Jerusalem: The Biography

INDEX

Aachen, 379n

Aaron, 86n

Abbas (uncle of the Prophet), 186–7

Abbas, Mahmoud, 507–9, 518n

Abbasid dynasty, 188–90, 194–5, 403

Abcarius Bey, 400n

Abd al-Malik, Caliph, 27n, 172n, 181–4, 188, 190

Abdi-Hepa, King, 14–15

Abdul-Aziz al-Saud, see Saud

Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan, 362, 364, 377, 384, 402, 424

Abdullah, King of Jordan, 402–3, 406, 432–3, 441, 448, 468, 470, 513

assassination, 484–5

and Israeli war, 474–83

Abdullah II, King of Jordan, 492, 513

Abdullah, Saud, K, see Saud

Abdullah Pasha, 323

Abdulmecid, Sultan, 330, 348

Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of, 334

Abibaal, King of Tyre, 25

Abishag, 25

Aboukir Bay, Battle of, 312

Abraham, 16, 27n, 39n, 45n, 86, 152n and Islam, 170, 182, 185

Abraham’s Vineyard, 335

Absalom, 23–4

Absalom’s Pillar, 24n, 195

Abu al-Abbas, Caliph, see al-Saffah Abu Bakr, 171–2

Abu Dis, 507

Abu Ghosh, 308–9, 346, 363

Abu Muslim, 187–8

Abu Saad, 200n

Abu Sulayman Dawud, 243

Abu Ubayda, 172, 404

Abyssinia, 453n

Achcar, Gilbert, 435, 455n

Acra fortress, 62, 65–7

Acre, 310–11, 315, 322, 456

Crusader siege, 255–8

and Crusaders, 209, 213n, 216–17, 227, 233, 236, 239, 243, 249, 255–8, 263, 265n, 267, 269–70

and Mamluk conquest, 277–8, 279

Napoleonic siege, 316–17

see also Ptolemais

Actian Games, 83

Actium, Battle of, 81, 88

Adam, 17, 27n, 152n, 170, 182, 185

Adams, John, President, 337, 374

Adelaide, Queen of Jerusalem, 217–18

Adhemar of Le Puy, Bishop, 210–11

Adiabene, Helena, Queen of, see Helena

Adonijah, 25

Adonizedek, King, 18

Aegean Sea, 15, 18

Aelia Capitolina, 134–5, 137–8, 140, 145–7

Afdal, Sultan, 247–8, 264, 437, 502

Afdaliyya Madrassa, 264

Afghanistan, 54, 161, 187, 406

Agnes, Queen Mother, 237, 243–4

Agrippina, Empress, 116, 120

Ahab, King, 31–2

Ahaz, King, 33–4

al-Ahd, 403

Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 48n Ahmed Duzhdar Aga, 351

Ahmet Jazzar Pasha, the Butcher, see Jazzar, Pasha, Ahmet

Aibeg, Sultan, 272n

Aisha, 171

Akeldama, 109, 227, 389

Akhenaten, pharaoh, 14, 15n

Akhmon, Arik, 494

Akiba, Rabbi, 135–6

Alami family, 360, 446

Musa al-Alami, 447

Sheikh al-Alami, 255n

Alamut, 203n

Alapaesk, 444n

Alaska, 382n

Alchelai, Rabbi Yehuda Hai, 374

Aleppo, 220, 234, 254, 264, 271n, 276, 291, 303, 405, 416n

Alexander the Great, 52–5, 57, 72, 82n, 106n, 133

Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 340

Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 347, 350n, 353, 368

Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 368–9

Alexander Jannaeus, King, 69–70, 71n, 106n, 233n

Alexander, Prince, 88–9, 93n

Alexander, Michael Solomon, 334

St Alexander Nevsky Church, 135n, 147n, 369, 386

Alexandra, 79–81, 83

Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 369, 386n, 387n, 444n

Alexandria, 54–6, 60, 62, 74, 76–7, 81–2, 122, 124, 126, 144–5, 164, 239, 281, 333

