Облака славы. Жизнь и легенда Роберта Э. Ли

Из всех дочерей Ли Мэри Кьюстис была самой смелой и откровенной. Ее слова подслушал другой гость, полковник Боливар Кристиан из Лексингтона, штат Вирджиния, попечитель Вашингтонского колледжа - учебного заведения, которому Джордж Вашингтон оставил часть акций своего канала. Во время войны колледж лишился студентов и был разграблен федеральными войсками (которые также сожгли большую часть расположенного неподалеку Виргинского военного института), и сейчас он находился в процессе поиска нового президента, чье имя и репутация могли бы привлечь студентов и пожертвования. Полковник Кристиан упомянул отзыв Мэри Кьюстис о Ли на следующем собрании попечителей; они решили отправить своего ректора, судью Брокенброу, лично в Дервент, чтобы предложить Ли должность президента, и в знак доброй воли единогласно проголосовали за избрание Ли на этот пост. Ли без особого энтузиазма размышлял над книгой о своих кампаниях и не предупреждал о визите Брокенброу, пока судья, высокий, громоздкий мужчина, не появился в дверях и не попросил о встрече. Внешний вид Брокенброу являл собой наглядный пример нищеты, в которую были ввергнуты жители Лексингтона, как и многих других южных городов. Для поездки ему пришлось одолжить приличный костюм, а также деньги на его приобретение. Однако то, чего ему не хватало в мирских благах, он компенсировал своей силой убеждения и очевидной искренностью. Он также не приехал с пустыми руками. Он принес письмо, в котором предлагал Ли зарплату в размере 1500 долларов в год, а также долю в оплате обучения, дом и сад. Ли не был незнаком с Вашингтонским колледжем - его отец был в числе тех, кто убеждал Джорджа Вашингтона подарить часть акций своего канала этому учебному заведению, - и идея стать президентом колледжа не показалась бы непостижимой для человека, который когда-то был успешным суперинтендантом Военной академии США.

После недолгих раздумий и с несколько вялого согласия Мэри Ли, которая чувствовала, что отдаляется от своих друзей, 24 августа Ли написал попечителям письмо, в котором сообщил, что согласен на пост президента, если только они не сочтут, что его исключение из амнистии 29 мая и тот факт, что он был "объектом порицания части страны", делают его непригодным для этой должности. Попечители не сочли ничего подобного, и 1 сентября объявили, что новым президентом Вашингтонского колледжа стал генерал Роберт Э. Ли. 15 сентября он в одиночку отправился в Лексингтон на "Тревеллере", его багаж следовал за ним по каналу. "Он предпочитает этот путь, - написала миссис Ли подруге за день до отъезда, - и, кроме того, не любит расставаться даже на время со своим любимым конем, спутником многих тяжелых сражений".

В жизни Ли начиналась новая глава, на этот раз в качестве педагога и администратора колледжа и, что еще важнее, в качестве символа желания "помочь в восстановлении мира и гармонии", как он написал в своем письме о приеме, "и ни в коем случае не противостоять политике правительства штата или генералитета, направленной на эту цель". Для бывшего главнокомандующего армией Конфедерации, сдавшего свою армию в плен менее шести месяцев назад, это был смелый шаг. До сих пор он старался держаться так, как мы бы сейчас назвали, в тени, но его стремительное превращение в президента колледжа, которому поручено обучение молодых людей, вызвало гневную критику на Севере и опасения, что его ученики будут воспитываться как бунтари. Конечно, это было недооценкой искренней решимости Ли "подать им пример подчинения власти". До конца жизни ему предстояло добиваться сложного баланса между убежденностью в необходимости подчиняться федеральной власти и непревзойденным престижем самого почитаемого военного деятеля Конфедерации.

Президентский дом в Вашингтонском колледже, где когда-то жил Стоунволл Джексон, женившись на дочери тогдашнего президента, был частично занят и нуждался в ремонте. Прибыв в Лексингтон, Ли с трудом избежал толпы поклонников - что неудивительно, ведь он все еще был одет в свой старый серый мундир Конфедерации и ездил на Тревеллере, к тому времени почти таком же знаменитом, как и его владелец. Он провел некоторое время на одном из близлежащих горячих источников, окружающих Лексингтон, и вернулся только 30 сентября; тогда он поселился в гостинице. Несмотря на все усилия ускорить работы по строительству дома, он был готов к заселению Ли только в начале декабря. У них не было собственного дома с 1861 года, а их мебель и имущество были разбросаны. Ли удалось вернуть ковры из Арлингтона; они были спасены и хранились в Тюдор-Плейс, на другом берегу Потомака в Джорджтаун-Хайтс, миссис Бриттанией Питер Киннон, дальней родственницей, которая была потомком Джорджа Вашингтона. Хотя они были слишком большими, даже с загнутыми назад краями, для комнат "Президентской резиденции на Колледж-Хилл", они, по крайней мере, создавали ощущение роскоши и слабое напоминание об Арлингтоне. Миссис Кок предоставила часть мебели, а один из поклонников - пианино. Семейное серебро Ли, которое было предусмотрительно отправлено в Лексингтон на хранение и захоронено, вскоре было раскопано и тщательно очищено, и 2 декабря Мэри Ли в сопровождении Роба и Милдред (Агнес была в Ричмонде) прибыла к мужу, проделав путь от Окленда до Лексингтона на лодке по каналу. К этому времени она была прикована к своему "креслу-каталке", но, судя по всему, она сразу же взяла на себя управление хозяйством, а заодно и мужем.

Его задача в Вашингтонском колледже была грандиозной. В то время в колледже обучалось "около ста студентов", но его библиотека и научное оборудование были разграблены. Как ни неохотно Ли появлялся на публике, бедственное положение колледжа заставило его в середине зимы отправиться в Ричмонд, чтобы предстать перед "комитетом генеральной ассамблеи Вирджинии" и попросить штат возобновить выплату процентов по кредитам, взятым учебными заведениями. Его краткое выступление было встречено "одобрительными возгласами со всех сторон". Вскоре после этого Ли был вызван в объединенный подкомитет Сената и Палаты представителей для изучения политических условий в Виргинии и Каролинах. В отличие от генеральной ассамблеи Вирджинии, это была враждебная территория, и Ли стал самым заметным представителем Конфедерации, который предстал перед ней. Он приехал в Вашингтон в конце февраля 1866 года - это был его первый визит с апреля 1861 года, когда он поехал домой, чтобы написать прошение об отставке из армии США. Теперь он был знаменит, причем настолько, что вопросы подкомитета казались одновременно и скромными, и неуместными. Отвечая на вопрос о том, может ли Виргиния в случае объявления Великобританией или Францией войны Соединенным Штатам присоединиться к атакующей державе, Ли правильно расценил эту перспективу как отдаленную и надуманную. Позже он подтвердил свое мнение, что предоставление чернокожим "избирательного права" было ошибкой "в настоящее время". Его ответы в ходе длительного допроса были вежливыми, настороженными и не вызывали разногласий. Если члены подкомитета надеялись поставить ему подножку, им это не удалось.

Его управление Вашингтонским колледжем было тщательным и кропотливым. Он вел огромное количество корреспонденции, что всегда казалось ему неприятным занятием, но он выполнял его безропотно, с поразительной оперативностью и вниманием к деталям. Опыт работы в Вашингтоне, а также его склонность побуждали его держаться как можно дальше от центра внимания. Единственный раз он вышел за рамки своей роли весной 1866 года, когда, узнав, что разъяренная толпа собирается линчевать конокрада, отправился прямо в городскую тюрьму, чтобы убедить толпу разойтись и позволить правосудию свершиться. Вида победителя Чанселорсвилля было достаточно, чтобы успокоить (или, возможно, пристыдить) горожан и подтвердить авторитет престарелого смотрителя тюрьмы.

Ли без труда утвердил свою власть над студентами Вашингтонского колледжа. В конце концов, он уже справлялся с кадетами в Военной академии США. В Лексингтоне, как и в Вест-Пойнте, он был терпелив, тверд и пользовался глубоким уважением. Он не пытался навязать какую-либо военную дисциплину. Это была не VMI (которая находилась совсем рядом), и он не готовил молодых людей к офицерской службе. Тем не менее, его бдительный взгляд и то, что он знал сильные и слабые стороны каждого из своих студентов, были теми же качествами, которые сделали его таким восхитительным командиром в Вест-Пойнте. Он был не столько строгим, сколько мудрым и просвещенным дисциплинатором, но, как только он принял решение, от него не было отбоя, и, кроме того, он требовал постоянных и максимальных усилий, абсолютной правдивости и манер джентльмена, а также впечатляющего самоконтроля. Уже через год после его вступления в должность президента число студентов увеличилось с примерно 100 до почти 400, * учебная программа была смело обновлена и расширена, а финансы колледжа были в безопасности.

Конечно, Ли никак не мог оградить своих учеников от последствий поражения или от нарастающей волны Реконструкции - неизбежно возникали "инциденты". Страсти, разделявшие Север и Юг, не утихали, и даже Ли не мог оградить "своих молодых людей", многие из которых были ветеранами армии Конфедерации, от случайных конфликтов с федеральными властями или навязать им ту "покорность", которую он сам себе навязал. Ему удавалось развенчивать случайные слухи о том, что он собирается баллотироваться на пост губернатора, и он старался не допускать, чтобы вокруг него, даже в его собственном доме, высказывались мнения, которые могли бы разжечь северян. Целью Ли - как и Гранта - было сохранение мира и восстановление Союза.

Это была непростая задача. Ученики Ли, как и сам Ли, признавали, что война проиграна, но они не принимали право федерального правительства искоренять древние южные институты и расовые представления. Ли без колебаний пожал руку чернокожему, а когда другой чернокожий вошел в церковь Святого Павла в Ричмонде и подошел к перилам алтаря, чтобы принять причастие перед шокированной, возмущенной, молчаливой белой паствой, Ли поднялся со своей скамьи, подошел к этому человеку и опустился рядом с ним на колени. Ли был полон решимости относиться к чернокожим с тем же достоинством и вежливостью, что и ко всем остальным, но это не означало, что он признавал их полное равноправие. Под присягой он заявил, что не считает их "способными разумно голосовать", а также что "для Вирджинии будет лучше, если она сможет от них избавиться", хотя и добавил, что всегда верил в "постепенную эмансипацию". Ключевое слово здесь, конечно, "постепенная". Как и его ученики, Ли не до конца понимал, что поражение Юга приведет к разрушению традиционной южной социальной системы, перестройке, которая должна была отдать предпочтение черным перед белыми в политическом плане и стереть социальные барьеры между расами, и его ученики все еще были менее склонны принять эту политику, чем он сам. С другой стороны, "постепенная эмансипация" - это не то, чего хотели сторонники реконструкции Севера, и они не были готовы ждать, пока эти изменения будут происходить постепенно, по воле Божьей, в свое благое время, как это делал Ли.

При таких обстоятельствах неудивительно, что его пребывание в Вашингтонском колледже было отмечено как минимум четырьмя расовыми инцидентами, которые привлекли большое внимание на Севере. В первом случае речь шла о четырех студентах, один из которых был обвинен в избиении вольноотпущенника пистолетом во время гневного спора - не совсем студенческая шалость. Вторая, более серьезная ссора, известная как "дело Джонстона", произошла между группой студентов и вооруженным северянином, который выражал сильную симпатию к чернокожим. Третьей проблемой стала жалоба северянки, обучавшей чернокожих детей, на то, что ученики оскорбляли и преследовали ее, называя "проклятой сукой янки, учителем черномазых". Четвертый инцидент произошел из-за обвинения в том, что некоторые студенты колледжа задержали "негритянского юношу", который застрелил и ранил одного из сыновей судьи Брокенброу, и повели его к зданию суда с петлей на шее с явным намерением линчевать его.

