Stalin

Provisional Government, Russian, 301, 467

Pushkin, Alexander, 379

Putna, Vitovt, 331, 423–24

Pu-Yi, Henry, 92

Pyatakov, Georgy “Yuri,” 33, 46, 50, 320, 330, 370, 371, 384, 437

arrest of, 443

execution of, 373, 376

party expulsion of, 337

Pyatnitsky, Osip, 171, 172, 189, 446, 447

Pyryev, Ivan, 293–94

Quiet Flows the Don (Dzerzhinsky), 283

Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 283

Quisling, Vidkun, 368, 762

Rachmaninov, Sergei, 292

Raczyński, Edward, 575, 622

Radek, Karl, 121, 155, 181, 326, 370, 373

on alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, 331–32

murder of, 637

in secret negotiations with Poland, 158, 159

Radiant Path, The (film), 795

radio, Soviet:

cable (wired) as dominant technology of, 216–17

Stalin’s speeches broadcast on, 352

tight government control of, 217

Radio Comintern, 217

Radio Moscow, 217

Radó, Sándor (“Dora”), 858, 872

Raeder, Erich, 473, 783, 784, 791, 815, 838, 900

Raikin, Arkady, 732–33

railroads, Soviet:

accidents on, 325

as weak point in military capability, 260–61, 290

Ramzin, Leonid, 60–61, 62

Raskolnikov, Fyodor (Ilin), 274–75, 627

mass terror condemned by, 709

Red Air Force, 824, 839, 861, 893

arrests and executions in, 472

bombers of, 99, 101, 265, 338, 346, 351, 567, 820, 856

fighters of, 78, 346, 351, 567, 668, 756, 820, 839

Red Army:

alleged conspiracies in, 77–78, 331, 350, 378, 391, 411–12, 419, 428, 454

armament buildup of, 20–21, 84–85, 727, 760, 820

Baltic states occupied by, 770–71

dearth of well-trained officers in, 291, 340, 430

decimation of officer corps in, 376–77, 378, 379, 395, 397–98, 407, 414–15, 420–21, 426–27, 428, 430, 434, 473, 495, 521, 536, 537, 551, 562, 563, 578, 592, 603, 754, 757, 781, 893

dysfunctional command structure of, 749

expansion of, 781

in Finnish border mobilization, 721

food rationing in, 98

foreign underestimation of, 591, 592, 675, 748–49, 875, 892–93

former Gulag prisoners returned to duty in, 759

former tsarist officers in, 76–77

forward deployment of, 825

German-Poland, war plan of, 239, 244–45

increased tank production for, 91–92

introduction of formal ranks in, 272

low morale of, 84

in Lvov clash with Wehrmacht, 685–86

in Manchurian invasion, 30–31

maneuvers of, 188, 265–66, 340–41

mechanized units of, 727, 755, 758, 860–61

modernization of, 20–21, 95, 99, 100–101, 131, 188, 223, 265–66, 270, 290, 297, 299, 352, 860–61, 862–63, 892

in Mongolia, 197, 644, 650–51, 653, 667–68

1938 partial mobilization of, 567, 568–69, 578

1941 war games of, 829–30

NKVD investigation of, 222, 357

NKVD troops deployed to block retreat of, 731, 749

OGPU investigation of, 76–77, 84

outdated and inadequate equipment of, 21, 101

paratroopers in, 265–66

preemptive attack on Poland considered by, 245

promotions in, 759

purge of party members in, 411

scale of, 391, 437–38, 603

reinstatement of officers in, 781

reorganization of, 820

September 1939 mobilization of, 681

Stalin’s order for buildup of, 91–92, 98

supposed Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy in, 396

supposed wreckers in, 21–22, 51, 64

tanks and armored vehicles of, 188, 265–66, 290, 755, 839, 857, 861, 893

Timoshenko’s reform of, 758–59

troop strength of, 188, 223, 251, 290, 820, 843–44, 892

Trotsky as head of, 397

Tukhachevsky’s plan and, 91

Tukhachevsky trial and, 422–24

weaknesses of, 534, 563, 871, 893

Western border buildup of, 842–43, 871, 881–82, 894

Winter War casualties of, 748–49

see also military, Soviet; Soviet Far Eastern Army

Red Army, Chinese, 458

Redens, Stanisław, 79, 102, 108, 140, 272–73, 742

Red Guards, 704

Red International of Labor Unions, 335

Reichstag fire, 120, 142–43

Reichswehr, 21, 93, 119, 174

see also Wehrmacht

Reizen, Mark, 595, 853

religion, Stalin’s loathing for, 3, 87

Repin, Ilya, 246–47, 465

Respondek, Erwin, 854–55

Return from the U.S.S.R. (Gide), 416

Revolution Betrayed, The (Trotsky), 328, 335, 787

Reznikov, Boris, 57–58

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 255, 355, 569, 584, 613, 628, 629, 632–33, 636, 639, 640, 650, 673, 676, 677, 731, 752, 805, 838, 842

as Anglophobe, 643

on Axis pact, 793

and evacuation of German embassy in Moscow, 879

and German invasion of USSR, 858, 859

German-Soviet Pact favored by, 642–43, 647, 651, 654

in German-Soviet Pact negotiations, 659, 660–61, 662–65

and Hitler-Stalin Pact, 678, 679, 680, 685–86

Molotov invited to Berlin by, 794, 797, 798–99, 803

and Molotov’s Berlin visit, 806, 808–9

and revision of German-Soviet Pact, 693–94, 695

Soviet inclusion in Axis pact proposed by, 797, 799, 808–9, 817–18, 820, 835

Stalin’s meeting with, 664

Riefenstahl, Leni, 266

Riga, Treaty of (1920), 689

rightists, right deviation, 22, 24, 39, 52, 57, 64, 79, 103, 156, 387, 389, 394, 413, 420, 429, 430, 478, 515

accused of plotting coup, 253, 254

in Communist Party, 14, 28–29, 43–44, 46, 50, 54, 61

mass arrests and torture of, 391

and supposed Trotskyite conspiracies, 253, 254, 309, 331, 357, 476, 480

“Rise and Development of Bolshevik Organization in the South Caucasus, The” (Beria), 260