Alexandrium fortress, 81, 89

Alexei, Tsarevich, 385

Alexios, Emperor, 209

Ali (Caliph), 178, 180, 187–8, 194

Ali, King, 432n

Ali Bey, 310

Aliyah, 369–70, 375, 383

Allenby, General Sir Edmund, 1st Viscount, 355n, 408–9, 414–21, 425–6, 486n, 496

Allenby Barracks, 463

Almohads, 240

al-Qaeda, 447

Alter family, 486n

Alypius, 150

Amaury, King of Jerusalem, 237–43, 249, 256n, 265

Amaury of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, 165n

Amel-Marduk, King of Babylon, 45–6

al-Amer, Field Marshal Abdel-Hakim, 492–5, 492, 495

American Colony, 365–6, 408n, 417–18, 473, 488, 496, 506

American evangelists, 336–9

Amman, 475, 478, 485, 487, 493

Ammunition Hill, 496

Amnon, 23–4, 56n

Amr ibn al-As, 173, 177, 179n

Amra, 185

Amsterdam, 302

Anabaptists, 297

Ananias, 70n

Ananus, 119, 123–5

Anatolia, 55, 209, 234, 277, 284, 396, 405n

Andrew, Princess, of Greece, 454n

Andrews, Lewis, 449

Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor, 238

Anglo-American Commission, 464

Angola, 382n

Anilaeus, 101n

Ankara, 459n

Annas (high priest), 103–4, 119, 124

St Anne’s church and monastery, 217, 228, 255n, 286, 348, 397

Ansari family, 519

Sheikh Abd al-Salam al-Ansari, 213

Adeb al-Ansari, 519

Sheikh Khalil al-Ansari, 391

Antebi, Albert, 384

Antigonos, ‘One-Eyed’, King, 54

Antigonos, King, 75–8, 88n

Antinopolis, 135

Antinous, 134–5

Antipater, 71–2, 74–5, 88–90, 92–3

Antioch, 60–1, 63, 65, 67, 118, 123–4, 144, 161, 277

and Crusaders, 204, 209–10, 215, 217, 219, 223–4, 234, 236, 238, 256

Antiochus III the Great, King, 57–8, 60

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King, 60–5, 72, 91n, 106n, 135

Antiochus VII Sidetes, King, 68

anti-Semitism (the word), 368n

Antonia, 111, 114

Antonia fortress, 1, 4, 6, 78, 82–4, 86, 90, 101, 106n, 118, 120, 122, 134, 179, 344n

Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 138, 184n

Antonius Felix, see Felix

Antonius, George, 443, 445, 447, 464

Antonius, Katy, 443, 464–7, 469–70, 488

Apocalypse, xix, 4, 44, 62, 86n, 132, 165, 170, 187, 197

Jesus Christ and, 97–8, 102–3, 106

Appian, 133, 136

Aqaba, 407–8, 419, 425

Aquileia, 89

al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade

al-Aqsa Mosque, 184–5, 187–8, 200, 395, 485

and Arab Revolt, 448

and Buraq Uprising, 437–8

and Crusaders (Temple of Solomon), 212–13, 217, 219, 221, 227, 229, 235, 269–70

daily rituals, 519–20

fire, 502

and Israeli war, 477

and King Abdullah’s assassination, 481–2

and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280, 287

and Marwan Mosque, 506

negotiations and access, 502–3, 506–7, 510, 513, 516

Nur al-Din’s minbar, 237, 254, 269, 502

and Ottoman sultanate, 291–2, 299n, 304–5

and Six Day War, 495

Arab Club, 422

Arab Higher Committee, 467–8, 473

Arab Investigation Centres, 450

Arab League, 469, 471, 477, 481, 504

Arab Legion, 279n, 454, 472, 477–9, 484–6

Arab Liberation Army, 469, 478

Arab Revolt, 402–9, 415, 443n, 478, 482

under Grand Mufti, 448–54, 459, 463

Arabic learning and science, 190n, 203n

Arafat, Yasser, 469, 477, 491, 503–10, 515, 517, 518n

Aram-Damascus, 33

Araq e-Emir, 62n

Araunah the Jebusite, 24, 27n

archaeology, 354–6, 390, 393, 502, 504, 509, 511n

Arculf, Bishop, 179

Arda, Queen of Jerusalem, 217

Aref, Abdel-Rahman, President, 494

Aretas, King of Nabataea, 71

Aretas IV, King of Nabataea, 95, 98

Argentina, 376, 382, 485

Argyll, John Campbell, 9th Duke of, 354

Aristobulos, King, 69

Aristobulos II, King, 70–2, 76n

Aristobulos, Prince, 88, 95–6, 111

Aristotle, 190n

Arius, 144–5, 148

Ark of the Covenant, 7, 17–18, 22, 24, 27, 44, 157n, 376

and Parker fiasco, 389–93

Armageddon, 41

Armenia, 81, 96n, 131n, 156n, 163–4, 405n

Armenian Chapel of St Helena, 140n

Armenian Monastery, 287n, 324, 352n, 496

Armenian Quarter, 103n, 119n, 132, 285, 497, 510

Armenians, 255, 285, 287n, 296, 352n, 359, 415, 518–19

genocide, 398, 400, 408, 416n

and religious conflict, 298–9, 320, 348, 488

Arnold, Bishop of Bamberg, 201

Arnulf, Patriarch, 214

Arp Arslan, Sultan, 201–3

Arsuf, 259

Artas, 399

Artaxerxes I, King of Persia, 51, 337n

Arthur, King, 65n

Ashdod, 65

Asherah, 38

Ashkelon, 18, 56, 67, 214, 220, 236, 238, 243, 249, 255, 260

Ashkenaz, 298

Ashkenazi Jews, 20, 191n, 298, 308, 330, 443

Ashraf, 180n

Ashrafiyya madrassa, 287

Asinaeus, 101n

Asmahan, 457–9

Asquith, Herbert, 1st Earl of Asquith and Oxford 411, 413

Assassins, 203n, 260n

Assyrians, 31, 33–9, 48

Astyges, King of Media, 47

Athaliah, Queen of Jerusalem, 31–2, 233n

Athens, 60, 150

Atlas mountains, 57n

al-Atrash, Amal, see ‘Asmahan’

