Критическая масса

ВВЕДЕНИЕ. ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ АРИФМЕТИКА

1 W. Petty (1690). Political Arithmetick. Robert Clavel, London.

2 Ibid., Preface.

3 K. Waltz (1954). Man, the State, and War, p. 75. Columbia University Press, New York.

ГЛАВА 1. РОЖДЕНИЕ ЛЕВИАФАНА

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Bernard Fontenelle, quoted in A.G. R. Smith (1972). Science and Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries, p. 153. Science History Publications, New York.

Bernard Fontenelle (1686). Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds, trans. W. Gardiner (1715), pp. 11-12. London.

Robert M.Maclver (1947). The Web of Government. Macmillan, New York. Quoted in R.Bierstedt, ed. (1959). The Making of Society, p. 493. Random House, New York.

Stephen Cotgrove (1967). The Science of Society, p. 181. Allen & Unwin, London.

1 Snorri Sturluson (thirteenth century). The Prose Edda, trans. J. I. Young (1964) (with minor changes), p. 86. University of California Press, Berkeley.

2 J. Aubrey (1681). Brief Lives, ed. J. Buchanan-Brown (2000), pp. 427-28. Penguin, London.

3 T.Hobbes (1651). Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson (1985), pp. 110-11. Penguin, London.

4 T.Hobbes (1651). Philosophical Rudiments concerning Government and Society, ch.

1, sec. 7, p. 26. Quoted in Leviathan (ed. C.B. Macpherson), p. 28. The Rudiments is a translation by Hobbes of his Latin text De Give (1642).

5 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 82.

6 R.Descartes (1641). «Meditations on first philosophy.» In Meditations and Selections from the Principles of Philosophy, p. 98. Open Court, La Salle, 111., 1952.

7 Hobbes, Philosophical Rudiments, Preface, pp. 10-11.

8 T.Hobbes (1642). De Give, ed. S.Lamprecht (1949), p. 15. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

9 F.Bacon (1627). New Atlantis. Quoted in J.Carey, ed. (1999). The Faber Book of Utopias, p. 64. Faber & Faber, London.

10 R.M. Maclver (1947). The Web of Government. Quoted in Bierstedt, p. 493.

11 L.Mumford (1946). The Culture of Cities, p. 93. Seeker & Warburg, London.

12 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 151.

13 Ibid., p. 161.

14 Ibid., p. 186.

15 Ibid., p. 190.

16 Job 41:8-34.

17 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 228.

18 F.L. Nussbaum (1965). The Triumph of Science and Reason 1660-1685, p. 61. Harper

& Row, New York.

19 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 261.

20 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 379.

21 R.Olson (1990). Science Deified and Science Defied, vol. 2, p. 41. University of California Press, Berkeley.

22 Quoted in R.Tuck (2002). Hobbes: A Very Short Introduction, p. 107. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

23 T.Hobbes (1682). Behemoth, or The Long Parliament, ed. F.Tonnies, p. 126. Reprinted by University of Chicago Press, 1990.

24 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 208.

ГЛАВА 2. МАЛЫЕ СИЛЫ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Piet Hein (1966). «Atomyriades,» in Grooks, p. 24. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Albert Einstein (1900), Letter to Mileva Marie, 13 September. In A.Beck & P.Havas, eds. (1987). The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. I, p. 154. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.

James Clerk Maxwell (1856), Inaugural Lecture at Aberdeen, 2 November. In Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 28, 69 (1973).

1 I.Kant, quoted in EA. Hayek (1962). The Road to Serfdom, p. xx. Routledge, London.

2 R.J. Boscovich (1763). Theoria philosophiae naturalis. Venice. Trans, as A Theory of Natural Philosophy (Open Court, Chicago, 1922). Reprinted by MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1966), p. 141.

3 P.-S. Laplace (1814). Essaiphilosophique surlesprobabilites, p. 3. Paris. Reprinted by Gauthiers-Villars, Paris, 1921.

4 S. Carnot (1824). Reflexions sur la puissance motrice dufeu et sur les machinespropre a developper cette puissance. Bachelier, Paris. English trans, by R.H. Thurston in S. Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and Other Papers on The Second Law of Thermodynamics, ed. E. Mendoza. Dover, New York, 1960.

5 C.P. Snow (1965). The Two Cultures, pp. 14-15. Cambridge University Press.

6 W.Thomson (1852). «On a universal tendency in nature to the dissipation of mechanical energy.» Philosophical Magazine 4,304-6.

7 Quoted by J.M. Thomas (1986). Royal Institution Proceedings, Royal Institution Inaugural Lecture, p. 3.

8 LBoltzmann (1872). «Weitere Studien fiber das Warmegleichgewicht unter Gas- molekiilen.» Sitzungsberichte derAkademie der Wissenschqften, Wien II, 66,275-370. In WissenschafilicheAbhandlungen, ed. F.HasenOhrl, vol. 1, p. 345. J.A. Barth, Leipzig, 1909.

ГЛАВА 3. ЗАКОН БОЛЬШИХ ЧИСЕЛ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Wilhelm Wundt (1862). Beitrage zur Theorie der Sinneswahmehmung, p. xxv. Leipzig. John

Herschel (1850). «Quetelet on probabilities.» Edinburgh Review 92,42.

