Лондонград. Из России с наличными. Истории олигархов из первых рук

Dominic Midgley and Chris Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere (London: HarperCollins, 2004)

David Satter, Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State (London: Yale University Press, 2003)

Martin Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File: The Life and Death of a Russian Spy (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2007)

Elinor Slater and Robert Slater, Great Jewish Men (New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1996)

Joseph Stiglitz, Globalisation and Its Discontents (London: Penguin Books, 2002)

Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (London: Random House, 2003)

Глава 1. Человек, который слишком много знал

1. Michael Freedman, Forbes, 23 May 2005.

2. Guy Adams, Independent on Sunday, 17 December 2006.

3. James Harding, The Times, 13 March 2007.

4. James Meek, Guardian, 17 April 2006.

5. Sergei Guriev and Andrei Rachinsky, Ownership Concentration in Russian Industry, mimeo, October 2004.

6. Moscow Times, 30 January 2008.

7. Ibid.

8. Elinor Slater and Robert Slater, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers, 1996, p. 60.

9. The Times, 7 September 2002.

10. Jonathan Dee, New York Times, 9 September 2007.

11. Forbes, 16 November 2006.

12. Mark Milner and Luke Harding, Guardian, 1 May 2008.

13. Dominic Midgley, Spectator, 8 October 2005.

14. Robert Service, Observer, 22 July 2007.

Глава 2. Клуб русских миллиардеров і і

1. D. Midgeley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire From Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2005, p. 55.

2. From www.newyorkerfilms.com, October 2002.

3. BBC News Online, October 2002.

4. Financial Times, 1 November 1996.

5. Speech to the Frontline Club, June 2007.

6. Ibid.

7. WPS Monitoring Agency, July 2002.

8. Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000, p. 118.

9. Oliver Harvey and Nick Parker, Sun, 16 March 2007.

10. Dominic Midgley, Management Today, 28 October 2004.

11. P. Gumbel, Time, 2 November 2003.

12. Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century, Little Brown, 2000, p. 117.

13. Michael Gillard, ‘From the Kremlin to Knightsbridge’, BBC Radio 4, November 2006.

14. Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand, Random House, 2003, p. 207.

15. M. Kramer, ‘Rescuing Boris’ Time, 15 July 1996.

16. A. Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 56.

17. Kramer, op. cit.

18. Ibid.

19. Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 218.

20. Financial Times, 26 April 2003.

21. Talbot, op. cit, p. 207.

22. Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 201.

23. Talbot, op. cit, p. 207.

24. D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 56.

25. Kommersant, 16 November 1995.

26. Andrew Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia, Granta, 2005, p. 83.

27. John Thornhill, Financial Times, 28 August 1998.

28. See, for example O. Kryshtanovskaya and S. White, ‘The Rise of the Russian Business Elite’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 38 (2005), p. 298.

29. Quoted in A. Osborn, ‘The World’s Richest Russian Is Sued for $3 billion in London’, Independent on Sunday, 25 February 2007.

30. Interview with Financial Times, 13 July 2007.

31. P. Boone and D. Rodionov, ‘Rent Seeking in Russia and the CIS’, Brunswick UBS, Warburg, Moscow, 2002.

32. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Allen Lane, 2007, p. 249.

33. Interviewed in Counterpunch, 27 February 2004.

34. ‘Question Time’, BBC Television, 7 June 2007.

35. M. E. de Boyrie, S. J. Pak and J. S. Zdanowicz, ‘Estimating the Magnitude of Capital Flight Due to Abnormal Pricing in International Trade. The Russia-US Case’, CIBER Working Paper, Florida International University, 2004.

36. Michael Freedman, ‘Welcome to Londongrad’, Forbes Global, 23 May 2005; see R. Skidelsky, St Petersburg Times, 4 January 2003; David Satter, Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State, Yale University Press, 2003, p. 55.

37. Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times, 19 April 2000.