Rivera, Diego, 368

Rodos, Boris, 548–49

Röhm, Ernst, 175

Rokossowski, Konstanty, 759–60

Rolland, Romain, 295

Stalin’s meeting with, 256–57

Romania, 17, 62, 89, 92, 93, 168, 485, 557, 563, 687, 694, 791, 802, 889

Antonescu coup in, 788

in Axis pact, 812, 829, 847

Bessarabia in, see Bessarabia

Chamberlain’s guarantee of independence of, 616

German alliance with, 774

German occupation of, 796, 797, 798, 808

German troops in, 820

interwar dictatorship of, 430

mobilization of, 894

oil fields in, 774, 786, 796, 817

in plans for Soviet invasion, 876, 877

Polish alliance with, 158

as pro-German, 596, 613

proposed Triple Alliance as concern to, 622

Soviet relations with, 613

Stalin’s fear of invasion by, 50, 54, 84, 239

standing army of, 112

territory ceded by, 787–88

USSR recognized by, 173

war preparations in, 735

Wehrmacht in, 828, 837, 853

Rome, Soviet spies in, 241

Romm, Mikhail, 467, 617, 853

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 146, 263, 630, 778, 833, 834, 882

and Congress’s blocking of Soviet loans, 167

Lend-Lease agreement and, 843

Nazi attacks on Jews criticized by, 598

Soviet rapprochement sought by, 144–45

Rosenberg, Alfred, 158, 168, 673, 883

Rosenberg, Marcel, 334, 347, 380–81

Rosenholz, Arkady (Rozengolts), 56, 259

Rostov, 499

Rostov Agricultural Engineering Works, 41

Royal Air Force, 591, 794

losses of, 780

Royal Navy, 591, 653, 783

Rozenfeld, Nina, 228, 232, 253

Rudzutaks, Jānis, 49, 113, 116, 419

Ruslan and Lyudmila (Glinka), 404

Russia, tsarist:

famine of 1891–92 in, 127

grain exports by, 127

pogroms in, 267

Stalin’s selective embrace of culture of, 282

Stalin’s views on, 73–74, 468

weak central government of, 297

in World War I, xv

Russian All-Military Union, 322, 437

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, 132, 151

Russian civil war, 594, 627, 703, 718, 726, 754–55

Russian language, teaching of, 467

Russians, ethnic, as first among equals in USSR, 281–82

Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 447

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 113, 138, 354

criminal code of, 176

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 70, 261

Rustaveli, Shota, 511, 516–17

Rustaveli Theater, 511–12

Rybachy Peninsula, 711, 714, 725

Rykov, Alexei, 12, 15–16, 20, 22, 26, 29, 45, 162, 331, 344, 389, 430, 437, 515

accusation of treason against, 386, 387, 476

arrest of, 443

dismissed as head of government, 65

expelled from politburo, 65, 68

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 387

interrogations of, 336, 387

press slander of, 359

proposed replacement of, 53–54, 55, 64

Stalin’s enmity toward, 53–54, 59, 68

trial of, 478

Ryskulov, Turar, 122, 387

Ryutin, Martemyan, 70, 192, 464

arrest of, 105

in call for Stalin’s removal, 212

execution of, 477

prison sentence of, 107

Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 103–5, 107, 303, 308, 477–78

SA (Sturmabteilung; Brownshirts), 119, 174

Saakadze, Giorgi, 795–96

Sakhalin, 805, 811, 813, 851

Salazar, António de Oliveira, 315–16

Samarkand, 138

Samokhin, Alexander, 831, 842

Sanjurjo, José, 315–16

San River, 684, 686, 693

Sats, Natalya, 292, 412, 445

Schacht, Hjalmar, 246, 257, 259, 271–72, 275, 279, 291, 366, 373, 402

Scheliha, Rudolf von (“Aryan”), 220, 646, 651, 659, 699, 700, 735, 810, 828–29, 836, 837, 840, 842, 848, 880, 883

Schnurre, Karl, 631, 633, 654, 660, 830, 869

Scholl, Erwin, 875–76

Schulenburg, Werner von der, 251, 272, 347, 481, 609, 637, 639, 640, 647, 664, 681, 695, 717, 720, 724, 731, 752, 763, 790, 794, 799, 848

in attempts to avoid German-Soviet war, 794, 858, 864, 865, 866, 868–69, 872, 880, 897–98

and German invasion of Poland, 684

and German-Soviet Pact, 655, 659, 660, 661, 663–64, 679, 685

Molotov’s meetings with, 898

and planned invasion of USSR, 863–64

and proposed Soviet inclusion in Axis powers, 813, 831

on Soviet distrust of Germany, 673

and Soviet invasion of Poland, 683

Schulze-Boysen, Harro (“Elder”), 221, 837, 846, 856, 859, 864, 878, 879, 883

Schweisguth, Victor-Henri, 340–41, 357

scientists, accused of wrecking, 60

Scramble for Africa, 591

SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 174, 837–38

Seagull, The (Chekhov), 148

Sea Lion, Operation, 785, 794, 837

Second Book (Hitler), 833

secretariat, 162, 442, 522, 907

of Stalin’s “secret department,” 11, 442, 499, 839

Sedov, Lev, 13, 105–6, 322–23, 328, 333, 336, 476, 496

Seeds, William, 612, 625, 632, 633, 648–49

self-criticism, 22–23, 24, 26

Stalin’s emphasis on, 261

Semyon Kotko (Prokofyev), 770

Serge, Victor, 335, 628

Sergeyev, Artyom, 110, 112, 135, 137, 165, 179, 192, 212, 230, 526

on Kirov, 134

and Nadya’s death, 111, 112

on Stalin, 1, 2

Shaanxi, 360

Shakespeare, William, 231, 422

Shakhty Affair, 60, 61, 77, 485

Shakhurin, Alexei, 737, 756, 839

Shanghai, 262, 458

Japanese capture of, 458, 470

Shaposhnikov, Boris M., 21, 51–52, 77, 96, 168, 415, 421, 424, 460, 658, 681

as army chief of staff, 567, 645, 651, 656, 664, 693, 726, 758, 779

promoted to marshal, 758

Winter War and, 726, 735, 750

Shatsky, Nikolai, 210, 211

Shcherbakov, Alexander, 282–83, 284, 893

appointed writers’ union secretary, 184–85

as Moscow party boss, 550

Shchukin, Boris, 467, 617

Sheboldayev, Boris, 103, 370

Shestakov, Andrei, 464–65

Shirer, William, 355, 676

Shkiryatov, Matvei, 444, 603

Shkvartsev, Alexei, 680, 731, 791

Shlyonsky, A. B., 571–72

Shneiderovich, Miron, 264–65

Sholokhov, Mikhail, 124–25, 283, 853

Short Course, The History of the all-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 155, 569–74, 575, 576, 577–78, 579, 605, 902

