See, for example, Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (London 1975); Eric J. Leed, No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge 1979); Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston 1989).
See Michael Ekstein, ’Sir Edward Grey and Imperial Germany in 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 6, No. 3 (1971), pp. 121–31.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 19I8 (Washingnon 1933) Supplement I, Vol. I, p. 383.
E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler (eds) Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939,1st series, Vol. 2 (London 1948) p. 913.
Manchester Guardian, 31 July 1914, quoted in Lawrence Martin, Peace without Victory (New Haven 1954), p. 47.
For a discussion of these materials, see A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Oxford 1954), pp. 569–83.
See e.g. Pierre Renouvin, Les Origines immediates de la Guerre (Paris 1927); Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War 1914, 2 vols (New York 1928); Sidney B. Fay, The Origins of the World War, 2 vols (New York 1928); Alfred von Wegerer, Der Ausbruch des Weltkrieges, 2 vols (Hamburg 1939); Luigi Albertini, Le Origini della Guerra del 1914, 3 vols (Milan 1942–43).
For example Rohan Butler, The Roots of National Socialism (London 1941).
Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht (Dusseldorf 1961), Eng. tr. Germany’s Aims in the First World War (London 1972); Krieg der Illusionen (Düsseldorf 1969), Eng. tr. War of Illusions (London 1974). For the controversy over Fischer’s views, see e.g. John Moses, The Politics of Illusion: The Fischer Controversy in German Historiography (London 1975); H. W. Koch (ed.) The Origins of the First World War (2nd edn. London 1984); Wolfgang Schieder (ed.) Erster Weltkrieg: Ursachen, Entstehung und Kriegsziele (Cologne 1969).
See the two volumes of essays celebrating Fischer’s sixty-fifth and seventieth birthdays: Imanuel Geiss and Bernd Jurgen Wendt (eds) Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Düsseldorf 1973); Dirk Stegmann and Peter-Christian Witt (eds) Industrielle Gesellschaft und politisches System (Bonn 1978), and especially the works of Hans-Ulrich Weliler, e.g. Bismarck und der Imperialismus (Cologne 1969); Das deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918 (Göttingen 1973).
Arno J. Mayer, ’Internal crises and war since 1870’ in Charles L. Bertrand (ed) Revolutionary Situations in Europe (Montreal 1977), p. 231. For a development of Mayer’s view that the war was a last attempt by the old European aristocracy to preserve ist position, see his The Persistence of the Old Regime; Europe to the Great War (New York 1981).
Luigi Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914, Vol. Ill (Eng.tr. 1957), p. 178.
Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (London 1954), p. 33, fn 1.
The phrase was used by Count Taaffe. See e.g. Oscar Jaszi, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago 1961), p. 115.
For Hoyos mission and the mood in the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry see Frits Fellner, ’Die Mission Hoyos’ in Les Grandes Puissances et la Serbie? la veille de la Premiere Guerre Mondiale. Receuil des travaux aux Assises Scientifiques Internationales (Belgrade 1976).
R.J.O Evans, ’The Habsburg Monarchy and the Coming of War’ in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann (eds). The Coming o f the First World War (Oxford 1985), p. 40.
Karl Kautsky, Graf Max Montgelas and Prof. Walter Schucking (eds) Die deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegaus bruch, Vol. I (Charlottenburg 1919) No. 50, p. 78. (Hereinafter referred to as DD.)
O. Hoetsch (ed.) Die internazionalen Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus. Dokumente aus den Archiven der Zaristischen und der Provisorischen Regierung, 5 vols (Berlin 1931–34) 1st series, Vol. IV, No. 245. (Hereinafter referred to as Int. Bez.) See L. Albertini, The Origins o f the War o f 1914, Vol. II (London 1953), p. 184.
Baron Schilling, How the War began in 1914 (London 1925) pp. 28–29. See also Albertini, op. cit., Vol. Ill, p. 290.
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Docu ments on the Origin o f War 1898–1914, Vol.. XI (London 1926). No. 91, p. 73. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
Int. Bez. 1st series, V, No. 37; Albertini, op. cit., Vol.II, p. 350.
Oesterreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Krigsausbruch 1914, Vol. VIII (Vienna 1930) No. 10616, p. 646. (Hereinafter referred to as OeD.)
See Gale Stokes, ’The Serbian documents from 1914: a preview’. Supplement to the Journal o f Modern History,48, No.3, Sept. 1976.
DDI, No. 49, p. 74
DDIV, Appendix IV, No. 2, p. 127.
BDXI, No. 86, p. 70.
BDXI, No. 98, p. 77.
BDXI, No. 140, p. 101.
OeDVIII,No. 10648.
John F. V. Keiger, France and the Origins o f the First World War (Oxford 1983), p. 50.
DDII, No.342,p. 59.
DDII, No. 335, p. 51.
DDII, No. 258, р. 250.
DDII, No. 293, р. 18.
Feldmarschal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Aus meiner Dienstzeit 1906–1918, Vol. IV(Vienna 1923), p. 15 3.
BDXI, No. 264, p. 171.
BDXI, No. 125, p. 94.
BDXI, No. 318, p. 200.
BDXI, No. 283, p. 180.
BDXI, No. 293, p. 186.
BDXI, No. 303, p. 193.
Herbert Samuel, quoted in Michael G. Ekstein and Zara Steiner. ’The Sarajevo crisis’ in F. H. Hinsley (ed.) British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge 1977), p 401.
Asquith to King George V, quoted in Ekstein and Steiner, op. c it, p. 404.
BDXI, No. 426, p.
DDII, No. 490, p. 9.
В Германии не было имперского кабинета как такового. Канцлер был также и прусским премьер-министром, тогда как в таких случаях никто кроме военного министра — прусского министра правил во всей империи.
DDII, No. 456, pp. 177–178.
Helmut von Moltke, Erinnerungen, Dokumente, Briefe 1877–1916 (Stuttgart 1922), pp. 19–21.
BDXI, No. 419, p. 250.
BDXI, No. 453, p. 263.
BDXI, No. 452, p. 252.
BDXI, No. 243, p. 160.
BDXI, No. 448, p. 261.
W. Churchill, The World Crisis, Vol. I (London 1923), quoted in Michael Brock, ’Britain enters the War’, Evans and Pogge von Strandmann, The Coming o f the First World War, p. 152.