38. Nick Kochan, The Washing Machine, Duckworth, 2005, p. 17.

39. C. Freeland, Sale of the Century, Abacus, 2005, p. 180.

40. S. F. Cohen, Failed Crusade, Norton, 2000, p. 122.

41. ‘Why I Became a Russian Oligarch’, Financial Times, 29 June 2000.

42. Quoted in Observer, 30 August 1998.

Глава 3. Путинская чистка

1. A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 206.

2. Vladimir Voinovich, ‘Russia’s Blank Slate’, Neco York Times, 30 March 2000.

3. D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 114.

4. East Constitutional Review, vol. 19, no. 4, Fall 2000.

5. Moscow Times, 7 October 2003. Notes

6. Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 183.

7. Adi Ignattius, ‘A Tsar is Born’, Time, vol. 170, no. 27, 31 December 2007.

8. J. Laughland, ‘Putin Has Been Vilified by the West — but He is Still a Great Leader’, Daily Mail, 22 September 2007.

9. Vladimir Isachenkov, ‘New Putin Biography on Shelves’, Associated Press, 17 January 2002.

10. R. Polonsky, ‘The Spy Who Came in from the Cold’, New Statesman, 15 March 2004.

11. Speaking to the Frontline Club, 6 June 2007.

12. Ignattius, op. cit.

13. Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 135.

14. ‘Leaders: Putin’s People, Russia’s Government’, The Economist, 25 August 2007.

15. Labour Minister Sergey Kalashnikov, news conference, 27 October 1999.

16. Interview with Anatoly Chubais, Der Spiegel, 25 September 2007.

17. Speaking on ‘Rich in Russia’, Frontline, PBS, October 2003.

18. ‘Aeroflot, an Oligarch and a Complex Business Deal’, Financial Times, 28 July 2000.

19. P. Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000, pp. 286-7.

20. Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 181.

21. Ibid., p. 182.

22. David E. Hoffman, The Oligarchs, Public Affairs, 2002, p. 487.

23. Goldfarb with Litvinenko, op. cit., p. 206.

24. Klebnikov, op. cit., p. 16.

25. Simon Bell, ‘Russian Billionaires Beware’, Daily Telegraph, 27 July 2003.

26. ‘Particulars of Claim: Boris Berezovsky v Roman Abramovich’, Commercial Court, High Court, 8 January 2008.

27. G. York, ‘Kremlin Tightens Muzzle on Media’, Toronto Globe & Mail, 21 November 2000.

28. Vanity Fair,Ju\y 2000.

Глава 4. Сокрытие денег

1. Jamestown news service, Eurasian Monitor, vol. 6, issue 214,15 November 2000.

2. A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 237.

3. R. Kay, Daily Mail, 4 September 2008.

4. Patrick E. Tyler, ‘Russian Says Kremlin Faked “Terror Attacks’ ”, New York Times, 1 February 2002.

5. Ibid.

Глава 5. Русские высадили десант

1. Keith Dovkants, Evening Standard, 3 March 2008.

2. G. Tett, ‘Russian Money Aids a Bear Market’, Financial Times, 7 February 1994.

З, C. Freeland, Sale of the Century, Abacus, 2005, p. 158.

4. Quoted in R Lashmar, et al., ‘Russians in London’, Independent on Sunday, 12 September 1999.

5. Evening Standard, 11 March 2002.

6. Blavatnik was born in Russia but is now an American citizen.

7. Knight Frank and Citi Bank, Annual Wealth Report, 2007; the rise in the relative prices in London compared to New York partly reflects the heavy depreciation in the dollar in the last three years. Had the dollar remained stable, New York would now be worth around a quarter more in pounds per square foot.