Herbert Spencer (1880). The Study of Sociology, 9th ed., p. 39. Otto Zeller, OsnabrUck, 1966.

1 L. Boltzmann, in W.Hoeflechner, ed. (1994). Ludwig Boltzmann: Leben und Briefe. Pub-likationen aus dem Archiv der Universitat Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlaganstalt, Graz. English translation by ERohrlich (1992). «А poem by Ludwig Boltzmann,» American Journal of Physics 60,972-73.

2 D.L. Goodstein (1975). States of Matter; p. 1. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

3 R.Musil (1953-60; written 1930-42). The Man Without Qualities, trans. E.Wilkins and E. Kaiser. Seeker & Warburg, London.

4 W.Petty (1691). «The political anatomy of Ireland.» In С H.Hull, ed. (1899). The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, vol. 1, p. 129. Cambridge University Press.

5 J.Graunt (1662). Observations upon the Bills of Mortality. In С H.Hull, ed. (1899). The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, vol. 2, p. 334. Cambridge University Press.

6 Цит. no D.J. Boorstin (1985). The Discoverers, p. 668. Vintage, New York.

7 T.Short (1767). A Complete History of the Increase and Decrease of Mankind, p. i. London.

8 I.Kant (1784). On History, ed. L.Beck (1963), p. 11. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis.

9 J.-A.-N. de Condorcet (1785). Essai sur Гapplication de Vanalyse a laprobabilite des decisions renduesa la plurite des voix. Quoted in J. Carey, ed. (1999). The Faber Book of Utopias, pp. 161-62. Faber & Faber, London.

10 J.-A.-N. de Condorcet (1795). Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de VEsprit

* Humain. Quoted in Carey, p. 165.

11 Condorcet (1795). Esquisse. Quoted in R.Bierstedt, ed. (1959). The Making of Society, p. 168. Random House, New York.

12 J.T. Desaguliers (1728). The Newtonian System of the World, 11.17-18. Quoted in M. С Jacob (1981). The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans, p. 124. Allen & Unwin, London.

13 D. Hume (1741). «That politics may be reduced to a science.» In Selected Essays, ed. S.Copley & AEdgar (1993), pp. 13-24. Oxford University Press.

14 J.Swift (1726). Gulliver's Travels, book ii, p. 176. Penguin, Harmondsworth, England, 1985.

15 E. Burke (1790). Reflections on the Revolution in France, para. 98. J.Dodsley Lond Republished С. С O'Brien, ed. (1982). Penguin, Harmondsworth.

16 A.Comte (1830-42). Cours de philosophiepositive. Quoted in Bierstedt, p. 192

17 AQuetelet (1830-31). «Lettre a M. le Bourgmestre, 15 dec. 1831.» Annuaire de Vobservatoire de Bruxelles 1, 285 (1834); «Letter to Bouvard,» 5 November 1830, quoted J.Lottin (1912), Quetelet: Statistician et Sociologue, p. 52. Institut Superieur de Philosophie, Louvain.

18 AQuetelet (1840). «Notice scientifique» for his book Sur Vhomme, Annuaire de TObsvatoire de Bruxelles 7, 230.

19 AQuetelet (1832). «Recherches sur le penchant au crime aux differens ages» Nou veaux memoires de Vacademie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Bruxelles 7,136

20 A. Quetelet (1835). SurVhomme et le developpement de sesfacultes_y ou essai de physique sociale, p. 289. Bachelier, Paris.

21 A.Quetelet (1835). «Recherches,» p. 6.

22 J.Herschel (1850). «Quetelet on Probabilities.» Edinburgh Reivew92,14.

23 J.S. Mill (1862). A System of Logic, in Collected Works, vols. 7 and 8 (ed. J.M. Robson) p. 932. University of Toronto Press, 1973.

24 H.T. Buckle (1857-61). History of Civilization in England, vol. 2, p. 244. New York, 1913.

25 I.Kant (1784). «Idea of a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View.» See I.Kant, On History, p. 11.

26 H.T. Buckle (1857-61). History of Civilization in England. See F.Stern (ed.), The Varieties of History from Voltaire to the Present, 2nd ed., pp. 121-32. Macmillan, London, 1970.

27 W.Newmarch (1860). «Some Observations on the Present Position of Statistical Inquiry with Suggestions for Improving the Organization and Efficiency of the International Statistical Congress.» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23,362.

28 N.W. Senior (1860). «Opening address of Nassau W.Senior, Esq.,...» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23,359.

29 F.K. Hunt (1850). «А Few Facts About Matrimony.» In Household Words 1, 374.

30 R. W. Emerson (1860). «Fate.» In The Conduct of Life & Other Essays (1908), p. 159. J.M. Dent & Sons, London.

31 M.Twain (1924). Autobiography, vol. 1, ch. 20. Harper & Brothers, New York.

32 F.Nietzsche (1874). Untimely Meditation. Second Part: Of the Use and Disadvantage of History for Life. E.W. Fritzsch, Leipzig.

33 Quoted in L. Campbell & W.Garnett (1882). The Life of James Clerk Maxwell, pp. 294-95. Macmillan, London.

34 J. С Maxwell (1873). «Molecules,» a lecture. In The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell ed. W.D. Niven, vol. 2, p. 374. Cambridge University Press, 1890.