Ли тщательно расследовал все эти инциденты - все они оказались преувеличенными - и удалил тех, кого признал виновными (обвинение школьной учительницы в том, что оскорблявшие ее люди были студентами Вашингтонского колледжа, проверить не удалось). Но он получил нежелательное внимание северной прессы. Не менее известный аболиционист Уильям Ллойд Гаррисон обвинил его в том, что он руководит "школой для бунтовщиков" и не годится для управления учебным заведением. Гаррисон жестоко усомнился в способности "побежденного предводителя повстанческих армий" учить своих учеников верности Союзу, "который он так недавно пытался разрушить!". Ли, который мог бы оказаться в плену в форте Монро рядом с Джефферсоном Дэвисом, если бы не вмешательство генерала Гранта, не поддался искушению ответить или оправдаться. Тем не менее, эти проблемы иллюстрируют глубину горечи, царившей с обеих сторон между Севером и Югом, и ту тонкую грань, которую приходилось преодолевать Ли, чтобы поддерживать функционирование колледжа. Ли был безразличен к собственной репутации, но его характер "джентльмена и христианина" был таков, что защищал колледж и даже заслужил похвалу аболициониста Генри Уорда Бичера, чья сестра Гарриет Бичер-Стоу была автором "Хижины дяди Тома". Бичер сказал нью-йоркской аудитории, что Ли "имеет право на все почести", и похвалил его за то, что он посвятил себя "священному делу образования".

Несмотря на все давление, Ли дал показания на суде над Джефферсоном Дэвисом в Ричмонде. Он даже принял приглашение Гранта навестить его в Белом доме. Помимо всего этого, Ли, похоже, вернулся к спокойной домашней жизни, которая всегда доставляла ему огромное удовольствие. Хотя миссис Ли не могла пересечь комнату без помощи костылей, дом всегда был полон; его дочери часто бывали дома, чтобы составить ему компанию; он и Милдред, когда она была дома, вместе ездили верхом, причем Милдред ездила на Люси Лонг, кобыле, которую подарил ему Джеб Стюарт. Лошадь была потеряна и предположительно захвачена федералами весной 1864 года, но была возвращена Ли в 1866 году. Дочери Ли с удовольствием катались на коньках, когда замерзали пруды, и у них было много кавалеров, чтобы развлечь их, но не было серьезных женихов, чтобы беспокоить их отца. Милдред, прирожденная любительница животных, коллекционировала кошек, в том числе и Тома Ниппера, который до переезда в дом воспитывался в конюшне рядом с клеткой Путешественника. Через 122 года Том Ниппер станет главным героем романа "Путешественник" Ричарда Адамса, автора "Уотершип Даун".

Ли часто брал миссис Ли в один из спа-салонов в окрестностях Лексингтона, поскольку купание в водах было для нее единственным спасением от постоянных болей. Они оба наслаждались светской жизнью. Ли всегда был наиболее счастлив в хорошей компании, поэтому кажется печальным, что лучшую часть своей жизни он провел в качестве солдата. Несмотря на катастрофу поражения и его последствия для его любимой Виргинии, годы с 1866 по 1870-й кажутся одними из самых счастливых в его жизни, и это был период, когда грозный герой превратился в гораздо менее величественную и менее удаленную фигуру. Он оставался любящим отцом и мужем, с сильным интересом к сельскому хозяйству и дразнящим, ласковым чувством юмора, очень похожим на человека, за которого вышла замуж Мэри. Те, кто встречал его тогда, описывали его как яркого и жизнерадостного человека, и, несмотря на трепет, с которым к нему относились, он, похоже, проводил время так хорошо, как только позволяло его здоровье. Но не было никаких сомнений в том, что его здоровье ухудшается, а боли в левой руке и груди, которые приписывали ревматизму, на самом деле были стенокардией, сигнализирующей о закупорке артерий и неработающем сердце. Его ухудшение было настолько заметным, что правление и профессора Вашингтонского колледжа постоянно призывали его взять отпуск, чему он вежливо противился. Несмотря на это, Ли испытывал постоянные боли, и ходить ему становилось все труднее. Его объем работы оставался таким же огромным, как и прежде: он завершал пересмотренное и исправленное издание книги своего отца "Мемуары о войне в Южном департаменте", что было не столько любовью, сколько долгом; руководил быстро развивающимся колледжем; с перерывами работал над историей своих кампаний, продолжая лично заботиться о моральном благополучии своих студентов и ведя поистине поразительную по объему переписку, причем всю ее он вел собственноручно.

Когда он наконец согласился взять отпуск, к которому его так долго все подталкивали, это был важный выбор. В сопровождении своей дочери Агнес он решил посетить могилу своей дочери Энни, расположенную недалеко от Уайт-Сулфур-Спрингс. Это было паломничество, которое он давно хотел совершить, и, хотя расстояние было не очень большим, оно потребовало от Ли его слабеющих сил. До Ричмонда он добирался два дня на лодке и поезде. То, что когда-то было для него легкой поездкой, теперь было сопряжено с трудностями, которые усугублялись количеством людей, узнавших его. В Лексингтоне люди привыкли к нему, но по мере приближения к Ричмонду его путешествие стало напоминать римский триумф или средневековый ход, привлекая внимание общественности, которая еще больше утомляла его. Сенат Вирджинии "единодушно предоставил ему слово", от которого он вежливо отказался; толпы ждали у его отеля; его завалили приглашениями. Он принял визит полковника Джона С. Мосби, скандального кавалерийского лидера Конфедерации * , чьи нападения на линии снабжения Союза однажды заставили Гранта приказать Шеридану повесить "без суда и следствия" любого из людей Мосби, не одетых в узнаваемую форму. Мосби вернулся, прихватив с собой неохотно идущего Пикетта. Ли был рад видеть Мосби, но, как говорят, встретил Пикетта с ледяной вежливостью. Что касается Пикетта, то, оказавшись за пределами комнат Ли, он повернулся к Мосби и сказал: "Этот старик устроил резню моей дивизии в Геттисберге". Мосби уже помирился с Грантом, и есть некоторые споры о том, верно ли его описание этой встречи. Однако представляется вероятным, что Ли уже слышал об обвинении Пикетта; действительно, Пикетт сделал почти такое же замечание непосредственно Ли вскоре после провала атаки, и Ли вполне мог обидеться на его присутствие.

Ли и Агнес отправились в Уоррентон, где Ли впервые увидел усеченный обелиск, установленный над могилой Энни; к его подножию Агнес положила "белые гиацинты и серый мох". Оттуда они медленно и все более утомительно, сталкиваясь со все более многочисленной толпой, направились к месту назначения Ли - могиле его отца на острове Камберленд. Ли написал Мэри, что могила в полном порядке, но "дом сожжен, а остров опустошен". Когда он проезжал через Огасту и Саванну, штат Джорджия, и Джексонвилл, штат Флорида, его встречали духовые оркестры, игравшие "Дикси" и "Голубой флаг Бонни", и массы его бывших солдат, с приветствиями, речами, парадами и криками повстанцев. Хотел он того или нет, но поездка Ли попрощаться с дочерью Энни и отцом превратилась в огромный, затянувшийся праздник Конфедерации, который он не мог ни предотвратить, ни предотвратить. Однако цель его поездки оставалась ясной, во всяком случае, для самого Ли. Он прощался с отцом, которого никогда не знал так хорошо и чьей переменчивой политической карьеры и безответственного личного поведения Ли всегда старался избегать; и с дочерью, которая, как он надеялся, будет утешать его в старости.

Сама Агнес заболела под тяжестью путешествия, и Ли был вынужден вернуться вдоль побережья через Чарльстон, где его восторженно встретили. После очередного духовного прощания в Ширли, большом доме, где выросла его мать и где они с отцом поженились, он продолжил путь в Уайт-Хаус, где к Руни уже присоединились Мэри и Марки Уильямс, столько лет бывший любимым корреспондентом Ли. Сам дом, к парадной двери которого Мэри Ли прикрепила презрительную записку федеральным войскам в 1862 году, был сожжен дотла, и Руни теперь жил в грубом, скудно обставленном жилище бывшего надсмотрщика.

Через десять дней Ли вернулся в Ричмонд, где, несмотря на свою нелюбовь к позированию для портретов, задержался достаточно долго, чтобы позволить молодому художнику Эдварду В. Валентайну снять мерки и сделать наброски для бюста. Возможно, это был пример прозорливости, так как Валентайн был выбран для создания беломраморной лежачей статуи Роберта Э. Ли, которая была завершена в 1875 году и установлена на свое окончательное место в центре часовни Ли в 1883 году.

В Ричмонде Ли еще раз проконсультировался со своими врачами, которые оказались не более полезными в его состоянии, чем раньше. Возможно, по одышке Ли уже догадался, что проблемы с сердцем серьезнее, чем они думали или хотели ему сказать. Возможно, именно поэтому он и решился на эту долгую и утомительную поездку, понимая, что другой возможности совершить ее у него не будет.

Он вернулся в Лексингтон, чтобы вернуться к своим обязанностям. В предыдущем году они с Мэри поселились в новом доме, спроектированном с учетом всех возможных инноваций в области отопления и водопровода, которые были доступны на тот момент, и построенном колледжем на сумму более 15 000 долларов - немалая сумма в середине девятнадцатого века. Ли принял дом с многочисленными сомнениями и раздумьями и в конце концов согласился только потому, что считал, что Мэри будет там удобнее. В доме была большая веранда, где в хорошую погоду она могла сидеть в своем "кресле-качалке". Попечители колледжа с редкой прозорливостью решили, что миссис Ли должна пожизненно пользоваться "новой резиденцией президента", если Ли уйдет из жизни, а также получить щедрую пожизненную ренту.

28 сентября 1870 года Ли провел обычный рабочий день. После обеда - того, что мы бы назвали ланчем, тогда еще главным приемом пищи в течение дня, - он надел свой старый синий военный плащ, чтобы не попасть под дождь, и отправился на церковное собрание. Когда он вернулся, опоздав на полчаса к ужину, что-то в его выражении лица привлекло внимание миссис Ли, и она спросила, не зябко ли ему. Пока она наливала ему чай, он шевелил губами, чтобы сказать "милость", но слова не шли. Очевидно, Ли перенес тяжелый инсульт или, возможно, аневризму, и не мог ни говорить, ни двигаться.

За ним послали доктора, и его перенесли на кушетку в столовой, которую вскоре освободили от остальной мебели, чтобы сделать для него больничную палату. В течение следующих двух недель он лежал там, его навещали друзья и родственники, изредка указывая невнятным словом или жестом, что его разум все еще активен. Казалось, он отвергал любые предположения о том, что выздоровеет или снова поедет на "Путешественнике", с покорным взглядом, устремленным вверх.

К полуночи с 9 на 10 октября он, похоже, достиг кризиса - возможно, еще один инсульт, возможно, начало пневмонии, поскольку его дыхание было неровным, и он страдал от "озноба". Окружающие - миссис Ли теперь постоянно находилась рядом с ним - утверждали, что он проснулся и сказал: "Хилл должен подняться!" Возможно, его мысли блуждали. Затем, после долгой паузы, на рассвете 10 октября он сказал, твердо и отчетливо, как будто готовился к бою: "Бейте по палатке". Вскоре после этого он умер.

Сообщение об этом было передано по телеграфу в газету Richmond Dispatch, а оттуда - всему миру:

ЛЕКСИНГТОН, ВИРГИНИЯ, 12 октября 1870 года

10 утра.

Генерал Ли умер сегодня утром в половине девятого. Ему стало хуже в понедельник, и он продолжал худеть до последнего вздоха сегодня утром. Он умер так же, как и жил, - спокойно и тихо, в полном убеждении веры в Господа Иисуса Христа. Все деловые центры закрыты, колокола звонят, и вся община погружена в глубочайшую скорбь.

Он умер с тем же стоическим достоинством, которое всегда определяло его характер при жизни. Его место в истории уникально: "Цезарь без его амбиций, Фридрих без его тирании, Наполеон без его эгоизма и Вашингтон без его награды". Его характер лучше всего описал Стивен Винсент Бенет в книге "Тело Джона Брауна":

И все же - взгляните на это лицо еще раз - посмотрите на него внимательно.

Этот человек не был покоем, этот человек был действием.

Этот человек, который пробормотал "Хорошо, что война

Это должно быть так ужасно, если бы не

Мы можем слишком увлечься им..." и показал

Себя, хоть раз, полностью, как он жил

В лаконичном балансе этой фразы;

Этот человек умел рассуждать, но он был бойцом,

Умело владеет всеми видами оружия для защиты

Но никогда не защищался, когда мог напасть,

Снова и снова идти на огромный риск,

Никогда не отступал, пока мог нанести удар,

Разделение слабых сил на опасной почве

И снова присоединиться к нему, чтобы победить сильного,

Насмехаясь над случайностью и всеми шансами войны.

Поступки, которые выглядели как безрассудство на волосок от гибели.