Atsiz ibn Awak al-Khwarazmi, 202–3

Attila the Hun, 157

Attlee, Clement, 1st Earl, 462, 464, 467

Augusta Victoria fortress, 379n, 390, 395, 408, 417, 431, 433, 479, 484n, 496

Augustus, Emperor (Octavian), 75, 77, 81–4, 88–90, 92–3, 113, 133, 160

Auschwitz, 408n, 487

Austin, Willie, 322

Australians, 421, 456–7

Austrian Hospice, 356, 429, 485

Avars, 164

Avigad, Nahman, 106n, 159n

Azekah, 42n

Azerbaijan, 163

Aziz, Caliph, 194, 197

Aziz, Sultan, 264

Azizus, King of Emesa, 116

Azmey Pasha, 390

Azouri, Najib, 385

Baal, 31–3, 38, 39n

Baal Shem Tov, 359n

Bab al-Qattanin, see Gate of the Cotton Merchants

Bab al-Silsila, see Gate of the Chain

Bab el-Ghawanmeh, 519

Babylon, 14, 22, 27n, 35–6, 39, 41–3, 44n, 45–7, 49, 54, 57n, 60, 101n, 370, 501

Babylonian Chronicles, 39

Babylonians, 1, 34n, 39, 41–6, 48

Baedeker, Karl, 358, 360, 385

Baghdad, 172n, 188, 193–5, 202, 203n, 207n, 215, 272, 282, 449

Jewish population, 48n, 240n, 352n

and Ottoman sultanate, 291–2

Bahat, Dan, 506n

Baibars, Sultan, 271–2, 275–7, 292n, 361

Bairam Pasha, 297

Bakaa, 443

al-Baladhuri, 172n

Balak, 220

Balaklava Railway, 348

Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 210, 215–18

Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 218–21, 224, 229n

Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 221, 233, 235–8

Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 242–5

Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem, 245–6, 320n

Balfour, Arthur, 1st Earl of, xxv, 381, 409–10, 412–15, 428, 431, 440–1

Balfour Declaration, 414–15, 422–4, 427–9, 431, 437–9, 453, 456

Balian of Ibelin, 245, 247, 249–50, 253–4

Balkans, 291, 341, 361, 395

Ballin, Albert, 376

Ballobar, Count Antonio de, 396–8, 400, 416–17

Balsam of Gilead, 79n

bar Kochba, Simon, 135–7, 163, 383

Barabbas, 102, 105

Barak, Ehud, 506–7, 512–13

Barcelona, 279

Barclay’s Gate, 354n

Bardawil lagoons, 218

Baris fortress, 54, 69n, 78

Barka Khan, 271, 361n

Barkat, Nir, 511

Barker, General Evelyn ‘Bubbles’, 462, 464, 466–7

Barsbay, Sultan, 286

Barsoma of Nisibis, 153–5

Bartholomew, Peter, 209

Barton, General, 422

Basle, 375, 380n

Basra, 196

Bathsheba, 23, 25

Bathsheba’s Pool, 363

Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 143

Battle of the Pyramids, 312

Bay of Issus, 163

bayah, 178

Bayley, Lieutenant-Colonel, 418

Bayt Nuba, 260

Beautiful Gate, 101–2n, 109, 165n, 264

Becket, Thomas, 228n

Beersheba, 414

Begin, Menachem, 458–62, 465–7, 472, 480, 493, 496, 504–5, 508

Behustan mountains, 161

Beilin, Yossi, 504–5

Beirut, 9, 89, 216, 225, 238, 338, 347, 405, 458, 505

and Parker fiasco, 391–2

Russian assault, 310, 316n

and Three Pashas, 397–8, 416n

Beit Jala, 197n

Belisarius, General, 130n, 159

Bell, Gertrude, 404

Belshazzar, 45–7

Belzers, 484n

ben Sira, Jesus, 58, 199n

ben Zakkai, Rabbi Yohanan, 132

ben Zakkai Synagogue, 330

Ben-Gurion, David (David Grün), 398, 415, 430–1, 439, 443n, 484, 490, 503n

and Deir Yassin massacre, 469

and Israeli state, 445–6, 450, 453, 458–62, 465, 467–70, 474–7, 479–80, 502

origins, 381–3

and premiership, 481, 492

and Suez crisis, 490

Benjamin, 164

Benjamin of Tudela, 24n, 240n

Berekhah, Rabbi, 153

Berenice, Queen of Chalcis, 5–6, 9, 116, 119, 121–3, 126, 129, 131

Berlin, 398, 414, 416n, 443, 454–5, 461, 486

Bernadotte, Count Folke, 480–3

Betar, 137