35 Quoted in Campbell & Garnett, pp. 438-39.

36 L.Boltzmann (1872). «Weitere Studien fiber das Warmegleichgewicht unter Gas- molekiilen.» In Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, ed. F.Hasenbhrl, vol. 1, p. 317. J.A. Barth, Leipzig, 1909.

37 P.G. Tait (1886). «On the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases.» In Scientific Papers, vol. 2, p. 126. Cambridge University Press, 1898-1900.

38 С S.Peirce (1877). «The fixation of belief.» Popular Science Monthly 12, 1-15. Reprinted in 1974 in Collected Papers, vol. V, p. 226. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. I am grateful to Vincent Bauchau for bringing this citation to my attention.

39 F.Galton (1875). English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture. D. Appleton, New York.

40 A.-A. Cournot (1843). Exposition de la theorie des chances et des probabilites, p. 181. Ha-chette, Paris.

41 J.J. Fox (1860). «On the Province of the Statistician.» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23,331.

42 A.Taillandier (1828). Review of «Compte general de Tadministration de la justice crim-inelle en France.» Revue encyclopedique 40,612.

43 Editorial «Introduction.» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 1, 3 (1838).

44 Quoted in M.Diamond & M.Stone (1981). «Nightingale on Quetelet.» Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 144, 70.

45 A. de Candolle (1830). «Considerations sur la statistique des delits.» Bibliotheque uni-verselle des sciences, belles-lettres et arts, 104,160.

46 I.Kant (1784). On History, ed. L.Beck (1963), p. 11. Indianapolis.

47 A.Quetelet (1847). «De Pinfiuence de libre arbitre de Fhomme sur les faits sociaux.» Bulletin de la commission centrale de statistique 3,142.

48 A.Quetelet, Sur Fhomme, p. 9.

49 W.Cyples (1864). «Morality of the doctrine of averages.» Comhill Magazine 10,224.

50 «The Address of the Prince consort on opening as President the Fourth Session of the International Statistical Congress.» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23, 280 (I860).

51 F. Dostoevsky, Letters from the Underworld, trans. С J. Hogarth, p. 32. J.M. Dent & Sons, London, 1913.

52 Ibid., pp. 29-30.

53 Ibid., p. 31.

54 L.N. Tolstoy (1869). War and Peace, trans. R.Edmunds (1969), vol. 2, p. 1,404. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

55 Ibid., p. 1,426.

56 Ibid., p. 1,440.

57 Quoted in N. Ferguson (1997). Virtual History, p. 446. Picador, London.

58 A.Tennyson (1868). «Lucretius,» p. 10. Printed for private circulation, Cambridge, Mass.

59 J. С Maxwell (1873). «Molecules.» In W.D. Niven, p. 373.

60 J. С Maxwell (1867). Letter to P.G. Tait, in C.G. Knott (1911). Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait, pp. 213-14. Cambridge University Press.

61 M.Smoluchowski (1918). «Uber den Begriff des Zufalls und den Ursprung der Wahrscheinlichkeitgesetz in der Physik.» In Oeuvres, vol. 3, p. 87. Krakow, 1924-28.

ГЛАВА 4. ВЕЛИКИЙ А-БУММ!

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1860). The Conduct of Life, p. 210. J.M. Dent, London, 1908. James Clerk Maxwell (1878). In The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell ed.

W.D. Niven, vol. 2, pp. 715-17. Cambridge University Press, 1890.

Isaac Newton (1704). «Queries.» In Opticks. Reprinted by Dover, New York, 1952

¹ K.Vonnegut (1965). Cat's Cradle, p. 163. Penguin, Harmondsworth.

² M.Gladwell (2000). The Tipping Point. Little, Brown, London.

³ C.Jencks (1995). The Architecture of the Jumping Universe. Academy Editions, London

⁴ T.S. Kuhn (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Pres

⁵ J. F. W. Herschel (1830). Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy, p. 188. Longmans Brown, Green & Longmans, London, 1851.

⁶ T. Andrews (1869). «On the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states of matter.» Philo sophical Transactions of the Royal Society 159, 575.

⁷ J.C. Maxwell (1874). «Van der Waals on the continuity of the gaseous and liquid states» Nature 10, 477-80, here p. 478.

ГЛАВА 5. О РОСТЕ И ФОРМЕ

ПИГРАФЫ

tephen Hales (1727). Vegetable Staticks. W. & J.Innys & T.Woodward, London, lerbert Spencer (1876). The Principles of Sociology. Quoted in R.Bierstedt, ed. (1959).

The Making of Society, p. 262. Random House, New York.

Jeorg Christoph Lichtenberg, quoted in ECramer (1993). Chaos and Order; p. 2. VCH, Weinheim.

1 H.D. Thoreau (1856). The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, ed. B.Torrey & F. Allen, vol. 8, pp. 87-88. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1906.

2 J.W. Gibbs (1906). «On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances.» In The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs, vol. I, ed. H.A. Bumstead & R.G. Van Name. Longmans, Green, New York.

3 D. W. Thompson (1917). On Growth and Form, p. 503. Revised edition published by Cambridge University Press, 1942, and reprinted in 1992 by Dover, New York.