-Мы не называем их безрассудными, ведь он победил.

Мы не видим его безрассудного спокойствия.

Пропорция, контролирующая безрассудство.

Но атакующие качества были налицо.

Он не был мягким по отношению к жизни и не был одурманен справедливостью,

Он схватился с жизнью, как борец с быком,

Беспорядочно. Это не пришло ему в голову.

Пока он стоял и ждал в знаменитом облаке,

Он подошел к ней и взял ее за оба рога.

И бросил его на землю.

Примечания

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PREFACE The Portent

xvii “the apostle of the sword”: Oswald Garrison Villard, John Brown: 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After (New York: Knopf, 1943), 111.

xviii When he redrafted the Declaration of Independence: Ibid., 334.

xviii When he struck: Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, Life and Letters of John Brown: Liberator of Kansas and Martyr of Virginia (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searlef and Rivington, 1885), 40.

xxi “that an insurrection was in progress”: Villard, John Brown, 434.

xxii he had lived for fifteen years: Jean H. Baker, James Buchanan (New York: New York Times Books, 2004), 75.

xxiii The Arlington property alone: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 381.

xxiii Much as Lee: Ibid., 389.

xxiv “a foe without hate”: Benjamin Harvey Hill, Senator Benjamin Hill of Georgia: His Life, Speeches and Writings (Atlanta: T.H.P. Bloodworth, 1893), 406.

xxv “the sun was fiery hot”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 367.

xxv Secretary of War Floyd: Note of J. B. Floyd, secretary of war, to Colonel Drinkard, October 17, 1859, National Archives.

xxvii By midnight, Lee, Stuart, Lieutenant Green: Select Committee of the U.S. Senate, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Rep. Com. No. 278, June 15, 1860, 41.

xxvii With exquisite politeness: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 397, 398.

xxviii Calmly, Lee surveyed the ground: Ibid., 397.

xxix His mutilated corpse: David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Knopf, 2005), 320.

xxx By mid-afternoon, men were falling: Ibid., 317–24; Villard, John Brown, 443.

xxx He sent an elderly civilian: Allan Keller, Thunder at Harper’s Ferry (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1958), 113.

xxx Brown took no umbrage: Villard, John Brown, 447.

xxxi “Oh, you will get over it”: Ibid., 448.

xxxiii “When Smith first came to the door”: Ibid., 451.

xxxiii “a ragged hole low down”: Ibid., 453.

xxxiii “With one son dead by his side”: Ibid.

xxxiv Colonel Washington cried out loudly: Keller, Thunder at Harper’s Ferry, 149.

xxxiv The rest “rushed in like tigers”: Villard, John Brown, 454.

xxxiv Lee “saw to it that the captured survivors”: Ibid.

xxxv “He is a man of clear head”: Ibid., 455.

xxxvii “No monument of quarried stone”: Susan Cheever, Louisa May Alcott: A Personal Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), 129.

xxxvii “As it is a matter over which”: Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 21–22.

xxxvii In his majestic biography of Brown: Villard, John Brown, 555.

xxxviii In Philadelphia “a public prayer meeting”: Ibid., 559; Elizabeth Preston Allen, Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1903), 111–17.

xxxix “was draped in mourning”: Villard, John Brown, 559.

xl Southerners were dismayed: Ibid., 496.

xl “He has abolished slavery in Virginia”: Ibid., 562.

xl He was as little pleased: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 417.

xl He regarded secession: Ibid., 421.

xli “I hope,” he wrote: Ibid., 416.

xli “He had been taught to believe”: Ibid., 418.

xlii “Washington,” Everett wrote: Quoted ibid., 420.

xlii “Secession,” Lee wrote: Ibid., 421.

CHAPTER 1 “Not Heedless of the Future”

5 By the time of the American Revolution: Richard B. McCaslin, Lee in the Shadow of Washington (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 13.

7 The years between 1773 and 1776: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 2.

8 A year later: Ibid.

8 Washington, recognizing Lee’s special skills: Ibid., 3.

9 “much to the horror”: Ibid., 66.

9 “sensitive, resentful”: Ibid., 4.

10 When Matilda died in 1790: McCaslin, Lee in the Shadow of Washington, 17.

11 “Why didn’t you come home?”: Paul Nagel, The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 166.

11 In a half-baked scheme: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 26.

11 On a visit to Shirley: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 8.

13 In these modest circumstances: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 175, 195–96.

15 Henry Lee helped to barricade: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 14.

15 “Death seemed so certain”: Ibid., 15.

15 This proposal was not taken up: Ibid.

16 “Broken in body and spirit”: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 182.

16 He didn’t even manage: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 31.

16 “My dear Sir”: Ibid.

16 When it was brought to: McCaslin, Lee in the Shadow of Washington, 18.

17 That had been tried before: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 37.

18 The contrast between her childhood: Thomas L. Connelly, The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society (New York: Knopf, 1977), 169.

19 For somebody whose health was as frail: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 45.

20 She entrusted him with the keys: Ibid., 39.

20 He accompanied her on drives: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 34.

20 “Self-denial, self-control”: Ibid., 23.

21 When he first went away: Ibid., 30–31.

21 His maternal grandfather: Ibid., 24.

21 Perhaps because Ann Carter Lee: Ibid., 25.

21 As a child he was surrounded: Ibid., 25, 28.

24 At that time there was not as yet: Ibid., 38.

25 Fitzhugh’s letter referred: Ibid., 39.

CHAPTER 2 The Education of a Soldier

30 The academy still consisted of only: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 49.

30 The stone wharf: Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach, Travels Through North America During the Years 1825 and 1826 (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Carey, 1828), 110.

30 An English visitor with an eye for detail: William N. Blane, An Excursion Through the United States and Canada, 1822–1833 by an English Gentleman (London: Baldwin, Craddock and Joy, 1824), 352–76.

30 Tent mates were obliged to purchase: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 51.

30 Meals were ample: Theodore J. Crackel, West Point: A Centennial History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 89.

31 The new cadets were given: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 52.

31 The marquis was greeted: Albany (New York) Argus, July 8, 1825.

33 Another roll call and inspection: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 56–57.

33 The list of things forbidden: Ibid., 52.

33 Unlike third-year cadet Jefferson Davis: Ibid., 55.

33 By the end of his first year: Ibid., 62.

34 One of them later said: Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 11.

37 He had no reason to be apprehensive: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 67.

38 Everywhere they went: Paul Nagel, The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 232.

38 This is not to say: Ibid., 235.

39 This problem he solved: Ibid., 206.

40 To his credit, perhaps, Henry never denied his guilt: Ibid., 207–14.

41 In a climax worthy of a nineteenth-century romantic novel: Ibid., 218.

43 Perhaps the most intense part of his studies: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 76–77.

43 Robert’s position as adjutant of the corps: Ibid., 80.

43 It is interesting to note: Ibid., 81.

44 Although Douglas Southall Freeman states: Ibid., 84.

45 She was staying at Ravensworth: Ibid., 87.

46 Mrs. Lee was hardly a major slave owner: A. M. Gambone, Lee at Gettysburg: Commentary on Defeat—The Death of a Myth (Baltimore, Md.: Butternut and Blue, 2002), 37.

47 He rejoiced in being known: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 235.

47 In fact two of the older Lee boys: Ibid.

48 Even at the very end of his life: Ibid., 292.

48 Robert was punctual to a fault: Ibid., 236.

50 Lee journeyed north to New York: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 57; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 94.

51 On the other hand, Cockspur Island: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 95.

51 Major Babcock, to whom Lee: Ibid., 96.

53 In January word finally arrived: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 62.

54 Lee laid siege to Mary’s mother: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 104.

55 Mary was to have no fewer: Ibid., 105; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 64.

55 Nothing except his children: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 108.

56 Perhaps nothing is more symbolic: Ibid., 109.

CHAPTER 3 The Engineer—1831–1846

61 “I actually could not find time”: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 65.

61 this is pretty tame stuff: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 107.

62 During his honeymoon: Ibid., 112–13.

63 The Lees’ “apartment”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 66.

64 Convinced that “he was ordained”: Tony Horowitz, Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War (New York: Henry Holt, 2011), 20.

66 One of the doctors: William Styron: The Confessions of Nat Turner—A Critical Handbook, Melvin J. Friedman and Irving Malin, eds. (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1970), 43.

66 Fear of further slave insurrections: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 11–12.

67 He reassured his mother-in-law: Ibid., 111.

67 Notwithstanding his sensible effort to calm: Ibid.

67 “In this enlightened age”: Ibid., 372.

68 “My own opinion is that they [blacks]”: Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 268.

69 “The idea that Southern people”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 376.

69 In any case, Lee returned to work: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 69.

70 After the boy’s birth: Ibid., 71.

71 It was not just a question of neatness: Ibid.

71 “The spirit is willing”: Ibid.

72 While she was away: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 18.

72 At that time, Lee owned: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 72.

73 “an extended mock love affair”: Ibid.

73 Whereas the portrait of Mary Custis: Ibid.

73 When Harriet gave birth: Ibid.

73 “How I did strut along”: Ibid., 73.

73 “As for the daughters of Eve”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 118.

74 Owing to Talcott’s frequent absences: Ibid., 119.

75 When he took command of the army of Italy: Sir Edward Cust, Annals of the Wars of the Nineteenth Century (London: John Murray, 1863), Vol. 3, 260.

78 As a result Mr. Schneider: A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 25.

78 The original boundary line: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 82.

79 “But why do you urge”: Ibid., 82–83.

79 The apparent harshness: Ibid., 83; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 134.

79 In the heroic medical tradition of the day: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 83.

79 Eventually two large “abscesses”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 134.

80 “I have never seen a man”: Ibid.

80 “The country looks very sweet”: Ibid., 136.

81 “they wanted a skillful engineer”: Ibid., 138.

82 The immediate problem facing Lee: Ibid.

83 Lee’s responsibilities included: Ibid.

83 “the dearest and dirtiest”: Ibid., 139.

83 His aide and companion on the long trip: Ibid., 140.

84 “The improved condition of the children”: Ibid., 141.

85 The problem to which he gave the most immediate attention: Wikipedia, “Mississippi River,” 10.

85 When the river was high: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 89.

85 He had planned to survey: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 143.

86 “in full costume”: Elizabeth Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters (New York: Viking, 2007), 114.

87 His solution to the problems: See Stella M. Drumm, “Robert E. Lee and the Mississippi River,” Missouri Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 2, February 1929.

88 “The commerce thus made available”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 28–29.

89 By July 1838, “Lee had pushed”: Drumm, “Robert E. Lee and the Mississippi River,” 146.

89 On the way home Lee encountered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 148.

90 Even so, the Lees left their daughter Mary: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 91–92.

90 Lee boasted that the boys: Ibid., 93.

90 They spent a month: Ibid.

91 Saint Louis was by no means: Pryor, Reading the Man, 111; Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 11; Harnett T. Kane, The Lady of Arlington: A Novel Based on the Life of Mrs. Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953), 91.

91 Although the Lee family: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 94.

91 “brats squalling around”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 10.

92 One observer comments on Lee’s diligence: Drumm, “Robert E. Lee and the Mississippi River,” 170.

92 She was also pregnant: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 158.

93 “his family was increasing”: Ibid., 157.

94 Typically, Lee’s correspondence: Drumm, “Robert E. Lee and the Mississippi River.”

94 He plunged into Gratiot’s defense: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 158.

94 The improvements Lee had made: Pryor, Reading the Man, 116.

94 Fortunately, common sense prevailed: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 174.

95 After an extended journey: Ibid., 178.

96 The race was won: Pryor, Reading the Man, 122.

96 It may be true: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 185.

98 He took care to praise: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 102.

98 “I receive poor encouragement”: Ibid., 103.

99 “He seemed to be weighted down”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 188.

99 Mary and the children: Ibid., 191.

101 “appointed as a member”: Ibid., 194.

101 “horror at the sight of pen”: Ibid.

101 It was neither interesting nor demanding: Ibid., 197.

101 “adventuresome young man”: Ibid., 196.

101 In a piece of surgery: Ibid.

101 “We must endeavor to assist her”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 13.

101 In any event, Lee was the most admirable: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 196.

102 required a “tight rein”: Ibid.

CHAPTER 4 The Perfect Warrior—Mexico, 1846–1848

104 “Generally, the officers”: Christopher Conway and Gustavo Pellon, The U.S.-Mexican War: Binational Reader (Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett, 2010), 153.