Betar youth organization, 430, 437–8, 461

Bethany, 227–8

Bethel, 17n, 30

Bethesda Pool, 37, 72, 100, 228

Bethlehem, 91, 94, 155, 399

Church of the Nativity, 216, 342

and Crusades, 208, 210, 268

Beth-Zacharia, 65

Beth-Zur, 67

Bevin, Ernest, 462

Bible, xviii, xx, xxiv, 10, 13, 21–3, 25–6, 28–9, 31–2n, 35, 40, 45, 477

Aleppo Codex, 100n, 213

and archaeology, 354–5

Authorized Version, 300

the Gospels, 10, 91, 97, 99, 102, 105, 108, 144

inconsistencies in, 16n

Latin translation, 152

Masoretic, 100n

New Testament, 117, 121

Old Testament, 19, 55n, 69, 100n

Orde Wingate and, 451–2

Pentateuch, 15–16, 45n

and Protestantism, 297, 300–1, 331

St Petersburg Codex, 100n

Septuagint, 55, 100n

and Zionism, 412

Bible, books of

Acts of the Apostles, 109n, 114–15

Chronicles, 30, 152n

Daniel, 44, 45n, 63n, 97

Deuteronomy, 40, 82, 114

Ezekiel, 388

Exodus, 17, 39n

Genesis, 16, 39n, 298

Isaiah, 33, 97, 100

Jeremiah, 41n

Judges, 17n, 18

Kings, 22, 30, 32, 37n

Lamentations, 43

Numbers, 40n, 86n, 135

Psalms, 19, 43–5, 102, 107, 156n, 426

Revelation, 121, 133, 213n, 366

St John, 91–2n, 98, 103, 109n

St Luke, 91, 93, 96, 99n, 102, 105, 108, 109n

St Mark, 96n, 99n, 102, 105, 109n

St Matthew, 91, 96n, 99, 105, 109

Samuel, 22

Thessalonians, 118

Biblical Zoo, 483

Bird, Eugene, 488–9

Bird, Kai, 489

Birobidzhan, 440n, 463

Bishop Gobat’s School, 449

Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 362, 377

Black Hand cell, 447

Black Hundreds, 383

Black Letter, 439

Black Obelisk, 32n

Black Sabbath, 465

Black Sea, 163, 191n

Black September, 502

Black Sunday, 450

Blake, William, 45, 321n, 462

Bliss, Frederick, 390

blood libel, 333, 336, 351, 374

Boer War, 355n

Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 210, 215, 244

Bokharan Quarter, 375, 444

Bologna, 238

Bols, Major-General Sir Louis J., 431

Bombay, 444n

Book of the Glory of Kings, 157n

Book of Zerubabbel, 163

Book of Zohar, 298

Bordeaux pilgrim, 147–9, 152n

Bosnia, 315n, 318

Bosphorus, 144

Bosra, 169

Boston, 337

Boston Herald, 441

Bradford, William, 301

Brandeis, Louis, 428

Breslavers, 486n

Brest-Litovsk, 461

Bridges, Robert, 321n

Brindisi, 266, 269

Britain

British Jews, 257, 277n, 301–2, 350

and conversion of Jews, 330–5

Roman, 124, 136, 150

and state of Israel, 467

and Suez crisis, 490

and Zionism, xxv, 380–1, 409–15, 423–4, 431, 443, 466

Britannicus, Tiberius Claudius, 116n

British Military Cemetery, 434

Bronner, Ethan, 510

Bronze Age, 13

Brooke, Rupert, 419

Brothers, Richard, 322–3

Brutus, Marcus Junius, 75

Bubastis, 31

Buchan, John, 404

Bulgaria, 361

bullae, 32, 41n, 43

Burma, 453n

‘Burma Road’, 480

Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 37

Byzantium, 144

Caecina, 131

Caesar, Gaius Julius, 72–5, 131, 134n

Caesarea, 82, 93, 99n, 100, 115, 119, 121, 140, 164, 209, 216

Caesarea Maritima, 9

Caesarea Philippi, 9, 116

Caesarion, 74, 81, 82n

Café Jawhariyyeh, 444

Caiaphas (high priest), 99n, 100, 103–4, 108, 110

Cairo, 207n, 271, 272n, 302–3, 305, 316n, 436, 438, 469, 480, 491n, 493

Albanian conquest, 326

and British rule, 402–4, 408

and caliphs, 192, 194–6, 198–200, 215

and Fatimid Egypt, 239–40

and Mamluk sultanate, 278, 283–5, 287

Oriental Stores, 423

and Saladin, 243, 251

and Sultan Baibars, 275, 277

Cairo Geniza, 199n

Cairo University, 449

Calcutta, 450

Calhoun, John, 336