4 Ibid., p. 505.

5 I.Prigogine (1980). From Being To Becoming, p. 106. W.H. Freeman, New York.

6 J.L. Borges (1956). «The Garden of Forking Paths.» In Labyrinths, pp. 44-54. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970.

7 Prigogine, p. 106.

ГЛАВА 6. МАРШ РАЗУМА

ПИГРАФЫ

Jeorg Christoph Lichtenberg, quoted in F.Cramer (1993). Chaos and Order; p. 114. VCH, Weinheim.

Edward A.Ross (1901). Social Control. In R.Bierstedt (1959), The Making of Society, p. 336. Random House, New York.

[einrich von Kleist (1810). On the Marionette Theatre. In Berliner Abendblatter, 12-15 December. Trans. I. Parry in the Times Literary Supplement, 20 October 1978.

¹ A. van Leeuwenhoek (1674). In Antony van Leeuwenhoek and His Little Animals.¹ Trans. & ed C. Dobell (1958). Russell & Russell, New York.

² Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 228.

³ J.K. Parrish & LEdelstein-Keshet (1999). «Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation.» Science 284,99-101, here p. 100.

⁴ Quoted in S.Levy (1992). Artificial Life, p. 74. Jonathan Cape, London.

⁵ Quoted in R.Lewin (1992). Complexity, p. 178. Macmillan, New York.

⁶ Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 225.

⁷ Ibid, pp. 225-26.

^e L F Henderson (1971). «The statistics of crowd fluids.» Nature 229,381.

* BHilher & J.Hanson (1984). The Social Logic of Space, p. 266. Cambridge University Press.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ M Batty, J.Desyllas and E.Duxbury (2003). «Safety in numbers? Modelling crowds and designing control for the Notting Hill Carnival.» Urban Studies 40, 1573-90, here p. 1588.

12 Ramsh & Edelstein-Keshet, p. 101.

13 P. Ackroyd (2000). London: The Biography, p. 2. Chatto & Windus, London.

14 Ibid, p. 103.

15 H Ketl (1787). Quoted in Ackroyd, p. 517.

16 DDT Chen (2000). The science of smart growth.» Scientific American, December, pp. 84-92.

17 Ibid.

18 L Mumford (1938). The Culture of Cities, p. 233. Seeker & Warburg, London.

19 Ibid, p. 7.

20 H. Spencer (1876). Principles of Sociology. Quoted in R.Bierstedt, ed. (1959). The Making of Society, p. 262. Random House, New York.

21 Quoted in I.Petersen (1996). «The shapes of cities.» Science News 149,6 January, p. 9.

22 H.Simon (1996). The Science$ of the Artificial, 3rd ed., pp. 33-34. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

23 Ackroyd, p. 588.

ГЛАВА 7. ПУТИ-ДОРОГИ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Thomas C.Schelling (1978). Micromotives and Macrobehavior, p. 121. W.W. Norton, New York.

Josiah Willard Gibbs, quoted in A.T. Winfree (1980). The Geometry of Biological Tim Springer-Verlag, New York.

Rudyard Kipling (1888). L’Envoi to The Story of the Gadsbys. A.H. Wheeler & Co., Allahabad.

1 R.Moe (1999). Speech on urban sprawl, Red Hills Spring Event Dinner, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, 24 March.

ГЛАВА 8. РИТМЫ ТОРГОВОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Samuel Johnson, quoted in R.Heilbroner (2000). The Worldly Philosophers₁7th ed., p. 41. Penguin, London.

George Bernard Shaw (attributed).

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, quoted in R.W. Emerson (1860). The Conduct of Life, p. 197. J.M. Dent, London, 1908.

¹ Heilbroner, p. 57.

² D.Defoe (1706). Review; vol. ii, p. 26. Quoted in D.Donoghue (1988). England, Their England: Commentaries on English Language and Literature, p. 65. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

³ Quoted in J.G. A. Pocock (1985), «Josiah Tucker on Burke, Locke, and Price.» In Virtue, Commerce and History: Essays on Political Thought and History; Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century, pp. 157-91. Cambridge University Press.

⁴ Emerson, The Conduct of Life, p. 202.

5 Ibid.

6 J.Kay (1995). «Cracks in the crystal ball.» Financial Times, 29 September.

7 I. Fisher (1929). Quoted in R.Heilbroner, p. 251.

8 P.Krugman (1994). Peddling Prosperity p. xi. W.W. Norton, New York.

9 Ibid.

10 K.Marx & F.Engels (1848). The Communist Manifesto, trans. S.Moore, p. 25. Junius Publications, London, 1996.

11 Ibid., p. 48.

12 P. H. Cootner, ed. (1964). The Random Character of Stock Market Prices. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

13 Quoted in G.Stix (1998). «А calculus of risk.» Scientific American, May, 70-75.

ГЛі\ВА 9. АГЕНТЫ ФОРТУНЫ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Robert Heilbroner (1999), The Worldly Philosophers, 7th ed., pp. 316-17. Penguin, London.

Ral Waldo Emerson (1860). The Conduct of Life, p. 199. J.M. Dent, London, 1908.