104 “The Southern rebellion”: Joan Waugh, U.S. Grant: American Hero, American Myth (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 203.

104 “better satisfied”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, May 12, 1846, Debutts-Ely Papers, Library of Congress; Elizabeth Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Papers (New York: Viking, 2007), 158.

104 The “Texans”: Wikipedia, “Mexican-American War,” 3.

105 Provocation was not long in coming: Ibid., 14, n12.

106 “the Sharpening of Swords”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 158.

106 “If he were left at Fort Hamilton”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 202.

107 “I reached here last night”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, September 21, 1846, Debutts-Ely Letters, Library of Congress.

108 He was accompanied by his “faithful”: Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 5.

108 Connally took care: Ibid.; Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 50.

110 This was cautious, but unnecessary: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 208; Wikipedia, “Mexican-American War,” 8.

110 To Wool’s dismay: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 211.

113 Worth was a fiery hero: Ibid., 53.

117 “the largest amphibious invasion yet attempted”: John Eisenhower, So Far from God: The U.S. War in Mexico, 1846–1848 (New York: Anchor, 1990), 255.

117 His incredibly detailed plans: Ibid., 253–54.

117 They were “the first specially built”: K. Jack Bauer, Surfboats and Horse Marines: U.S. Naval Operations in the Mexican War 1846–1848 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1969), 66.

120 Dust clouds in the distance: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 214.

120 Lee picked “the son”: Ibid., 215.

120 Lee’s cavalry escort: Ibid.

120 “on a hill not far away”: Ibid.

121 “This Mexican was the most delighted”: Ibid., 216.

121 Lee had ridden: Ibid.

121 The incident apparently: Ibid.

122 Although Scott couched his demand: Winfield Scott, Memoirs of Lieut.-General Scott, LL.D. Written by Himself (New York: Sheldon, 1864), Vol. 2, 403.

122 A second problem was that Scott: Ibid., 402.

122 “a great disappointment”: Ibid.

122 “I had now”: Ibid., 403.

123 For the moment: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 219.

124 From the sea Tampico: Ibid., 220.

124 Scott had been informed: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 413.

125 Lee was one of the few: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 221.

125 “a gently curving strip”: Bauer, Surfboats and Horse Marines, 77.

125 The landing was scheduled: Ibid., 78.

126 Lee witnessed the landing: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 419.

126 “were considered . . . to be among the strongest”: Bauer, Surfboats and Horse Marines, 83.

126 The wall around: Ibid.

127 As “Scott’s protégé”: Allan Peskin, Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003), 155, 156.

127 “a lurid glare”: Ibid., 157.

128 “but hidden from its view”: Ibid.

128 Lee built the battery: Bauer, Surfboats and Horse Marines, 92.

128 Lee found the sailors: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 230.

129 “unconscious of personal danger”: Ibid., 231.

129 “No matter where I turned”: Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1913), 36–37; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 231.

129 The hellish exchange: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 158.

129 On March 25 the city’s: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 427; Eisenhower, So Far from God, 264.

129 Mexico’s “principal port”: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 428.

130 “It was awful”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 231.

130 As Lee looked: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 159.

130 Of these, the better road: Ibid., 162.

130 This road crossed: Ibid.

131 In Washington, President Polk: Ibid., 174.

131 Worth’s behavior: Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Fifty Years in Camp and Field (New York: Putnam, 1909), 130.

132 Two days out of Vera Cruz: Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico (St. Petersburg, Fla.: Red and Black, 2011), 47; Peskin, Winfield Scott, 162.

132 The troops applauded: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 432.

133 “that indefatigable engineer”: Smith, The War with Mexico, 50.

134 “The right of the Mexican line”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 239.

134 One of Twiggs’s engineers: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 163.

134 there were Mexican troops: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 239.

135 More soldiers came and went: Ibid., 240.

135 “He did not reach”: Ibid., 241.

136 Worth was still sulking: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 149.

136 The spirit of the senior officers: Ibid.

136 It was a grueling: Smith, The War with Mexico, 51.

136 The intention had been: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 242–43.

136 “You infernal scoundrel”: Ibid., 243.

137 “Charge them to hell”: Ibid.

137 Twiggs had sacrificed: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 148.

138 “Her plaintive tone”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, 291.

138 The only part of Scott’s plan: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 167.

138 Over 1,000 Mexican soldiers: Ibid.; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 246.

139 “Nor was he less conspicuous”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 248.

139 The landscape delighted: The Robert E. Lee Reader, Stanley F. Horn, ed. (Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1949), 58.

140 Lee busied himself: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 250.

140 “strongly occupied”: Ibid.

141 In desperation, Scott determined: Scott, Memoirs, Vol. 2, 460.

141 “the gorgeous seat”: Ibid., 466–67.

141 More important: Ibid., 469.

143 “passable for infantry”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 256.

143 Lee concluded that if the Mexicans: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 178.

144 Again serving as a kind of trailblazer: Ibid., 179.

144 Lee stayed with the artillery: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 260.

144 “screw [their] courage”: Shakespeare, Macbeth, I, vii, 59.

144 He was among the first to recognize: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 260.

145 The attacks against General Valencia’s center: Ibid., 261.

146 Lee set out at eight o’clock: Ibid., 263.

146 “drenched and sore”: Ibid., 264.

146 For several minutes: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 181.

146 “the greatest feat”: Ibid., 180.

147 The center of the Mexican position: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 267.

147 “Our troops being now hotly”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 42; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 269.

148 The fight at the fortified convent: Timothy Johnson, A Gallant Little Army: The Mexico City Campaign (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 180.

148 He had lost over: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 182.

149 The general made his headquarters: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 273.

149 “on slightly elevated ground”: Ibid., 274.

150 Accompanied by two other engineering officers: Ibid., 276.

150 He spent September 9: Ibid.

151 The volunteers had been formed: Ibid., 279.

152 “wild, looting and hunting”: Peskin, Winfield Scott, 188.

153 He made his way back: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 285.

154 Lee never lost confidence: Ibid., 292.

154 No fewer than seventy-eight: Johnson, A Gallant Little Army, 291.

154 He returned home: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, 294.

CHAPTER 5 A Long Peace—1848–1860

158 The family dog Spec: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 301.

158 “After a moment’s greeting”: Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 4.

158 “as much annoyance”: Ibid., 6.

158 “always petting her”: Ibid.

158 “From that early time”: Ibid.

161 He was influenced: Elizabeth Brown Pryor, Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters (New York: Viking, 2007), 229.

163 He felt anger: Gamaliel Bradford, Lee the American (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 225.

164 “Lee not only loved”: Ibid., 214; Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 94.

164 “My heart quails within me”: Bradford, Lee the American, 212.

165 “frugal and thrifty”: Ibid.

166 Lee’s duties at the War Department: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 302.

167 As usual, his work progressed: Ibid., 306.

167 “The Cuban revolutionary junta”: Ibid.

167 Daily labor overseeing: Ibid.

169 “We must not for our own pleasure”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, January 2, 1851, quoted in Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 148.

169 Baltimore was full of Lee: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 309.

169 The Lees participated: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 10.

169 Lee had in fact gone to a good deal: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 309.

169 Here, at last, was an area: Ibid.

169 At first his grades: Ibid., 310.

170 “deeply humiliated”: Ibid.

170 Lee wrote to his son, “Dearest Mr. Boo”: New York Times, April 14, 1918, sec. VII, 5.

171 “We came home on a Wednesday”: Robert E. Lee to G.W. C. Lee, December 28, 1851, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 76–77.

172 “Nothing was needed to assure”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 314.

173 “I learn with much regret”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 48.

174 “to receive a packet of socks”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 321.

175 “It was built of stone”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 11–12.

175 A letter he wrote to “My Precious Annie”: Ibid., 15.

176 The cadets, seeing Lee: Ibid., 13.

178 Lee was spared any such trouble: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 333.

178 Lee may have wished: Ibid., 334.

179 “I fear the Genl”: Robert E. Lee to Markie, June 29, 1854, quoted in Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 158.

179 The joke here: Allan Peskin, Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2003), 140–1.

181 “What is the excuse”: William Montgomery Meigs, The Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1904), 429.

182 He had called Mrs. Custis “Mother”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 328.

183 “May God give you strength”: Lee, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 18–19.

183 It is surely no accident: Paul Nagel, The Lees of Virginia: Seven Generations of an American Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 252.

184 “inculcating those principles”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 325.

184 “You must not infer”: Ibid., 341.

184 Lee considered discharging cadets: Ibid., 344, n24.

184 His pride in inspecting the first graduating class: Ibid., 329.

184 She brought several of the familiar: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 40.

185 The grounds and gardens: Ibid., 34.

185 The board of visitors: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 347.

186 Again and again small detachments: Ibid., 348–49.

186 “with his dying breath”: Ibid., 350.

187 Lee gained nothing: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 159.

188 The sheer tedium: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 362.

189 “These people give a world”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 364.

189 “Yesterday I returned”: Ibid.

191 “my feelings for my country”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 4, 1856, Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 367.

191 “I saw nothing”: Ibid.

191 Mildred, who was four years younger: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 233.

191 That Edward Childe: Ibid., 234.

191 “The news came to me”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 11, 1856, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 80.

194 “I was much pleased”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, December 27, 1856, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.

196 “I have been out four days”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, June 29, 1857, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.

197 “In the day, the houses”: Robert E. Lee to Annie Lee, August 8, 1857, Virginia Historical Society, Richmond.

197 “adds more than years”: Nagel, The Lees of Virginia, 258.

198 “I can see that”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 174, quoting a letter from Robert E. Lee to A. S. Johnston, Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.

199 He had already had the thankless task: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 164.

199 Each of these places: Ibid., 175.

200 “I can see little prospect”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 262.

201 Custis generously sent his father: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 384.

203 Slaves were no longer needed: Lisa Kraus, John Bedell, and Charles LeeDecker, “Joseph Bruin and the Slave Trade,” June 2007, 1–5, 17.

204 “the general impression”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 260.

205 The Lees themselves complained: Ibid., 268.

206 “were apprehended and thrown into prison”: Pryor, Reading the Man, 260.

208 Although these letters: Robert E. Lee to Custis Lee, July 2, 1859, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 102.

208 After Norris’s account appeared: Pryor, Reading the Man, 272; Robert E. Lee to E. S. Quirk, April 13, 1866, quoted in Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 67.

209 far from being unusual: Pryor, Reading the Man, 273.

209 “by the French Minister at Washington”: Ibid., 261.

210 His military career: Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. 1, 393.

210 He left Arlington: Ibid., 405.

CHAPTER 6 1861—“The Thunder of the Captains and the Shouting”

211 “The thunder of the captains”: Job 39:25.

211 “He was a United States officer”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 404.

212 “gain the affection of your people”: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 178.

213 From San Antonio: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 388.

213 His chief concern: Ibid., 405.

213 Another of Lee’s concerns: Ibid., 407.

214 Lee was perfectly willing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 407.

214 “For the attainment of this object”: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 112.

214 “A divided heart”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 411.

215 “You know I was very much”: Robert E. Lee to Annie Lee, August 27, 1860, quoted in Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 184

215 This was not exactly a midlife crisis: Ibid., 185.

215 “leave politics to the politicians”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 412.

215 Many of Lee’s own officers: Ibid., 413.

216 “Politicians,” Lee concluded: Robert E. Lee to Major Van Dorn, July 3, 1860, Debutts-Ely Collection, Library of Congress.

217 Four days after Lincoln’s election: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 413.

217 “Let me tell you”: Wikipedia, “Sam Houston,” 5.

217 “I hope, however, the wisdom”: Robert E. Lee to Custis Lee, December 14, 1860, Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 118–19.

219 “hold on to specie”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 417.

219 “to suffer these Views”: Ibid., 418.

220 “a man’s first allegiance”: Ibid.

220 replied abruptly: Ibid.

221 “I will not, however”: Robert E. Lee in letter home, January 23, 1861, Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 420.

221 To Custis, he wrote almost in despair: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 120–1.

221 On January 26 Louisiana seceded: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 426.

222 Rightly assuming that he would: Ibid., 425.

222 “On the right of the entrance”: Robert E. Lee to Agnes Lee, August 4, 1856, Debutts-Ely Collection, Library of Congress.

223 “I cannot be moved”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 429.

224 Though travel was excruciatingly difficult: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 76.

224 “I am told”: Ibid.