Short Course on the History of the USSR, A (Shestakov), 465–66

Shostakovich, Dmitry, 283, 293, 732, 853

Fifth Symphony premiered by, 472

Kerzhentsev’s criticism of, 284

showcase trials, 51, 77, 311, 313, 417

in August 1936, see Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, showcase trial of

Beria’s staging of, 515–16

of engineers, 60–61

in January 1937, 371–72, 373, 376

in March 1938, 478–79, 480

Stalin’s urging of, 477

Shreider, Israel (Mikhail), 481–82

Shumyatsky, Boris, 192, 193, 197, 209, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219–20, 230, 284, 293, 372

Cinema City proposal of, 285–86

Shvernik, Nikolai, 373, 696

Siberia, 180

arrests and executions in, 190

collectivization in, 16, 39, 40, 41, 48, 70

famine in, 75, 76, 97

grain procurement in, 87, 128, 180, 198

Japanese plans for takeover of, 90, 92, 156, 460

labor camps in, 220

mass arrests and executions in, 450–51, 452, 517

Stalin’s exiles to, xi, 67, 90, 133

Zinovievites exiled to, 220

Siegfried Line, 567

Silesia, 774

Simon, John, 242, 665

in meeting with Hitler, 240–41, 254

Simonov, Konstantin, 303–4, 481

Singapore, 784, 811

Sinitsyn, Yelisei, 718–19, 721, 722

Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 83

Sivkov, Arkady, 860, 862

Škoda Works, 609, 621–22, 631, 704

Skornyakov, Nikolai, 822, 828–29

Slovakia, 609, 612, 613, 687, 889

in Axis pact, 812, 829, 847

mobilization of, 894

Slutsky, Abram, 252, 339, 342, 413, 523–24, 528, 627

Smagin, Vasily, 172–73

Smirnov, Alexander, 113–14, 116, 372, 460

Smolny (Leningrad office complex), 199, 200

Kirov’s office at, 201, 207

Smorodin, Pyotr, 543–44

Smushkevich, Yakov, 472, 878

Snow, Edgar, 363

Sobolev, Arkady, 812, 813, 814

Sochi, 253

Stalin’s holidays in, 24, 25–26, 46–47, 54–55, 80–83, 98–99, 101–2, 135–36, 141, 145, 178, 179–80, 182, 184, 185, 188, 263–65, 267, 269, 308, 311, 313–14, 330, 344–45, 358, 505, 888

Voroshilov in, 187

Social Democrats, 19–20, 302

in antifascist front with Comintern, 262

Comintern and, 171, 173, 175, 189

German, xiii, 19, 53, 118, 119, 121, 179, 307

Stalin’s opposition to cooperation with, 121, 172, 175

socialism, building of, 7

idealistic appeal of, 11, 37, 38, 304–5

as justification for terror campaign, 308

as Stalin’s crusade, 6, 11, 88, 309, 439, 579

“Socialist Competition of the Masses” (Mikulina), 18–19

Socialist Party, German, 220

socialist realism, 151

evolving definition of, 183–84

public embrace of, 186

socialists, socialism:

non-Leninist, 302

Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish, 338, 401, 405, 408, 460

society, Soviet, Stalin’s class-based analysis of, 353

Sofia, 872

Sokolnikov, Grigory, 147, 320, 637

interrogations of, 332, 336, 363

Solodovnikov, Alexander, 748, 803

“Song of the Motherland,” 293

Sorge, Richard (“Ramsay”), 221, 356, 533, 534, 539, 564, 597, 632, 646, 650, 653, 667, 670, 730, 791, 851, 857–58

and Soviet invasion of Manchukuo, 537, 538

Stalin’s distrust of, 875, 879

in warnings of German attack on USSR, 827–28, 874–76, 883, 890

South Caucasus Federation, 138, 154

Beria’s control of, 502–4

dissolution of, 354, 508, 516

political infighting in, 140–41

South Manchurian Railway, 83

Souvarine, Boris, 261–62

Soviet Far East, 501, 522, 562, 644, 650, 779, 804–5

terror campaign in, 517, 528, 534

Japanese espionage in, 527

Soviet Far Eastern Army, 30, 31, 84, 455, 527, 535, 547, 549

in border clash with Japanese, 537–40

decimation of officer corps in, 529, 531, 534, 540, 562

Stalin’s arrests of officer corps of, 432

troop buildup of, 530

troop strength of, 536

weakness of, 533

Soviet Far Eastern Fleet, 92

Soviet intelligence, 485, 523, 537, 657

arrests in, 496, 575, 589

Beria and, 589

in Britain, 836

British network of, 221–22, 241, 656, 740, 741, 800

counterintelligence operatives of, 222

in Finland, 705–6, 712–13

and German invasion plans, 883, 890, 895

German network of, 699–700, 722, 800, 803–4, 836

German plans for Polish invasion uncovered by, 636–37

on German troop movements, 794

and Hess’s flight to Britain, 868

lack of central clearinghouse in, 909

rebuilt networks of, 636, 835–37

and rumored French-German rapprochement, 239

in slanted report to Stalin on Hitler’s meeting with Britain, 241–42

in Tokyo, see Sorge, Richard

Warsaw networks of, 220–21

see also NKVD

Soviet military intelligence, 341, 659, 735, 775, 836, 841

Artuzov appointed deputy chief of, 172

European alliance negotiations monitored by, 640

German invasion plan reports of, 786, 790, 824, 828–29, 840, 841–42, 845, 846, 858–59, 864, 865–66, 876, 880, 894–95

