Jerusalem: The Biography

PART SEVEN: OTTOMAN

1 Selim the Grim. Fall of Mamluk Sultan Ghawri: Petry, CHE 1.479–89. Rise of Ottomans – taking the city, desire of all possessors, wars, possession of Padishah Sultan: Evliya Celebi, Evliya Tshelebi’s Travels in Palestine (henceforth Evliya) 55–9 and 85; Evliya Celebi, An Ottoman Traveller 317. Selim’s rise, character, death: Finkel 83–4.

2 Suleiman, walls, gates, fountains, citadel: this account is based on Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand (eds), Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City, 1517–1917 (OJ: volume one unless otherwise stated). Amnon Cohen, ‘1517–1917 Haram al-Sherif: The Temple Mount under Ottoman Rule’, in Sacred Esplanade 211–16. Bahat, Atlas 118–22. Citadel and Haram, Suleiman’s dream, Sinan in charge of works, beauty of Suleiman’s works: Evliya 63–75; Evliya Celebi, An Ottoman Traveller 323–7 including Suleiman dreams and Sinan. Roxelana waqf: Dror Zeevi, An Ottoman Century: The District of Jerusalem in the 1600s 27. Sultan’s Pool, Archeological Park 128. Hawari, OJ 493–518. Fountains: OJ 2 and 2.15. Planned visit 1553 of Suleiman: OJ 2.709–10. Fountains: Khadr Salameh, ‘Aspects of the Sijills of the Shari’a Court in Jerusalem’, in OJ 103–43. Suleiman fountains, population Haram: OJ 4–8. Spolia in Jaffa Gate: Boas, Jerusalem 52. Suleiman and Roxelana, political ethos: Finkel 115–18, 129–30; 133, 144–5, 148–50. Solomon of his age, politics, imperial projection: David Myres, ‘An Overview of the Islamic Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem’, OJ 325–54. Abraham Castro, gates, Sinan planner, Archeological Park 8. Walls, second Solomon: Yusuf Natsheh, ‘The Architecture of Ottoman Jerusalem’, in OJ 583–655. Urban renewal, number of tiles, and Dome/al-Aqsa: Beatrice St Laurent, ‘Dome of the Rock: Restorations and Significance, 1540–1918’, in OJ 415–21. Khassaki Sultan project: OJ 747–73. David Myres, ‘Al-Imara al-Amira: The Khassaki Sultan 1552’, in OJ 539–82. Ottoman style: Hillenbrand, OJ 15–23. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Mahmud Atallah, ‘The Architects in Jerusalem in the 10th–11th/16th–17th Centuries’, in OJ 159–90.

Jewish Jerusalem: Selim, Suleiman reigns, sees Wailing Wall as place of worship – in 1488 Rabbi Obadiah does not mention Western Wall as site of prayer but Rabbi Israel Ashkenazi in 1520 says he prayed there and by 1572 Rabbi Isaac Luria was praying there: Miriam Frenkel, ‘The Temple Mount in Jewish Thought’, in Sacred Esplanade 351. Rabbi Moses of Basola, in Peters, Jerusalem 483–7; House of Pilate, one synagogue, David Reubeni of Arabia 490–2; population 484. Asali, Jerusalem 204. Yusuf Said al-Natsheh, ‘Uninventing the Bab al-Khalil Tombs: Between the Magic of Legend and Historical Fact’, JQ 22–3, Autumn/Winter 2005.

Franciscans: Boniface of Ragusa, St Saviour’s, Way of Cross develops: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 160–6. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St Laurent, OJ 415–21. Economy: Amnon Cohen, Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem 1–124.

3 Duke of Naxos: Cecil Roth, The House of Nasi: The Duke of Naxos 17–28, 75–111; Duke of Mytilene 205. Brenner 142–3. Finkel 161. Bedouin attack: Cohen, Economic Life in Ottoman Jerusalem 120 and 166. French consuls and constant changes of praedominium: Bernard Wasserstein, Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City (henceforth Wasserstein) 15–23. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City 125; early Jerusalemites such as Meyugars family. Kuski family from Georgia arrived eighteenth century: conversation with Gideon Avni. Yehuda ha Hasid and Ashkenazi immigrants: Hurva Synagogue, Goldhill, City of Longing 167. French consul from Sidon, fighting between Christian sects, disdain for Orthodox feigned body of Christ with spices and powders, fancied corpse, tattoos of pilgrims, Holy Fire, Bedlam and burnt beards: Henry Maundrell, A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 1697 80–100 and 125–30. Muslim attitudes to Easter (Feast of Red Egg); and Church: Evliya, Ottoman Traveller 330–7 and 352. Way of the Cross develops: Peters, Jerusalem 437.

4 Ridwan and Farrukh, seventeenth century: Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; Ridwan 35–1; Farrukhs 43–56; downfall 57–61. Ridwan building on Haram, OJ 831–57. Abdul-Karim Rafeq, Province of Damascus 1723–83 57. Druze chieftain threatens Palestine: Finkel 179. Suicidal Christians: Peters, Jerusalem 461. Way of the Lord/Stations of the Cross: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 160–86. Sepulchre, Henry Timberlake in Peters, Jerusalem 508–9; Sanderson 488–90, 510–15. Commerce: George Hintlian, ‘Commercial Life of Jerusalem’, in OJ 229–34: Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 211–16. French praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23.

5 Christians early seventeenth century. George Sandys, A Relation of a Journey begun AD 1610 147–9, 154–73. Sandys and American views of Jews and Jerusalem: Hilton Obenzinger, American Palestine: Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land Mania 14–23. Timberlake in jail: Peters, Jerusalem Peters, 511–2; John Sanderson accused of being Jew 512–14. American Puritans, Cromwell, End of Days and conversion: MacCulloch 717–25. Oren, Power; Sandys, Bradford and Mayflower quotation, early Awakenings 80–3. Mysticism: Evliya, Ottoman Traveller 330–7. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 211–26. Armenian visitor Jeremiah Keomurdjian reports Easter parade led by Pasha of Jerusalem with drums and trumpets: Kevork Hintlian, ‘Travellers and Pilgrims in the Holy Land: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem in the 17th and 18th Centuries’, in Anthony O’Mahony (ed.), The Christian Heritage in the Holy Land 149–59. Cromwell, Menasseh bin Israel: Brenner 124–7. Bible as national epic – Thomas Huxley quoted in Tuchman 81; on Sanderson and Timberlake, on Cromwell and return of Jews 121–45. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; Ridwan 35–41; Farrukh 43–56; downfall 57–61. Rafeq, Province of Damascus 57. Praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23.

6 Sabbatai: this account is based on Gershom G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism; on G. G. Scholem, Sabbatai Zevi: The Mystical Messiah; on David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean; on Brenner. Scholem, Mysticism 3–8, Zohar 156–9, 205, 243; influence of Spanish exodus and Isaac Luria 244–6; Sabbatai 287–324. Mazower, Salonica 66–78. Kabbalists such as Shalom Sharabi in Jerusalem: Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Yehuda ha Hasid, Hurva Synagogue: Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Sabbatai: Finkel 280.

7 Evliya: portrait is based on Robert Dankoff, An Ottoman Mentality: The World of Evliya Çelebi; Evliya Celebi, An Ottoman Traveller 330–7 including Easter at the church; Jerusalem as the Kaaba of the poor and Dervishes 332; and on Tshelebi, Travels in Palestine. Dankoff, Çelebi 9–10; quote on longest and fullest travel book 9; uncle tomb in Jerusalem 22; education 31; courtier and page of Murad IV 33–46; female circumcision 61; Dervish 117; sex 118–19; unfair executions 139; as Falstaff and shitty martyr 142–5, 151; checking myths on Solomon ropes and Holy Fire 197–8. Evliya, Travels in Palestine 55–94. Sufism: Mazower, Salonica 79–82. Sufism and Islamic customs on entering/touring shrines: Ilan Pappe, Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: the Husaynis 1700–1948 (henceforth Pappe) 26–7. Laxness on Haram, Qashashi, Jewels on the Excellence of Mosques quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 496–8. Zeevi Ottoman Century quotes criticism of Abu al-Fath al-Dajani on conduct on Haram 25–8. Laxness on Haram: Claudia Ott, ‘The Songs and Musical Instruments of Ottoman Jerusalem’ in OJ 305. Ill-treatment of Christian pilgrims, Timberlake in jail: Peters, Jerusalem 511–12. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell, Journey 80–100, 125–30. Dangers for Jewish pilgrims: Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 525; Ashkenazi Jews immigration 1700, Gedaliah quoted at 526–34; use of Wailing Wall, Moses Yerushalmi and Gedaliah 528. Minna Rozen, ‘Relations between Egyptian Jewry and the Jewish Community in Jerusalem in 17th Century’, in A. Cohen and G. Baer (eds), Egypt and Palestine 251–65. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Hurva: Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Western struggle for praedominium: Wasserstein 15–23. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 20–5; 35–41; 43–56; downfall 57–61. Christian sects, rivalry of Powers and praedominium: Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.

8 Naqib al-Ashraf revolt: Minna Rozen, ‘The Naqib al-Ashraf Rebellion in Jerusalem and its Repercussions on the City’s Dhimmis’, Journal of Asian and African Studies 18/2, November 1984, 249–70. Adel Manna, ‘Scholars and Notables: Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th-Century Jerusalem’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Butris Abu-Manneh, ‘The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th-Century Palestine’, in David Kushner (ed), Palestine in Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation 93–100; and Pappe 23–30. Fall of the Ashkenazis: Gedaliah quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 530–4. Ottoman change in attitude to Jews: Finkel 279. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 75. M. Hawari, OJ 498–9, shelling of Dome. Gilbert, Rebirth 125. Goldhill, City of Longing 167. Jewish pilgrims Abraham Kalisker quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 525; Ashkenazi Jews 526–34; Wall, Moses Yerushalmi, Gedaliah 528. Wasserstein 15–23.

9 The Families/early to late eighteenth century: Adel Manna, ‘Scholars and Notables Tracing the Effendiya’s Hold on Power in 18th Century Jerusalem’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007. On change of name: Papper 25–38 Illan Pappe, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn 2000. Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Husaynis: Rise of a Notable Family in 18th Century Palestine’, in David Kushner (ed.). Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: Political, Social and Economic Transformation 93–100. Thanks to Adel Manna and also to Mohammad al-Alami and Bashir Barakat for sharing his research into the origins of the Families. Zeevi, Ottoman Century 63–73. A. K. Rafeq, ‘Political History of Ottoman Jerusalem’, OJ 25–8. Families, name changes, religious background, Alamis, Dajanis, Khalidis, Shihabis, al-Nammars: Mohammad al-Alami, ‘The Waqfs of the Traditional Families of Jerusalem during the Ottoman Period’, in OJ 145–57. Hereditary architect dynasty of al-Nammar: Atallah, OJ 159–90. Lawrence Conrad, ‘The Khalidi Library’, in OJ 191–209. Sari Nusseibeh, Country 1–20, killing of two Nusseibeh tax collectors by Husseinis and marriage alliance 52. Nashashibi family Mamluk origins: Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 60. Families build monuments on the Haram: Khalwat al-Dajani, Sabil al-Husseini, Sabil al-Khalidi –OJ 2.963, 966, 968. Alamis and house: author interview with Mohammad al-Alami. On family name changes and origins, Hazem Zaki Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 398–9.

