217 МсирГ. - 158 Мейсон К.О. — 312 Мессершмидт Д. — 177,404 Месснер М. — 5 Мид М. - 82-85, 91, 181, 370, 389
456
Миллер А. — 279 Миллер Д.- 138 Миллер Р. — 10 Миллер С. — 330 Миллет К. - 409 МиллзЧ.Р. - 144 МилльД.С.-
406 МишлеЖ.-343 Мнукин Р. - 229-230 Модели Г. — 245 Монтень М. — 319 Мур М.Т. - 252 Мэйнарди П. - 206-207 Мэнсон М. — 24, 171 Мюленхард Ч. — 354
Найтингейл Ф. — 122 НардиБ. - ПО Нарди П.-331 Нунен К.М. - 48
О'БаррД.-28 О'БаррУ-28 ОверингД. — 377 Оренстейн П. — 249, 263
Падгуг Р. - 79 Пайк К. - 178 ПарсонсТ. - 138-139, 190 ПейджД.-99 Пейдж К. - 99 Пейс К.- 165 ПеплауЛ.-322
Першинг Д. — 121 Петере Д. -218, 313 Пиаже Ж.- 124 Пиллард Р. — 63, 75 Питтман Ф. — 221 Пламмер К. — 368
Платон-8, 318 ПлекД. - 140-141,320 Поллак У — 259 ПоллитК. - 182,280 Поль Р.- 173 ПопеноД.-221-223, 225 Пул
Р. - 58 Пэквуд Р. — 304 Пэт- 171
Райт П. — 324
Раскин Д. — 405
Рахман А. — 374
Рейган Р. - 198, 249, 278, 387
Рейно Э. - 347
Рейтер Э. — 254
Рескин Б. - 284
РидЛ. - 181
РизманБ.-31-32, 214
Рисман Д. — 265
Рич Э. - 10
РишМ.Ф.-212
РодманД. - 172
Розальдо М. — 110
Росси А. — 74
РоудД.-9, 151,243,306
Рубин Г. - 33
Рубин Л. - 9, 128, 196, 323, 328,
330-333, 337, 342, 345, 351,
358-359,371
Рузвельт Т.- 121, 188,386 Рузвельт Ф. - 249
СадкерД.-9, 248 Садкер М. - 248 Садлер Б. — 256 Саймон Д., де — 57 Саймон Р. - 382 Саймонз Д. — 46 Сакс К.-
81,89 Санди П.Р. -93-94, 392 Санчес-Янковски М. — 222 Сапольски Р. — 65 Сартр Ж.-П. - 143 Сегал Л. — 33-+
Сергеев А. — 3:8 СилайЛ.К.-245 Симмонз М. — 327 Симпсон Н. — 399 Симпсон ОД. - 399 Скалли Д.-395-396
СколникА.-9, 227, 238 СмитЭ. — 9 Соломон Р. — 342 Соммерс К.Х. - 257 Софокл — 116 Спайн Д. - 92 Спок Б. —
212
457
Станко Э. — 404 СтейнбергР. — 291, 312 Стейнмец С. — 400 СтейсиД. - 151,235 Стивене Д. — 10 Стимпсон К. —
17, 260 Столлер Р. — 173 СтолтенбергД. — 350—351 Стоун И.Ф. - 387 Стоун Л. -223-224, 335 СтрайкерС. — 173
Строе М. - 236, 396, 402 СуонсонЭ.Г - 138 Суэйн С. — 326 СэнфордР.Н. - 137-138
Таврис К. - 28,50,93, 266, 337, 341
ТайгерЛ.-47, 90, 319, 332
ТанненД.-28, 132,268
Тейлор Д. — 319
Тейлор М. — 277
Тейлор У.Л. — 41
Теллер Э. - 385
Теннисон А. — 185
ТерманЛ. - 119-120, 122-123, 136
Тернер Р, — 55
Тидбол Э. - 264-265
ТишЭ.Р.-271
ТоддД.-41-42
Ток Г. - 391
Токвиль А., де — 11, 186
Томас К. - 303, 308
Томпсон М. — 257
Томпсон Э. Р.— 177
Торен Н. - 300
Торн Б.- 148, 151,205
Торнхилл Р. — 48
Тоффлер О. - 240
Треземер Д. — 154
Тройден Р. — 362
Тсонгас П. — 213
Тэтчер М. — 158
Уайден Б. — 363 Уайден П. — 363 УайтингД.У. — 96 УилсонЭ. —45,47
Уильяме М. — 214 Уильяме У.- 101 Уинфри О. — 39 Уитмен У.-318 Уокер К. - 324 Уолл Ш. - 325 Уоллстонкрафт
М. — 319 Уорнер Р.С. - 154 Уортон Э. - 19 Уотсон Джеймс — 76 Уотсон Джон— 188 Уэйд К. - 50, 93 УэстК. -
167, 177
ФайнманМ. — 231
ФанстонФ. — 121