German network of, 810, 822, 828

and German troop movements, 820

mass arrests in, 413–14, 419, 434, 454–55, 589

Proskurov as head of, 636

tradecraft failures of, 172, 252

Trotskyites in, 377

Uritsky as head of, 252

Wehrmacht buildup in Poland reported by, 877

Winter War and, 753

Soviet Ukraine (battleship), 702–3

Soviet Union (battleship), 703

Spain, Republican:

army of, 406

gold reserves transferred to USSR by, 347, 349, 398, 476

political instability in, 312

Popular Front government of, 312, 315, 317, 321, 323, 334–35, 338, 364, 405, 476–77

possibility of Communist coup in, 401, 405, 406

Soviet arms sold to, 347, 398, 476–77

Soviet military aid requested by, 320, 342

Soviet relations with, 333–34, 337, 379–81

Spanish civil war, 312, 330, 343, 377, 561

assault on Madrid in, 350–51

atrocities in, 312–13, 316, 351

Basques in, 312, 407

Britain and, 317, 356–57, 374, 398, 582

Catalonia in, 312, 316, 321, 364, 380, 408

cautious initial Soviet response to, 320

civilian deaths in, 312–13

consequences of, 616–17

fall of Madrid in, 615

as fight between fascism and Communism, 317, 326

Franco’s failed assault on Madrid in, 350–51, 406–7

French-Soviet relations and, 318–19, 320

German military intervention in, 317–18, 323, 328–29, 339, 350, 407, 431, 556, 582

International Brigades in, 338, 350, 399, 460

Italian military intervention in, 318, 323, 328–29, 330, 339, 398–99, 406, 407, 431, 556, 582

Koltsov’s reports on, 334–35, 364, 459–60

leftist infighting in, 364, 400–401, 405, 408, 410–11, 425

newsreel coverage of, 337–38

NKVD operations in, 339, 346–47, 408, 410, 425

Non-Intervention Agreement in, 327, 329, 330, 337, 342, 346, 347

as public rationale for mass arrests, 429–30

Republican army in, 399–400

Soviet advisers in, 338–39, 346, 350, 380–82

Soviet military intervention in, 311, 313–14, 342–43, 344, 345–46, 351–52, 376, 379, 381, 409, 431, 459, 476, 486, 562, 670, 754, 755

Soviet workers’ support for Republican cause in, 326–27

as test of Stalin’s geopolitics, 314, 373–74, 401, 431

Trotsky and, 323, 335

Trotskyites in, 374, 425, 431

Spanish Spring (Koltsov), 334

specialists:

accused of wrecking, 21–22, 62, 64, 73

arrests and executions of, 50–51

Orjonikidze’s cultivation of, 66, 73

Speer, Albert, 411, 556, 585, 586, 629, 769, 900

spies, alleged, mass arrests and executions of, 485–88

Spiller, Natalya, 594, 595, 732

SRs (Socialist Revolutionaries), 99, 116, 176, 182, 434, 437, 450, 453, 467, 475

SS (Schutzstaffel), 174, 475, 688

Stakhanov, Alexei, 273, 274

Stakhanovism, Stakhanovites, 273–74, 278, 782

Stalin, Iosif, 154

alleged assassination attempts against, 470

as archetypal hero, 301

atheism of, 3

in automobile accident, 46–47

awkward gait of, 3–4

charisma of, 4, 304

class struggle as core tenet of, 190

coarse manners of, 2

contradictory character of, 5, 552, 579

cruelty of, 349, 368, 488, 492

cult of, 7, 58, 155, 226, 257, 289–90, 303–4, 369, 417, 902

darkening mind-set of, 490, 491–92

European war with USSR expected by, 484, 495

false modesty of, 7, 33, 417, 570

fatigue of, 887

fiftieth birthday celebrations for, 32–34

fifty-fifth birthday of, 212–13

foreign depictions of, 154

as gambler, 9, 17, 705

as Germanophile, xv, 903

grudges held by, 303

home life of, 108–9

illnesses and health problems of, 47, 98, 270, 303, 365, 472–73, 731, 743, 887

isolation of, 524, 526

Lenin’s Testament and, 5

as master improviser, xiv–xv, 10, 16

micromanaging by, 55, 81, 303, 586, 587, 624–25, 738, 800–801, 807, 839, 841, 887

as opportunist, 67–68, 698, 819

paranoia of, 5–6, 8, 11, 309, 396, 397, 480, 492–93, 429, 551, 884

as party general secretary, xi–xii, 10

as pedagogue, 495

perverse sense of humor of, 4

political intelligence of, 303

populism of, 18, 249–50, 464

religious upbringing of, 2

rise of, xi–xii

rumored affairs of, 525

rumored death of, 62–63

Russian imperial majesty melded with socialist state building by, 552

as Russian nationalist, 902

ruthlessness of, 552–53

self-control of, 492

self-improvement as tenet of, 495

sixtieth birthday celebration of, 732–35

small pox contracted by, 4

sociopathology of, xii, 5, 11, 130, 579

state, view of, 493–94, 573–74

statecraft as obsession of, 552, 901

two-front war as concern of, 643

victim playing by, 14–15, 59, 114, 130

as voracious reader, 1–2, 5, 586, 617, 681

willpower of, 552

Stalin, Iosif, dictatorship of, 4–5, 907

absolute power needed by, 6, 8, 11, 67–68, 308–9, 325, 430

“Caucasus group” in, 548

concentration of decision making in upper ranks of, 440–41, 704–5, 887

conspiracy charges as tool of, 306, 469

conspiratorial worldview of, 422, 429, 551, 902

dysfunctional administrative apparatus of, 430, 440–42, 587, 705

information-gathering apparatus of, 550–51, 586, 705

inner circle’s closing of ranks in, 107, 114, 116–17, 129, 308

mass-based modernity and, 296–98, 901

mass terror as outgrowth of, 493

Nazi Germany compared with, 696–97

permanent state of emergency as necessity of, 5, 64, 68, 430, 495

politburo bypassed in, 56–57, 58–59, 586

precarious footing of, 68–69

promotion of “new people” in, 442, 462–64, 494–95, 737–38, 832, 846, 902

Ryutin’s attacks on, 103–5, 107, 303, 308

“speaking Bolshevik” and, 124

Stalin’s pathology as nourished by, 5, 901

Trotsky’s attacks on, 13–14, 374, 434, 494

Stalin, Iosif, inner circle of:

in closing of ranks behind Stalin, 107, 114, 116–17, 129, 308

compromising files on, xvi

shrinking of, 500

Stalin’s psychological breaking of, 375, 386, 433, 526, 709

Yagoda’s antagonistic relationship with, 393

Stalin, Iosif, speeches of:

on class war (December 27, 1929), 35

to 18th Party Congress (March 10, 1939), 607–8, 609, 862

to 8th Congress of Soviets (November 25, 1936), 352–55, 372

at industrial managers conference (June 23, 1931), 76

to Main Military Council (June 2, 1937), 418–19

at military academies graduation (May 4, 1935), 249–50

at military academies graduation (May 5, 1941), 860–61, 870

to 17th Party Congress (January 26, 1934), 156–57, 210

at Social Industry conference (February 4, 1931), 73

Stalin, Iosif, writings of:

“Dizzy with Success,” 39, 40, 42

Foundations of Leninism, 13

On Lenin and Leninism, 134

Questions of Leninism, 154

“Year of the Great Break, The,” 28

Stalin, Vasily, 2, 3, 103, 108, 135, 165, 179, 187, 209, 230, 234, 263, 270, 281, 388, 466, 526

at military aviation school, 599–600, 720, 751

and mother’s death, 111, 112

rebellious behavior of, 166, 267, 599–600

Stalin (Bey), 154

Stalin: A Critical Study of Bolshevism (Souvarine), 261–62

Stalin: A New World Seen Through One Man (Barbusse), 1, 225–26, 263

Stalin: Czar of All the Russians (Lyons), 780–81

Stalin and Hashim, the Years 1901–1902: Episodes from the Batum Underground, 214

“Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship” (Ryutin), 104, 464

Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin (Gerasimov), 733, 854

Stalingrad, 32, 180

Stalingrad Tractor Factory, 44–45

Stalinist Thermidor, The (Trotsky), 787

Stalin School of Falsification (Trotsky), 540, 787

State, Bureaucracy, and Absolutism in the History of Russia, The (Olminsky), 493

State and Revolution (Lenin), 494

“State Capitalism or Totalitarian State Economy?” (Hilferding), 760

statecraft:

Stalin’s preoccupation with, 579

terror campaign as, 309, 494–95, 552

Stepanyan, Nerses (Nersik), 503, 504

Stern, Grigory, 382, 406, 538, 650, 667, 669–70, 726, 736, 755, 878

Stetsky, Alexei, 181, 205, 225–26

Stöbe, Ilse (“Alta”), 220, 699–700, 722, 735, 828, 840, 842, 848, 865–66, 877

stock markets:

1929 crash in, 27–28, 32

1931 crash in, 85

Stolypin, Pyotr, 297, 792

Strang, William, 168, 242, 648

Stravinsky, Igor, 292

Sudetenland, 555, 561–62, 563, 565–66, 598

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 610–11, 627, 764, 801, 894

Suicide, The (Erdman), 148

Sukhanovka prison, 438, 549, 618–19

Sukhum, 136, 137, 139, 311

Sumbatov-Topuridze, Yuvelyan, 518, 541

Sunday Express, 166

Supreme Council of the Economy, 32, 66, 82, 91

Supreme Soviet, 354, 383, 471, 475–76, 528, 541, 543, 908

presidium of, 475, 543, 908

Surits, Yakov, 275, 365–66, 402, 403, 623, 633

Suslov, Mikhail, 205, 603–4

Suursaari (Hogland) Island, 711, 714, 719

Svanidze, Alexander “Alyosha,” 108, 388

Svanidze, Ketevan “Kato,” 3, 33, 108, 388

Svanidze, Maria, 108, 191, 211, 212–13, 234–35, 251, 273, 277–78, 365, 388–89

Svechin, Alexander, 2, 168, 825

Sweden, 711, 717, 800, 889

Switzerland, neutrality of, 889

Syrtsov, Sergei, 29, 53, 57–58, 59, 64, 69, 303, 443

Taganka prison, 497

Tajiks, 138, 853

tanks, Soviet, 188, 265–66, 290, 668, 755, 839, 857, 861, 893

acquisition of British and U.S. designs for, 91–92

in Spanish civil war, 344, 346, 351

Stalin’s order for increased production of, 91–92

Tanner, Väinö, 712, 713, 714, 715, 717, 718–19, 746, 747

Tarasova, Alla, 404, 424, 593, 853

Tatekawa, Yoshitsugu, 811, 878–79

Tbilisi (Tiflis), 3, 33, 63, 81–82, 503, 504, 505–6, 514, 542

technology:

Soviet importation of, 71–72

Stalin’s interest in, 74, 188

terror campaign (1936–38), xii, 553, 902

arrests of managers and specialists in, 434, 444, 445, 599, 821

belief that Stalin was unaware of, 481–82

building socialism as justification for, 308

Central Committee decimation in, 443

Comintern arrests in, 446–47

Communists’ conspiratorial worldview as central to, 439–40, 490

death toll in, 305, 313

disorder and inefficiency resulting from, 497

as driven by Stalin’s dark personality and political skill, 490

ethnic groups as targets of, 453–54, 476

extrajudicial killings in, 448

fabrication of evidence in, 570

factors contributing to, 307–8, 438, 439

fatalism and willing complicity in, 450, 543–44, 551

“fifth column” rationale for, 428–29, 613

foreign affairs commissariat arrests in, 447–48

inexplicability of, 480–82, 492, 552

kernels of truth in justification of, 483–84

Lyushkov’s denunciation of, 532–33

mass arrests in, 403–4, 434, 438–39, 443–44, 551

“mass operations” expansion of, 433, 448, 457, 460, 517, 520, 522

military intelligence arrests in, 434, 454–55

Molotov and, 624

national security as justification for, 551

navy arrests in, 702, 704

NKVD blamed for excesses of, 482, 578

NKVD arrests in, 376, 379, 393–94, 405, 415–16, 434, 449–50, 522

“On Anti-Soviet Elements” resolution in, 450

opposition to collectivization as justification for, 484, 495, 576–77

as outgrowth of Stalin dictatorship, 493

party purges in, 43,

purge of administrative apparatus in, 307

quotas in, 433, 437–38, 448, 452

randomness of, 545

Red Army mass arrests in, see Red Army, decimation of officer corps in

scholars’ attempts to understand motive for, 306–7

“spy mania” in, 485–88

Stalin as distanced from implementation of, 552

and Stalin’s need for absolute power, 308–9

as statecraft, 309, 494–95, 552

synopsis of events in, 488–91

total arrests in, 305

troikas in, 450

Trotsky on, 480

uniqueness of, 307, 488

unmasking of “hidden enemies” in, 323–24, 325

winding down of, 578–79

Yezhov as Stalin’s overseer of, 436–37, 448, 453–54, 515, 517, 522–23, 528–29, 578