8. Knight Frank, Country Review, 2007.

Глава 6. Мальчишки с игрушками

1. Quoted in Sun, 6 August 2007.

2. Quoted in Financial Times, 27 November 2004.

3. D. Midgley and C. Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 13.

4. Quoted in G. Rayner and O. Koster, ‘Putin “Told Roman to Clean Up His Act’”, Daily Mail, 15 March 2007.

5. Dominic Midgley, Spectator, 8 October 2005.

6. Observer, 24 December 2006.

7. T. Walker and R. Eden, ‘Roman’s Candle’, Sunday Telegraph, 29 October 2006.

8. Quoted in A. Blundy, ‘Cash and Caviar’, Guardian, 8 September 1994.

9. Quoted in L. Thomas, ‘Rich Russians Go on London Spending Spree’, Sunday Times, 13 February 1994.

10. Quoted in C. Toomey, ‘The Tsars Come Out to Play’, Sunday Times, 23 April 2006.

11. Quoted in Stefanie Marsh, The Times, 13 July 2006.

12. Quoted in K. Murphy, ‘Ruble Rousers’, New Republic, 4 February 2007.

13. A. Akbar and A. Osborne, ‘Harvey Nichols Goes East, Independent, 16 April 2005.

14. Quoted in Thomas, op. cit.

15. Ibid.

16. Quoted in V. Groskop, ‘Tsar Attractions’, Guardian, 19 August 2005.

17. Vogue, November 2006.

18. Financial Times, 8 October 2005.

Глава 7. Охотники за богатством

1. International Herald Tribune, 10 March 2007.

2. Quoted in M. Taylor, ‘Salesroom Records Tumbled in a Frenetic Week’, Guardian, 23 June 2007.

3. G. Barker, ‘Party Could Run and Run’, Evening Standard, 9 February 2007.

4. Abigail Asher, Spear’s Wealth Management Survey, Art and Collecting Special, Spring 2007.

5. The Times, 22 August 2006.

6. Asher, op. cit.

7. Express on Sunday, 24 June 2007.

8. Quoted in The Times, 9 June 2007.

9. Ibid.

10. William Hazlitt, Political Essays, 1819.

11. Mike Von Joel, ‘After the Second Home, Mistress and Boat — an Art Collection, That’s the Thing’, State of Art, Spring 2007.

12. Ibid.

13. 'The Great Russian Art Boom’, Channel 4, 28 September 2008.

14. Ibid.

15. The Times, 22 August 2006.

16. Ian Cobain, ’Usmanov’s responses to Guardian questions’, www.guardian.co.uk, 19 November 2007.

17. See note 1.

18. Andrew Osborn, Independent on Sunday, 11 June 2006.

19. Vogue, November 2006.

20. Stefanie Marsh, The Times, 13 July 2006.

21. Mail on Sunday, 18 March 2007.

22. Quoted in Sunday Times, 13 July 2008.

23. Anna Politkovskaya, A Russian Diary, Harvill Seeker, 2007, p. 43.

24. Guardian, 27 February 2003.

25. Mineweb, 15 January 2007.

Глава 8. Проклятие «ЮКОСа»

1. Michael Gillard, ‘From the Kremlin to Knightsbridge’, BBC Radio 4, November 2006.

2. Alan Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 174.

3. Russian money-laundering: hearings before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, US House of Representatives, 21–22 September 1999, p. 191. Notes

4. Khodorkovsky owned 28 per cent of Menatep, which, in turn, owned most of Yukos.

5. Thomas Catan, Financial Times, 16 May 2004.

6. Lucy Komisar, ‘Yukos Kingpin on Trial’, CorpWatch, 10 May 2005.

7. Gillard, op. cit.

8. Quoted in Mail on Sunday, 23 November 2003.

9. Gillard, op. cit.

10. Trade was another widely used means of siphoning off large volumes of money and defrauding Russia. Exporters would report selling at a price well below the actual price received and the difference would be stashed away in foreign bank accounts. Maria E. de Boyrie, Simon J. Pak and John S. Zdanowicz, ‘Estimating the Magnitude of Capital Flight due to Abnormal Pricing in International Trade: the Russia-USA Case’, Center for International Business and Educational Research Working Paper, Florida University, 2004.

11. Lucy Komisar, “While Washington Denies Any Problem, Swiss Probe “Missing” $4.8 Billion Loan to Russia’, Pacific News Service, 16 October 2000.