Hurcourt, quoted in Brock, op. cit., p. 154.
J. A. Spender and C. Asquith, Asquith (London 1932), Vol. II, p. 81 quoted in Brock, op. cit., p. 154.
BDXI, No. 369, p. 228.
Quoted in Ekstein and Steiner, op. cit., p. 405.
Documents diplomatiques francais 1871–1914,
BDXI, No. 319, р.201.
Raymond Poincare, Au Service de la France: Neuf Annees de Souvenirs, Vol. IV (Paris 1927), pp. 438–440.
Harold Nicolson, Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. First Lord Carnock: A Study in the Old Diplomacy (London 1930), p. 419.
BDXI, NO. 447, p. 260.
BDXI, No. 487, p. 274.
Walter Runciman, quoted in Cameron Hazlehurst, Politicians and War (London 1971), p. 93.
BDXI, No. 594, p. 314.
I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani (Hereafter referred to as DDI) 4th series. Vol. XII (Rome 1964) No. 73, p. 47.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 124, p. 88.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 468, р.301.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 560, p. 350.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 565, p. 355.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 852, р.510.
DDI 4th series, vol. XII No. 830, р.499.
quoted Albertini, op. cit. Vol. Ill, p. 316.
OeD, Vol. VII, No. 10989, p. 888.
DDIII, No. 580, p.
OeD, Vol. ViII,No. 10688.
Conrad, op. cit. Vol. IV, p. 40.
Kurt Riezler, Tagebucher, Aufsatze, Dokumente (Gottingen 1972), p. 192.
OeD, Vol. VIII, No. 10688.
Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-five yars 1892 1916 (London 1925). Vol. II, p. 20.
G. M. Travelyan, Grey of Fallodon (London 1939), pp. 114 115.
A. J. P. Taylor, ihe Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1914 (paperback edn, Oxford 1971), p. 81, fn. 1.
E. Wertheimer, Graf Julius AndrassyNo\] III (Stuttgart 1913), p. 284, quoted in W. L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890 (New York 1939), p. 284.
Quoted in Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics o f Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War 1904–1914 (Cambridge, Mass. 1969), p. 21.
Salisbury to Canon MacColl, 1901; G.W.E, Russell, Malcolm MacColl (London 1914), p. 283, quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplo macy of Imperialism (New York 1961), p. 85.
Christopher Andrew, ’Dechiffrement et diplomatie: le Cabinet Noir du Quai d’Orsay sous la Troisieme Republique’ Relations In ternationales, No. 5, 1976.
Cmd. 7748. Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Civil Service 1914. See Zara S. Steiner, Britain and the Origins o f the First World War (London and New York 1977), pp. 171 ff.
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origin o f the War 1898–1914, Vol. Ill (London 1928) Appendix A., pp. 402–403. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
Bismarck to Saburoff 1878, Nineteenth Century, Dec. 1917, p. 1119. See also G. Lowes Dickinson, The International Anarchy 1904–1914 (2nd edn 1937), p. 76.
The Times, 8 April 1914. See also The History of The Times. Vol. 4: The 150th Anniversary and Beyond (London 1952) Parti, p. 168.
Quoted in Karl Kautsky, Sozialisten und Krieg (Prague 1937), p. 200.
The Times, 14 May 1898.
BDII. No. 86, pp. 68–69.
Maurice Paleologue, Un grand tournant de la politique mon diale 1904–1906 (Paris 1934).
BDIII,No. 299, p. 266.
BDIII, No. 299, p. 267. See also Beryl Williams, ’Great Brit ain and Russia 1905–1907’ in F. H. Hinsley (ed.) British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey (Cambridge 1977), pp. 133–147.
This passage was in 1928 omitted by the editors from Die Grosse Politik, Vol. XIX. Part II. № 6305 on the grounds that ’this would mean a heavy blow to the policy of the Anschluss’. See James Joli, ’German diplomatic documents’, Times Literary Supplement, 25 Sept. 1953.
Feldmarshail Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Aus meiner Di enstzeit, Vol. I (Vienna 1921), pp. 380–381; Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945 (paperback edn, New York 1964), p. 289.
Quoted in Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and his Times (London 1964), p. 295.
Quoted in R. C. K. Ensor, England 1870–1914 (Oxford 1936), pp. 434–435. Some later writers have suggested that Lloyd George’s warning was aimed as much at France as at Germany and was in tended to frighten the French off making any agreement with Ger many without British participation, though this does not seem to have been a view expressed at the time. For a discussion of the Agadir crisis, see Geoffrey Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon: Anatomy o f Crisis (London 1982)
Quoted in Erich Brandenburg, Von Bismark zum Weltkrieg (Berlin 1939), p. 342. See also Fritz Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen (Dusseldorf 1969), p. 135.
A. F. Pribram, The Secret Treaties o f Austria-Hungary 1879 1914, Vol. I (Cambridge, Mass. 1920), p. 225.
Theodor Sosnosky, Franz Ferdinand der Erzherzog Thron folger (Munich 1929), pp. 143–144, Quoted in Albertini, The Origins o f the World o f 1914, Vol. Il (London 1953), p. 9. See also Richard Bosworth, Italy, the Least o f the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War (Cambridge 1979), p. 196.
Bosworth, op. cit., p. 215.
Documents diplomatiques francais Зте serie, Vol. III (Paris 1931). No. 466. See also Fischer, op. cit., p. 219.
Quoted in K. A. Hamilton, ’Great Britain and France 1911–1914’ in Hinsley, op. cit., p. 324.
E. Jaeckh, Kiderlen-Wachter (Stuttgard 1924) Vol. II, p. 189, quoted’in Fischer, op. cit., p. 226.
F. R. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy o f Austria-Hungary 1866–1914 (London 1972), p. 360.
Diplomatische Schriftwechsel Isvolskis I911–1914 (ed. F. Stieve) (Berlin 1926) ii. No. 401, quoted in Taylor, op. cit., p. 488.