224 she returned at the end of the summer: Ibid., 77.

224 She was appalled: Ibid., 78.

224 Even when Mary Lee: Ibid., 80.

224 As state after state: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 119–21.

225 He was determined to remain: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 90.

225 Mary Chesnut: C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), 26.

226 On April 4: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 434.

226 “Now they have intercepted”: Woodward, Mary Chestnut’s Civil War, 45.

227 Two days later Fort Sumter surrendered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 435.

227 Francis P. Blair had already: John Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York: Century, 1980), Vol. 4, 498.

228 Early in the morning: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 436.

228 “to enforce Federal law.” Ibid.

228 “I declined the offer”: Robert E. Lee to Reverdy Johnson, February 25, 1868, Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 27–28.

229 “There are times”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, A Biography, Vol. 1, 28n.

229 “I must say that I am”: John S. Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, Charles S. Russell, ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1917), 379.

229 “I am unable to realize”: Frances Scott and Anne C. Webb, Who Is Markie? The Life of Martha Custis Williams Carter, Cousin and Confidante of Robert E. Lee (Berwyn Heights, Md.: Heritage, 2007), 132.

230 “I have the honor”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 440.

230 “Save in defense”: Ibid., 442.

230 When he was done: Ibid.

230 “I know you will blame me”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 25–26.

231 “There is no man”: Michael Fellman, The Making of Robert E. Lee (New York: Random House, 2000), 90.

232 Never one to waste a minute: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 448.

232 “bald-headed, florid, and bottle-nosed”: Ibid., 463.

232 His letter to Lee: Ordinances Adopted by the Convention of Virginia in Secret Session in April and May, 1861, 9.

233 “Its foundations are laid”: Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (New York: Da Capo, 1953), 43.

234 “his official rank or personal position”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 70.

235 Lee was given a small office: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 191.

235 four members: Ibid., 464.

236 “I hope we have heard”: Mosby, Memoirs of John S. Mosby, 379.

236 Finally, the doors were opened: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 465.

237 The Federal arsenal: Ibid., 473.

237 the Norfolk Navy Yard: Ibid., 474.

238 “40,000 troops”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 194.

239 Although both he and Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 85.

239 “You have to move”: Ibid., 86.

239 In the morning he rode over: Ibid.

239 The silver of the Lee and Custis families: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 61; Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 1642–1892 (Philadelphia, 1895), 409–10; Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.

240 The dashing Lieutenant: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 133.

240 There is no question: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 87.

240 even at Ravensworth: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 30.

241 Her oldest son, Custis: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.

241 She went on at some length: Ibid., 88–89.

241 Sanford was sensible: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 195.

242 All homes would henceforth seem: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 32.

242 Deep and sincere: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.

242 “last ten years”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, April 30, 1861, Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: University Society, 1894), 93.

242 A flurry of complaints: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 196; Boston Daily Advertiser, May 4, 1861; New York Times, May 4, 1861.

243 Even Mary Chesnut: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 70–71.

243 “FOR SALVATION OF OUR CAUSE”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197.

244 Not everyone who saw him: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 116.

245 At first Lee refused: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 197, quoting the Richmond Whig of June 7, 1861.

246 “I was at once attracted”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 21–22.

246 Lee, Taylor commented: Ibid., 25.

247 Taylor’s admiration for Lee: Ibid., 6.

247 Governor Letcher and the convention: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 492.

249 “COLONEL: Under authority”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. LI, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897), 92.

250 sound military advice: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880), 793–94.

252 Keeping a firm rein: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 518.

252 The defense of Richmond: Ibid., 519.

252 From Richmond, Garnett’s job: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 1, 221.

253 In less than a month: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 522.

254 “I should like to retire”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, June 8, 1861, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 527.

255 Although Davis held Lee in “esteem”: Ibid., 516.

256 There has been conjecture: Ibid., 527.

257 “in a miserable condition”: The War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. II, 236.

257 Garnett had fewer than 5,000 men: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 532–33.

257 He carried out a textbook attack: Ibid., 533.

258 McClellan’s victory: Ibid., 535.

258 The New York Herald: Carl Sandburg, Storm over the Land: A Profile of the Civil War Taken Mainly from Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942), 62.

259 “My movements are very uncertain”: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.

259 Eighteen days later: Ibid.

260 From Kinloch: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 89.

260 Lee sent a young man: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 36.

260 Her daughter Mildred: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 90.

260 Mary’s maid Selina: Scott and Webb, Who Is Markie? 134–35.

261 And true to form: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, see text accompanying map 19.

263 “You are green”: Edwin C. Bearrs, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006), 35.

263 McDowell himself had never: Wikipedia, “Irvin McDowell,” 1.

263 Even the date of McDowell’s advance: Bearrs, Fields of Honor, 35.

264 Apart from that: Ibid.

264 McDowell’s first mistake: Confederate Military History: A Library of Confederate States History, Clement Anselm Evans, ed. (Atlanta, Ga.: Confederate Publishing, 1899), Vol. 3, 107.

265 Flowing from west: Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Library of America, 2012), 29.

266 Bee, impressed by Jackson’s: Sarah Nicholas Randolph, The Life of Stonewall Jackson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1876), 86.

267 “We have whipped them”: Hunter McGuire, M.D., “An Address at the Dedication of Jackson Memorial Hall, Virginia Military Institute, July 9, 1897” (R. E. Lee Camp, No. 1, 1897), 6.

267 “no preparations whatever”: David Detzer, Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2004), 486.

267 Even Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton: Frank Abial Flower, Edwin McMasters Stanton: The Autocrat of Rebellion (Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1905), 109.

268 “pouring through this place”: John G. Nicolay and John Hay, “Abraham Lincoln: A History,” Century Illustrated Magazine (New York: Century, 1888), Vol. 36, 288.

269 All that was missing: George Francis Robert Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1900), Vol. 1, 154.

269 Mary Lee and her girls: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 91.

269 The next day, in the pouring rain: Ibid.

270 “The empty saddle”: Woodward, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 106–7.

270 He also broke the news: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 37.

270 The military situation: R. Lockwood Tower, ed., Lee’s Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 7.

271 Lee’s own position: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 541.

272 He would write to Mary: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, August 4, 1861, Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 38–39.

272 Brigadier General Henry R. Jackson: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 543–44.

272 “jaded and galled”: Ibid., 544.

275 “Our troops, I know”: Ibid., 556, n5.

276 “had lived with gentle people”: Ibid., 552.

278 The attack was set: Ibid., 565.

279 “the right branch of the Elkwater Fork”: Ibid., 568.

279 Curiously enough: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 46–47.

280 On September 19 Lee rode: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 31.

281 The Richmond Examiner dismissed: James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 302.

281 “I am sorry, as you say”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 51.

284 His original name was: “General Robert E. Lee’s War Horses: Traveller and Lucy Long,” Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. 18, January-December 1890, 388–91.

284 The Broun brothers: Ibid.

284 Lee had several horses: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 54.

285 Even Jefferson Davis: Ibid., 53.

285 “the best man available”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 607.

286 Lee quickly set about: Ibid., 615, 614.

286 “an unromantic routine”: Ibid., 614.

287 “Had some old English cathedral crypt”: Ibid., 612.

288 “achievement . . . unworthy of any”: Ibid., 618.

288 “As to our old home”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 59.

289 Lee did not gloat: Robert E. Lee to Mary Lee, February 8, 1862, Ibid., 64.

289 “If circumstances will”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 1, 628.

CHAPTER 7 The Seven Days—“The Power of the Sword”

291 “The power of the sword”: Job 5:20.

291 There was a movement: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 1, 2, 6.

291 “the conduct of military operations”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. V (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1881), 1099; National Intelligencer (Washington, D.C.), April 14, 1861.

293 The ostensible reason: Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. 1, 2, 3.

293 Of course what nobody: Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 108–9.

293 “cautious and weak”: Ibid., 180; George B. McClellan to Abraham Lincoln, April 20, 1862, Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.

293 “There was no hesitation”: A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 435.

294 “In audacity”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1933), 267.

294 Lee himself found some consolation: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 98.

294 Even though White House was: Ibid., 101.

294 In two of the blank pages: Ibid., 99–101.

301 Although Confederate knowledge: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, text accompanying map 39.

303 He understood at once: Peter Cozzens, Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), 23–25.

303 If one thinks of the Valley Pike: Ibid., 22.

304 “with the serenest faith”: C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), 361.

305 “a constant supervision”: Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1878), 38.

305 By April 9: Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon, 172.

305 This was an unparalleled: Ibid., 168.

306 “No one but McClellan”: Ibid., 180.

306 He arrived there on April 13: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 2, 21.

307 “War of posts”: Letter to John Hancock, September 8, 1776, Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, Dorothy Twohig, ed. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1994), Vol. 6, 249.

308 “exhibited . . . a patient persistence”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 17.

308 He advised Magruder: Ibid., 19.

309 On April 21: James Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 364.

310 “I cannot pretend”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XII, Part 3, 866.

312 It was an extraordinary achievement: Shenandoah, 1862 (New York: Time-Life Books, 1997), 9.

313 He had warned Mary: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 101.

314 “the Confederate army had disappeared”: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 2, 12.

314 He had preserved his army: Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography, Vol. 2, 46.

315 a complaint obviously directed: Ibid., 45.

315 Lee tactfully deflected: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XI, Part III (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884), 500.

316 “Northern soldiers who profess”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 102.

316 Lee managed to send two aides: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 251–55.

317 “against General McClellan’s orders”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 104–7.

319 Lee apparently answered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 48.

320 “tears ran down his cheeks”: J. H. Reagan, Memoirs: With Special Reference to Secession and the Civil War (New York: Neale, 1906), 139.

321 Although “the fate of the Confederacy”: Ibid.

321 “if he was not going to give battle”: Ibid.

321 McClellan was advancing “cautiously”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 58.

321 He still believed: Sears, George B. McClellan, 189.

323 “If Lee was the Jove of the war”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 46.

323 On May 30: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 66.

323 At the junction: Ibid., 68.

323 “witnessed the advance”: Reagan, Memoirs, 141.

324 “I protested”: Ibid.

324 Johnston had replied: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 72.

324 Shortly after this news: Reagan, Memoirs, 141.

325 For the moment: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, text accompanying map 43.

325 “as much mud”: Charles Dickens, Bleak House, in The Works of Charles Dickens (New York: Scribner, 1899), Vol. XVI, 1.

325 Davis and Lee rode back: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 74.

325 In the judgment of J. F. C. Fuller: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 156.

328 bayonets were responsible for less: Wikipedia, “Bayonet.”

328 “in a state of utter exhaustion”: Sears, George B. McClellan, 196.

328 “his communications and the immense park”: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America, Vol. 2, 69.

328 he left things as they were: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 77.

329 “feeble and accomplished nothing”: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900, Vol. 1, text accompanying map 43.

329 “After much reflection I think”: Robert E. Lee, Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of Robert E. Lee (New York: Putnam, 1915), 5.

332 “conducted with your usual skill”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XII, Part 3 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1885), 908.

333 “Leave your enfeebled troops”: Ibid., 910.

334 “In moving your troops”: Ibid., 913.

334 He put J. E. B. Stuart: Ibid., 916.

335 McClellan’s left was anchored: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 96.

335 Stuart set off: Jeffrey D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 103.

335 “a tasseled yellow sash”: Ibid., 94.

337 “That will depend on the time”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 102.

339 “Honest A has again fallen”: Sears, George B. McClellan, 200–1.

339 “I will then have them”: Ibid., 201, 204.

339 Jackson spent that day: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 460–61.

339 He wore no badges: Ibid., 461.

339 In the mid-afternoon: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 107.

340 Hill shepherded: Ibid., 109.

340 Jackson was thirty-eight: Ibid.

340 Like Lee, Longstreet: Ibid.

341 When asked when his army: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 466.

343 He ordered General Samuel P. Heintzelman: Sears, George B. McClellan, 204.

344 “If there is one man”: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 226.

344 Though Lee could not have: Sears, George B. McClellan, 205.

345 “Stonewall is coming up”: C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 395.

345 Had McClellan chosen: Sears, George B. McClellan, 205–6.

346 He had willed himself: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 104.

348 “The four divisions”: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XI, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884), 499.

348 “In your march”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 469.

348 In the days when roads: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 66.

349 Even the faithful Walter Taylor: Ibid., 65.

349 “The Confederate commanders”: Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War, Richard B. Harwell, ed. (New York: Longmans Green, 1955), 107–8.