Christians and Jews: sects in Sepulchre, food, diseases, squalid lavatories, Greek vomit: Horn, Ichnographiae Monumentorum Terrae Sanctae 60–78. Bells, strings, lines, 300 people in Sepulchre: Henry Timberlake quoted in Peters, Jerusalem 508–9. Fighting, Holy Fire: Maundrell, Journey 80–100, 125–30. Church like a prison: Evliya Celebi, Ottoman Traveller 332. Holy Week riots 1757: Peters, Jerusalem 540. Ottoman repairs on Haram: St Laurent, OJ 415–21. Rise of Ayan Notables: Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 1–10; instability of Ottoman garrison and fighting and debauchery 271–80. Jerusalem promised by Bulutkapan Ali to Russia: Finkel 407–9; treaty 1774 with Russia 378–9. Most evil people: Constantin Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 332.

10 Zahir al-Umar: Rafeq, OJ 28–9. D. Crecelius, ‘Egypt’s Reawakening Interest in Palestine’, in Kushner, Palestine in Late Ottoman Period 247–60; Cohen 12–19 and 92, including plan to take Jerusalem, 47; Zahir’s North African troops 285; Vali’s expedition, the dawra 147–250. Pappe 35–8. Eugene Rogan, The Arabs: A History (henceforth Rogan) 48–53. Zahir as ‘first King of Palestine’: Karl Sabbagh, Palestine: A Personal History 26–46. Bulutkapan Ali: Finkel 407–9; Russia 378–9.

PART EIGHT: EMPIRE

1 Napoleon Bonaparte and Jazzar Pasha. Rise and tortures and mutilations: Constatin de Volney, Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie 235. Edward Daniel Clarke, Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa 2.1.359–88, 2.2.3–5. Voyage and Travels of HM Caroline Queen of Great Britain 589–91. Cohen, Palestine in the 18th Century 20–9, 68–70, 285. Pappe 38–46. Finkel 399–412. Krämer 61–3. Nathan Schur, Napoleon in the Holy Land (henceforth Schur) 17–32. Paul Strathern, Napoleon in Egypt (henceforth Strathern) 185, 335–7.

2 Napoleon in Palestine: this account is based on Schur and Strathern. Jaffa massacre Schur 67; Acre 140–6; retreat 163; Governor of Jerusalem in Jaffa 163–7. Strathern, origins of expedition 6–17; siege of Acre 336–46; Solomon’s Temple 317; Jaffa massacre 326. Jewish offer: Schur 117–21. Strathearn 352–6. Napoleon’s tent: Hintlian, JQ 2, 1998. Pappe on Jerusalem Families: 46–51.

3 Sidney Smith – this account of his life is based on: Tom Pocock, A Thirst for Glory: The Life of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, in Acre, Jaffa, Jerusalem 100–20. Also: John Barrow, The Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith 207. Strathern 337–40; Napoleon’s retreat 371–81; killing of sick 378; Kléber 409. Franciscan welcome in Jerusalem: Peter Shankland, Beware of Heroes: Admiral Sir S. Smith 91–5. Smith’s vanity, talking of himself: Colonel Bunbury quoted in Flora Fraser, The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline 136. March into Jerusalem: Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.520. James Finn, Stirring Times (henceforth Finn) 157. Edward Howard, The Memoirs of Sir Sidney Smith 146. Old Jazzar: Schur 171. 1808 fire in Sepulchre: Peters, Jerusalem 542. Population by 1806 – 8,000: OJ 4–5. Jerusalem and Gaza same population, c. 8,000 in 1800: Krämer 41–4. Jazzar versus Gaza: Pappe 47–51.

4 Early visitors and adventures: N. A. Silberman, Digging for Jerusalem (henceforth Silberman) 19–29. Y. Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century 31–67. Peters, Jerusalem 582–62. A. Elon, Jerusalem: A City of Mirrors 217. Clarke, Travels in Various Countries 2.1.393–593, 2.2.3.

5 F. R. de Chateaubriand, Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary during the Years 1806 and 1807 1.368–86 and 2.15–179. Chateaubriand’s servant: Julien, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem par Julien, domestique de M. de Chateaubriand 88–9. On last of pilgrims, first of cultural imperialists including Chateaubriand: Ernst Axel Knauf, ‘Ottoman Jerusalem in Western Eyes’, in OJ 73–6. Pappe 49–53.

6 1808 fire, Suleiman Pasha conquest: Hawari, OJ 499–500. Rafeq, OJ 29. Pappe 49–50. Suleiman and Sultan Mehmet II restore Dome tiles: Salameh, OJ 103–43. Suleiman Pasha builds Iwan al-Mahmud II, pavilion, restores Maqam al-Nabi, Nabi Daoud 1817, see Hillenbrand, OJ 14. Peters, Jerusalem 582. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26.

7 Caroline and Hester: thanks to Kirsten Ellis for generously sharing her unpublished research on Hester and Caroline. First visit of Montefiore: Moses and Judith Montefiore, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore (henceforth Montefiore) 36–42. Abigail Green, Moses Montefiore: Jewish Liberator, Imperial Hero (henceforth Green) 74–83. Alphonse de Lamartine, Travels in the East Including Journey to the Holy Land 78–88. Pappe 60–65.

8 Disraeli: Jane Ridley, Young Disraeli 79–97. On his various pedigrees, fantasies of Jewish settlement in conversations with Edward Stanley and his possible authorship of pre-Zionist memorandum 1878 ‘Die jüdische Frage in der orientalischen Frage’: Minna Rozen, ‘Pedigree Remembered, Reconstructed, Invented: Benjamin Disraeli between East and West’, in M. Kramer (ed.), The Jewish Discovery of Islam 49–75. Disraeli’s 1857 pre-Zionist ideas of Rothschilds buying Palestine for Jews: Niall Ferguson, World’s Banker: A History of the House of Rothschild (henceforth Ferguson) 418–22 and 1131. Pappe 66–76. Jewish life: Tudor Parfitt, Jews of Palestine 1800–1882 ch. 2. Tuchman 220–3.

9 Mehmet Ali/Ibrahim Pasha: Finkel 427, 422–46, 428. Rogan 66–83. On Mehmet Ali regime: Khaled Fahmy in CHE 2.139–73. Pappe 66–76. Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean 63–90. William Brown Hodgson, An Edited Biographical Sketch of Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, Syria, and Arabia. Rafek, OJ 31–2. Judith M. Rood, ‘The Time the Peasants Entered Jerusalem: The Revolt against Ibrahim Pasha in the Islamic Court Sources’, JQ 27, Summer 2006. Judith M. Rood, ‘Intercommunal Relations in Jerusalem during Egyptian Rule 1934–41’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007 and JQ 34, Spring 2009. Jews and synagogues – Y. Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century, 25–30; Ibrahim and fellahin revolt 67–70. Holy Fire: R. Curzon, Visits to the Monasteries of the Levant 192–204. Restoration of Hurva and four Sephardic synagogues: Goldhill, City of Longing 169. Montefiore, meetings with Muhammad Ali/1839 visit: Montefiore 177–87; Green ch. 6. Thomsons in Jerusalem, baby and book: Oren, Power 121–5. Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.

10 On Shaftesbury, Palmerston, James Finn and return of Jews, Christian Zionism: David Brown, Palmerston: A Biography on Mehmet Ali crisis 211–37; on religion and Shaftesbury 416–21; Norman Bentwich and John M. Shaftesley, ‘Forerunners of Zionism in the Christian Era’, in Remember the Days: Essays on Anglo-Jewish History Presented to Cecil Roth 207–40. Green 88–9. Tuchman 175–207. Shaftesbury/British interest: Wasserstein 26–9; on the consuls and Anglo-Prussian bishopric 29 and 34–7. Rise of British power: Gilbert, Rebirth 14–27, 42–5. M. Vereté, ‘Why was a British Consulate Established in Jerusalem?’, English Historical Review 75 (1970) 342–5. M. Vereté, ‘The restoration of the Jews in English Protestant Thought, 1790–1840’, Middle Eastern Studies 8 (1972) 4–50.

Ruth Kark, American Consuls in the Holy Land (henceforth Kark) on US missionaries 26–9 on nature of Jerusalem consulates 55, 110–11; on consuls 128–90; on Livermore and American millenarians, quote by US consul in Beirut 212–27, 307–10. On Lieutenant Lynch: Silberman 51–62. James Finn as evangelist, and wife daughter of evangelist, character, brave, tactless, Diness scandal: James and Elizabeth Finn, View from Jerusalem, 1849–58: The Consular Diary of James and Elizabeth Anne Finn (henceforth Finn diaries) 28–35 and 51; blood libel 107–15. Consular rivalries and pretensions: Finn 2.141, 2:221. Shaftesbury, Finn and Gawler’s Hebraism/evangelism: Green 214–19 and 232–3. Return of patriarchs: Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.

11 Cresson and American millenarianism: Warder Cresson, The Key of David, on Anglican conversion of Jews 327–30; leaving Philadelphia for Jerusalem 2; charges of insanity and defence 211–44. Levi Parsons, Memoir of Rev. Levi Parsons 357–79. On American Second Awakening, first pilgrims Fisk and Parsons, John Adams, Robinson, Livermore, Joseph Smith Blackstone Memorial: Oren, Power 80–92, 142–3. Obenzinger, American Palestine, on early Americans and Cresson 4–5 and 188–27. MacCulloch 903–7. Harriet Livermore – thanks to Kirsten Ellis for access to her unpublished chapters. US missionaries, Silberman 31–6. US Christian Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, Memorial, in Obenzinger, American Palestine 269–70. Herzland Zionism: Gilbert, Rebirth 217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina, Angola and Territorialism: M. Obenzinger, JQ 17 February 2003. Jews in Jerusalem, 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000; Krämer 102–3 and 138. Kark 19–37. W. Thackeray, Notes on a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (henceforth Thackeray) 681–99.

H. Melville, Journals 84–94; on Clarel 65–81. Knauf, OJ 74–5. Challenge to US consular flag: Finn diaries 260–77. Finn’s evangelism: Green 219 and 232–33. Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204.