Tevosyan, Ivan, 752–53, 805

Thälmann, Ernst, 119, 143

They Wanted Peace (film), 548

Thorez, Maurice, 171, 189, 328

Thoughts and Recollections (Bismarck), 791–92

Three Little Pigs (cartoon), 230

Tientsin (Tianjin), China, 125, 233, 457, 653

Til, Karolina, 108, 110–11, 165, 526, 600

Time, Stalin as 1939 “Man of the Year” in, 735

Timoshenko, Semyon, 726, 736, 739, 749, 838–39

as defense commissar, 757–58, 825

full war footing sought by, 881, 895, 897, 898–99, 900, 901

mechanized warfare stressed by, 827

at 1941 military academy graduation, 860, 862

Red Army reforms of, 758–59, 820

and reports of German invasion plans, 879

Soviet war plans and, 844, 870, 871

in Winter War, 743

Tirpitz (battleship), 255, 703

Togliatti, Palmiro, 347, 365, 405, 406

Tolmachev, Vladimir, 113, 114

Tolstoy, Aleksei, 181, 185, 186, 295, 466, 546, 853

Tolstoy, Lev, 2, 231

Tomsky, Mikhail, 12, 15, 45, 68, 113, 331, 430, 437

suicide of, 332, 336, 358, 443

Toroshelidze, Malakia, 181, 187, 260

Tovstukha, Ivan, 154–55, 261

trade unions, 908

transport commissariat, 405

Trilisser, Meyer (Mikhail Moskvin), 22–23, 342, 712, 742

Tripartite Pact, see Axis pact

Triple Alliance, Soviet proposal for, 621–23, 625, 630, 637–38, 646, 651, 653, 655, 656–58, 661, 777, 810

Baltic states as issue in, 633, 634, 638, 639, 647–48

Britain and, 621, 622–23, 625, 630, 632, 646, 647–49, 652, 653, 674, 777

Hitler’s rejection of, 662

Trotsky, Lev, 4, 64, 116, 129, 137, 307, 311, 324, 329, 333, 336, 419, 467

assassination attempts against, 368, 610, 764–65

assassination of, 787, 892

attacks on Stalin dictatorship published by, 13–14

Barbusse’s depiction of, 225–26

on British and French fears of war, 614

and calls for removal of Stalin, 106, 372

culture as viewed by, 132

on German-Soviet Pact, 670

on Krupskaya, 602

on mass arrests, 480

in Mexico, 368, 610, 764, 787, 892

on 1936 constitution, 353

NKVD surveillance of, 322–23, 349, 476

in Norway, 322, 327, 368, 610

Paris operations of, 322–23, 610

in power struggle with Stalin, 11, 12, 155

as Red Army head, 397

Revolution Betrayed published by, 327–28

Ryutin’s praise for, 104

on Soviet invasion of Poland, 690

Spanish civil war and, 323, 335

Stalin dictatorship attacked by, 13–14, 374, 434, 494

Stalin’s coup accusation predicted by, 153–54

Stalin’s demonization of, xii, 13, 62, 237, 299, 314, 320, 322, 335, 352, 375, 386–87, 468–69, 764, 787, 892

Stalin seen as opportunist by, 67–68

Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial and, 331–32

Turkish exile of, 12–13, 28, 130, 506, 610

on Voroshilov, 427, 702

Winter War and, 747

Trotskyites, 232, 278, 350, 370, 377, 391, 394, 419, 429, 516, 571, 577

accused of collusion with Nazis, 369, 387

accused of coup plots, 253, 279–80

in China, 371, 469

mass arrests of, 294, 299, 311, 313, 319, 324, 502

1937 showcase trial of, 371–72, 373, 376

rightist conspiracy with, 357, 476, 480

in Spanish civil war, 374, 425, 431

Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy, 294, 295, 319, 336, 344, 345, 486

Red Army and, 396

showcase trial of, 311, 313, 314, 319, 328, 330–33, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343–44, 363, 369–70, 376, 504

Tsuji Masanobu, 650–51

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 21, 78, 244, 266, 269–70, 272, 341, 395, 404, 412, 418, 758, 825

accusations against, 52, 54, 58, 377, 378, 397, 407, 411–12, 419, 423, 428, 429–30, 454

arrest and confessions of, 414, 419

attacks on Poland and Romania urged by, 92, 168

in call for modernization of Red Army, 51–52, 91, 96

in Congress of Soviets report on Red Army buildup, 2223

German threat as concern of, 245, 280

military talent of, 428, 431

Stalin and, 96, 290–91

trial and execution of, 422–24, 456, 521, 527, 529, 546, 670, 755, 893

Voroshilov’s enmity toward, 51–52, 397–98, 412, 418

Tuominen, Arvo “Poika,” 723–24

Tupikov, Vasily, 829, 845, 848, 858, 880, 883

Tupolev, Andrei N., 425, 696

Turkey, 17, 735, 740, 802, 813, 814, 840, 872

Trotsky’s exile in, 12–13, 28, 506, 610

Turkish Straits, 813, 819, 831

Turkmenistan, 138, 444

Twardowski, Fritz von, 269–70, 275

Twelve Chairs, The (Ilf and Petrov), 285

“25,000ers,” 36–38, 42, 43, 123

“Tyrants Destroyed” (Nabokov), 550

Uborevičius, Jeronimas, 21, 51, 78, 266, 341, 378, 395, 412, 414, 421, 422–23

Uglanov, Nikolai, 104, 107

Ukraine, 38, 77, 81, 125, 127, 138, 147, 180, 275, 773

annexation of Polish territory by, 716

anti-Soviet fifth column in, 774–75, 892

ethnic Poles in, 211

famine in, 98, 100, 102, 113, 122, 123, 129

German aerial reconnaissance of, 855

grain procurements in, 102, 106, 117, 128

mass arrests in, 520, 522

Poland’s destabilization efforts in, 89, 102

purges in, 124

terror campaign in, 517, 520, 522

Ulan Bator, 280, 289, 461, 462, 482

Ulrich, Vasily, 212, 331, 373, 423–24, 479

Ulyanova, Maria, 387, 425, 602

Umansky, Konstantin, 854–55

Under the Big Top (Ilf and Petrov), 293

Unforgettable Meeting, An (Yefanov), 733

Union of Soviet Writers, 151, 177–87

United States:

bank failures in, 85–86

British aid from, 833–35, 843, 904

Chinese aid from, 843

and Germany’s plans for Soviet invasion, 854–55

Hitler’s envy of, 833–34

industrial capacity of, 816, 834

Japanese codes broken by, 855

Nazi attacks on Jews criticized by, 598

1929 stock market crash in, 27–28, 32

1931 stock market crash in, 85

Soviet relations with, 63, 145, 263

support for Britain in, 791, 793

unemployment in, 72

in World War I, 833

Unpublished Shchedrin, 186

Urals, 122, 128

Uritsky, Semyon, 252–53, 341, 342, 378, 413, 423

Ürümqi, Xinjiang, 167, 459

Uspensky, Alexander, 449, 499, 521–23, 541, 578, 620

USSR and the Capitalist Encirclement, The, 598

Utyosov, Leonid, 215–16, 451–52, 888

Uzbekistan, 138, 354, 451, 453, 773

Valedinsky, Ivan, 47, 365

Vannikov, Boris, 738–39, 878

Varga, Jenő, 172, 401–2, 545, 791

Vasilevsky, Alexander, 739, 750–51, 806, 843, 869, 871

Vernadsky, Vladimir, 482, 618, 689–90

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), xv, 21, 63, 80, 143, 158, 168, 218, 243–44, 288, 557, 559, 566, 591

Hitler’s denunciation of, 240, 254, 612, 630, 675

Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 417, 581, 672, 690, 719, 788, 849

Vistula River, 679, 684, 686, 695

Viva, Villa! (film), 230

Vladivostok, 133, 528, 535

Vlasik, Nikolai, 141–42, 166, 178, 267, 526, 618, 663

Volga military district, 77, 411, 530, 759, 811

Volga region, 27, 30, 39, 70, 75, 87, 98, 101, 122, 128, 180, 182

Volynskoe, Stalin’s dacha at, see Near Dacha

Voroshilov, Klim E.:

army buildup and, 99, 100–101

army loyalty defended by, 396–97

army maneuvers and, 265, 266, 341

and decimation of officer corps, 426–27, 754

as defense commissar, 20, 21, 30, 33, 51, 66, 77, 248–49, 251, 262, 290, 340, 395–96, 473, 529, 567, 605

at February 1937 plenum, 394, 396–97

as inner circle member, 393, 500, 526

as key to survival of Stalin dictatorship, 69

and Manchukuo border clashes, 539–40, 644–45, 650, 651

military intelligence and, 172, 252

in military talks with Britain and France, 656, 657–58, 661

military training lacked by, 395, 758

replaced by Timoshenko as defense commissar, 757

sixtieth birthday celebration of, 832

at Sochi, 135–36

Soviet Far East and, 536

and Soviet invasion of Poland, 681

Spanish civil war and, 381, 382, 405–6

Stalin’s correspondence with, 88, 100–101, 123, 265, 406

Stalin’s psychological breaking of, 500

Stalin’s relationship with, 110, 394–95

Tukhachevsky despised by, 51–52, 397–98, 412, 418

Tukhachevsky trial and, 423, 424

Winter War and, 724, 726, 735, 736, 740–41, 743, 751

Voznesensky, Nikolai, 840, 843, 863

Vrang, Birger, 711, 713

Vyborg (Viipuri), Finland, 712, 743, 746, 748

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 62, 212, 213, 232, 319, 328, 354, 405, 478, 772, 796, 802–3, 811, 851

Waffen-SS, 475

Walküre, Die (Wagner), 812

Wang Ming, 362, 469, 470–71

Warlimont, Walter, 685, 686, 824

water transport commissariat, 498, 499, 543, 587

Wehrmacht, 341, 420, 431, 566, 609, 654, 766

buildup of, 240, 246, 266, 269–70

in Bulgaria, 872

in Finland, 792, 808, 813, 829

Hitler’s military leadership criticized in, 473

in Lvov clash with Red Army, 685–86

mechanized units in, 767–68, 877

in Polish invasion, 620–21, 678–79, 682, 684, 687

Soviet invasion plans and, see Germany, Nazi, Soviet invasion preparations of

unpreparedness of, 559, 566–67

in Yugoslavia invasion, 848–49

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 621–22, 623, 639, 640, 646, 650, 651, 657, 793, 806, 866, 896

Welkisch, Kurt (“ABC”), 221, 651, 699, 840–41

Welkisch, Margarita (“LCL”), 221, 699

Welles, Sumner, 854–55

Wells, H. G., 48, 178, 296

Western military district, 779, 838, 899

Western Siberia, 16, 40, 41, 48

mass arrests and executions in, 451, 452, 517, 549

White Sea–Baltic Canal, 133, 134, 153, 194

Wilson, Horace, 652, 656

Winter War, 735, 739, 751, 774, 776, 827, 828, 893

Finnish “People’s Government” and, 723–25, 729

Finnish surrender in, 746–47

Finnish tactical superiority in, 727–28

opening Red Army attacks in, 723

Soviet February offensive in, 742–43, 746

Soviet strategic and tactical mistakes in, 726–27, 731, 748, 820

Stalin’s assessment of, 753–54, 760

Stalin’s personal management of, 726, 730, 731–32

Witte, Sergei, xv, 297, 792

working class:

absenteeism and job changing in, 782

consumer goods and, 268

growth of, 72, 73, 85

peasants and, 368

World War I, xi, xiii, xv, 275, 301, 485, 833, 890, 903

World War II:

air support for mechanized units in, 826–27

onset of, 91, 679

see also specific countries

wreckers, wrecking, 21–22, 27, 57, 60, 62, 64, 73, 551

arrests and executions of, 50–51, 821

Wuolijoki, Hella, 712–13

Xi’an, China, 321, 367

Chiang’s kidnapping in, 360–64, 366–67

Xinjiang (Chinese Turkestan), 470

Soviet invasion of, 167, 458, 459

Yagoda, Genrikh:

accusations against, 389, 391, 392, 393, 397

arrest and interrogation of, 391–93, 529

as communications commissar, 344–45, 498

elevated to Central Committee, 162

embezzlement by, 392–93

execution of, 479

foreign intelligence operations and, 172–73

Gulag reform and, 286

inner circle’s relationship with, 393

Kirov murder and, 204–5, 235, 236

Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254

as NKVD head, 176, 272, 436, 523, 527

replaced by Yezhov as NKVD head, 344–45, 372, 415

Yakir, Iona, 58, 340, 341, 378, 395, 411, 412, 414, 419, 421, 422–23, 519

Yakovlev, Alexander, 737–38, 756, 805, 816–17, 853

Yakovlev, Yakov (Epstein), 35, 94, 103, 136

Yan’an, China, 321, 371, 459, 470

Yaroslavsky, Yemelyan, 113, 179, 261, 387–88, 570

Yartsev, Boris (Rybkin), 705–6, 713

Yashvili, Paolo, 512, 513

Yefimov, Boris, 376, 408, 435, 670, 689

Yegorov, Alexander, 110, 272, 411, 545

Yemelyanov, Vasily, 738–39

Yenukidze, Avel, 75, 103, 133, 135, 144, 150, 169, 205, 228, 264, 295, 393, 419

in Kremlin Affair, 231–32, 233, 253, 254

Stalin’s correspondence with, 80, 130, 187

and Stalin’s underground years, 214–15

Yeremin, Grigory (“Yeshenko”), 840–41, 842, 853

Yerevan, Armenia, 502, 504, 516

Yevdokimov, Yefim, 23–24, 35, 69, 78, 79, 112, 162, 219, 344, 389, 415, 499, 527, 543

arrest and torture of, 619–20

arrests and executions of cadres of, 499–500

execution of, 742

Yevgeny Onegin (Pushkin), 379

Yezhov, Nikolai:

arrest and interrogation of, 618–20, 635

Beria and, 509, 542

as Central Committee secretary, 224, 225, 437, 498, 500, 587

as Central Control Commission chairman, 225, 437, 587

and decimation of Red Army officer corps, 426

denunciations of, 542, 587

drinking bouts of, 435–36, 498, 521, 522, 540, 619

execution of, 740, 742

at February 1937 Central Committee plenum, 386, 389

growing paranoia of, 436–37

homosexuality of, 620

illnesses and disabilities of, 435, 436, 498

Kirov murder and, 224, 236–37

Kremlin Affair and, 253, 254, 264

as NKVD head, 344–45, 392, 415, 437, 449–50, 451, 471, 498, 521–22, 540–42, 618

NKVD arrests and, 415–16, 498–99

NKVD resignation of, 587

plots fabricated by, 357, 412, 433–34

rise of, 224–25

showcase trials and, 319, 330

Stalin’s correspondence with, 276, 472

Stalin’s relationship with, 224, 225, 416, 436–37

terror campaigns overseen by, 436, 448, 453–54, 497, 498, 500, 515, 517, 522–23, 528–29, 578

as water transport commissar, 498, 587

Yagoda and, 389, 391

Yofan, Boris, 171, 411

Yugoslavia, 62, 189

in Axis pact, 847, 850

German invasion of, 848–49, 850, 852, 859

Soviet pact with, 848, 864

Zaitsev, Nikolai (“Bine”), 700, 722, 828, 848

Zakovsky, Leonid (Henriks Štubis), 194, 229, 236, 272, 498–99

Zaporozhets, Ivan, 194, 202, 220, 235

Zborowski, Mordka “Mark,” 322–23, 349

Zdravitsa (Prokofyev), 733

Zelinsky, Koreli, 152–53

Zenzinov, Vladimir, 728–29

Zetkin, Clara, 20

Kremlin apartment of, 58, 59, 67

Zhang Xueliang, 30, 83, 321, 359–61, 362, 363–64, 366–67

Zhang Zhizhong, 458

Zhdanov, Andrei:

and arrests of ethnic groups, 476

as Central Committee secretary, 162, 500

enmity toward Litvinov of, 624

and Estonian Sovietization, 772

as inner circle member, 162, 205, 215–16, 262, 500, 605

as Leningrad party boss, 229, 500, 504

Stalin’s correspondence with, 181, 182, 184, 185

Stalin’s relationship with, 211, 605

Winter War and, 723, 724, 726, 736, 747

writers’ union and, 183, 184

Zhelyabov, Andrei, 199–200

Zhou Enlai, 360, 366, 744, 887

Zhukov, Georgy, 626, 645, 650, 651, 759, 811, 820

full war footing urged by, 895, 897, 898–99

Mongolian border clashes and, 645, 667, 668–70, 726, 755

offensive strategy as focus of, 825–26

as Red Army chief of staff, 830, 838, 843

Soviet war plans and, 843–44, 870, 871

in warning of imminent German attacks, 895, 900

Zinoviev, Grigory, 12, 104, 105, 134, 161, 254, 371, 386–87, 437, 467

alleged involvement in Kirov murder of, 210–11, 212, 213, 229, 232–33, 236–37

execution of, 333, 376, 602

imprisonment of, 325

internal exile of, 107

Kaganovich’s denunciation of, 324

in Kirov murder trial, 219, 532

Stalin’s enmity toward, 228

Trotskyite-Zinovievite center testimony and, 319

in Trotskyite-Zinovievite trial, 331

Zinovievites, 106, 278, 391, 394, 429

accused of complicity in Kirov murder, 210–12, 213, 218–19, 220, 236–37

accused of plotting coup, 253, 254

mass arrests of, 220, 299

see also Trotskyite-Zinovievite conspiracy

Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 153, 165

Zubalovo dacha complex, 108–9, 163, 165, 193, 600