H. H. Herwing and B. F. Trask, ’Naval operations plans between Germany and the USA 1898–1913’ in P. M. Kennedy (ed.) The War-Plans of the Great Powers 1880–1914 (London 1979). See also Ivo Nikolai Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics 1862–1914 (Boston 1984), pp. 129–131
See RPogge von Strandmann, ’Staatsstreichplane, Alldeutsche und Bethmann Hoilweg’ in H. Pogge von Strandmann and Imanuel Geiss (eds) Die Erforderlichkeit des Unmoglichen: Deutschland am Vorabend des ersten Weltkrieges (Frankfiirt-am-Main 1965). For anti-socialist measures in the army see Martin Kitchen, The German Officer Corps 1890–1914 (Oxford 1968). Ch. VII.
See Jean-Jacques Becker, Le Cornet B: Les portvoirs publics etl’antimiliarismeavantlaguerrede 1914 (Paris 1943).
Quoted in Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and his Times (London 1964), p. 158
The Times, 18 Oct. 1906.
Quentin Bell, Virginia Woolf, Vol. I (London 1972), p. 158.
For a detailed account of the Zabern affair and its implications, see David Schoenbaum, Zabern 1913: Consensus Politics in Imperial Germany (London 1982)
A. von Tirpitz, Politische Dokumente, Vol. I Der Aitfbau der Deutschen Weltmacht (Stuttgart and Berlin 1924), p. 160. See also Gerhard Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk, Vol. II (Munich 1965), p. 197.
Quoted in Franklyn Arthur Johnson, Defence by Committee (London 1960), p. 68.
Henry Wilson’s diary, 31 Dec. 1901; quoted in C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, Vol. I (London 1927), p. 47.
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Vol.VI (London 1930) Appendix III, p. 779. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
Hansard, 5th series, Vol. I, cols 1749–1791. See E. L. Woodward, Great Britain and German Navy (Oxford 1935), p. 408.
Tirpitz, op. cit, Vol. I, p. 282. See also Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Vol. I; The Road to War 1904–14 (London 1961), p. 156.
Quoted in Marder, op. cit. Vol. I, p. 156.
Marder, op.xcit, Vol. I, p. 158.
BD X(2) No. 500, p. 736. See also Marder, op. cit, Vol. I., p. 315.
SDX(2)No.501,p.737.
E. Bernstein, ’Die Internationale Bedeutung des Wahlkampfes in Deutschland’, quoted in R. A. Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire (London 1984), p. 151.
Quoted in Jean-Jacques Becker, 1914: Comments les Francois sont entres dans la guerre (Paris 1977), p. 43, n. 174. For accounts of civil-military relations in France see David Ralston, The Army of the. Republic (Cambridge, — Mass. 1967) and especially Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge 1981).
See especially Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917 (London 1975). Ch. I.
Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-five Years 1892–1916, Vol. I (London 1925), pp. 284–285. See also Marder, op. cit, Vol. I, pp: 309–311.
Stone, Eastern Front, p. 71.
See John Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Army 1961–1918 (London 1977), pp. 151 ff.
Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London 1967), p. 378.
Dedijer, op. ch., p. 415
Quoted in Norman Stone, ’Die Mobilmachung der österreichischungarischen Armee 1914’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 2, 1974.
Stone, Eastern Front, Ch. 4. See also Stone, ’Moltke and Conrad: relations between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914’, The Historical Journal, ix. No. 2, reprinted in Kennedy, op. cit, pp. 222–251. For the details see especially Stone,’Mobilmachung’.
Stone, ’Mobilmachung’, p. 79.
L. C. F. Turner, ’The Russian mobilization of 1914’ in Kennedy, op. city p. 255.
Turner, ’Russian mobilization’. See also L. C. F. Turner, Origins of the First World War (London 1975).
Friedrich Graf Pourtales, Meine letzte Unterhandlungen in Sankt Petersburg (Berlin 1927), p. 27, quoted in L. Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914 (London 1953). Vol. II, p. 481.
Quoted in Turner, ’Russian mobilization’ in Kennedy, op. cit., p. 266.
Documents diplomatiques français, 3 serie, Vol. VIII (Paris 1935). No. 79. See also Turner, ’Russian mobilization’, p. 257.
Quoted in Sir Basil Liddell Hart, ’French military ideas before the First World War’ in Martin Gilbert (ed.) A Century of Conflict 1850–1950: Essays for A. J. P. Taylor (London 1966), p. 138.
Liddell Hart, op. cit., p. 140.
Quoted in S. R. Williamson, ’Joffre, reshapes French strategy 1911–1913’ in Kennedy, op. cit., p. 147.
J. J. C. Joffre, The Memoirs of Marshall Joffre, 2 vols (London 1932). Vol. I, p. 125. See also Albertini op. cit, Vol HI, p. 105.
Raymond Poincare, Au Service de la France: neuf années de souvenirs, 10 vols (Paris 1926–1933), Vol. IV, p. 484.
The various versions of the Schlieffen plan were first published in foil in 1956 and are printed in Gerhard Ritter, The Schlieffen Plan (Eng. tr. London 1958).
Rittert Schlieffen Plan, p. 136.
Grey of Fallodon, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 94. See also Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War 1904–1914 (Cambridge, Mass. 1969), p. 139.
Hansard, 5th series, Vol. XXXII, col. 107.
M. V. Brett (ed.) The Journals and Letters of Viscount Esher, 2 vols (London 1934), Vol. II, pp. 61–62. Williamson, Grand Strategy, p. 197.
Callwell, pp. cit, Vol. 1, pp. 154, 156.
Most recently by Erwin Holzle, Die Selbstentnwchtung Europas (Göttingen 1975).
See John Röhl, ’Admiral von Müller and the approach of war 1911–1914’, Historical Journal, xii (1964); 1914: Delusion or Design (London 1973); ’An der Schwelle zum Weltkrieg: eine Dokumentation uber der "Kriegsrat" vom 8 Dezember 1912’, Militaärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, I 1977; ^Die Generalprobe. Zur Geschichte und Bedeutung des "Kriegsrates" vom 8 Dezember 1912’ in Dirk Stegmarm, Bemd-Jürgen Wendt and Pefer-Ghristian Witt (eds) Industrielle Gesettschaft und politisches System (Bonn 1978). See also Fritz Fischer, Krieg der Iltusionen (Düsseldorf 1969), pp. 232 ff, but cf. Bernd F. Schulte, "Zu der Krisenkonferenz vom 8 Dezember 1912 in Berlin’, Historiches Jahrbuch, 102 Jahrgang ErsterHalbband(1982) 183–197.