349 Jackson had given himself: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 476.

349 On June 24: Ibid., 467.

350 His assistant adjutant general: Ibid., 360.

350 Dabney had no military experience: Ibid., 467.

351 It may have been that: Ibid., 469.

351 “underway” by 2:30 a.m.: Ibid., 470.

353 Stuart and his cavalry: Ibid., 471.

353 Jackson had accepted: Ibid., 470.

355 As Jackson understood his orders: Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command (New York: Scribner, 1942), Vol. 1, 513.

355 From here, he could see: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 125.

356 If Lee felt any anxiety: Ibid., 127.

356 Even before then Lee: Ibid., 129.

357 It was after 5 p.m.: Ibid., 130.

357 “It is not my army”: Ibid., 132.

357 He dictated an order: Ibid.

358 Instead, McClellan: Sears, George B. McClellan, 209.

359 “to think we are invincible”: Ibid., 208–10.

360 Porter was too busy: Ibid., 210.

361 “the seedy appearance”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 476.

362 “This position, three miles”: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 87.

362 Lee’s plan was that Jackson: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 142.

363 It was 11 a.m.: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 476.

363 “‘Gentlemen,’ Lee said to his staff”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 144.

363 At 2:30 p.m. A.P. Hill attacked: Ibid., 146.

364 He had deployed his men: Ibid., 148.

364 The Confederate soldiers from A. P. Hill’s division: Ibid., 146–47.

365 A Union war correspondent: Charles A. Page, Letters of a War Correspondent, James R. Gilmore, ed. (Boston: L. C. Page, 1899), 5–6.

365 “brutally repulsed”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee.

365 The Timberlake family’s farm: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 477.

367 Jackson ordered the twenty-six-year-old: Ibid., 476.

367 Private Timberlake began to explain: Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants, Vol. 1, 524.

368 Though Private Timberlake could not have known it: Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieut. General Thomas J. Jackson (New York: Blelock, 1866), 443.

369 “No, let us trust”: Ibid., 444.

369 The Federals were not retreating: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 149.

370 There was no time: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 88.

370 Just before six o’clock: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 153.

370 The sound of firing: Ibid.

371 “Sweep the field with the bayonet!”: Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieut. General Thomas J. Jackson, 163; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 481 and 875 n62.

371 “the incessant roar of musketry”: Page, Letters of a War Correspondent, 5.

372 “The men were within twenty yards”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 155.

372 Lee’s aide Major Taylor: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 69.

372 “A motley mob”: Page, Letters of a War Correspondent, 7.

372 “Scores of riderless”: Ibid.

373 “I have lost this battle”: George Francis Robert, Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (New York: Longmans, Green, 1900), Vol. 2, 239; Sears, George B. McClellan, 213–14.

374 With commendable restraint Lincoln: Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1878), 47.

374 “Jackson’s whole force”: “General Estimates of the Rebel Forces in Virginia,” ibid., 71.

374 “A train was heard approaching”: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 89.

376 Magruder was anxious: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 165.

377 The rough-and-ready reconstruction: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 489.

378 The result was a bloody draw: Wikipedia, “Battle of Savage’s Station.”

379 “I regret much that”: Gary W. Gallagher, Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 129; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 490.

380 “A heavy rain came down”: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 89.

380 As for McClellan himself: Sears, George B. McClellan, 218–19, 217.

381 Jackson reached Magruder’s headquarters: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 491.

381 “to pursue the enemy on the road”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 180.

382 Major Dabney describes the ground: Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson, 465–66.

382 He adds that “the remainder of the afternoon”: Ibid., 466–67.

382 Indeed, Jackson was so exhausted: Ibid., 467.

383 Even Dabney, who was there: Ibid., 466.

383 “a little clearing of broom straw”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 181.

384 Lee’s plan, which had called for: Wikipedia, “Battle of Glendale,” 2.

385 Jackson, who had at last retired: Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson, 473.

385 “No, I think he will clear out”: Ibid.

385 In short, the whole army of McClellan: Ibid., 469.

386 “a natural fortress”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 204.

386 “His temper”: Ibid., 200.

387 Longstreet was bluffly optimistic: Ibid.

387 “If General McClellan is there”: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 143.

387 “Don’t get scared”: General D. H. Hill, “McClellan’s Change of Base,” Century Magazine, Vol. 30, 1885, 450.

387 When Brigadier General Jubal A. Early: John Goode, Recollections of a Lifetime (New York: Neale, 1906), 58.

389 On the right, pioneers: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 206.

390 “Batteries have been established”: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 242.

391 “When the hunt was up”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, xxii.

392 Lee feared that: Ibid., 116.

392 “It was not war”: William C. Davis, The Battlefields of the Civil War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 69.

392 “grandly heroic”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.

392 A Union soldier wrote home: Sears, George B. McClellan, 222.

392 Malvern Hill was remembered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.

393 “The result of the battle”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 116.

393 “The strategy displayed”: Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction, 92–93.

394 That night, when Lee rode: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 218.

394 “In obedience to your orders”: Ibid.

394 In just one week: Ibid., 230.

394 The New York Times noted: New York Times, June 3, 1862.

CHAPTER 8 Triumph and Tragedy—Second Manassas and Sharpsburg

398 A further Federal “column”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 2, 258.

399 “from the West, where we have always seen”: David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 361.

400 Lincoln, who had appointed him: Ibid., 369.

400 Perhaps under the circumstances: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), text accompanying map 55.

401 To his east McClellan’s army: Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1878), 63.

401 Lee was thus caught: Ibid., 59.

402 He gave himself ten days: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 56.

402 Hill “was high spirited”: James Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 518.

403 “A. P. Hill you will find”: War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Wilmington, N.C.: National Historical Society, Broadfoot, 1971), 919.

403 “None of his Division commanders”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 519.

404 “We cannot afford to be idle”: Jeffrey D. Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J. E. B. Stuart (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008), 139.

405 At the same time Lee simplified: Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 91.

406 “It required great confidence”: Ibid., 86.

406 “if practicable to Gordonsville”: Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (Boston: Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, 1990), 402.

406 Typically, Lee urged Stuart: War of the Rebellion, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XII, Part III (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1885), 916.

407 “headquarters in the grove”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 519.

408 urged him to “turn the enemy’s position”: Gamaliel Bradford, Lee the American (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 95.

408 He had already been warned: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 269.

409 Bit by bit, he began the process: Ibid., 271.

409 This time Jackson once again had: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 525.

410 “nightfall found the Confederate army”: Ibid.

411 On August 9 Jackson had his army: Ibid., 526.

411 At this moment Jackson: Ibid., 527.

411 By early afternoon the artillery duel: Ibid., 531, 528.

412 Jackson knew that there was a moment: Robert Lewis Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieut. General Thomas J. Jackson (New York: Blelock, 1866), 500.

412 Undeterred, Jackson unfastened: Ibid., 501.

412 These may not have been: Ibid.

412 “his blood was up”: Ibid., 502.

413 “as if the troops were preparing”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 538.

414 He and his staff: Emory Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 250.

414 In her book about the Lee daughters: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 105.

415 “He was the same loving father”: Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 74.

415 Mrs. Lee cannot have been cheered: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 112, 105.

415 War had scarcely touched Hickory Hill: Ibid., 206.

416 Lee himself was in favor: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 540–1.

416 groaning “most audibly”: Ibid., 541.

416 “it is all-important that our movement”: War of the Rebellion, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XI, Part III (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884), 676.

416 On the peninsula the terrain: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 279.

417 Pope had incautiously allowed: Ibid., 280.

418 Stuart had ordered: Ibid., 284; Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 123–24.

419 Longstreet censured him: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 159.

420 “clatter of hooves”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 284.

420 Lee and Longstreet rode together: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 131; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 287, n35.

421 Early on the morning of August 20: Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 126.

421 Stuart did not arrive at Cattlett’s Station: Ibid., 127–28.

421 Stuart cut telegraph lines: Ibid., 128.

422 “by rushing out the rear of his tent”: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 192.

422 “I am sorry he is in such bad company”: Ibid.

422 The heavy rain raised: Wert, Cavalryman of the Lost Cause, 128.

423 “The army is not properly”: Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, September 3, 1862, Papers of Jefferson Davis, Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), Vol. 8, 373.

424 “Lee was no grand-strategist”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (New York: Scribner, 1933), 126.

424 When Fuller writes: Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 118; Fuller, Grant and Lee, 97.

425 “lack of thunder”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 125.

425 True, paperwork exhausted and irritated him: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 25.

428 Their hostess, Mrs. Marshall: A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 116.

428 Other generals might have: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 157–58.

429 Lee “would have been better off”: Ibid., 158.

429 On the other hand: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 116.

429 “they drank dry”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 309.

429 There was none, however: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 116.

430 Early the next morning: Ibid., 117; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 309.

431 This began a day: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 554.

431 “bulging freight cars”: Ibid., 556.

431 Jackson moved his troops: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 507.

431 “If you are prompt”: Emory Upton, Military Policy of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1917), 334.

432 Lee’s vanguard reached: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 117.

432 Longstreet, displaying a lyrical gift: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 141.

432 “this meal was partaken of”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 117.

433 “a tactical error”: Ibid., 118.

433 It was odd that neither: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 60.

434 It was less than fifteen miles: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 559.

435 Hearing this, Jackson relaxed a bit: Ibid., 560.

435 He shook hands with the courier: Ibid.

436 As Brigadier General Rufus King’s Union division approached Groveton: Ibid., 561.

436 He got only about 6,000 men: Wikipedia, “Battle of Groveton,” 6.

437 a bloody “stalemate”: Ibid., 5.

437 “effusion of blood”: Grant to Lee, April 7, 1865, L. T. Remlap, Grant and His Desscriptive Account of His Tour Around the World (New York: Hurst, 1885), Vol. 1, 177.

437 “his ear to the ground”: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 563.

438 McClellan was in Washington: Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 252.

438 “that fool Pope”: Ibid., 253–54.

438 Jackson spent the night: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 564.

439 By 10 a.m. the Federal forces: Ibid., 565.

439 By midmorning on August 29: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 322.

439 He had already performed: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 164.

439 Lee rode forward to survey the scene: Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 253.

440 “a masterpiece of contradiction”: John J. Hennessey, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 232.

440 Throughout the late morning: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 566.

443 “General Lee was inclined”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 147.

444 Lee’s aide, Colonel Long: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 107.

444 “The question will naturally arise”: Ibid.

444 “even though his martial instinct”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 322.

446 “You must know our circumstances”: Ibid., 347.

446 During all this time: Ibid., 325.

446 As darkness fell: Ibid., 328.

446 Even The West Point Atlas: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 62.

447 If Pope did not attack: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 330.

448 Six hundred yards away: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 572.

448 “the opposing flags”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 351.

448 Even for Jackson’s battle-hardened veterans: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 890.

449 Lee promptly ordered Longstreet: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 332.

449 began “to melt away”: Ibid.

449 “Almost immediately”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 152.

449 As Longstreet’s guns were firing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 332.

450 “threw every man in his army”: Ibid.

450 “The artillery would gallop”: Gilbert Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale, 1905), 98, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 334.

450 As Jackson began to advance: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 510.

450 Lee himself rode forward: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 154.

451 Longstreet pushed his men: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 335.

451 “Why, General”: Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 76–77.

452 Both wings of the Confederate army: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 114.

452 “Though the fighting”: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 63.

452 By this time it was raining: Sears, George B. McClellan, 256.

452 The state of panic: Ibid., 257.

454 He wrote late that night: Robert E. Lee, Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862 (New York: Putnam, 1957), 59–60.

454 Lee carefully gave: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 338.

455 At the break of day: Ibid.

455 Longstreet would “remain on the battlefield”: Ibid., 339.

455 Having set Jackson in motion: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 115.

456 Quite apart from the pain: Ibid.

456 Longstreet followed Jackson at 2 p.m.: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 340.

456 Longstreet complained: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 157.

457 This was not a success: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 341.

457 Longstreet, who came up: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 158.

457 “as the storm of the battle”: Ibid.

457 One of the Union casualties of the battle: Ibid., 159.

458 However much Lee despised Pope: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 342.

458 He had taken over 7,000: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 117.

459 “Unless something can be done”: Ibid.

459 “My men had nothing to eat”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 304.

459 Victorious they might be: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 349.

460 Maryland offered many strategic advantages: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 166.

460 “The present seems to be”: War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XIX, Part II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1887), 590–1.