Brian Arthur, quoted in M.M. Waldrop (1994), Complexity, p. 328. Penguin, London.

1 T.Carlyle (1849). «The Nigger question.» In Miscellaneous Essays, vol. 7, pp. 79-110. Chapman & Hall, London, 1888.1 recommend P.Groenewegen’s «Thomas Carlyle, ‘the dismal scienc»,’ and the contemporary political economy of slavery,» History of Economics Review 34,74-94 (2001) for a discussion of Carlyle’s critique of «economic science» and his views on the economic implications of the emancipation of slaves.

2 F Y.Edgeworth (1888). «Tests of accurate measurement.» In Papers Relating to Political Economy, vol. 1, p. 331. Macmillan, London, 1925.

3 F.Y. Edgeworth (1881). Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, pp. 12-13. Kegan Paul & Co., London.

4 F.Y. Edgeworth, Mathematical Psychics, p. 50.

5 Heilbroner, p. 176.

6 J.M. Keynes (1926). «Francis Ysidro Edgeworth,» In Essays in Biography; p. 224. W. W. Norton, New York, 1963.

7 P.Krugman (1994). Peddling Prosperity, p. xi. W.W. Norton, New York.

8 Heilbroner, p. 317.

9 D.Howell (2000). The Edge of Now. Macmillan, London.

10 J. J Kay (2000). «Economic with the truth.» Prospect, October, p. 70.

11 J M.Keynes (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, p. 161. Macmillan, London, 1973.

12 G.Soros (1994). Quoted in the editorial introduction to The Economy as a Complex Evolving System II, ed. W.B. Arthur, S.N. Durlauf & D.A. Lane, p. 15. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

13 Kay, p. 70.

14 AKirman (1996). «Some observations on interactions in economicsi». Paper presented at Workshop on Structural Change, Manchester Metropolitan University, U. K., May 20-21,1996.

15 Ibid.

16 Arthur, Durlauf & Lane, p. 9.

17 C.Davenant (1696). «An Essay on the East-India-Trade,» p. 25. London.

18 A.Smith (1759). The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 82. Ed. D.D. Raphael & A.L. Macfie. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1976.

19 E.Burke (1797). Letter to Arthur Young, 23 May. In The Worb and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, vol. II, p. 398. Francis & John Rivington, London, 1852.

20 Y.Louzoun, S.Solomon, J.Goldenberg & D.Mazursky (2002). «The risk at being unfair: world-size global markets lead to economic instability.» Preprint.

21 J M. Epstein & R. Axtell (1996). Growing Artificial Societies, p. 136. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.480.

ГЛАВА 10. НЕОБЫЧНЫЕ ПРОПОРЦИИ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

George Kingsley Zipf (1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, p.27, Hafner, New York, 1965.

Herbert Simon (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed., p. 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Philip Anderson (1997). In The Economy as a Complex Evolving System II, ed. W. В Artb S.N. Purlauf & D.A. Lane, p. 566. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

1 L.Laloux, M.Potters, R.Cont, J.-P. Aguilar & J.-P. Bouchard (1999). «Are financial crashes predictable?» Europhysics Letters 45, 1-5.

2 P.Bak (1997). How Nature Works, pp. 187-88. Oxford University Press.

3 Ibid., p. 191.

4 ATennyson (1842). «Locksley Hall,» p. 20, line 137, in Locksley Hall and Other Poems. Ernest Nister, London.

5 B.Mandelbrot (1983). The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman & Co., New York.

6 E.Wolf (1996). «Trends in household wealth during 1989-1992.» Submitted’to the Department of Labor, New York. And J.Diaz-Gimenez, V.Quadrini & J.V. Rios-Rull (1997). «Dimensions of inequality: facts on the U.S. distributions of earnings, income and wealth.» Quarterly Review of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 21,3-21.

7 C.Snyder (1940). Capitalism the Creator; p. 417. Macmillan, New York.

8 Z.-F. Huang & S.Solomon (2001). «Finite market size as a source of extreme wealth inequality and market instability.» Physica A 294, 503-13.

9 Zipf, p. 543.

10 Ibid., p. 544.

ГЛАВА 11. КОЛЛЕКТИВНАЯ РАБОТА

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Charles Handy (1993). Understanding Organizations, 4th ed., p. 313. Penguin, London.

John Burton Sanderson Haldane (1949). «Shapes and weights.» In What Is Life? p. 186. Alcuin Press, Welwyn Garden City, England.

E.Fritz Schumacher (1974). Small Is Beautiful, p. 55. Sphere, London.

1 Quoted in G.Monbiot (2000). Captive State, pp. 166-67. Macmillan, London.

2 A Review of Monopolies and Mergers Policy: A consultative document. Cmnd 7198, pp. 136-7. HMSO, London, 1978.

3 A. Smith (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Abridged version, ed. L.Dickey (1993), p. 5. Hackett, Indianapolis.

4 Monbiot, p. 179.

5 R.Axtell (2001). «Zipf distribution of U.S. firm sizes.» Science 293,1818-1820.

6 J.Sutton (1997). «Gib rat’s legacy.» Journal of Economic Literature XXXV, pp. 42-43.

7 R. Axtell (1999). «The emergence of firms in a population of agents: local increasing returns, unstable Nash equilibria, and power law size distributions.» Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, Working Paper no. 3, p. 3. Brookings Institution, Washington, D. C.