Grey of Faflodon, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 69. See also Barbara W. Tuchman, TheGuns of August (New York 1962), pp. 195–197.
Lancelot L. Farrar Jr, The Short War Illusion (Santa Barbara 1973).
С. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire 1790–1918 (London 1968), p. 768, fh.l
A. J. P. Taylor, The Troublemakers (London 1957).
Quoted in Zara S. Steiner, Britain and Origins of the First World War (London 1977), p. 143.
Hansard 5th series. Vol. XXXII, cols 57–58. See also Keith Robbins, Sir Edward Grey (London 1971), pp. 252–253.
C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson. Vol. I (London 1927), p. 139. For British military thinking about Ireland, see the valuable work of Ann Vorce, ’The role of Ireland in British defence planning 1908–1914’ (unpublished MA thesis, University of London 1975).
H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley selected and edited by Michael and Eleanor Brock (London 1982), p. 123.
J. A. Spender and C. Asquith, Life of Herbert Henry Asquith, Lord Oxford and Asquith, Vol. II (London 1932), p. 83.
General Sir N. Lyttleton to R. Haldane, PRO London WO32/7081, quoted in Vorce op. cit., p. 4.
1 am grateful to the later Mr E. M. Robertson for this information.
E. Halevy A History of the English People in 1905–1918 (London 1934), p. 548,fn. 4
See Wolfgang Hunseler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich und die Irische Frage 1900–1914 (Frankfurt-am-Main 1978).
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Vol. X (London 1936) Part II, No. 461, p. 675. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
Die grosse Politik der Europaischen Kab’mette, Vol. XXXIX (Berlin 1926). No. 15674, p. 261 (Hareinafter referred to as GP.)
See the important work of Gerd Krumeich. Armaments and Politics in France on the Eve of the First World War: The Introduction of Three-Year Conscription 1913–1914. (Eng– trans., Leamington Spa 1984.)
France, Archives Nationales, Papiers Poincare. Vol. XXXVI. Notes Journalieres Mars-Aout 1914. Fonds Nouvelles: Acquisitions francaises, No. 16027, p. 122, I am most grateful to Professor Arno J. Mayer for generously making available to me his transcript of these unpublished notes.
GP XXXIX. No. 15667, p. 250.
Quoted in L. Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914 (London 1953), Vol. I, p. 373. See also L. C. F. Turner, The edge of the precipice: a comparison between November 1912 and July 1914’, R. M. C. Historical, 3 (Canberra 1974).
Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801–1917 (Oxford 1967), p. 629; Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment; Government and Duma 1906–1914 (Cambridge 1973), pp. 10, 54.
Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London 1939) p. 157.
Out of my Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov (Stanford 1935), p. 439.
BD X, Part II, No. 611, p. 493.
Pares, op. cit., 157.
See Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 695–696.
Quoted in I. V. Bestuzhev, ’Russian foreign policy February-June 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History I, No. 3 (1966) 105.
BD IX(2),No.611,p.493.
Georges Louis, Les Garnets Vol. I (Paris 1926), p. 87, quoted in Erwin Hölzle, Die Selbstentmachtung Europas (Göttingen 1975), p. 49.
BD IX, Part II, No. 849, p. 690. See also Hölzle, op. cit., 54.
Bestuzhev, op. cit., p. 104.
Mémoires d’Alexandra Isvolsky (Paris 1923), quoted in Albertini, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 574.
Die Internationalcn Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialisimis: Dokitmente aits den Archiven der Zarischen und der Provisorischcn Regierung (German edn. ed O. Hoetsch, Berlin 1931) Vol. 1, No. 295, pp. 285–286.
Bestuzhev, op. cit., pp. 100–101.
DDI 3rd Series. Vol. I. (Rome 1974). No. 230, p. 134.
For an excellent discussion of the arguments see Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ’Domestic factors in German foreign policy before 1914’, Central European History, VI, No. 1 (March 1973). Also Michael R. Gordon, ’Domestic conflict and the origins of the First World War: the British and German cases’, Journal of Modern History 46, 2 (June 1974).
For example by Hans-Ulrich Wehler, esp. in Bismarck und der Imperialisms (Cologne 1969) and his article in English, ’Bismark’s Imperialism 1862–1890’, Past and Present, No. 48 (Aug. 1970). See also H. Pogge von Strandmann, ’Domestic origins of Germany’s colonial expansion under Bismarck’, Past and Present, No. 45 (Feb. 1969).
For example Erich Eyck, Das personliche Regiment Wilhelms II (Zürich 1948). For the Kaiser’s methods of government see J.C.G. Röhl, Germany Without Bismarck (London 1967).
J. von Miquel, Reden, Vol. IV (Halle 1914), pp. 279 ff. See Geoff Eley "Sammlungspolitik, Sicial imperialism and the Navy Law of 189.8’. Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 1 (1974).
Alfred von Tirpitz, Erinnerungen (Leipzig 1919), p. 52. For Tirpitz’s policies, see esp. Volker R. Berghahn, Der Tirpitz-Plan (Diisseldorf 1971); also Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 (London 1973).
Berghahn, Tirpitz-Plan, p. 13 and passim.
See Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Changes after Bismarck (New Haven and London 1980).
Gustav Noske, Erlebtes auf Aufstieg und Niedergang einer Dcmokratie (Offenbach-am-Main 1947), p. 40.
Kreuzzeitung, 3 July 1911, quoted in F. Fischer, Krieg der lllusionen (Diisseldorf 1969), p. 121
GP XXXIX. No. 10770, p. 406.
Quoted in Jean-Claude Allain, Joseph Cailaux: Le Defi Victorieux 1863–1914 (Paris 1978), p. 415.
Quoted in Fischer, op. cit., pp. 145–146.
GP XXXI, no. 11386, p. 155.
A. von Tirpitz, Polilische Dokitmente, Vol.! Der Aufbau der Deutschen Weltmacht (Stuttgart and Berlin 1924), pp. 318 ff. See also Fischer, op. cit., pp. 188–189.
Quoted in Konrad HJarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor (New Haven and London 1973), p. 102.
Quoted in Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, p. 176.