460 “not properly equipped”: Ibid., 590.

460 On September 4 he ordered: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 167.

461 President Lincoln and General Halleck were obliged: Sears, George B. McClellan, 263.

461 Even then he managed: Ibid., 268–69.

462 Lee wrote, “but being made”: War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. XIX, Part II, 600.

462 “McClellan has the army with him”: Sears, George B. McClellan, 262.

462 When he reviewed: Ibid.

463 “The march of the Confederates”: Le Comte de Paris, History of the Civil War in America (Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1886), Vol. 2, 317–18.

463 The state of his army: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 359, n22.

463 More seriously still: Ibid., 359.

464 Admittedly, Lee’s line of communications: Ibid.

464 Lee had constantly borne in mind: Ibid., 360–61.

465 cut the East “off from the West”: Ibid.

465 This is the first but not the last time: Ibid., 359.

466 Lee heard Longstreet’s booming voice: Ibid., 361, n46.

466 As one of Lee’s two army commanders: Ibid.

467 Lieutenant-Colonel Fremantle: Lt. Col. Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, April–June, 1863 (New York: John Bradburn, 1864), 249.

467 “He is an able general”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 362.

468 It might serve: Ibid., 363.

468 Accidentally dropped in “an abandoned Confederate camp”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 168.

470 Mayor-General J. F. C. Fuller turns positively apoplectic: Ibid., 168.

471 The two men reached Hagerstown: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 366.

472 At this moment of crisis: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 179.

473 Whatever Lee hoped, at this point: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 369.

473 “at daylight”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 179.

474 This was hardly surprising: Wikipedia, “Battle of Harpers Ferry,” 6.

474 Lee was relieved by this good news: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.

475 It was only twelve miles: Wikipedia, “Battle of Harpers Ferry,” 6.

477 Lee would be obliged to fight: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.

477 On the morning of September 16: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 381.

477 “if he had had a well-equipped”: Ibid.

478 He expressed only the rather vague intention: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 67.

479 Federal artillery was already firing: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 382.

479 At 4:30 a.m. Lee was awake: Ibid., 387.

480 Even “Fighting Joe” Hooker: Ronald H. Bailey, Antietam: The Bloodiest Day (New York: Time-Life Books, 1984), 70.

481 Around 7:30 a.m.: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 391.

481 “to be sent to Jackson”: Ibid., 390.

481 Lee’s faithful aide: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 134.

482 Long, who was beside Lee: Ibid., 131.

482 Everywhere on the field: Rufus Robinson Dawes, Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers (Marietta, Ohio: E. R. Alderman, 1890), 95.

483 “The roar of musketry”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 132.

483 The slaughter in Bloody Lane: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 392.

484 “without getting their waist belts”: Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 172.

484 “Gentlemen, we will not cross”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 224–25.

484 This was determination indeed: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 214.

485 “The passage of the Potomac”: Heros von Borcke, Memoirs of the Confederate War of Independence (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1866), Vol. I, 255.

CHAPTER 9 Glory—Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville

488 “Yes, my son”: Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 77–98.

489 Lee had advised his wife: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 105.

489 Lee, like many another parent: Ibid., 106.

489 “At the usual hour”: Walter H. Taylor, Four Years with General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1878), 76.

490 “He was the father of a tenderly-loved daughter”: Ibid., 76–77.

490 He ended on a bleaker note: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 79–80.

490 “Perfect and true are all His ways”: Ibid., 80–81.

490 Lee finally gave his army two months: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 2, 415.

491 “Will you pardon me”: Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 334.

492 In this he was perfectly right: Ibid., 340.

492 “[Burnside] is as sorry”: Ibid., 341.

493 He intended to “give up”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (New York: Scribner, 1933), 170.

493 Lincoln, who was by now: Ibid., 170.

496 When Lee arrived at Fredericksburg: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 433.

497 Anxious to prevent the slaughter: Ibid., 434.

498 Forced to wait patiently: Ibid., 442.

498 “These people delight to destroy”: Ibid., 446.

499 heavy fog concealed: Ibid., 452.

499 The morning of December 13: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 146.

499 “No doubt every heart”: Ibid., 150–51.

500 Without smiling, Jackson mounted: Gilbert Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale, 1905), 128.

500 “as if the ready war god”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 456.

501 “The people [of Wilmington]”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXI (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1888), 1061.

501 On the left: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 458.

502 “It is well that war”: Ibid., 462.

502 “General, they are massing”: Jeffrey Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 221.

502 “A series of braver”: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 265.

503 “About 9 a.m.”: War of the Rebellion: Formal Reports, Both Union and Confederate, The First Seizures of United States Property in the Southern States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. War Department, 1985), Vol. 53, 523.

503 “naked and discolored”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 470.

503 “Our commander-in-chief”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee, 173.

504 “It was not a battle”: Patrick Hook and Steve Smith, The Stonewall Brigade (Minneapolis, Minn.: Zenith, 2008), 65.

504 “If there is a worse place”: Wikipedia, “Battle of Fredericksburg,” 14.

504 His headquarters: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 85.

505 “one fourth pound of bacon”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXV, Part II (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889), 730, quoted in Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 494.

505 “his pleadings”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 124.

505 “My thoughts revert”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 87.

506 “My heart bleeds”: Ibid., 89.

506 “As regards the liberation of the people”: Ibid., 90.

506 “[The snow] was nearly”: Ibid., 93.

507 “the doctors tapping me”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 503.

509 “My plans are perfect”: Edwin C. Bearss, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006), 124.

509 there was no way to openly deploy: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 185.

510 He then added to his difficulties: Ibid., 186.

510 “The enemy in our front”: The Rebellion Record, Frank Moore, ed. (New York: Van Nostrand, 1867), Vol. 10, 254.

511 “The retrograde movement”: Curt Anders, Henry Halleck’s War: A Fresh Look at Lincoln’s Controversial General-in-Chief (copyright Curt Anders, 1999), 422.

512 Just then Lee’s nephew Fitzhugh: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 520.

513 “to hold Hooker’s 72,000”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 187.

513 Stuart, as good as his word: Sears, George B. McClellan, 129.

514 They located a recent logging trail: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 522–23.

514 One of his staff: James Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 712.

514 Jackson had unbuckled his sword: Ibid., 913.

514 “I have but to show him my design”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 524.

516 Jackson, to his relief: Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 719.

516 “exploded out of the woods”: Wikipedia, “Battle of Chancellorsville,” 13.

516 “Position after position”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXV, Part I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889), 798.

516 “that we should all strip”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 173.

517 “a calamity of the first order”: Ibid., 189.

517 Lee himself spent May 2: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 531.

517 “moaned audibly”: Ibid., 533.

518 “with utmost vigor”: War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. XXV, Part I, 769.

518 “I know all about it”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 2, 535.

519 “Lee’s presence”: Henry Alexander White, Robert E. Lee (New York: Greenwood, 1969), 273.

519 Dazed and humiliated: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 191.

520 “My God!”: Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 498.

CHAPTER 10 Gettysburg—“If We Do Not Whip Him, He Will Whip Us”

525 Longstreet was sufficiently opposed: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 277.

526 In his patient, stubborn way: Ibid., 280.

526 Lee made it clear: Ibid.

526 Longstreet managed to extract: Ibid., 280–81.

526 “secretly swollen with the idea”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1935), Vol. 3, 15.

527 “Although reserved in speech”: Jeffrey Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 21.

527 Longstreet’s first act: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 282.

527 “It was now a far stronger army”: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), text accompanying map 92.

528 He was cautious in revealing: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 285.

528 He had hoped to take advantage: Ibid.

529 Colonel Walter Taylor: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 180.

529 His military secretary: Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee (Boston: Little Brown, 1927), 182.

529 “might offer a fair opportunity”: Jeffrey D. Wert, A Glorious Army: Robert E. Lee’s Triumph, 1862–1863 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 213.

530 The fact that Lee was “thinning”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 286.

531 Lee ordered A.P. Hill: Ibid.

532 If Hooker moved his army: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 93.

532 It may well have appeared: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 182.

535 Stuart’s cavalry covered the gaps: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of American Wars, text accompanying map 93.

535 By now Hooker: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (New York: Scribner, 1933), 195.

537 “All fences have been destroyed”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 2, 178.

537 At Berryville on June 21: Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, April–June, 1863 (New York: John Bradburn, 1864), 249.

537 On June 25, Fremantle: Ibid., 236.

537 This was the same day: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 195.

538 “I think I can throw”: The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), Vol. 9, 244.

538 “We use Confederate money”: Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, June 23, 1863, ibid., 238.

539 “to take position”: Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: Appleton, 1894), 265.

539 Major-General Fuller condemns: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 195.

540 The big cavalry battle at Brandy Station: Wert, A Glorious Army, 251.

540 “eight-mile train”: Ibid., 271.

540 Stuart later boasted: Ibid.

541 “Can you tell me”: Ibid., 273.

543 Longstreet ordered Fairfax: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 294.

544 Stuart’s absence was to have: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 105.

544 “the spirit that inhibits victory”: Ibid., 68.

545 Longstreet’s corps complain: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 249.

545 “It had not been intended”: Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, Gary W. Gallagher, ed. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999), 18.

546 “I had a long talk”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 250.

547 Although Pickett was something of a dandy: Ibid., 247.

547 Heavy rain slowed: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 64.

549 “He wore a long gray jacket”: Fremantle, 198.

550 Except for the advantage: Edwin C. Bearss, Fields of Honor (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2006), 158.

551 “I cannot think”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 303.

552 “saith among the trumpets”: Job 39:25.

554 A “long gray line”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 69–70.

554 When General Heth: Ibid.

556 “exhausted and disorganized”: Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 284.

557 Fremantle managed to make his way: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 255.

558 Taylor admired Ewell: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 182.

558 It is possible that Taylor: Ibid., 190.

558 Given the fatal phrase: Ibid.

559 In other versions: Gallagher, Three Days at Gettysburg, 28.

559 In mid-afternoon he paused: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 254.

560 Longstreet was surprised: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 304.

561 Besides all that: Ibid., 306.

562 Longstreet replied that McLaws: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 76.

562 Since Longstreet’s corps was not yet up: Ibid., 77.

563 “After he had reached Gettysburg”: Ibid.

563 It was not in his nature: Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur James Lyon Fremantle, The Fremantle Diary, Walter Lord, ed. (New York: Capricorn, 1960), 292, n3.

563 He sent for Major General Jubal Early: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 78.

564 He thought that the Federals: Ibid., 79.

565 Lee must have had such feelings: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 156.

565 “If I attack from my right”: Ibid, 80.

566 “intrench themselves strongly”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 256.

567 “General Lee never, in his life”: Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command, Gettysburg to Appomattox (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), Vol. 3, 110.

567 “Gentlemen, we will attack”: “The Gettysburg Campaign,” in Southern Historical Society Papers, Robert Alonzo Brock, ed. (Richmond, Va.: W.M. Ellis Jones Sons, September 1915), New Series, No. 2, Vol. 40, 275.

569 “My son, I hope you will soon”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 131.

570 “The enemy is here”: Ibid., 89.

570 “The stars were shining”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 307.

570 “the truly American custom”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 257.

570 Freeman has Lee eagerly looking: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 86.

570 In any case, no attack: Wert, General James Longstreet, 272.

571 “The enemy occupied a series of high ridges”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 257.

571 “A dead silence”: Ibid., 258.

571 He may very well: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 87.

571 The Prussian observer: Ibid., 90.

572 “What can detain Longstreet”: Gallagher, Three Days at Gettysburg, 159.

572 “were suffering from the lack”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 94.

573 “quantities of cherries”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 258.

573 “When things go wrong”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 198.

575 “profoundly still”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 259.

575 “polkas and waltzes”: Ibid., 260.

576 “apathy”: Gilbert Moxley Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer (New York: Neale, 1905), 164.

577 “irritated and annoyed”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 89.

580 Although that battle lasted: Noah Trudeau, The Second Day: A Testing of Courage (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 272.

580 “Well, General, you are here”: Wert, General James Longstreet, 282.

581 “was doing well”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 260.

581 “We have not been as successful”: Wert, General James Longstreet, 282.

582 It was Lee’s job: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 105.

583 “General, I have been”: Wert, General James Longstreet, 283.

585 All together, Lee had 125: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 109–10.

585 The rest were scattered: Ibid.

585 As Longstreet reckoned: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 325.

586 “filled with wounded”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 262.