Caligula, Emperor, 60, 82n, 111–14, 116

caliphs, 172n, 184, 433

Callirhoe, 90

Calvary, 106n, 285

Cambrai, 239n

Cambyses II, King, 49

camels, 16n, 344, 407

Camp David, 506

du Camp, Maxime, 345, 347

Canaanites, 14, 16, 18, 39n

Canada, 466n

Cappadocia, 88n

Capri, 98, 111–12

Caracalla, Emperor, 138

Carchemish, 41

Cardo, 135n, 147, 160, 226, 501

Carnegie, Mrs Andrew, 423

Caroline of Brunswick, Princess, 321–3

Carrhae, Battle of, 76n

Carter, Jimmy, President, 503

Carthage, 60, 130n, 159

Carthaginians, 39n, 106n

Cartwright, Ebenezer, 301

Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 74

Cassius Dio, 135n, 136–7

Castile, 298

de Castro, Abraham, 294

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 310, 311n, 315n, 317, 340

Cathisma Church, 176, 201

Catholic Church, 157, 189, 208

and religious conflict, 201, 296, 299–300, 331, 339, 341, 343, 424, 485, 517

Cave of Hira, 169

Cecil, Lord Robert, 414

Celebi, Evliya, see Evliya

Cervantes, Miguel de, 446

Chabon, Michael, 382n

Chamberlain, Joseph, 380

Chamberlain, Neville, 452–3

Chancellor, Sir John, 437–8, 443

Chapel of the Apparition, 520–3

Chapel of the Hill of Calvary, 236

Chapman, Thomas, 404

chariots, 26, 28

Charlemagne, Emperor, 65n, 189, 229n, 267, 343, 355, 379n

Charles V, Emperor, 294n, 295

Charles I, King, 300–1

Charles of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 278n

Charles, Prince of Wales, 505

chastity, 144–5

Chateaubriand, Francois-René, Vicomte de, xxiv, 319–21

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 285

child sacrifice, 39

China, 185, 284, 365

Chindits, 453n

Christ Church, 334

Christian Quarter, 189, 201, 364, 507

Christianity, 10, 34, 48n, 55, 63n, 109, 117, 139

Great Schism, 201

hierarchy and divisions in, 144

and Judaism, 110, 118, 140

Roman adoption of, 143–5, 150–1

and suppression of Jews, 148–50

Christians, early, 114–19, 121, 132–4, 136, 138–40

Christology, 144, 156–7

Chronicon Paschale, 135n

church bells, 196, 214, 255, 330

Church of Holy Archangels, 103n

Church of Mary Magdalene, 368, 386, 444n, 455n, 489

Church of Our Lady of Jehoshaphat, 228

Church of the Dormition, 379n, 492

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, xxi, 106n, 108, 149, 197, 303, 400, 420, 456, 485, 510

and Arab conquests, 173, 175–6, 178, 182–3, 189–92, 194

construction by Empress Helena, 147

and Crusaders, 208, 212–15, 217, 221, 225, 227–8, 233, 235, 243, 250, 260, 269

daily rituals, 518–20

and Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 518

destruction by fire, 320

Fatimid destruction, 199–200

the Holy Sepulchre, 134, 152, 165, 175, 177n, 178, 185, 189–92, 194

and international visitors, 320, 328, 341, 345–6, 348, 353, 367–8, 378

and Islamic sultanate, 254–5, 260, 263

last Crusader grave, 422n

latrines, 310

and Mamluk sultanate, 281, 285–7

model of, 160

and Mongol raids, 277

and Napoleonic invasion, 316, 318

and Ottoman sultanate, 299–300

Persian destruction, 162–3

and pilgrims’ accommodation, 201

and religious conflict, 320, 339, 343, 348, 424, 520–1

and Tartar conquest, 271

and Turkish conquests, 203

Church of the Pinnacle, 160n

Church of the Redeemer, 378

Church of the Resurrection, 153

Churchill, Clementine, 433

Churchill, Lord Randolph, 433n

Churchill, Sir Winston, xxv, 382n, 423n, 429n, 431–4, 441, 453n, 466, 477, 484n, 485