BD IX (2) No. 47, p. 37. See also Jarausch, op. cit., pp. 141–142.
BD VII, No. 736, p. 788.
Fritz Stern, ’Bethmann Hollweg and the war’, in Stern, The-Fauure Illiberalism (New York 1972), p. 267.
Quoted in Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, p. 185.
Quoted in Jarausch, op. cit, pp. 151–152
H. Pogge von Strandmann and Imanuel Geiss, Die Erforderlichkeit des Unmöglichen (Hamburger Studien zur neueren Geschichte Band 2: Frankfurt-am-Mam 1965), pp. 22–23
For a discussion of German socialist attitudes before 1914 see esp. Dieter Groh, Negative Integration und revolutionarer Attentismus (Frankfurt-am-Main 1973).
Leopold von Ranke, Englische Geschichte, quoted in Friedrich Meinecke, Zur Theorie und Philosophic der Geschichte (Stuttgart 1959), pp. 258–259.
Quoted in Peter Winzen, ’Prince Billow’s Weltmachtpolitik’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, XXII. 2 (Aug. 1976) 230.
Quoted in Ludwig Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (Eng. tr. London 1959), p. 53.
For the Stuttgart Congress and the resolution on militarism and international conflicts, see e.g. James Joli, The Second International 1889–1914 (new edn, London 1974), pp. 13 5–152.
See Eckart Kehr, Schachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik (Berlin 1930).
For the British Navy League, see W. Mark Hamilton. ’The nation and the navy: methods and organization of British navalist propaganda, 1889–1914’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1978).
Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (London 1980), p. 299.
Volker Berghahn, Rustung und Machtpolitik (Düsseldorf 1973), pp. 55 ff.
Bernard Michel, Banques et Banquiers en Autriche au début du 20e siècle (Paris 1976), p. 179.
Raymond Poidevin, ’Fabricants d’armts et relations internationales au debut du XXe siecle’, Relations Internationales 1, May 1974. Much of what follows is based on this important article.
Clive Trebilcock, The Vickers Brothers: Armaments and Enterprise 1854–1931 (London 1977), pp. 120–121.
Poidevin, ’Fabricants d’armes’, p. 42.
See esp. Bernard Michel, Banques et Banquiers en Autriche au début du 20e siècle (Paris 1976), p. 179.
Rene Girault, Emprunts russes et investissements francais en Russie 1887–1914 (Paris 1973), p. 3 45, fn. 2. Professor Girault’s work is fundamental for an understanding of this whole question.
Raymond Poidevin, Les Relations Economiques et Financieres entre la France et l’Allemagne de 1898 à 1914 (Paris 1969), p. 178. Together with the work of Girault mentioned above, this goes a long way to giving a definitive account of the role of economic factors in French and German foreign policy.
Girault, op, cit., p. 568, Poidevin, Relations économiques, p. 678.
Herbert Feis, Europe, The World’s Banker 1870–1914 (New York 1965), pp. 23, 51.
Girault, op. cit., p. 580; Feis, op. cit., p. 51.
Girault, op. cit., p. 430.
Girault, op. cit., p. 443.
Girault, op. cit., p. 446, n. 77.
The Times, 11 June 1907.
’Les dirigeants politiques et economiques francais de la Ille république n’ont pas choisi la neutralité vis-a-vis du régime politique de la Russie, ils ont opté pour le tsarisme; ce faisant, ils se sont interdit toute réelle influence sur le cours futur des evenements interieurs en Russie’, Girault, op. cit., p. 447.
See Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, ’Rathenau, die Gebrüder Mannesmann und die Vorgeschichte der Zweiten Marokkokrise’, in I. Geiss and Bernd Jürgen Wendt (eds) Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Düsseldorf 1973), pp. 251–270 and Poidevin, Relation économiques, pp. 475–480.
Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 654–819.
Documents diplomatiques francais 1871–1914, 2 série, Vol. IV (Paris 193 2). № 174, p. 245. See also Raymond Poidevin, Finances et Relations Internationales 1887–1914 (Paris 1970), p. 91.
Poidevin, Finances et Relations Internationales, p. 92.
C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (London 1967), pp. 284 ff.
Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 553–554; John Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Anny (London 1977), p. 156.
F. Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, (Düsseldorf 1969), p. 422.
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, p. 423.
Michel, op. cit., p. 336.
E. Rosenbaum and A. J. Sherman, Das Bankhaus M. M. Warburg Ε– Co. 1798–1938 (Hamburg 1976), p. 140.
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temherley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1998–1914, Vol. XI (London 1926). No. 3 67, pp. 226–227.
Quoted in Georges Haupt, Socialism and the Great War: The Collapse of the Second International (Oxford 1972), pp. 73–74.
Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (3rd edn, London 1911), p. 269.
See Rolf Weitowitz, Deutsche Politik und Handelspolitik unter Reichskanzler Leo von Caprivi 1890–1894 (Dusseldorf 1978) Ch. 7.
See Egmont Zechlin, ’Deutschland zwischen Kabinetts– und Wirtschaftskrieg’, Historische Zeitschrift, 199 (1964) and Fischer’s reply in Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 529–530.
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, p. 540, quoting the President of the Russian Duma’s committee on agriculture.
See the excellent discussion in Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York 1977), pp. 59–68, and Kennedy, op. cit., Ch. 15. See also the statistics in Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and his Times (London 1964) Appendix I.
Steiner, op cit., p. 41
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 297.
Quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (2 nd edn. New York 1951), p. 245.
Poidevin, Relations économiques, p. 143.
G. M. Trevelyan, Grey of Fallodon (London 1937), p. 115.
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 298.
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 305.
Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917 (London 1975), p. 145.
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 286–287.
Gerald D. Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914–1918 (Princeton 1966), p. 52.
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 284–288.
David French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905–1915 (London 1982), p. 45.
Memorandum on British gold reserves sent to the Chancellor of the Exchequer by Sir G. Paish, January or February 1914. Marcello de Cecco, Money and Empire: The International Gold Standard 1890–1914 (Oxford 1974), p. 207.
French, op. cit., p. 92.
Stone, op. cit., p. 146.
Georges Bonnefous, Histoire Politique de la Troisieme Republique, Vol. IL La Grande Guerre (1914–1918) (Paris 1957), pp. 17–18. Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1971–1914 (Cambridge 1981), pp. 23 8–23 9.