586 “the range of heights”: Ibid., 263.

587 “little clump of trees”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 111.

588 “I heard a thud on my right”: John H. Worsham, One of Jackson’s Foot Cavalry (New York: Neale, 1912), 129.

590 “if General Longstreet’s attack should fail”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 114.

590 Lee folded up his map: Ibid.

590 “If the artillery”: Ibid., 115.

591 “entirely successful”: Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate: A Critical Narrative (New York: Scribner, 1914), 421.

591 “calm and confident”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 116.

592 “For every Southern boy”: From William Faulkner’s Intruder in the Dust. See Charles Shelton Aiken, William Faulkner and the Southern Landscape (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 115.

594 The first salvo: Bearss, Fields of Honor, 197.

594 saw “a shell go through six horses”: Earl J. Hess, Pickett’s Charge: The Last Attack at Gettysburg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 149.

594 “Shells burst in the air”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. 27, Part I (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1889), 706.

594 “made a very hell”: Jacob Hoke, Historical Reminiscences of the War (Chambersburg, Pa.: M.A. Foltz Printer, 1884), 81.

594 “too much elevation”: Bearss, Fields of Honor, 196.

594 “a display of fireworks”: Jeffrey D. Wert, Gettysburg: Day Three (New York: Touchstone, 2001), 182.

594 “sheltered lines of infantry”: “Review of the Gettysburg Campaign,” in Southern Historical Society Papers, R.A. Brock, ed. (Richmond, Va.: Southern Historical Society, 1909), Vol. 37, 137.

595 “For God’s sake come quick”: Wert, General James Longstreet, 290.

595 Although Brigadier General Hunt was trying: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 120.

596 Lee’s artillery chief: Ibid., 121.

596 “nearly exhausted”: Ibid.

596 Alexander reported to Longstreet: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 350.

596 “fill up his ammunition chests”: Ibid., 351.

596 “grand march moved bravely on”: Ibid.

596 “the salute of the officers”: Ibid., 350.

598 “Yankee dead”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 264.

598 “his colors cut down”: Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 332.

599 As the Confederates approached: Philip M. Cole, Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg: Organization, Equipment, Ammunition and Tactics (New York: Da Capo, 2002), 132.

599 “I soon began to meet”: Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 265.

600 “When a mounted officer began”: Ibid., 268.

601 “There are the guns, boys”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 128.

601 “Too bad!”: Ibid., 133–34.

601 “It’s all my fault”: Ibid., 136.

CHAPTER 11 Lee and Grant

603 “I hope,” he wrote: Robert E. Lee to Jefferson Davis, July 8, 1863, Papers of Jefferson Davis, Lynda Lasswell Crist, ed. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), Vol. 9, 266.

605 “I deeply sympathize”: Robert E. Lee, Jr., Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 100.

606 Markie corresponded with Lee: Frances Scott and Anne C. Webb, Who Is Markie? The Life of Martha Custis Williams Carter, Cousin and Confidante of Robert E. Lee (Berwyn Heights, Md.: Heritage, 2007), 41.

607 Having fallen “in love”: Ibid., 133.

607 But if Lee thought he was well rid: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 114.

607 He came to visit the Lees: Scott and Webb. Who Is Markie? 148.

607 Agnes and Orton: Ibid.

608 “an indefinable air”: Ibid., 151.

608 When asked for his opinion: Ibid., 152–53.

608 Lee was said to be outraged: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 3, 213.

609 “Again and again”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 125.

610 Freeman mentions that soldiers: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 243.

612 “Blessed be the Lord”: Ibid., 242.

613 a daily ration: Ibid., 248.

613 “Not only did [Lee] refuse”: J. F. C. Fuller, Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship (New York: Scribner, 1933), 125.

613 “It has pleased God”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 217.

614 “more vigorous enforcement”: Ibid., 254.

614 At its lowest point: Ibid., 253.

615 General Beauregard wanted to concentrate: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 210.

615 Lee, possibly persuaded: Ibid., 211.

616 At first Lee planned: Ibid., 212.

617 Lee woefully underestimated: Colonel Vincent J. Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, 1689–1900 (New York: Praeger, 1959), Vol. 1, text accompanying map 120.

617 Lee’s army was spread: Ibid., map 121.

617 As for Grant: Ibid.

617 “The Wilderness”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 212.

618 Colonel Vincent Esposito speculates: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, Vol. 1, text accompanying map 121.

619 The fighting was so fierce: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 280–81.

620 “a wrestle as blind as midnight”: Adam Badeau, Military History of Ulysses S. Grant: From April, 1861 to April, 1865 (New York: Appleton, 1882), Vol. 2, 113.

620 “The woods were set on fire”: Ulysses Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1894), 457.

620 As the flames spread: Mark Grimsley, And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June, 1864 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 38.

621 This might have succeeded: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 284.

621 “His face was aflame”: Ibid., 287.

622 Beneath the calm exterior: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 480.

622 “that his line would be recovered”: Ibid.

622 Freeman is probably more correct: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 288.

622 By ten o’clock in the morning: Ibid., 290.

623 “Oh, I am heartily tired”: Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 298.

624 Thrown on the defensive: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 216.

624 “Sometimes they put this three days”: Ibid.; Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Army: The Private Notebooks of Lt. Col. Theodore Lyman, David W. Lowe, ed. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2007), 99–100.

624 “this country is intersected”: Ibid.

624 “ably entrenched himself”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 218.

625 “He never brought me a piece of false information”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 327.

625 “A more zealous”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 125.

626 “I can scarcely think of him”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 327.

627 As one Union officer graphically described: Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 111.

628 “We were in constant contact”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 245.

629 “Lee was opposed to the final defense”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 130.

629 It is remarkable that Lee: Ibid., 127.

630 The dead were grotesquely bloated: Grimsley, And Keep Moving On, 38.

630 “he feared such an arrangement”: Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 343.

631 By June 13 Grant had bridged: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, Vol. 1, text accompanying map 137.

631 For all that, Grant managed: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 224.

632 “it will become a siege”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 398.

633 “He always tried to prevent them”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 132.

633 “But what care can a man”: Ibid., 140.

634 His aide Colonel Long: Ibid., 138.

634 Lee had been slow to recognize: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 222.

635 To quote the verdict: Ibid., 228.

635 “a crater twenty feet deep”: Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 612.

636 It was not only “a tremendous failure”: Frances H. Kennedy, ed., The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 356.

636 Even the retreat: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 260.

636 “was sorely tried and beset”: Ibid., 261–62.

637 “from the north side of the James River”: Ibid., 261.

637 On August 25 Hill attacked: Ibid., 262.

637 Colonel Taylor, like many others: Ibid.

638 “must have a decided peace candidate”: Ibid., 262–63.

638 Lee’s chaplain: A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 387–88.

639 “his love for the lower animals”: Ibid., 388.

639 Lee’s only hope was to break free: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 228.

639 “It will be too late”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. 42, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1893), 1230.

640 “a rich man’s war”: Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 18.

640 He would eventually become: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 346.

641 “to regain strength and weight”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 139.

641 Though he urged Mildred: Ibid., 140.

641 It is interesting to note: Ibid.

641 These brief glimpses: Ibid.

642 Lee’s nephew Major General Fitzhugh Lee: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 141.

643 Lee complained that he had requested: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 345.

643 In his masterly study: Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan, 1924), 345.

643 “We must decide whether slavery”: Ibid., 346.

643 President Davis was reluctant: Ibid., 348.

643 On February 4, 1865: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 351.

644 “to such punishment as”: Ibid., 354.

644 “it may be necessary to abandon”: Ibid., 355.

644 Lee was already thinking: Ibid.

645 “You must consider the question”: Ibid., 348.

645 Just as Lee was considering: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 149.

645 “serenaded the Meade home”: Ibid., 142.

645 “My precious little Agnes”: Ibid.

645 “draw out by his left”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 356.

645 “The appearance of a steady”: Ibid., 357.

645 he noted that his ability: Ibid.

646 An even more serious problem: Ibid., 359.

646 On February 24, in a long letter: Ibid.

646 Deserters usually took: Ibid., 360.

646 “sustain even our small force”: Ibid., 362.

646 At 4 a.m. on April 2: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 239.

647 Whether or not Mrs. Lee: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 143.

647 “I see no prospect”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 364.

647 Davis rose from his pew: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 144.

647 “Through the open casements”: Ibid., 145.

647 By the middle of the afternoon: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 366.

648 Mrs. Lee watched the scene: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 146.

649 Lee’s intention had been to concentrate: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 367.

649 “My God!” Lee exclaimed: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1935), Vol. 4, 84.

650 The central panel of the Hoffbauer murals: Keith D. Dickson, Sustaining Southern Identity: Douglas Southall Freeman and Memory in the Modern South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), xiv.

650 Lee did not yet know the worst: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 4, 86.

652 “competent, wise, forbearing”: William Garrett Piston, Marked in Bronze: James Longstreet and Southern History (New York: De Capo, 1998), 219.

652 “He was there to back Lee up”: Jeffrey Wert, General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 401.

653 Those who saw him: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 4, 109.

655 Lee’s father had been present: Charles Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee (Boston: Little Brown, 1927), 258.

657 His “ambulance and his headquarters”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 4, 114.

658 “If I am to be General Grant’s prisoner”: Reverend John William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 147.

659 “Tell General Lee I have fought”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 4, 120.

659 “Then there is nothing left me to do”: Ibid.

659 “hard things to say of us”: Ibid., 121.

659 “Then your situation”: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 538.

660 Alexander was in favor: Edward Porter Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander, Gary W. Gallagher, ed., (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1898), 531–33.

661 “You have killed your beautiful horse”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 126.

663 Colonel Taylor “had no heart”: Ibid., 133.

664 “talked in the most friendly”: Marshall, An Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 269.

665 Another observer wrote: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 375.

666 Grant and Lee continued to chat: Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 736.

666 Parker made a few small corrections: This represents a combination of the accounts of Douglas Southall Freeman, Marshall, General Grant, and Brigadier General Horace Porter of Grant’s staff. Marshall, Grant, and Porter were close to Lee in the small room during the surrender.

669 The McLean house turned out to contain: Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 480.

CHAPTER 12 Apotheosis—1865–1870

671 There was a short period of discomposure: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography, (New York: Scribner, 1934), Vol. 3, 145–46.

672 The two generals talked: Ulysses Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1894), 744.

673 “His steed was bespattered”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 161.

674 “The sorrows of the South”: Ibid., 194.

675 Their house had been rented: Reverend J. William Jones, Life and Letters of Robert E. Lee: Soldier and Man (New York: Neale, 1906), 383.

675 Once Lee had surrendered: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 205.

677 In Lee’s case: Ibid., 206–7.

677 “we must expect procrastination”: Ibid., 207.

678 Once he returned to Richmond: Ibid., 209–10.

679 As for “the girls”: Mary P. Coulling, The Lee Girls (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Blair, 1987), 152.

679 They were unlikely to find: Ibid., 153.

680 Lee rose from the table: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 211.

680 “I have always observed”: Ibid., 199.

680 “My own opinion”: Reports of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 39th Congress, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1866), 7, 121, 126.

682 After a week of comfortable living: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 154.

682 “the people of the South”: Ibid., 156.

682 Colonel Christian mentioned: Ibid., 156–57.

683 “He prefers that way”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 226.

684 Mrs. Brittania Peter Kinnon: Ibid., 160.

684 “The Presidential Residence”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 160.

685 His brief appearance: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 246.

685 The one time he stepped out of his role: Ibid., 261.

686 Lee had not hesitated: Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: Norton, 1995), 372.

687 He had testified under oath: Ibid., 382.

687 The first involved four students: Ibid., 388.

688 “a school for rebels”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 354.

688 “which he so lately attempted to destroy”: New York Independent, April 2, 1868, 4, column 5.

688 Lee was indifferent to his own reputation: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 350–51.

690 The senate of Virginia: Ibid., 444.

690 He accepted a visit: Mark E. Neely, The Fate of Liberty; Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 79.

690 Lee was happy enough: John Singleton Mosby, The Memoirs of John Singleton Mosby (Boston: Little Brown, 1917), 380–81; Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 445.

690 Lee and Agnes proceeded: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 173.

690 From there they proceeded: Robert E. Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1924), 398.

692 He died with the same stoic dignity: Reverend John William Jones, Personal Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 158.

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