12 Nicholas I: W. Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I, handsome 49, Victoria 223, Russian God 243–6, Our Russia 251, Paul and knight, quote of Marquis de Castelbajac (French ambassador) 291, Jerusalem and the Eastern Question, French monk, legend of Alexander I and Russian love of Jerusalem 330–4. Orlando Figes, Crimea: The Last Crusade (henceforth Figes) 1–17; on Nicholas 36–7. H. Martineau, Eastern Life,3: 162–5. Fo 78/446, Finn to Aberdeen and Fo 78/205 Finn to Palmerston. Gogol: V. Voropanov, ‘Gogol v Ierusalime’, Pravoslavny Palomnik (2006) 2, 44–6 and 3. 35–59. 1.99–105. P. A. Kulish, Zapiski iz zhizni N. V. Gogolia sostavlennye iz vospominaniy ego druzey i znakomykh i iz ego sobstvennykh pisem 2.164–89. N. V. Gogol, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy: Pisma, 1848–52 vol. 14. I. P. Zolutusky, Gogol 394–401. Elon, Jerusalem 138–9. Jerusalem Syndrome: Yair Bar-El et al., British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000) 86–90.

13 Start of Crimean War: W. B. Lincoln, Nicholas I 330–40. Figes 100–8; Nicholas instability 155–7; Nicholas’ ‘solely Christian purpose’ 157. Writers: Finkel 457–60. Elon, Jerusalem 70–1. Gilbert, Rebirth 67–9, 83–6. Finn 2: 192–32. Fo 195/445 Finn to Clarendon 28 April 1854. Ben-Arieh, 66–8. Derek Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine 1–49. Lynch diaries quoted in Gilbert, Rebirth 51. Karl Marx, New York Daily Tribune 15 April 1854. Colin Shindler, A History of Modern Israel 23. Americans, Lynch: Oren, Power 137–40. James Finn, wars against Arab/Bedouin warlords of Hebron, Abu Ghosh, fighting and Pasha military expeditions: Finn 230–50. Murders, Holy Fire: Finn diaries 104 and 133–57. On nature of Jerusalem: Finn xxvii, 4, 40–2; on governor’s prison etc. 159–74; Holy Fire fighting 2.458–9; Sudanese guards on Haram 2.237.

Split in Jews between Hassidim and Perushim: Green 116–17; 1839 trip 119–32; Nicholas I and Montefiore 181; 1859–60 purchase of land for Montefiore Cottages 235–57; windmill 324–38; witty reply 1859 to Cardinal Antonelli ‘Not as much as I gave your lackey’ 277. On Montefiore legend in Russia, Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (henceforth Weizmann) 16. David F. Dorr, A Colored Man Round the World by a Quadroon 183–4 and 186–7. G. Flaubert, Notes de voyage in vol. 19 of Les Oeuvres complètes 19. Frederick Brown, Flaubert: A Life 231–9, 247, 256–61; also Elon, Jerusalem 37 and 139–41. Antony Sattin, Winter on the Nile 17–18. Flaubert on Du Camp official mission: Ruth Victor-Hummel, ‘Culture and Image: Christians and the Beginnings of Local Photography in 19th Century Ottoman Palestine’, in Anthony O’Mahony (ed.), Christian Heritage in the Holy Land 181–91.

Americans: Oren Power 236–47. Melville: Melville, Journals 84–94; on Clarel 65–81. Obenzinger, American Palestine 65–82, including Jew mania; Grant/Lincoln 161; on Blyden and Dorr 227–47. Knauf, OJ 74–5. Alexander Kinglake, Eothen 144–58, 161–2. Lynch, Jewish picnic outside walls: Gilbert, Rebirth 51. On Gogol see note 12 above.

14 End of Crimean War, 1850s: Finkel 457–60. Elon, Jerusalem 70–1. Gilbert, Rebirth 67–9, 83–6. Finn 1.2–4, 78, 2.452. Ben-Arieh, 66–8. Hopwood, Russian Presence 1–49. Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 177–204. Gilbert, Rebirth 51. Figes 415–16; Montefiore Balaclava Railway 418; brawl 464–5.

15 Montefiore: all quotations unless otherwise stated are from the Diaries. Green 176–94, 227, 35–53, 59; fifth visit 1857 63–9; Montefiore windmill and almshouses 1860 109–16; death of Judith 140; sixth visit 1866 171–86; Jerusalem views 338; awning for Wailing Wall and removal of slaughterhouse 332–3; pre-Zionist views, Jewish empire 320; negotiations with Ottomans 324. Rothschilds: Montefiore missions funded; Disraeli comment; reluctance to involve in Jordan; Ferguson, 418–422, and 1131. Melville on Montefiore, ‘this Croesus – a huge man of 75’: Melville, Journals 91–4. Hurva Synagogue: Gilbert, Rebirth 98–100. Ben-Arieh, 42–4. Visits and tensions: Finn diaries 197, 244; Montefiore and Col Gawlon Jewish settlements: Green 50–9.

Flaubert, Notes de voyage 19. Brown, Flaubert 231–9, 247, 256–61; also Elon, Jerusalem 37 and 139–41. Flaubert on Du Camp official mission: W. B. Lincoln, Nicholas I, war and death 340–50. Victor-Hummel, ‘Culture and Image’ 181–91.

16 Archaeologists and emperors, spiritual imperialism: Wasserstein 50–65. Robinson: Silberman 37–47, 63–72; Wilson 79–85; Warren 88–99; British Palestine Archaeology 79, 86, 113–27; Bliss on Mount Zion 147–60; German archaeology 165–70. French: Ben-Arieh, 169; frenzy to identify biblical sites 183–5. Saulcy: Goldhill, City of Longing 216. Gilbert, Rebirth, on Robinson and Smith xxii, 4–7 and 65–7; on Warren 128–35; Jewish principality a separate kingdom guaranteed by the Great Powers 128–32. American missionaries and archaeologists, Robinson: Oren, Power 135–7; U. S. Grant and American visitors 236–8. Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version 216–19. Kark on Robinson 29–30. Obenzinger, American Palestine, on Titus Tobler 253. Ben-Arieh, 183–5. Ruth Hummel, ‘Imperial Pilgrim: Franz Josef’s Journey to the Holy Land in 1869’, in M. Wrba (ed.), Austrian Presence in the Holy Land 158–77. Russians: Simon Dixon, ‘A Stunted International: Russian Orthodoxy in the Holy Land in the 19th Century’, draft paper. Romanov pilgrimages: N. N. Lisovoy and P. V. Stegniy, Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle: Dokumenty i materialy 1.125–7; Grand Duke Constantine 1859 visit 128–35. Hopwood, Russian Presence, Grand Duke Constantine 51. Russian pilgrims: Bertha Spafford Vester, Our Jerusalem (henceforth Vester) 86–7. Spiritual imperialism: Wasserstein 50–65.

British, American and German archaeology, Silberman 113–27; 147–53–70; Moabite Stone 100–12; Moses Shapira 131–40. Americans: Obenzinger, American Palestine, 161. Consuls and Selah Merrill: Kark 128–30 and 323–5. British royals: Gilbert, Rebirth 109–14 and 177–80. Rider Haggard, A Winter Pilgrimage 267. Edward Lear in Elon, Jerusalem 142; 1881 Crown Prince Rudolf 144–5. Kitchener/ Gordon: Gilbert, Rebirth 187. Pollock, Kitchener: Saviour of the Realm 29–37 and 31. Kitchener photographs Muristan, in Boas, Jerusalem 160. Gordon in Goldhill, City of Longing 21; Elon, Jerusalem 147; Grabar, 16.

17 1860–9: Hummel, ‘Imperial Pilgrims’ 158–77. Russians: Dixon, ‘A Stunted international.’ Lisovoy and Stegniy, Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle 1.125–45. Hopwood, Russian Presence 51. Vester 86–7. Wasserstein 50–65.

18 Edward W. Blyden, From West Africa to Palestine 9–12 on Jerusalem mind; arrival 165; Holy Sepulchre 166; Bible in hand 170; black Muslims 180; Wall 280–3; second coming 199. Obenzinger, American Palestine 161–2; Blyden and Dorr 227–47. Mark Twain, Mediterranean Hotel and Ariel Sharon: see Haaretz 15 July 2008. Quotations from Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrims’ Progress. Green: Judith Montefiore 140; visit 1866, 171–86; views 338; awning for Wailing Wall and removal of slaughterhouse; 332–3. U. S. Grant, Twain, Lincoln: Oren, Power 189, 236–8, 239–47. On archaeology, picturesque visions, new travel: Mazower Salonica 205–21.

19 Yusuf Khalidi and Ottoman Jerusalem: Alexander Scholch, ‘An Ottoman Bismarck from Jerusalem: Yusuf Diya al-Khalidi’, JQ 24, Summer 2005. K. Kasmieh, ‘The Leading Intellectuals of late Ottoman Jerusalem’, in OJ 37–42. Execution: Warren quoted in Goldhill, City of Longing, 146. Conrad, ‘Khalidi Library,’ OJ 191–209. Arab mansions, Ben-Arieh, 74–6. Martin Drow, ‘The Hammams of Ottoman Jerusalem’, OJ 518–24. Arab mansions: Sharif M. Sharif, ‘Ceiling Decoration in Jerusalem during the Late Ottoman Period: 1856–1917’, in OJ 473–8. Houses, slaves, women: Susan Roaf, ‘Life in 19th-Century Jerusalem’, in OJ 389–414. Clothes: Nancy Micklewright, ‘Costume in Ottoman Jerusalem’, in OJ 294–300. Ott, ‘Songs and Musical Instruments of Ottoman Jerusalem’, in OJ 301–20. Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Al Quds Al Othmaniyah Fi Al Muthakrat Al Jawhariyyeh on Jewish Purim shared with other sects 1.68; Jewish Picnic at Simon the Just tomb and singing of Christian, Muslim and Spanish Jewish songs 1.74; musicians, belly dancers, Jews and Muslims 1.148. Salim Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity: The Times and Lives of Wasif Jawhariyyeh’, and ‘Ottoman Jerusalem in the Jawhariyyeh Memoirs’, JQ 9, Summer 2000. Vera Tamari, ‘Two Ottoman Ceremonial Banners in Jerusalem’, in OJ 317. Joseph B. Glass and Ruth Kark, ‘Sarah la Preta: A Slave in Jerusalem’, JQ 34, Spring 2009. Sephardic Jews shared festivals, circumcision, matzah, welcome after haj, Sephardis pray for rain at request of Muslim leaders, Valero relations with Nashashibis and Nusseibehs: Ruth Kark and Joseph B. Glass, ‘The Valero Family: Sephardi–Arab Relations in Ottoman and Mandatory Jerusalem’, in OJ 21, August 2004. Greek Orthodox anti-Semitism/ Easter songs – reported by British visitors 1896: Janet Soskice, Sisters of the Sinai 237. On Arabs calling Jews ‘Jews sons of Arabs’ see Wasif Jawhariyyeh, diary, note 4, Zionism section. Weddings. Pappe 53 and 97–8.