Porch, op. cit, pp. 242–243.
Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, Vol. I. Naissance de la grande Entreprise 1898–1939 (Paris 1972), pp. 89–90.
Theodore Zeldin, France 1848–1945. Vol. II. Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (Oxford 1977), p. 1047.
The phrase is reported by J. M. Keynes as having been used by the Conservative politician Stanley Baldwin about the members of the British Parliament elected in November 1918. Roy Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London 1951), p. 266.
John Wheeler-Bennett, Hindenburg, The Wooden Titan (new edn, London 1967), p. 127.
For a discussion of this point see Erwin Hölzle, Die Selbstentmachtung Europas (Göttingen 1975), pp. 38–41. Without accepting the premises of Hölzle’s attack on Fischer, the distinction seems to me a useful one.
Max Bonnefous (ed.) Oeuvres de Jean Jaurés: Pour la Paix, Vol I. Les Alliances Européennes 188 7–1903 (Paris 1931), pp. 75–77.
Leon Gambetta, quoted in Léon Brunschvig, Mythes et Realites de l’Impérialisme colonial français (Paris 1960), p. 9. See also James Joli, Europe since 1870 (3rd edn, London 1983). Ch.4.
See esp. Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Theories of Imperialism (London 1980); D. K. Fieldhouse, Economies and Empire 1830–1914 (London 1973); R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: the Official Mind of Imperialism (London 1968).
See D. C. M. Platt, Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy 1815–1914 (Oxford 1968); R. Robinson and J. Gallagher. ’The imperialism of free trade’, Economic History Review, 6 (1953); D. C. M. Platt, ’The imperialism of free trade: some reservations’, Economic History Review, 21 (1968); ’Further objections to an "imperialism of free trade’”, Economic History Review, 26(1973).
Quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (New York 1951), p. 123.
11 November 1895, quoted in J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. Ill (London 1934), p. 27.
Garvin, op. cit., pp. 187–188.
Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. IV (London 1951), p. 436. For an account of the movement for tariff reform and imperial federation, see Wolfgang Mock, Imperiale Herrschaft und Nationales Interesse (Stuttgart 1982).
Quoted in V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815–1960 (London 19 82), pp. 156, 158.
Quoted in Bernard Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social and Imperial Thought, 1895–1914 (London 1960), p. 41.
Quoted in Semmel, op. cit., p. 57.
Quoted in Paul Mus, Le Destin de l’Union française (Paris 1954), p. 18.
Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working Class Attitudes and Reaction to the Boer War 1899–1902 (London and Toronto 1972).
Quoted in Price, op. cit., p. 73.
W. Mark Hamilton, ’The nation and navy: methods and organization of British navalist propaganda 1889–1914’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1978), pp. 92 ff.
The Times, 1 Nov. 1924.
See Ludwig Dehio, ’Thoughts on Germany’s mission 1900–1918’, in Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (Eng. tr. London 1959).
Marianne Weber, Max Weber: ein Lebensbild (Tübingen 1926), p. 138. See Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber und die Deutsche Politik (Tübingen 1958), p. 35; also Arthur Mitzman, The Iron Cage: An Historical Interpretation of Max Weber (New York 1970), pp. 106–107.
Max Weber, Gesammelte Politische Schriften (Munich 1921), p. 29. See also Mommsen, Max Weber, p. 78 and Mitzman, op.cit., pp. 137–147.
Winfried Philipp Englert, Das Flottenproblem im Lichte der Sozialpolitik (Paderborn 1900), quoted in Eckart Kehr, Schlachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik (Berlin 1930), pp. 369–370.
F. Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, (Dusseldorf 1969), p. 378. See also Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ’Nationalism, imperialism and official press policy in Wilhelmine Germany’ in Philippe Levillain and Brunello Vigezzi (eds) Opinion Publique et Politique Exterieure 1870–1915 (Rome 1981), p. 380.
Heinrich Class, Wider den Strom (1932), p. 217, quoted in Egmont Zechlin, ’Motive und Taktik der Reichsleitung 1914’ in Wolfgang Schieder (ed.) Erster Weltkrieg: Ursachen, Entstehung und Kriegsziele (Cologne 1969), p. 197.
P. Rohrbach, Der Deutsche Gedanke in der Welt (1912), p. 202, quoted in Dehio, op. cit., p. 78, n. 1.
See Gregor Schollgen, ’Richard von Kuhlmann und das Deutsch-Englische Verhaltnis 1912–1914’, Historische Zeitschrift, 230(1980).
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origin of the War 1889–1914, Vol. X (London 1936) Part II, No. 226, p. 224. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
BDI.No. 119, p. 85.
BD VI. No. 579, pp. 750–751.
See P. H. S. Hatton, ’Harcourt and Solf: the search for an Anglo-German understanding through Africa 1912–1914’, European Studies Review I. No. 2 (1971).
Die grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, Vol. XXXI (Berlin 1936). No. 11474, p. 210.
See Stuart A. Cohen, British Policy in Mesopotamia 1903–1914 (London 1976).
A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (Oxford 1954), pp. 410–411, fn. 2.
Quoted in George Monger, The End of Isolation: British Foreigh Policy 1900–1907 (London 1963), p. 122.
Elizabeth Monroe, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East 1914–1956 (London 1963), p. 122.
See F. R. Bridge, "Tarde venientibus ossa: Austro-Hungarian colonial aspirations in Asia Minor’, Middle East Studies, Oct. 1970.
Quoted in Richard Bosworth, Italy, the Least of Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy before the First World War (Cambridge 1979), p. 138.
Quoted in Bosworth, op. cit., p. 134.
Kiernan, op. cit., p. 128.
Quoted in Bosworth, op. cit., p. 163.
F. Malgeri, La Guerra di Libia 1911–12 (Rome 1970), pp. 98–99, quoted in S. M. O. Jones, ’Domestic factors in Italian intervention in First World War’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1982), p. 61. See also Bosworth, op. cit., p. 148.
Laurence Lafore, The Long Fuse (London 1966).
See Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia 1864–1914: A Study in Imperialism (New Haven and London 1968).
Quoted in Zara S. Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy 1898–1914 (Cambridge 1969), p. 137.