and Zionism, 410–14, 432, 461

CIA, 489

Cilicia, 26, 88n, 117, 131n

circumcision, 45, 61–3, 118, 130, 360

ban on, 134, 137

and Islam, 171

Citadel, xxi, 8–9, 84, 88, 123, 132, 136, 185, 202, 348

and Crusaders, 207, 215, 217

Clarence, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of, 362

Claudius, Emperor, 5, 114–16, 146n

Clausewitz, Carl von, 446

Clemenceau, Georges, 427–8

Cleopatra II, Queen of Egypt, 67n

Cleopatra III, Queen of Egypt, 70n

Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, 73–5, 77–82, 131

Cleopatra Selene, 82n

Cleopatra Thea, 67n

Clermont, 208–9

Clifford, Clark, 464

Clinton, Bill, President, 506, 508–9, 514

Cobb, Miss, 399

Cohen, Amnon, 509n

Cohen, ‘Red Rosa’, 430

Cold War, 489

Columbus, Christopher, 294n

Conder, Lieutenant Charles, 355n, 363n

Congress of Berlin, 362, 409

Congreve, General Sir Walter ‘Squib’, 445

Conrad III, King of Germany, 234–5

Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 249, 256n

Conrad II, King of Jerusalem, 270n

Conradin, King of Jerusalem, 270n

Constantine the Great, Emperor, 140, 143–5, 148–9, 163, 182, 184, 217, 369, 409

Constantine IX Monamachus, Emperor, 200

Constantine X Doukas, Emperor, 201

Constantinople, 130n, 144, 147, 153–6, 158–9, 165, 189, 192, 207n, 209, 217, 416, 442

and Arab conquest, 180, 183, 185–6, 190

Hagia Sofia, 159, 181–2, 201

Nika riots, 158

Ottoman conquest, 288

and Persian threat, 161, 163–4

Russian conquest, 311n

see also Istanbul

Constantius Chlorus, Emperor, 140

Constantius II, Emperor, 148n, 149–50

Cook, John Mason, 379

Cook, Thomas, 363

Cook, Miss, 335

Coptic Church, 157n, 310, 519

Córdoba, 200n, 499

Council of Chalcedon, 157

Council of Nicaea, 145, 148

Court of Women, 8, 86

Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 72–3, 76n, 106n

Creasy, Mathilda, 345

Cremieux, Adolphe, 333

Cresson, Warder, 336–8

Crete, 14, 79, 101, 327

Crewe, Margaret, Marchioness of, 414

Crimea, 191n, 304, 382n, 440n

Crimean War, 343–4, 345n, 347–8, 352

Crispus Caesar, 145

Croesus, King of Lydia, 47

Cromwell, Oliver, 301–2, 303, 331

Crossman, Richard, 461

crucifixion, 1–2, 62, 105–7

Crusader architecture, 254

Crusades, 189, 355, 420, 428

Count Thibault’s, 270

Eighth, 277n

Fifth, 265–6

First, 208–10

and holy war theory, 208

and reconquest of Spain, 285, 293–4

Second, 234, 333

Seventh, 271

Third, 255–62

Ctesiphon, 161–2

Cunningham, General Sir Alan, 467, 474–5

Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess, 414, 415n, 426, 432–3

Curzon, Robert, 328–9

Cyprus, 35, 55, 84n, 133, 179, 257, 260n, 325, 362, 380–1, 436

Cyrenaica, 55

Cyrene, 81

Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 47–50, 53

Czechoslovakia, 452–4

Dacia, 134

Daimbert, Patriarch, 215–16

Dajani family, 296, 308n, 360–1, 439, 469, 488

Damas, General, 312, 316

Damascus, 22, 29, 32n, 71, 194, 316n, 318, 323, 350, 380, 383, 417n, 469, 492

and Albanian conquest, 327

and Arab conquests, 172, 176, 178, 181, 185–6, 310

and Crusaders, 217, 223–4, 235, 243, 246, 249

and division of Middle East, 403, 405, 421, 426, 428, 469

and Islamic sultanate, 251–3, 262–4, 268

Jewish population and blood libel, 333, 336, 374

and Mongol conquest, 272, 279

and St Paul’s conversion, 117, 143