Nusseibehs’ castle house: Sari Nusseibeh, Country 48–9. Khalidis, Khalidi Library: Nazmi al-Jubeh, ‘The Khalidiyah Library’, JQ 3, Winter 1999. Conrad, ‘Khalidi Library’, OJ 191–205. Author interview with Haifa Khalidi. Ajami, ‘Hidden Treasure’, Saudi Aramco World Magazine. Kasmieh, ‘Leading Intellectuals of Late OttomanJerusalem’, OJ 37–42. Husseinis: Illan Pappe, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn2000; ‘The Husayni Family Faces New Challenges: Tanzimat, Young Turks, the Europeans and Zionism, 1840–1922’, Part 2, JQ 11–12, Winter 2001. New wealth of the Families: Pappe 87–91.

Nahda: Rogan138–9. Nationalism: Krämer 120–8, all nations develop in the light of history, modern articulation of imagined communities etc., but opposition not yet based on Arab Palestinian identity. Nabi Musa: Wasserstein 103. Privatizationof waqfs: Gabriel Baer, ‘Jerusalem Notables and the Waqf’, in Kushner, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period 109–21. Yankee Doodle: Vester 181; Nabi Musa/Sufis 114–17; kerosene lamps 69; Ramadan fair, peepshows, horseraces 118. Clan-fighting around Jerusalem: Rafeq, OJ 32–6.

Photography: Victor-Hummel, ‘Culture and Image’ 181–91.

Abdul Hamid: Finkel 488–512. Herzl onAbdul Hamid. Tuchman292. Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration: the Origins of the Arab–Israeli Conflict (henceforth Schneer), on Abdul-Hamid 17–18. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Eclectic building in imperial age: Kroyanker 101–41. On numbers of foreign monasteries and monks: Mouradian, ‘Les Chrétiens’, in Nicault, Jérusalem 77–204. 17,000 Jews: Brenner 267.

American Colony: this account is based on Vester. Family: Vester 1–64; the Husseini house 93 and 187; Gordon 102–4; Jacob and Hezekiah, Siloam Tunnel 95–8; simples and lunatics 126–41; Dutch countess 89. Detroit News 23 March 1902. See: J. F. Geniesse, American Priestess. OnOvercomers vs Selah Merrill, anti-Semitism: Oren, Power 281–3. Kark 128–30 and 323–5. Husseinis and schools: Pappe 104–7.

Schick and his buildings, new styles of late nineteenth century including French, British, Russian, Greek and Bokhara areas: Kroyanker 101–41. Abdul Hamid: Finkel 488–512. Archaeological national expeditions and rivalries: Silberman 113–27; 147–70; 100–12. Kark on consuls/Selah Merrill 128–30; 323–5.

20 Gilbert, Rebirth 14 and 177–80; Kitchener/Gordon 187. Haggard, Winter Pilgrimage 267. Edward Lear inElon, Jerusalem 142; Rudolf 144–5. Pollock, Kitchener 29–37. Kitchener photographs Boas, Jerusalem 160. Gordon in Goldhill, City of Longing 21; Elon, Jerusalem 147; Grabar, Shape of the Holy 16. Russians: Dixon, ‘A stunted international’. Russians and Westerners: Stephen Graham, With the Russian Pilgrims to Jerusalem (henceforth Graham) – clothes, sea journey, obsession with death 3–10; Montenegrin guide 35; life in Compound 40–2; Romanov visits and charges in Compound 44–6; ludicrous English tourists 55; Holy Sepulchre 62–4; corruption in Jerusalem, the Jew Factory, corrupt degenerate priests 69–76; pageant of Easter and Holy Fire 101–10; Arab women selling booze in Compound 118; Holy Fire 126–8; meetings in the street 130–2. Lisovoi and Stegnii, Rossiia v Sviatoi Zemle 1.125–7; diary of Archimandrite Antonin 1881 and visits of Grand Duke Sergei 1888 1.147–60. Palestine Society and Russian Compound: Hopwood, Russian Presence 70–115. Christopher Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint and Martyr: Sergei character and first visit 85–101; visit with Ella 143–53; Jewish pogrom Moscow 162–6. Tsarist policies and pogroms: Brenner 238–43. Vester 86–7. Jewish aliyah: Ben-Arieh 78. Modernization and Ottoman reforms, Arab reactions: Krämer 120–8. Nusseibeh, Country 48–9. Al-Jubeh, ‘Khalidiyah Library’. Kasmieh, ‘Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem’, OJ 37–42. Anti-Zionist measures: Pappe 115–17.

PART NINE: ZIONISM

1 Herzl, Zionism 1880s: Shindler, History 10–17. Assyrian profile: Jabotinsky quoted in Colin Shindler, The Triumph of Military Zionism 54–61, including Christmas tree. Desmond Stewart, Herzl 171–222, 261–73. Zionism, Herzl, new fashion for racial anti-Semitism: Brenner 256–67. Relations with Rothschilds, Ferguson 800–4. Tuchman 281–309. Jewish majority by 1860?: Paolo Cuneo, ‘The Urban Structure and Physical Organisation of Ottoman Jerusalem in Context of Ottoman Urbanism’, in OJ 218. Hassidics and other groups arrive: Gilbert, Rebirth 118–23 and 165–73; Hebrew culture 185–9, 207–15. Jewish immigration and population figures: Ben-Arieh 31–40 and 78 on First Aliyah figures. First Aliyah, Hess, pogroms and reaction of Tolstoy/Turgenev: Shmuel Ettinger and Israel Bartal, ‘First Aliyah, Ideological Roots and Practical Accomplishments’, in Cathedra 2.197–200. Yemenite aliyah: Nitza Druyon, ‘Immigration and Integration of Yemenite Jews in 1st Aliyah’, in Cathedra 3.193–5. Immigration of Bokharans: author interview with Shlomo Moussaieff. Karl Baedeker (1876), 186 Spanish Jews vs squalid Polish brethen. Kalischer, Alkalai and early proto-Zionists: Green 322–4. Evangelist Zionism: W. E. Blackstone, in Obenzinger, American Palestine 269–70. Herzland Zionism: Gilbert, Rebirth 217–22. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina; Angola and Territorialism: Obenzinger, JQ 2003. Jews in Jerusalem 1895: 28,000; 1905: 35,000; 1914: 45,000: Krämer 102–11, 138; pogroms and rise in Jewish population 197–9. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews, Churchillian Territorialism in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 249. Kark 19–37. Jewish Neighbourhoods: Gilbert, Rebirth 140–5. Tom Segev, One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate 221–3. Jewish suburbs: Ben-Arieh 48–58. Herzl on extra-territorial Temple Mount: Wasserstein 320. Weizmann, Trial and Error: on Herzl style, character, not of people 41, 63; Sir Francis Montefiore, Rothschilds, Herzlian Zionism 62–5. Early Zionist distaste for Jerusalem: Sufian Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”: The Zionist Approach to Jerusalem 1897–1937’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Rothschild bids to buy Wall: Pappe 116–17.

2 Kaiser and Herzl in Jerusalem: New York Times 29 October 1898. Cohen, Sacred Esplanade 216–26. Travel agent Cook: New York Times 20 August 1932. Thomas Cook: Gilbert, Rebirth 154–60. Luxury Thomas Cook and Rolla Floyd tents: Vester 160–1. Luxury tourist tents: Ruth and Thomas Hummel, Patterns of the Sacred: English Protestant and Russian Orthodox Pilgrims of the Nineteenth Century, photograph. Kaiser, Jews and Herzl: John Rohl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy 1888–1900 944–54; on Church of Redeemer 899; I alone know something; all of you know nothing 843; on Jews 784. Kaiser and anti-Semitism: John Rohl, The Kaiser and his Court 190–212; on sexual hijinks at court/poodle 16. German architecture: Kroyanker 24. Visit to Temple Mount: OJ 270–1. Vester 194–8. Silberman 162–3. Sean McMeekin, The Berlin–Baghdad Express, on Kaiser in Jerusalem and letters to tsar 14–16.

Stewart, Herzl 261–73. Goldhill, City of Longing 140. Gilbert, Rebirth 223–7. Modernity, Kaiser and photography: Victor-Hummel, ‘Culture and Image’ 181–91. Photos: OJ 267. Ben-Arieh 76. On Arab politics and Ruhi Khalidi: Marcus, Jerusalem, 1913: Origins of Arab–Israeli Conflict 39–44 and 99. Krämer 111–15. Herzland Uganda: Lord Rothschild’s introduction, Ferguson 802–4. Herzl, Uganda, Lloyd George as lawyer in two applications for Sinai homeland in 1903 and 1906: David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace (henceforth Fromkin) 271–5. Churchillian Territorialism: Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews 249. Zangwill, Galveston settlement, Africa, Argentina, Angola and Territorialism: Obenzinger, JQ 2003 17. Pappe 108–11. Ilan Pappe, ‘Rise and Fall of the Husaynis’, Part 1, JQ 10, Autumn 2000; ‘Husayni Family Faces New Challenges’, Part 2, JQ 11–12, Winter 2001. Wasserstein 320.

Amy Dockser Marcus, Jerusalem 1913: Origins of the Arab–Israeli Conflict 30–60. Yusuf al-Khalidi to Chief Rabbi of France Zadok Khan in Nusseibeh, Country 23. Kasmeh, ‘Leading Intellectuals of Late Ottoman Jerusalem’, OJ 37–42.

3 The portrait of Ben-Gurion throughout the book is based on the biography Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion; David Ben-Gurion, Recollections; Weizmann; Shindler, History and Military Zionism; conversations with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Yaacovy. Ben-Gurion, Recollections 34–43, 59–61. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 1–12, 26–8. Krämer 111–15. Political philosophy, articles in 1914 and 1920: Shindler, History 21–35, 42–4 and 99–101. Weizmann: Herzl Ugandaism and El Arish plans 119–122; meeting with Plehve and Kishinev pogroms 109–18. Protocols of Elders of Zion: David Aaronovitch, Voodoo Histories 22–48. Early Zionist distaste for Jerusalem: Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007.