Quoted in Max Beloff, Britain’s Liberal Empire 1897–1921 (London 1969), p. 91, fn. 4.
BDX, I. No. 653, p. 623
Karl Kautsky, Graf Max Montgelas and Prof. Walter Schucking (eds) Die deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch, Vol. II (Berlin 1919). No. 401, p. 133.
For example by Ėrwin Hölzle, Die Selbstentmachtung Europas (Göttingen 1975) esp, pp. 85–95, 216 ff.
Prince Karl Marx Lichnowsky, ’Wahn oder Wille’ (Jan. 1915), in John C. G. Rohl (ed.) Zwei deutsche Fürsten zur Kriegsschuldfrage: Lichnowsky und Eulenburg und der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs. Eine Dokumentation (Düsseldorf 1971), p. 55.
Jean-Jacques Becker, 1914 — Comment les Français sont entres dans la Guerre (Paris 1977). (Eng tr. The Great War and the French People (Leamington Spa 1985)).
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914. Vol. X (London 1932), Part II. No. 510, p. 746. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
Winston Churchill, The World Crisis (one vol. paperback edn, London 1964), pp. 113–114.
Becker, 1914, p. 133.
Dieter Groh, Negative Integration und revolutionärer Attentismus: die deutsche Sozialdemokratie am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges (Frankurt-am-Main 1973), p. 611.
Quoted in Becker, 1914, p. 127.
J. Deutsch, Der Kampf, Dec. 1914, quoted in N. Leser, Zwischen Reformismus und Bolschewismus (Vienna 1968), p. 265. See also S. Muller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf (Dusseldorf 1974), p. 36.
Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (1786–1789; published posthumously 1843), quoted in F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace (pb. edn, Cambridge 1967), p. 302.
Resolution passed at the International Socialist Congress, Stuttgart 1907, quoted in J. Joli, The Second International 1889–1914 (2nd edn, London 1974), pp. 206–208.
Quoted in Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and a World Without War: The Peace Movement and German Society 1892–1914 (Princeton 1975), p. 91.
Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette, Vol. XV. (Berlin 1924). No. 4257, p. 306 (Hereinafter referred to as GP.) For the Hague Conferences, see Jost Dülfer, Regeln gegen den Krieg? Die Haager Friedenskonferenzen von 1899 und 1907 in der internationalen Politik (Frankfurt-am-Main 1981).
GP XV, No. 4320, p. 3 06.
BD I, No. 276, p. 226.
BD VIII, No. 256, p. 295.
BD VIII, No. 254, p. 287.
GP XXIII, 1, No. 7963, p. 275.
Nach Ausdruch des Europaischen Krieges, Aug. 1914, quoted in Chickering, op. cit., p. 322.
L. T. Hobhouse to John Burns 6 Aug. 1914, quoted in Keith Robbins, The Abolition of War: The "Peace Movement" in Britain 1914–1919 (Cardiff 1976), p. 322.
Karl Marx, ’The war’, New York Daily Tribune 15 Nov. 1853 in Eleanor Marx (ed) The Eastern Question (London 1897), p. 151.
Quoted in E. Molnar, La Politique d’Alliances du Marxisme 7545–7 W (Budapest 1967), p. 152.
Quoted in Gustav Maier, Friedrich Engels (The Hague 1934). Vol. II, p. 186.
Maier, op. cit., p. 187.
F. Engels, Introduction to S. Borkheim, Zur Erinnerung fur die deutschen Mordspatrioten 1806–1812 (1887), quoted in Karl Kautsky, Sozialisten und Krieg (Prague 193 7), pp. 250–251.
Quoted in V. I. Lenin, The War and the Second International (London 1936), p. 57. For a further discussion of these questions see James Joli. ’Socialism between peace, war and revolution’ in S. Bertelli (ed.) Per Federico Chabod (1901–1960), Vol. II. Equilibrio ed Espansione Coloniale 1870–1914 (Perugia 1982).
Quoted in Erich Eyck, Das persönliche Regiment Wilhelms II (Zurich 1948), p. 62.
Quoted in Kautsky, op. cit., p. 274.
See Jean-Jacques Becker, Le Carnet В. (Paris 1973).
See e.g. Becker, 1914, pp. 106–117; J. J. Becker and Annie Kriegel, 1914: la guerre et le mouvement ouvrier français (Paris 1964); Georges Haupt, Socialism and the Great War: The Collapse of the Second International (Oxford 1972), pp. 171–180; Annie Kriegel, Le Pain et les Roses (Paris 1968), pp. 107–124.
Quoted in Annie Kriegel, ’Jaurès en 1914’ in Le Pain et les Roses, p. 115.
Quoted in Maier, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 519.
Bebel at SPD Congress 1891, Protokoll uber die Verhandlungen des Parteitages der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (Berlin 1891), p. 285.
See R. J. Crampton, ’August Bebel and the British Foreign Office’, History, 58 (June 1973) and Helmut Bley, Bebel und die Strategie der Kriegsverhütung 1904–1913 (Göttingen 1975).
See the tables in Becker, 1914, pp. 286–291.
Vossische Zeitung 5 May 1916, quoted in Edwyn Bevan, German Social Democracy during the War (London 1918), p. 15. See also Joli, Second International, p. 179.
BD XI, No. 676, p. 356.
Quoted in Georges Haupt, Socialism and the Great War: The Collapse of the Second International (Oxford 1972), pp. 251–252.
Quoted in George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, The Anarchist Prince (London 1950), p. 379.
R. de Felice, Mussolini il Revolvzionario (Turin 1965), p. 104.
G. Bozzetti, Mussolini direttore dell Avanti! (Milan 1979), p. 189.
Hansard, 5th series, Vol. LXV, col. 1881.
Margaret I. Cole (ed.) Beatrice Webb’s Diaries 1912–1924 (London 1952), p. 26.
’In Kitchener’s Army’, New Statesman, 5 Dec. 1914; F. H. Keeling, Keeling Letters and Reminiscences (London 1918), p. 209, see Arthur Marwick, The Deluge (London 1965), pp. 35–36.
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell 1914–1944 (London 1968), p. 16.