Фаррелл У. - 142, 156, 297-298
Фаусто-Стерлинг Э. — 67
Фелдман К. — 9
Фефелов И. — 274
Финклхор Д, — 397
Фиск Н. — 67
Фицджеральд Л. — 307
Фишер Э. ~ 109-110
Фокс Р. — 47, 90
Фолкнер Ш. - 242, 268, 270
Форд М.-272
Форстер Э.М. — 342
Фрейд 3. - 39, 60, 113-119, 123,
126-129,204,274,376 Фридан Б. - 192 ФридльЭ. — 106 Фридрих II — 145 ФростР. —241 Фрэнклин К. — 255 Фуко
М.-60, 334, 343 Фукуяма Ф. — 111 Фукс Эпстейн С. — 9, 28, 74, 269 Фут М.Х. - 207 Фюрстенберг Ф. — 230
Хаббард Р. — 78 Хакер Э.- 153,325 Хайд Д.-57-58 Харрис М. — 89 Харрис Ш. - 328 Хартман X. — 301 ХедбергА.
-380
Хейман Д. - 359 ХердтГ-72, 103-104 Хесс Б. - 322 Хиггинсон ТУ. - 267 Хилл А. - 303 Хирши Т. - 375 Холл С. -
244-245 Хопкинс Э. - 296 ХорниК. - 127 Хоук К.У. - 270 ХофманД. — 171 Хофстедтер Р. — 79 Хохшильд А. - 206, 208, 280 ХоШиМин-387 Хуссейн С. - 388 Хьюз Л. - 274 ХэррисЭ. — 23, 25
ЧейфУ- 189
ЧерлинЭ.-218, 230
Чодороу Н. - 128-129, 332-333
458
Шекспир У. — 39, 373 ШелтонБ.Э.-211 ШепардМ. —23 Шеридан Ф.— 121 ШерродД.-331 ШерродН.-361
Шеффилд К.- 176 Шилц Р. - 75 Шредер П.-213
ЭбботД. - 186 ЭйслерР. - 110-111 Экерт К. - 63 Эмерсон Р.У. - 144 Энгельс Ф. - 87—88 Энтони А. — 96 Энтони
С.Б.-246 Эренрайх Б. — 376 Эрхардт А. — 66—67
Ялом И. — 67
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие к русскому изданию...............................5
Предисловие..................................................8
Глава 1. Введение..........................................11
Часть 1. Объяснения тендера....................................37
Глава 2. Предназначено природой. Биология формирует пол___39
Глава 3. Охватывая мир. Межкультурные конструкции
тендера...........................................81
Глава 4 . «Ага! Вот в чем дело!» Психологические
интерпретации тендерного развития.................113
Глава 5 . Неравенство и различие. Социальное
конструирование тендерных отношений ............144
Часть II. Гендеризованные идентичности, гендеризованные
институты................................................179
Глава 6. Гендеризованная семья.............................181
Глава 7. Геидеризованная классная комната..................242
Глава 8. Гендеризованное рабочее место......................274
Часть III. Гендеризованные взаимодействия......................315
Глава 9. Гендеризованная близость; дружба и любовь..........317
Глава 10. Гендеризованность сексуальности..................343
Глава 11. Тендер насилия...................................373
Эпилог. Возможно ли общество без тендера?.................406
Примечания.................................................413
Указатель имен..............................................454
Майкл Киммел ТЕНДЕРНОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО
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