8 Sutton, p. 57.

9 J.Kay (2003). «The real economy.» Prospect, May, p. 28.

10 Axtell (1999), p. 87.

ГЛАВА 12. ВСТУПАЙ В КЛУБ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

John Stuart Mill (1843). A System of Logic, pp. 572-73. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1884.

Eric Hobsbawm (1994). Age of Extremes, p. 147. Abacus, London.

L.N. Tolstoy (1869). War and Peace, trans. R.Edmunds, vol. 2, p. 1426. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1969.

1 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. B.Jowett, 2nd ed., book III. para.

11, Oxford University Press, London, 1900.

2 R.Axelrod & D.S. Bennett (1993). «А landscape theory of aggregation.» British Journal of Political Science 23, 211-33, here p. 219.

3 K. Waltz (1979). Theory of International Politics, p. 167. Addison-Wesley, Reading, I Mass.

4 G.H. Snyder (1984). «The security dilemma in alliance politics,» World Politics 36, 461-95.

5 Hobsbawm, p. 162.

6 M.Oakeshott (1933). Experience and Its Modes, p. 128. Cambridge University Press.

7 Quoted in N. Ferguson (1997). Virtual History, p. 1. Picador, London.

8 H.Trevor-Roper (1981). «History and imagination.» In History and Imagination: Eassays in Honour of H.R. Trevor-Roper, p. 364, ed. V.Pearl, B. Worden & H.Lloyi- Jones. Duckworth, London.

9 J Ferguson, p. 85.

10 Ibid.

ГЛАВА 13. МНОЖЕСТВА В ДОЛИНЕ РЕШЕНИЙ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Karl Mannheim (1936). Ideology and Utopia. Harcourt, Brace, New York. Quoted in Biernstedt (1959). The Making of Society, p. 505.

Joshua Epstein (2001). «Learning to be thoughtless: social norms and individual computation.» Computational Economics 18 (1), 9-24.

Malcolm Gladwell (2001). The Tipping Point, p. 259. Abacus, London.

1 The Onion 36 (40), 9 November 2000. See www.theonion.com/onion3640/bush_or_ gore. html.

2 Quoted in M.J. Hinich and М. С Munger (1997). Analytical Politics, p. 3. Cambridge University Press.

3 Epstein, pp. 9-24.

4 Т. С Schelling (1973). Micromotives and Macrobehavior, p. 20 W.W. Norton, New York.

5 Ibid., p. 23.

6 P.Ormerod (2002). «Sense on segregation,» Prospect, February, 12-14.

7 M.Lind (2001). «Are there global political values?» Prospect, December 2001, p 20

8 F.Dostoevsky (1911). Crime and Punishment, p. 64. J.M. Dent & Sons, London

9 M. (Gladwell, p. 8.

10 G.B. Shaw (1908). Getting Married', p. 111. In Selected Passages from the Works of Bernard Shaw, p. 142. Constable & Co., London, 1912.

11 Shaw, Getting Married, p. 130. In Selected Passages, p. 145.

12 G.S. Becker (1991). A Treatise on the Family, p. 325. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

13 Ibid., p. 232.

14 Ibid., p. 32.

15 Ibid., p. 59.

16 Ibid., p. 4.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid., p. 19.

19 Schelling, p. 36.

20 W.Newmarch (1860). «Some observations on the present position of statistical inquiry with suggestions for improving the organization and efficiency of the International Statistical Congress.» Journal of the Statistical Society of London 23, 362-63.

21 W.B. Arthur (1994). «Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality.» American Economic Review 34,406-11.

22 Ibid.

ГЛАВА 14. КОЛОНИЗАЦИЯ КУЛЬТУРЫ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1772). «Considerations sur le Gouvernement de Pologne.» In The Political Writings ofJean Jacques Rousseau, vol. II, ed. C.E. Vaughan (1915), p. 432. Cambridge University Press.

Cindy Gilday, quoted inJ.Mander, «Technologies of globalization.» In The Case Against the Global Economy, ed. E. Goldsmith & J.Mander (2001), p. 52. Earthscan, London.

Susan George (2002). Quoted in «Globally locally,» New Scientist, 27 April, p. 44.

1 J.M. Epstein & R.Axtell (1996). Gromng Artificial Societies, p. 163. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

2 Quoted in I. Peterson (1996). «The gods of Sugarscape.» Science News, 23 November, p. 332.

3 Epstein & Axtell, p. 52.

ГЛАВА 15. МАЛЫЕ МИРЫ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Emile Durkheim (1879). Revue Philosophique, December.

Marc E.J. Newman (2003). «Ego-centered networks and the ripple effect,» Social Networks 25,83-95.

1 S.Milgram, quoted in M.Gladwell (2001). The Tipping Point, p. 36. Abacus, London.

2 J. Guare (1990). Six Degrees of Separation: A Play. Vintage, New York.

Puc.15.2

Kevin Bacon — Eddie Albert: The Big Picture

Kevin Bacon — Meryl Streep: The River Wild

Kevin Bacon — Jack Nicholson: A Few Good Men

Kevin Bacon — Maximilian Schell: Telling Lies in America

Kevin Bacon — Allison Caine: Diner

Kevin Bacon — Diane Lane: My Dog Skip

Rod Steiger — Humphrey Bogart: The Harder They Fall

Rod Steiger — Eddie Albert: The Longest Day

Rod Steiger — Jack Nicholson: Mars Attacks!