Rupert Brooke, ’The dead’, 1914 and other Poems (London 1915), p. 13; Julian Grenfell, ’Into battle’, Nicholas Mosley, Julian Grenfell: His Life and the Times of his Death (London 1976), p. 256.
The phrase was used by the conservative historian Heinrich Leo in 1853 so had presumably been familiar for some decades. See Christoph Freiherr von Maltzan, Heinrich Leo (Göttingen 1979), p. 213. I am grateful to Lord Dacre of Glenton and Mr Daniel Johnson for this reference. The suggestion of the folk-song echo is made by Maurice Pearton, The Knowledgeable State: Diplomacy War and Technology since 1830 (London 1982), p. 32.
Herbert Spencer, Social Statics (London 1868), p. 80.
Franz Baron Conrad von Hotzendorf, Aus meiner Dienstzeit (Vienna 1923). Vol. IV, pp. 128–129.
Ze Figaro, 1 Sept. 1891, quoted in Claude Digeon, La Crise allemande de la Pensée francaise (Paris 1959), p. 278.
G. Papini and G. Prezzolini, Vecchio e nuovo Nazionalismo, quoted in Mario Isnenghi, Il Mito della Grande Guerra da Marinetti a Malaparte (Bari 1970), p. 77.
Quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (New York 1951), p. 90.
Le Figaro, 29 Oct. 1912, quoted in Becker, 1914, p. 40.
Canon E. McLure, Germany’s War-Inspirers Nietzsche and Treitschke (London 1914), p. 5. For a further discussion of this topic, see James Joli, ’The English, Friedrich Nietzsche and the First Word War’ in Imanuel Geiss and Bernd Jurgen Wendt (eds) Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Düsseldorf 1973).
Quoted in Peter Winzen. ’Treitschke’s influence on the rise of anti-British and imperialist nationalism in Gennany’ in Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls (eds) Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (London 1981), p. 164
Heinrich von Treitschke, Politik: Vorlesungen von Heinrich von Treitschke (ed. Max Cornicelius) (Leipzig 1899–1900). Vol. II, p. 550, English tr. in H. W. C. Davis, The Political Thought of Heinrich von Treitschke (London 1914) p. 177.
Treitschke, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 74; Davis, op. cit., p. 152.
Sir Charles Petrie, The Life and Letters of the Right Hon. Sir Austen Chamberlain (London 1940). Vol. I, p. 28.
The Times, 31 Oct. 1914.
’Agathon’ (Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde), Les Jeunes Gens d’Aujourd’hui (Paris 1913), pp. 32–33. See Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, Mass. 1979) Ch. I.
E. Lavisse, Manuel d’Histoire de France (Cours moyen 1912), quoted in Pierre Nora, ’Ernest Lavisse: son rôle dans la formation du sentiment national’, Revue Historique, 228 (1962) 104.
R. H. Samuel and R. Hinton Thomas, Education and Society in Modern Germany (London 1949), p. 71.
Quoted in Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870–1914 (London 1977), pp. 334–335.
Quoted in Becker and Kriegel, op. cit, pp. 141, 138.
Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge 1981), p. 184. See also David B. Ralston, The Army of the Republic (Cambridge, Mass. 1967), p. 324.
Robert Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys (London 1908), p. 282. See John Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements 1883–1940 (London 1977), pp. 15–16.
Baden-Powell, op. cit., p. 267.
Freideutsche Jugend, Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier auf dem Hohen Meissner (Jena 1913), pp. 4–5, quoted in Gerhard A. Ritter (ed.) Historisches Lesebuch 2. 1871–1914 (Frankfurt-am-Main 1967), p. 363. On the German youth movements see Walter Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movements (London 1962).
Klaus Saul, ’Der Kampf um die Jugend zwischen Volksschule und Kaserne: ein Beitrag zur "Jugendpflege’” im Wilhelminischen Reich 1890–1914, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, Vol. I (1971), pp. 116–117.
Saul, op. cit., p. 118.
Saul, op. cit., p. 137.
Saul, op. cit, p. 125.
Quoted in Martin Kitchin, The German Officer Corps 1890–1914 (Oxford 1968), p. 141.
For the relations between Marinetti and the nationalist movement, see James Joli, ’F. T. Marinetti: Futurism and Fascism’ in Three Intellectuals in Politics (New York 1960), pp. 133–178. For a discussion of the various tendencies in Italian nationalism, see Rudolf Lill and Franco Valsecchi (eds), 11 nazionalismo in Italia e in Germaniafino aile Prima Guerra Mondiale (Bologna 1983).
A. J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Vol. I. The Road to War 1904–1914 (London 1961), p. 114.
I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War 1763–1914 (London 1966).
Clarke, op. cit., p. 126.
See David French, ’Spy fever in Britain 1900–1915’, Historical Journal 21. No. 2 (1978) 335–370.
Becker, 1914, p. 510.
Emile Vandervelde, Jaures (Paris 1919), p. 6.
Haupt, op. cit., (Oxford 1972), p. 252.
Norman Hutchinson, US Charge d’Affaires in Bucharest and Belgrade, to State Dept. 27 Feb. 1909, quoted in Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London 1967), p. 320.
Some of what follows is based on James Joli, ’Politicians and the freedom to choose: the case of July 1914’ in Alan Ryan (ed.) The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (Oxford 1979).
’Agathon’ (Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde) Les Jeunes Gens d’Aujourd’hui, (Paris 1913), p. 31.
See e.g. the special issue of ’Quantitive international history: an exchange’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, XXI, No. i (March 1977); also e.g. George H. Questor, ’Six causes of war’, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 6, No. 1 (1982).
See р. 23 above.
See p. 38 above.
David Lloyd George, War Memoirs (new edn, London 1938). Vol. I, p. 32.
Quoted in Lothar Gall, Bismarck, der weisse Revolutionär (Frankfurt-am-Main 1980), p. 56.
V. I. Lenin, ’Can the Bolsheviki hold state power?’ Oct. 1917, quoted in William Henry Chamberlain, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 (New York 1935) Vol. L, p. 290.
Elie Halévy, The World Crisis of 1914–1918: A Reinterpretation (Rhodes Memorial Lecture, University of Oxford 1929) reprinted in E. Halévy, The Era of Tyrannies (tr. By R. K. Webb with a note by Fritz Stern) (Garden City, NY 1965), p. 245.