4 Young Turk Revolution and Arab nationalism: this section is based on Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Al Quds Al Othmaniyah Fi Al Muthakrat Al Jawhariyyeh, vol. 1: 1904–1917, vol. 2: 1918–1948, trans. for this book by Maral Amin Quttieneh (henceforth Wasif). Among the diary entries used are 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Also based on: Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’, JQ 9, Summer 2000. On cafés, atmosphere, women in the city: Salim Tamari, ‘The Last Feudal Lord in Palestine’, JQ 16, November 2002. Salim Tamari, ‘The Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’, JQ 19, October 2003. Antebi: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 50–73. Baedeker on city of no entertainment: Gilbert, Rebirth 154–60. Baedeker (1912) xxii, 19, 57. On Arab nationalism and Young Turk revolution/Khalil Sakakini quote: Norman Rose, A Senseless Squalid War: Voices from Palestine 8. Arab renaissance, disappointed nationalism, Young Turks: Rogan 147–9. Shindler, History 23–8. Young Turks, seizure of power by Committee of Union and Progress, Turkish nationalism, rise of Enver: Efraim Karsh and Inari Karsh, Empires of the Sand: Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East 1789–1923 (henceforth Karsh) 95–117. See also: P. S. Khoury, Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860–1920. On CUP: Mazower, Salonica 272–290. Football/school: Pappe 124–6; early nationalism 127–9; anti-Zionism 39–46.

5 Russian pilgrimage/Rasputin: G. E. Rasputin, Moi mysli i razmyshleniia. Kratkoe opisanie puteshestviya po svyatym mestam i vyzvannye im razmyshleniya po religioznym voprosam 60–74. Garb, journey, deathcaps Graham 3–10; kvass 35; accommodation 44–6; Westerners 55; Sepulchre 62–4; corruption in Jerusalem, 69–76; Easter 101–10; booze in Compound 118; Holy Fire 126–8; street embraces 130–2. Russian shoot-out in Sepulchre; Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (henceforth Gilbert, JTC) 20. Eduard Radzinsky, Rasputin 180–3. Hummel, Patterns of the Sacred 39–61.

6 This account is based on the Parker family archive: special thanks to the present Earl of Morley and his brother the Hon. Nigel Parker for their help and papers. The Times (London) 4 May 1911. New York Times 5 and 7 May 1911. Major Foley, Daily Express 3 and 10 October 1926. Philip Coppens, ‘Found: One Ark of the Covenant?’, Nexus Magazine 13/6, October–November 2006. Silberman 180–8. On riots and high jinks: Vester 224–30. Pappe 142.

7 1910–14. Rogan 147–9. 1908 to rise of Enver: Karsh 95–117. Majower: 280–90 Excitement 1908: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 66–8, 186. Young Turks and Three Pashas: Finkel 526–32. Abdul-Hamid’s clock: Krämer 75. Visit of Pr Eitel Fritz 1910, fight at Sepulchre; Gilbert, JTC 20–4; Zionist settlement and politics 25–40. Jerusalem as Babel by Weizmann 3–4. Wasserstein 70–81. Augusta Victoria: Storrs 296. Enver coup: Karsh 94–101. Pappe 139–150.

8 Jemal Pasha/First World War. Arrival of Pasha, and ‘beautiful’ parade of Mecca Sheikh Sayeed Alawi Wafakieh with green flag, Wasif 1:167. Kress von Kressenstein on Sheikh’s parade and Suez expedition, Sean McMeekin, Berlin–Baghdad Express, 166–179. Jemal, al-Salahiyya, Enver visit: Wasif 1.232. OJ 57–62. Pappe 150–9. Most quotes from Jemal are either from the diaries of his private secretary Falih Rifki quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, ‘An Ottoman Officer in Palestine 1914–18’, in Kushner, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period 403–14, or from Djemal Pasha, Memoirs of a Turkish Statesman 1913–19. Franz von Papen, Memoirs 70. Terror, urban planning in Damascus: Burns, Damascus 263–5. Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz 38–41. Rudolf Hess: Vester 209 and 263. On high politics/military: Karsh 105–17; Suez attacks 141; repression of Zionists, NILI spy-ring 160–70. Krämer 143–7. Finkel 533–40. On war declaration and al-Aqsa allegiance, Count Ballobar and Jemal: Segev, Palestine 15–20. Hanging Mufti of Gaza: Storrs 371; Jews welcome Kressenstein 288; on Ballobar 303. Arrival of Armenians: Hintlian, History of the Armenians in the Holy Land 65–6. Gilbert, JTC 41–5. Jemal character: Vester 259–67; destruction of Jerusalem plan 81; Rudolf Hess in Jerusalem 208–9 and 263. Fromkin: Jemal terror 209–11. Military campaign: Roger Ford, Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East 311–61. Jemal takes Faisal to hangings; Jemal, Enver most ruthless: T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (henceforth Lawrence) 46, 51. The start of the war: George Hintlian, ‘The First World War in Palestine and Msgr. Franz Fellinger’, in Marion Wrba, Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the 19th and Early 20th Century 179–93. Wasserstein 70–81. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70.

9 Death and sex under Jemal. This section is based on the diarists Wasif, Ihsan Turjman, Khalil Sakakini. Political thought, Jerusalem life, nationalism, Jemal and Turkish debauchery, prostitutes in schools, at Turkish parties, on street, Tennenbaum: Salim Tamari, ‘The Short Life of Private Ihsan: Jerusalem 1915’, JQ 30, Spring 2007. Vester, 264–7, 270–1. Wasif 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’, JQ 9, Summer 2000. Adel Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus: The End of Ottoman Rule as Seen by a Palestinian Modernist’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70. On Syrian nationalism and terror: see Khoury, Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism. Pappe 150–9.

Offer of Wailing Wall to Jews: Henry Morgenthau, United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau 1913–1916 400: thanks to George Hintlian for bringing this to my attention. Jemal and Jews/Albert Antebi exiled October 1916; asks Jemal ‘What have you done to my Jerusalem?’: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 138–44; 156–9. Jews, deportations, tired of hangings, Aaronsohn/ NILI: Karsh 166–70. Jemal’s peace offer: Raymond Kevorkian, Le Génocide des Arméniens ch. 7. Prostitution: Vester 264. Leah Tennenbaum and Villa Leah: Segev, Palestine 7. On Jemal, Leah Tennenbaum, feasts, and bons mots on Three Pashas see Conde de Ballobar, Diario de Jerusalén – 26 May 1915 and 9 July 1916. On analysis of Ballobar, see R. Mazza, ‘Antonio de la Cierva y Lewita: Spanish Consul in Jerusalem 1914–1920’, and ‘Dining Out in Times of War’, JQ 40, Winter 2009, and 41, Spring 2010. On ‘bon garçon’ Jemal by Ballobar: Storrs 303–4. See also R. Mazza, Jerusalem from the Ottomans to the British.

10 Portrait of Lawrence is based on Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T. E. Lawrence, until otherwise stated. Lawrence, action and reflection: Wilson, Lawrence 19; on Sherif Hussein 656 and unfit to govern 432; Lawrence views pro-Brit pro-Arab 445; ‘tragi-comic’ demands of Sherif 196; Hogarth on Lawrence as moving spirit of McMahon and Revolt 213; early plan for Jerusalem book of Seven Pillars 74; Jerusalem and Beirut, shop-soiled hotel servants 184–5; on the McMahon letters and negotiations, and plan to include Jerusalem in Egypt 212–18; Gertrude Bell on Lawrence intelligence 232; Lawrence on characters of Abdullah and Faisal 305–9 and 385–7; his concept of guerilla warfare and insurgency 314; killing, Buffalo Bill 446; on sexual comedy 44; 27 Articles on how to lead an Arab insurgency 960–5; clothes 333–5; Sykes 230–3; can’t stand lies 410–12; Sykes–Picot, Lawrence informs Faisal 361–5; Aqaba plan 370–81; executes murderer 383; American description of Lawrence at Versailles 604–5. Lawrence lack of scruples, ‘genius for backing into the limelight’: Margaret Macmillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War 399–401. George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement 8–12, 245–50. Rogan 150–7. Karsh on Lawrence and Arab Revolt: man with the gold 191. Janet Wallach, Desert Queen: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell: imp 299. Hashemite/Sherifian dynasty: Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace 1–10. Schneer 24–6. Lawrence: Storrs 467 and 202. Silberman 190–2. Sherifian descent and family: Lawrence 48; Abdullah too clever 64–7, 219–20; Faisal Arab clothes 129; Lawrence character, ‘brain as quick and silent as a wild cat’ 580–1; egotistical curiosity 583; Faisal pity 582. Arab Revolt: Karsh 199–221; Sykes–Picot 222–43. Karl E. Meyer and S. B. Brysac, Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East on Arab Revolt, Sykes–Picot 107–13. Karsh: 171–221; Sykes–Picot 222–46. Fromkin 218–28; Kitchener and views of Wingate and Storrs 88–105 and 142; Sykes 146–9; McMahon 173–87; Sykes–Picot 188–99. The best detailed account of McMahon remains Elie Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon–Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations. Schneer gives an excellent account 32–48 and 64–74.

11 Arab Revolt/British advance/Falkenhayn: Papen, 7–84. Jemal shows Falkenhayn Dome: OJ 276. Antonius, Arab Awakening 8–12, 245–50. Rogan 150–7. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 1–10. Lawrence: Storrs 467 and 202; Silberman 190–2. On Sherifians: Lawrence 48, 64–7, 219–20, 129, 582; on himself 580–3. Taking of Aqaba and report to Allenby: Wilson, Lawrence 400–20; rape at Deraa 462–4. Arab Revolt: Karsh 171–221; Sykes–Picot 22–43. Meyer and Brysac, Kingmakers 107–13. Fromkin 88–105, 142; Sykes 146–9, 218–28; McMahon 173–87; Sykes–Picot 188–99; Jemal terror 209–11; Jemal bids for power himself 214–15. Jemal peace offer. S. McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express 294–5. Scheer 87–103; on NILI ring 171–2. Enver visit: Wasif 1.232–3. Enver/wartime Jerusalem: Vester 246–71. On spy-rings, Sakakini, Levine, Jemal terror, brothels, NILI: Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005 (quoting Turkish security policeman Aziz Bey). Sakakini and Levine: Segev, Palestine 13–15. Aaronsohn: Fromkin 309. Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 149–51.