Rod Steiger — Diane Lane: Cattle Annie and Little Britches

Rod Steiger — Karl Maiden: On the Waterfront

Rod Steiger — Marlon Brando: On the Waterfront

Rod Steiger — Maximilian Schell: The Chosen

Marlon Brando — Karl Maiden: On the Waterfront

Marlon Brando — Maximilian Schell: The Freshman

Marlon Brando — Jack Nicholson: The Missouri Breabl

Jack Nicholson — Meryl Streep: Ironweed

Humphrey Bogart — Eddie Albert: The Wagons Roll at Night

Karl Malden — Allison Caine: Nuts

Maximilian Schell — Meryl Streep:Julia

ГЛАВА 16. КАК ТКАЛАСЬ ПАУТИНА

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Manuel Castells (2001). The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society; p. 207. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Gustavo Cardoso (1998). Para uma Sociologia do Ciberespaco: Comunidades Virtuais em Portugues, p. 116 (trans. M.Castells). Celta Editora, Oeiras, Portugal.

William Shakespeare (1602-1604). Othello III, iv, 69.

1 Llrving (1998). Quoted in E.Wasserman (1998). «Feds take steps against threat of cyber terrorism.» CNN, 25 September. See www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/ 9809/25/cyberterrorism. idg/>.

2 T.Hobbes (1651). Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson (1985), p. 353. Penguin, London.

3 Castells, p. 1.

4 Ibid., p. 36.

5 Ibid., р. 282.

6 S.Dalzell, quoted in J.Naughton (1999). A Brief History of the Future, pp. 190-91. Wei-denfeld & Nicolson, London. See www2.epic.org/cda/cda_dc_opinion. html.

7 Ibid., p. 192.

8 T.Berners-Lee (1990). «Information management: a proposal,» CERN Internal Report, May, p. 9. See www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal. html.

9 FBI Definitions, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 28, sec. 0.85.

10 A.-L. Barabasi (2003). «We’re all on the Grid together.» New York Times, 16 August.

11 Ibid.

12 A.-L. Barabasi (2002). Personal communication.

13 W.B. Arthur, S.N. Durlauf & D.A. Lane (1997). The Economy as a Complex Evolving System II, p. 9. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

ГЛАВА 17. ПОРЯДОК В ЭДЕМЕ

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Sir William Temple (1751). «An Essay upon the Origin and Nature of Government.» Works I, p. 99. Quoted in the introduction to T.Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson, p. 61.

John Locke (1690). Essay on Civil Government. In Two Treatises of Government, ed. M.Goldie, p. 118. J.M. Dent, London, 1993.

Ian Hay (1916). The First Hundred Thousand, pp. 224-25. William Blackwood, London.

1 S. Freud (1930). Civilization and Its Discontents, pp. 32-33. Hogarth Press, London, 1973.

2 J. Locke (1690). Second Treatise on Government. In Two Treatises of Government, 2nd ed., ed. P Laslett, p. 433. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970.

3 K. Popper (1997). The Lesson of This Century, p. 35. Routledge, London.

4 Freud, p. 60.

5 Locke (ed. Goldie), p. 124.

6 Ibid., p. 117.

7 Ibid., p. 124.

8 A.A. Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, ed. P. Aynes, vol. ii, p. 67 (Wyat, London). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999.

9 Genesis 9:6.

10 Locke, p. 178.

11 J.S. Mill (1859). On Liberty, ed. G.Himmelfarb, p. 68. Penguin, London, 1985.

12 J.S. Mill (1861). «Utilitarianism.» In J.S. Mill and J.Bentham (1987). Utilitarianism and Other Essays, ed. A. Ryan, p. 278. Penguin, Harmondsworth, England.

13 J.-J. Rousseau (1754). «Discourse on Inequality.» Quoted in B.Russell (1984). A History of Western Philosophy, p. 663. Unwin Paperbacks, London.

14 С Darwin (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, p. 64. John Murray, London, 1874.

15 T.Hobbes (1651). Leviathan, ch. 51.

16 R.Kagan (2002). «Power and weakness.» Policy Review 113, June & July (http://www. policyreview.org).

17 E.Hobsbawm (1994). Age of Extremes, pp. 24-26. Abacus, London.

18 G.Dugdale (1932). Langemarck and Cambrai, p. 94. Wilding & Son, Shrewsbury.

19 G.B. Cobb (1916). Stand to Arms, p. 74. Wells Gardner, Darton, London.

20 T.Ashworth (1980). Trench Warfare 1914-1918: The Live and Let Live System, p. 144. Holmes & Meier, New York.

21 Hobbes, p. 190.

22 Ibid.

23 R. Axelrod (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation, p. 124. Basic Books, New York.

24 Popper, p. 70.

25 Pericles’ funeral oration is recounted by Thucydides in History of the Peloponnesian War; bk. II. This paraphrase is given by Popper, p. 72.