12 Balfour, Lloyd George, Weizmann: Documents, motives and process of Declaration drafting: Doreen Ingrams (ed.), Palestine Papers, 1917–1922: Seeds of Conflict 7–18, quoting from William Ormsby-Gore memo on origins Declaration 7–8; on hopes to win Russian/US support; Balfour memo to Cabinet 9; Cabinet minutes 31 October quoting Balfour 16. John Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader 339–57, especially 347–9 on Weizmann; Lloyd George to Weizmann quote; Samuel cold and dry; Asquith to Venetia Stanley on Lloyd George keeping Jerusalem from atheistic France; on Zionism serving British empire 349. R. J. Q. Adams, Balfour: The Last Grandee 330–5. MacMillan, Peacemakers: on Lloyd George character 43–51; on Balfour’s frivolity, silk handkerchief, Jewish genius, Zionism only worthy thing he did 424–6. Krämer 148–54 and 167. Segev, Palestine 33–50. Balfour on propaganda in Russia and America: Rogan 153–6. Weizmann: Hebrew university 100; first meeting with Balfour 143–5; 1906 Jerusalem, university land bought, why Jerusalem, 169–76 and 181; C. P. Scott, Lloyd George’s account not true, may get Jerusalem 190–8; ‘I … a Yid’ 207; opponents of Zionism, Claude Montefiore, Leopold de Rothschild, Edwin Montagu 200–30 and 252; religious old statesmen 226; maze of personal relationships 228; Germany negotiates with Zionists 234–5; drafting of Declaration 252–62; Weizmann mistaken for Lenin 358. Weizmann as well-nourished Lenin: MacMillan, Peacemakers 423. Sykes on Jews/black people, Schneer 44–6; Lloyd George on Samuel’s race, 126; on British Jews, Zionists vs Assimilationists, Rothschilds, Montefiores 124–61, Sykes on Power of Jews 166–8; power to Zion, Armenians, Arabs (Sykes), on possible Ottoman peace 349–59, Curzon quote 350.

German Zionists, negotiations with German Ottomans (Jemal), Talaat’s promise to German ambassador, and British alarm at Zionism as German idea (Sir Ronald Graham); McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express 340–51.

Herbert Samuel, Memoirs 140. Meyer and Brysac, Kingmakers 112–26. Max Egremont, Balfour 293–6. Karsh 247–58. Fromkin 276–301, including Leo Amory on Bible, Brandeis and Wilson. Avi Shlaim, Israel and Palestine 3–24. Lloyd George grabbing Palestine: Rose, Senseless Squalid War 16–17. Karsh 247–58. Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews: Churchill, Weizmann and acetone 23–30; biblical prophet 95. George Weidenfeld, Remembering My Good Friends 201–20, on Weizmann, character and style. Lord Rothschild support for Zionism: Ferguson 977–81. Early Zionist views: Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”,’ JQ 32, Autumn 2007.

13 Fall of city/surrender. Allenby’s orders from Lloyd George, Jerusalem by Christmas: Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader 339–43. Germans unmoved by withdrawal, Storrs 303–5; mayor well bred 292. Alter Levine and Sakakini: Marcus, Jerusalem 1913 149–51. Levine and Sakakini, Sakakini quote on artillery: Segev, Palestine 30. Moshe Goodman, ‘Immortalizing a Historic Moment: The Surrender of Jerusalem’, in Cathedra 3.280–2. Vester 273–80. Husseinis meeting; marriageable virgins; blouse and bedsheets: Pappe 162–6. Diary of Bishop Mesrob Neshanian quoted in Hintlian, ‘First World War in Palestine and Msgr. Franz Fellinger’, in Wrba, Austrian Presence 179–93. Rumours, debate with Sakakini, Germans vs Turks on surrender: Tamari, ‘Last Feudal Lord in Palestine’, JQ 16, November 2002. Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus’, JQ 22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005. Diary: K. Sakakini 20 January 1920. Arab Syrian nationalism: Nasser Eddin Nashashibi, Jerusalem’s Other Voice: Ragheb Nashashibi and Moderation in Palestinian Politics 1920–1948 (henceforth Nashashibi) 134–5, 130–1; Ben-Gurion and Alami on small sofa 69. Faisal and Weizmann: Krämer 158–62. Carriage stolen from American Colony: Frederick Vester to Storrs 14 March 1919, American Colony Hotel archive. Anti-Semitic frenzy of Turks in Jerusalem: Ballobar, Diario 30 November 1917.

14 Allenby: Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader 342–5. Wasif 2.280. Storrs 305–7. Lawrence 330; on Jerusalem 341, 553; Lawrence rape at Deraa, entry into city, thoughts of rape as Allenby speaks; effects of rape trauma later 668. Absurdly boyish: Wilson, Lawrence 459–66: Gilbert, JTC 45–61. Segev, Palestine 23–4 and 50–5. Allenby’s book: Meyer and Brysac, Kingmakers 109. Allenby and Storrs in Jerusalem: Fromkin 308–29. War Office advice: Elon, Jerusalem 167. Vester 278–80. Allenby and Crusader comments to Husseini and to Nusseibehs: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 426–7. Thanks to my cousin Kate Sebag-Montefiore for researching William Sebag-Montefiore’s role in Palestine. Thanks to Peter Sebag-Montefiore and his daughter Louise Aspinall for the private archive of Major Geoffrey Sebag-Montefiore: reports quoted of 24 April 1918 (sex with local women); VD prevalent 11 June 1918; VD rampant 16 June 1918; guarding holy places 23 June 1918; Desert Mounted Corps in brothels 29 June 1918; brothels troublesome and VD rampant 14 July 1918; brothels moved, thirty-seven arrested 18 August 1918; women astray 1 September 1918; brothels VD, nothing else to report 8 September 1918; Australians in brothels 13 October 1918 and 18 November 1918. Pappe 165–75: Maghrebis interested in sale of Wall 234.

15 Storrs, most brilliant: Lawrence 56–7. Lawrence visits and meets Lowell Thomas: Wilson, Lawrence 489; Faisal and Lawrence’s attitude to Zionism, hope for Zionist Jewish advisers and financiers for Faisal Syria, Lawrence on Zionism and letter to Sykes, Faisal meetings with Weizmann near Aqaba and in London 442–4, 513–14, 514 and 576–7; on 12 December 1918 meeting in London, Faisal and Weizmann, Faisal says there is room in Palestine for 4–5 million Jews 593. Shindler, Military Zionism 61–7. Ben-Gurion article ‘Towards the Future’ on sharing Palestine, on Jabotinsky and article ‘Iron Wall’ 1923: Shindler, History 26–30; Jabotinsky, Fascists, Duce as buffalo 131. Weizmann: Jabotinsky 86; on Allenby, Storrs, Protocols of Elders of Zion 265–81, 273; on Faisal meetings and Lawrence 293–6; founding of Hebrew University 296; Nabi Musa riots 317–21. Protocols of Elders of Zion: Aaronovitch, Voodoo Histories 22–48. Early Zionist attitude: Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007. Pappe 166–87: Grand Muftiship; Husseini estates’ involvement with King Faisal; Musa Kazem’s career 111–12; Amin in Damascus 170–1; Nabi Musa 189–203.

16 Herbert Samuel, arrival: Storrs 352–8 and 412–14. Stiffish character: Segev, Palestine 155. Oyster: Schneer 122–6. Cold, dry: Lloyd George quoted in Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader 348. Wooden: Edward Keith-Roach, Pasha of Jerusalem 73. Chaim Bermant, The Cousinhood: The Anglo-Jewish Gentry 329–54. Politics: Krämer 213–24. Segev, Palestine 91–9. Gilbert, JTC 88. Samuel, Memoirs 154–75. Luke and Keith-Roach, Handbook of Palestine 86–101. Jabotinsky, revisionism: Shindler, Military Zionism 50, 61–5, 85–92; Samuel and watering down of Balfourism 1–32. Political philosophy of evolution, socialist cooperation and move towards ruthless pragmatism, strongman of Zionism, articles in 1914 and 1920: Shindler, History 21–35. Abu Zaida, ‘“A Miserable Provincial Town”’, JQ 32, Autumn 2007.

17 Churchill: Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life 428–38; also Gilbert, JTC 92. Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews, WSC boyhood essay 1; as Manchester MP and early meetings with Weizmann 7–15; Zionism and First World War 24–33; on article on International Jew 37–44, quoting Sunderland speech and Illustrated Sunday Herald 8 February 1920; colonial secretary trip to Cairo and Jerusalem 45–64; Rutenberg concession 78–85; created Transjordania ‘one Sunday afternoon’ 109. Faisal and Abdullah kingdoms: Shlaim, History 11–20. Lawrence as adviser, Hussein crass: Wilson, Lawrence 540; Sherifian solution, Cairo conference and Jerusalem meetings with Abdullah, Lawrence on Churchill 643–63 and 674. Karsh 309–25, especially 314–16, 318. Rogan 178–85. Fromkin 424–6, 435–48, 504–29. Khoury, Urban Notables and Arab-Nationalism 80–90. Cairo: Wallach, Desert Queen 293–301. Segev, Palestine 143–5. Krämer 161–3. Saudis vs Sherifians: Rogan 179–84. On Lawrence and Last Crusade: Fromkin 498–9. Faisal, Lawrence and Zionism: Weizmann 293–6. Thomas and Lawrence: Oren, Power 399–402.

18 Husseini vs Nashashibi. Portraits written with reference to Mahdi Abdul Hadi (ed.), Palestinian Personalities: A Biographical Dictionary. Mufti, character, career: Pappe 169–73; selection of mayor and mufti 201, 212–45. Gilbert Achcar, The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab–Israeli War Narratives, (henceforth Achcar) on Mufti policies and character 123–0; on megalomania 127, on variety of Arab opinions, liberals, Marxist nationalists, Islamicists 41–123; quote 52. On political parties, on blond mufti, jokes without laughter: author interview with Nasser Eddin Nashashibi. Nashashibi 14–19; election of mufti 38 and 126–8; mufti leader 79; differences between mufti and Nashashibi 75; Nashashibi brought down by Sir Arthur Wauchope 32. Wasserstein 324–7. Krämer 200–7 and 217–22. On Notables and rivalries: Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War 13–14. Mufti, poacher, British intimidated: Weizmann 342. Totalitarianism enlightened: Keith-Roach quoted in Segev, Palestine 4–9. Mufti, cause just, method unwise and immoral: John Glubb Pasha A Soldier with Arabs 41. Sole qualifications, pretension of family: Edward Keith-Roach, Pasha of Jerusalem 94. Sari Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country: disastrous 36. Projection of holinesss and importance of Haram for nation: Krämer 237 and redemption of the land 251–3; family political parties 239–40. Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’, JQ 9, Summer 2000. Tamari, ‘Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’, JQ 19, October 2003. On Haile Selassie and kings: John Tleel, ‘I am Jerusalem: Life in the Old City from the Mandate Period to the Present’, JQ 4, Spring 1999. Amos Oz, A Tale of Love and Darkness (henceforth Oz) 23, 38–42, 62, 118–19, 307, 324, 325, 329. Partition plans: Wasserstein 108–12. Shlaim, Israel and Palestine 25–36. ‘Harem Beauties Drive Fords thro Jerusalem’, Boston Sunday Herald 9 July 1922. British dislike Jews: John Chancellor quoted in Rose, Senseless Squalid War 31; easy to see why Arabs preferred to Jews, Richard Crossman 32. High British life and George Antonius’ swinging party: Segev, Palestine 342–5; Ben-Gurion, evolving views and proposals to Musa Alami and George Antonius 275–7. Stalin/Birobidzhan: Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar and Young Stalin; Arkady Vaksberg, Stalin against the Jews 5.