26 Popper, pp. 36-37.

ГЛАВА 18. ПОБЕДА ПАВЛОВА

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Niccolo Machiavelli (1513). The Prince, trans. G.Bull, ch. XV, p. 91. Penguin, London, 1981.

Kenneth N. Waltz (1954). Man, the State, and War, p. 108. Columbia University Press, New York.

Karl Popper (1988). «Reflections on the theory and practice of the democratic state,» talk in Munich, 9 June. In The Lesson of This Century, p. 79. Routledge, London, 1997.

1 Deuteronomy 19:19-21.

2 M.A. Nowak & K.Sigmund (1992). «Tit for tat in heterogeneous populations.» Nature 355, 250-253.

3 E.Burke (1770). «Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents.» Quoted in M.J. Hinich & М. С Munger (1997), Analytical Politics, p. 136. Cambridge University Press.

4 Popper (1997). The Lesson of This Century, p. 49. Routledge, London.

5 Ibid., p. 55.

6 H.Kahn (1984). Thinking About the Unthinkable in the 1980s, p. 59. Simon & Schuster, New York.

7 B.Skyrms (1996). Evolution of the Social Contract, p. 24. Cambridge University Press.

8 Pentagon Papers, ed. N.Sheehan & E.W. Kenworthy (1971), p. 432. Times Books, New York.

9 K.Sigmund (1995). Games of Life, p. 191. Penguin, London.

¹⁽l R. Axelrod (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation, p. 184. Basic Books, New York.

11 Quoted in EGoodall (1997). A Question of Conscience, p. 198. Sutton Publishing Group, Stroud, U. K.

12 Quoted in Goodall, p. 199.

13 Popper, p. 91.

ГЛАВА 19. ВПЕРЕД, К УТОПИИ?

ЭПИГРАФЫ

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1860). The Conduct of Life, p. 176. J.M. Dent, London, 1908. George Lundberg (1939). Foundations of Sociology. Macmillan, London. In R.Bierstedt, ed (1959). The Making of Society, p. 518. Random House, New York.

Herbert Simon (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed., p. 139. MIT Press, Cambridge,

Mass. Julian Barnes (1989). A History of the World. Jonathan Cape, London.

1 J.Carey (1999). The Faber Book of Utopias, p. xii. Faber and Faber, London.

2 Quoted in F.A. Hayek (1962). The Road to Serfdom, p. 18. Routledge, London.

3 J.S. Mill (1843). A System of Logic, book 6. In Bierstedt, p. 205.

4 G.Simmel (1908). The Sociology qf Georg Simmel, ed. and trans. K.H. Wolff. Free Press, Glencoe, 111., 1950.

5 R.E. Park (1927). «Human nature and collective behavior.» American Journal of Sociology XXXII, no. 5,733.

6 A.Smith (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, ed. L. Dickey, p. 11. Hackett, Indianapolis, 1993.

7 B.Mandeville (1705). Fable of the Bees. Quoted in B. Willey (1940), The Eighteenth Century Background, p. 96. Columbia University Press, New York.

8 J. Swift (1729). A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public. In Selected Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, ed. J. Hayward (1949), p. 430. Cresset Press, London.

9 L.Mumford (1938). The Culture of Cities, p. 93. Seeker & Warburg, London.

10 Mill, Logic. In Bierstedt, p. 203.

11 A.Ferguson (1766). Institutes of Moral Philosophy. Quoted in G.Bryson (1945), Man and Society, p. 35. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.

12 A.Ferguson (1767). An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed. D.Forbes, p. 122. Edinburgh University Press, 1966.

13 R.W. Emerson (1844). «On Politics.» In The Essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson, p. 325. Grant Richards, London, 1903.

14 K.Marx (1845). Theses on Feuerbach, no. 11. Published and edited by F.Engels, as an appendix to F.Engels (1888), Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der Klassischen Deutschen Philosophie. J.H. W. Dietz, Stuttgart.

15 P.Ormerod (1998). Butterfly Economics, p. 182. Faber & Faber, London.

16 R. Olson (1990). Science Deified and Science Defied, vol. 2, pp. 210-11. University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif.

17 Cicero, De Legibus. In Bierstedt, p. 41.

18 Aristotle, Politics, trans. W.D. Ross. In Bierstedt, p. 24.

^t9 St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1259). On the Governance of Rulers, trans. G.B. Phelan. In Bierstedt, p. 52.

20 Ibid., p. 53.

21 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 185.

22 Smith, Wealth of Nations, p. 130.

23 F. von Hayek (1944). The Road to Serfdom, p. 27. Routledge, London, 1962.

24 Ibid., p. 14.

25 T C.Scheuing (1978). Micromotives and Macrobehavior; pp. 127-28. W.W. Norton, New York.

26 Ibid., p. 19.

27 K.Malik (2000). «Natural science.» Prospect, August/September.

28 Mill, Logic. In Bierstedt, p. 209.

29 F.Giddings (1924). The Scientific Study of Human Society. In Bierstedt, p. 362.

Филип Болл

Критическая масса

Как одни явления порождают другие

Издатель Т. Бушева Оформление обложки С. Артамонова Верстка Я. Кобзева Корректоры Л. Доценко, М. Козлова

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