19 Buraq Uprising and after: Wasif 2.484. Pappe 233–45. Achcar 128–133. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 39–43. Ilan Pappe, ‘Haj Amin and the Buraq Revolt’, JQ 18, June 2003. Shindler, Military Zionism 94–104. Keith-Roach, Pasha 119–22. Nusseibeh 31. Rogan 198–201. Krämer 225–37. Segev, Palestine 296–333. Gilbert, JTC 119–28. A. J. Sherman, Mandate Days: British Lives in Palestine 73–93. Mufti visits Nazi consul: Jeffrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World 16–17 and 29. Koestler quotes: Michael Scammell, Koestler: The Indispensable Intellectual 55–65. Ben-Gurion, evolution, socialism, pragmatism: Shindler, History 21–35.

White Paper, Black Letter, Passfield: Weizmann 409–16; deposed as president 417–22. Fall of Weizmann, rise of Ben-Gurion, Jabotinsky as Il Duce: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 59–67.

20 British Mandate life. Architecture: Kroyanker 143–65. Boston Sunday Herald 9 July 1922. British anti-Semitism: John Chancellor quoted in Rose, Senseless Squalid War 31; Richard Crossman 32. High British life, Antonius’ party: Segev, Palestine 342–50; author interview with Nasser Eddin Nashashibi. Kai Bird, Crossing Mandelbaum Gate (henceforth Bird), including ‘she was naughty’ quote, open marriage 16–19 and 22–42. Colonel P. H. Massy, Eastern Mediterranean Lands: Twenty Years of Life, Sport and Travel 69–70. Hunting etc.: Keith-Roach, Pasha 89; modern city, beauty parlour 95; Plumer and Chancellor good-looking actor 99/100. Brawl between Latins and Greeks with umbrella: Harry Luke, Cities and Men: An Autobiography 207; staff 213; life 241–5; toastmaster 218. King David Hotel: Gilbert, JTC 101–19 and 130. Private aeroplane: John Bierman and Colin Smith, Fire in the Night: Wingate of Burma, Ethiopia and Zion 79. Plumer and Chancellor: Segev, Palestine 289. Café life: Tamari, ‘Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’, JQ 19 October 2003. Neighbourhoods: Oz, Tale 23, 38–42. The May family: Miriam Gross, ‘Jerusalem Childhood’, Standpoint September 2010. Burial of Grand Duchess Ella: Warwick, Ella 302–12; Luke, Cities and Men 214.

The Families and the British: Storrs 423–5. Nusseibeh, Country 28–36, 62. Krämer 257–66. Congreve: Segev, Palestine 9; Wauchope and new Government House, duck-shooting 342–8. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites: exhilarating city 52; Katy Antonius 133; houses, bookshops, families, white suits 409–25; no choice but armed rebellion 44–7. Immigration figures: Segev, Palestine 37. Churchill and Moyne visit King David Hotel: Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews 102; Woodhead Commission and increase in population of Arabs and Jews 152; partnership and characters of Ben-Gurion and Weizmann 76–9; negotiations with Musa Alami 82–7; on love life 118–19. On Ben-Gurion books and reading: author conversation with Shimon Peres. On Ben-Gurion Napoleon joke: conversation with Itzik Yaacovy. Weizmann character and attitude to Ben-Gurion: Weidenfeld, Remembering my Good Friends 201–20. Achcar, variety of Arab opinons, nationalists, liberals, Marxists, Islamicists 41–123. Mufti and Zionist proposal for shared states and two-tier legislatives: Pappe 226–8.

21 Arab Rebellion: Krämer 259–65. Rogan 204–7. Morris, 1948 18–20. Achcar 133–40; on breadth of Arab opinions 41–133. Tarboush and gangs: Nashashibi 97–103 and 46–57. Wasif 2.539–49. Ruthless methods: Segev, Palestine 350–2, 361–74, 382–8, 402, 414–43. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 42–9: first shots. Revolt, Wingate, like Lawrence: Weizmann 489–91 and 588. Destruction of compromise and Judah Magnes: Oren, Power 436–8. Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, 20–2, 33–5 Abd al-Kadir Husseini, portrait written with reference to Hadi, Palestinian Personalities. Pappe quoted 278; on mufti violence 246–82; Abd al-Kadir 225; 260–2; 269; 292–6.

22 Wingate and Dayan, Arab Rebellion: Wasif 2.539–49. Ruthless methods: Segev, Palestine 400–2, 414–43. Bierman and Smith, Fire in the Night 29–30, 55–130. Moshe Dayan, Story of my Life (henceforth Dayan) 41–7; Montgomery executions: Rose, Senseless Squalid War 45. Walid Khalidi, From Haven to Conquest, 20–2, 33–5. Dayan: Ariel Sharon, Warrior 76, 127, 222.

Revolt, restraint: Segev, Palestine 420–43; Wingate, negotiations 489–91 and 588. Wasserstein 115–16. Ben-Gurion emergence as strongman of Zionism: Shindler, History 21–35; restraint 35–6; Sadeh and Wingate 36–8. St James’s Palace conference/White Paper/war: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 93–105. Moderates undermined: Oren, Power 436–8. Jerusalem lost to Arabs 17 October 1938: Pappe 287; Abd al-Kadir Husseini 292–6.

23 Mufti in Berlin, Second World War: Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World, with Hitler 73–9, 185–9; with Himmler 199–203. Views on Holocaust and Jews: Morris, 1948 21–2. Achcar: mufti’s extremist views; mufti’s views unrepresentative of Arab views 140–52. Pappe 305–17. Decadence Asmahan: Mansel, Levant 306–7; Philip Mansel, Asmahan, Siren of the Nile (unpublished ms). Wartime: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 49–51. Rogan 246–50. Dayan 48–74. Krämer 307–10. Pappe 305–17. Second World War Jewish fears; Wasif 2.558–60; Abd el-Kadir Husseini 2.601–2. Musa Budeiri, ‘A Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold: The Battle for Jerusalem in the Memoirs of Anwar Nusseibeh’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Begin parochial not poetical: Rose, Senseless Squalid War 63–5. Koestler quotes on Begin/Ben-Gurion: Scammell, Koestler 331. Begin’s military Zionist clash with Jabotinsky: Shindler, Military Zionism 205–12, 219–23, Begin’s character and ideology including quote on hunter from ex-Israeli ambassador to Britian and paraphrased quote on maximalist ideology, emotional Judaism: Shindler, History 147–150. Pappe 323–7. Menachem Begin, The Revolt (henceforth Begin) 25; shofar at Wall 88, 91; Descartes 46–7; attacks in Jerusalem 49, 62; operations and United Command 191–7; King David 212–20. Christopher Andrew, Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 352–66, including King David bomb 353. Population 93,000: Wasserstein 121; MacMichael plan 116; Fitzgerald/Gort plan 120–3; Truman/Anglo-American Commission 122; population 100,000 128. Katy Antonius parties: author interview with N. Nashashibi. Stalin and FDR at Yalta: S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace 343. Vaksberg, Stalin Against the Jews 139. FDR, Stalin and Truman on Zionism: Morris, 1948 24–5. Churchill and Stalin to Jerusalem: Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill 7.1046–7, 1050, 1064 – thanks to Sir Martin Gilbert for bringing this to my attention. Truman and founding of Israel: quotes from David McCullough, Truman 415 and 595–620. Truman, character: Oren, Power 475–7. Lord Moyne, East Prussia offer: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 106. Katy Antonius, divorce, death of George, relationship with Barker: Segev, Palestine 480, 499; also Katy Antonius obituary, The Times 8 December 1984; author interview with N. Nashashibi; Bird 16–19 and 37–43.

24 1947/Farran: Rogan 251–62. Krämer 310–12. Pappe 328–41. Gilbert, JTC 186–271. Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews, speech ‘senseless squalid war’ 261–7. The Farran story is based on David Cesarani, Major Farran’s Hat: Murder, Scandal and Britain’s War against Jewish Terrorism 1945–8: Montgomery’s crackdown and rising terrorism 10–58; Farran character 63–81; policing style and kidnapping 90–8; trial 173–4. The Times 6 June 2006 obituary. Ben-Gurion price of statehood: Wasserstein 125. Montgomery at Katy Antonius: author interview with N. Nashashibi. Truman ‘Biblical scholar’: Clark Clifford quoted in Rose, Senseless Squalid War 73. US-Soviet attitude to Palestine: Morris, 1948 24–5. McCullough, Truman 415, 595–620. Truman, put an underdog on top: Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews 266. Anti-Jewish comments by British officials: Efraim Karsh, Palestine Betrayed quoting Cunningham 75. Katy Antonius and Barker: Segev, Palestine 480, 499; also Katy Antonius obituary, The Times 8 December 1984; author interview with N. Nashashibi: Bird 16–18 and 37–43. Churchill on anti-Semitism among British officials: Gilbert C hurchill, and the Jews 190; Irgun vilest gangsters 270. British security forces: Andrew, Defence of the Realm 352–66; Keith Jefferey, MI6 689–97.

25 1947–May 1948, Deir Yassin and Abd al-Kadir Husseini: Rogan 251–62. Wasserstein 133–424; Nigel Clive quote on clapping children, 150. Abd al-Kadir Husseini, character: Hadi, Palestinian Personalities.

Ben-Gurion: Oz, Tale 424. Dayan 48–74. Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (henceforth Rabin): childhood 1–10; battle for Jerusalem 16–27. Krämer 310–12. Gilbert, JTC 186–271. Nusseibeh, Country 38–56, including appeal to Abdullah; heroic Abd al-Kadir Husseini 52–4; fighting after UN vote 43; father shot 56. Fighting at Montefiore between Jews, Arab and British: during the Montefiore battle, 10 February 1948: Avraham-Michael Kirshenbaum was killed by British sniper at Montefiore Battle. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 64–5. End of Mandate: Wasif 2.603–5. Abd el-Kadir Husseini: Wasif 2.601–2. Budeiri, ‘Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Abdullah: Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 20–49. On Gaza Palestine government: Shlaim, Israel and Palestine 37–53. Oz, Tale 318–21; Ben-Gurion diary quoted at 333; UN vote 343. On mufti’s role: Achcar 153–6.

This account of the war is based on Morris, 1948, including Plan D 121; also on Shindler, History; Pappe 336–41; Rogan; Nakhba personal account by Wasif. Wasif 2.603–5. War, Abd al-Kadir Husseini and breakdown: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 59–77. Declaration of independence and choice of state names: Shindler, History 38–42; Ben-Gurion’s views 43–4 and 99–100; war and troop numbers 46. Arab Liberation Army, 5,000 troops maximum: Morris, 1948: 90; Jerusalem under Abd al-Kadir Husseini 91; civil war 93–132, including Plan D 122; Husseini poem and Kastel, mutilation of bodies at Kastel 121–5; Deir Yassin 126–8; 13 April attack on Hadassah ambulances 128–9; battle for Jerusalem 129–32. Bertha Spafford Vester and intervention in Arab ambush of Hadassah convoy: Bird 11. Abd al-Kadir Husseini, Deir Yassin and revenge and postcards of corpses, Plan D: Rogan 255–61. War 262–9 and the Catastrophe, Nakhba, origin of word Achcar 268–9. Katy Antonius mansion and letters found: Segev 480, 499. Bird 16 and 37–43. Battle of Jerusalem: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 164–70. Abd al-Kadir Husseini and brother Khaled: Pappe 334–5.

26 Unless stated otherwise, this account of the war is based on Morris, 1948; Rogan 262–9, Pappe 323–41; and Shindler, History 45–9. Regular war 1948–9, Abdullah: Abdullah bin Hussein, King of Jordan, Memoirs 142–203. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 20–49. Storrs 135. Luke, Cities and Men 243 and 248. Abdullah: Lawrence 67–9, 219–21. On Abdullah character: Hussein bin Talal, King Hussein of Jordan, Uneasy Lies the Head 1–18. Rabin 16–27. John Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, on Abdullah 50–5, 271–5; the battle 105–31; on Jerusalem 43–4, 213. Abdullah, ‘I want to be the rider’: Karsh, Palestine Betrayed 96. Burial of Hussein I in Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem 358. The account of Abdullah and negotiations is based on Avi Shlaim, The Collusion across the Jordon, and Benny Morris, The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. Krämer 315–19. Destruction in Jewish Quarter: Elon, Jerusalem 81.

Assassination: author interview with witness N. Nashashibi. Hussein, Uneasy Lies the Head 1–9. Glubb, Soldier with the Arabs 275–9; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 398–417. Pappe on assassination, and Musa al-Husseini 313 and 343–5. Nusseibeh, Country 62–75. Nashashibi 20–1, 215–20. Budeiri, ‘Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Split Jerusalem: Nusseibeh, Country 59–64; Jordanian city 64–94. Oz, Tale 369–70. Fall of Jerusalem: Begin 160. King of Jerusalem: Wasserstein 165; nobody takes Jerusalem 169; Nabi Musa 188; lions and zoo 182. Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 59–77. Weizmann, Swiss president, Weidenfeld Jerusalem campaign: Weidenfeld, Remembering My Good Friends 201–20. Author interviews with Lord Weidenfeld. Let Jews have Jerusalem: Churchill quoted by John Shuckburgh in Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews 292. Weizmann on dislike of Jerusalem as president: Weizmann 169. Battle of Jerusalem: Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion 164–70. Truman, ‘I am Cyrus’: Oren, Power 501.

27 King Hussein 1951–67. Succession and early reign: Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 49; PLO 218–27; war 235–51. Nigel Ashton, King Hussein of Jordan: A Political Life (henceforth Ashton) 13–26; war 113–20. Hussein, Uneasy Lies the Head 110. Mufti’s last visit March 1967; Pappe 346; Arafat, Mufti’s heir 337. Renovations of Dome etc.: Cresswell in OJ 415–21. Author interview with Princess Firyal of Jordan. Goldhill, City of Longing 38. Nusseibeh, Country 62–8; father’s career 72–5; rise of Arafat, Fatah 62–94. Budeiri, ‘Chronicle of a Defeat Foretold’, JQ 3, Winter/Spring 2001. Oz, Tale 70. Mandelbaum Gate – not gate not Mandelbaum, snipers, divided city/ population: Wasserstein 40, 180–2, 191–2, 200. Life in divided Jerusalem, Mandelbaum Gate, return of Katy Antonius, small town, Bertha Spafford Vester: Bird 10–11; Katy Antonius, dragon and flirt, café 16–20; quotation by Kai Bird on ‘jarring series of ad hoc fences’ 19; Mandelbaums 20–4; Russian émigré vs Soviet Churches and CIA payments 32, including Kai Bird quotation on Cold War in Jerusalem (as ardently as Berlin alleyways); Orient House hotel 33.

Nasser discusses Jerusalem: author interview with N. Nashashibi. Orthodox Jews: Yakov Lupo and Nitzan Chen, ‘The Ultra-Orthodox’, in O. Ahimeir and Y. Bar-Simon-Tov (eds), Forty Years in Jerusalem 65–95. Also: Yakov Loupo and Nitzan Chen, ‘The Jerusalem Area Ultra-Orthodox Population’, ms. Elon, Jerusalem 189–94. Ben-Gurion and Eichmann: interview with Yitzhak Yaacovy. Haram quiet, few Muslim visitors in 1950s: Oleg Grabar, Sacred Explanade 388. Hussein, PLO, United Kingdom plan: Nusseibeh, Jerusalemites 133–53.

28 Six Day War: this is based on Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East; Tom Segev, 1967: Israel, the War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan; Jeremy Bowen, Six Days: How the 1967 War Shaped the Middle East; and Rogan 333–43, including Nasser–Amer conversation; and Nasser hope to claim victory without war, post-war Palestinian nationalism/Arafat 343–53. Nasser not Abdullah: Nashashibi 228. Shlaim, Lion of Jordan 235–51. Ashton 113–20. Dayan 287–381. Gilbert, JTC 272–97. Dayan personality: Shindler, History 101. On Dayan: author conversation with Shimon Peres. Michael Bar-Zohar, Shimon Peres: A Biography 87–90. Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion on Dayan’s sex life 118–19. Dayan character: Ariel Sharon, Warrior 76, 127, 222.

29 Wall liberated: Dayan 13–17. On Dayan: author conversation with Shimon Peres. Ashton 118–20, Shlaim, Lion of Jordon 248–51 and 258. Hussein weeps for city: Noor, Queen of Jordan, Leap of Faith, 75–7.

EPILOGUE

1 1967–present: population Wasserstein 212, 328–38; peace plans 345; white flight of secular Jews, falling proportion of Jews from 74 per cent in 1967 to 68 per cent in 2000. Forty peace plans for Jerusalem: Shlaim, Israel and Palestine 229, also 25–36; on Jerusalem 253–60. Population in 2000 including 140,000 Orthodox Jews: Loupo and Chen, ‘Ultra-Orthodox’, Ahimeir and Bar-Simon-Tov, Forty Years in Jerusalem 65–95. Population 2008: figures based on Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. After 1967 and Resolution 339 Rogan 242. ‘Jerusalem’s Settlements’, The Economist 3 July 2010 ‘Jerusalem Mayor Handing City to Settlers’ Haaretz,22 February 2010 and ‘Jerusalem Master Plan’, Haaretz, 28 June 2010. Jerusalem Syndrome: Yair Bar-El et al., British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000) 86–90.

2 This cursory account of the political developments since 1967 is based, unless otherwise stated, on: Krämer; Rogan; Shindler, History. Arafat and Fatah: Rogan 343–53; Hussein recognition of PLO to West Bank 378; First Intifada, Hamas and Nusseibeh and Faisal Husseini roles 429–37 and 465–7; Netanyahu settlements 476; Second Intifada 478–9. PLO years: Achcar 211–31. Pappe: Arafat 337 and 351 (Husseini connection); Faisal al-Husseini 348–9. On ideology of settlement of Jerusalem and West Bank: Ariel Sharon, Warrior 354–72; ‘how to secure Jerusalem as permanent capital of the Jewish people … to create an outer ring of development around Arab neighbourhoods’ 359; ‘flow of pioneering nationalism’ 364. On Menachem Begin and redemptionist/maximalist Judaism: Shindler, History 147–50. On peace talks: Shlomo Ben-Ami, Scars of War, Wounds of Peace, on Sadat and Begin 146–71; the Oslo talks and Arafat on Jerusalem 247–84. In my conclusion, I have been greatly helped by the following outstanding works on history, nationalism and cities: Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand, Ottoman Jerusalem: Living City 1517–1917; Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean; Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts; Adam LeBor, City of Oranges: Jews and Arabs in Jaffa. Palestinian portraits written with reference to: Hadi, Palestinian Personalities. Modern Russian links to Jerusalem: ‘Where Pity Meets Power’, The Economist 19 December 2009. Archaeology: see Raphael Greenberg, ‘Extreme Exposure: Archaeology in Jerusalem 1967–2007’, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2009, vol. 11, 3–4, 262–81.

Islamic, Christian and Jewish fundamentalism: On American millennial speculation about Armageddon; Sarah Palin, Pentecostalists’ view on Second Coming; Latter Rain prophecies; America as new Jerusalem: Sarah Curtis, ‘Sarah Palin’s Jerusalem and Pentecostal faith’, Colloquy Text Theory Critique 17 (2009) 70–82. Numbers 19, modern apocalyptic expectations. Lawrence Wright, ‘Letter from Jerusalem: Forcing the End’, New Yorker 20 July 1998. Marwan Mosque vs Temple Tunnel, Temple Institute parallel to Northern Islamic Movement, plan to bury Arafat on Haram: Benjamin Z. Kedar and Oleg Grabar, ‘Epilogue’, in Sacred Esplanade 379–88. Islamicism, Hamas Charter, Protocols: Achcar 233–40. Protocols of Elders of Zion: Aaronovitch, Voodoo Histories 22–48, including Hamas Charter. On Palestinian denial of Jewish heritage: Ben-Ami 247–84; ‘PA study claims Kotel was never part of Temple Mount, Jerusalem Post, 23 November 2010.

On challenges of the division of Jerusalem in one or two states: Michael Dumper, ‘Two State Plus: Jerusalem and the Binational Debate’, JQ 39, Autumn 2009. Sari Nusseibeh, ‘Haram al-Sharif’, in Sacred Esplanade 367–73. Sepulchre: Nusseibeh, Country 72. Religions ignore each other: Ethan Bronner, ‘Jews and Muslims Share Holy Season in Jerusalem’, New York Times 28 September 2008. Quotations from author’s conversations/with Shimon Peres, Amos Oz, Rabbi S. Rabinowitz, Wajeeh al-Nusseibeh, Aded al-Judeh, Adeb al-Ansari and Naji Qazaz.