12. Simon Pirani, ‘Oligarch? No, I’m Just an Oil Magnate’, Observer, 4 June 2000.

13. Guardian, 15 December 2001.

14. ‘The Tycoon and the President’, The Economist, 21 May 2005.

15. Valentine Low, ‘Russian Oil Baron Builds JlOm Bridge with West’, Evening Standard, 11 December 2001.

16. Guardian, 15 December 2001.

17. Lucy Komisar, ‘Yukos Kingpin on Trial’, CorpWatch, 10 May 2005.

18. Rachel Campbell-Johnston, ‘Walpole’s Coming Home’, The Times, 2 October 2002.

19. Rob Blackhurst, New Statesman, 31 January 2005.

20. Andrew Jack, Inside Putin’s Russia, Granta, 2005, p. 213. Londongrad

21. Jack, op. rit, p. 310.

22. Quoted in Financial Times, 13 November 2003.

23. Quoted in Marshall Goldman, ‘The Rule of Outlaws Is Over’, Transition Newsletter, Vol. 14/15, 2004.

24. Kim Sengupta, Independent, 20 July 2004.

25. Spectator, 8 October 2005.

26. Sengupta, op. cit.

27. Quoted in A. Higgins and S. Liesman, ‘Markets Under Siege’, Wall Street Journal Europe, 24 September 1998.

28. Quoted in Nick Kochan, ‘Mammon: Russia’s Unorthodox Exile’, Observer, 26 March 2006.

29. Standard Schaefer, ‘Russia: Reforming the Reformers,’ Counterpunch, 27 February 2004.

30. Pirani, op. cit.

31. Schaefer, op. cit.

32. Paul Starobin, ‘A Russian’s Plea to Back America’, Business Week, 14 March 2003.

33. Quoted in Independent, 12 January 2007.

34. Paul Klebnikov, Wall Street Journal, 17 November 2003.

35. See note 1.

36. Quoted in Peter Baker and Susan Glasser, ‘How Democracy Was Rolled Back in Russia’, Wall Street Journal, 8 June 2005.

37. ‘Key Shareholder in YUKOS Granted Israeli Citizenship’, Haaretz, 5 November 2003.

Глава 9. Революция заговоров ’’

1. Strobe Talbott, The Russia Hand, Random House, 2003, p. 207.

2. Quoted in ‘Worldbeaters’, New Internationalist, December 2003.

3. The Russian Godfathers: The Fugitive, Oxford Productions, BBC2, 8 December 2005.

4. David Charter and Philip Webster, 'Groucho Trips up the G8 Spin Doctors’, The Times, 13 July 2006.

5. New Perspective Quarterly, September 2004.

6. Russian Godfathers, op. cit.

7. Dow Jones International News, 17 November 2003.

8. Tony Halpin, ‘Putin Critic Charged with Stealing $13 million from Bank’, The Times, 31 July 2003.

9. ‘There Is Nothing to Take Away from There’, Kommersant, 13 May 2005.

10. Quoted in Mark Franchetti, ‘Russian Threat to Reveal Putin’s Corrupt Aides’, Sunday Times, 24 April 2005.

11. Nick Paton Walsh, ‘Moscow Diary: Crime Pays’, Guardian, 2 April 2005.

12. Gordon Hahn, ‘Managed Democracy? Building Stealth Authoritarianism in St Petersburg’, Demoktratizatsiya, 12, no. 2, Spring 2004, pp. 195–231.

13. Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, Harcourt, 2000.

14. Russia’s GDP in 2004 was $458 billion.

15. Y. Osetinskaya, ’Thirty-Six Billionaires’, Vedomosti, 13 May 2004.

16. Ibid.

17. Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, ‘Putin’s Militocracy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 19, no. 4, (October-December 2003), pp. 289–306.

18. A. Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 48.

19. New York Review of Books, 13 April 2000.

20. Sunday Times, 23 December 2007.

21. Guardian, 13 April 2007.

22. Russian Interior Ministry News Bulletin, 11 December 2001.

23. ‘Worldbeaters’, op. cit.

24: Quoted in Michael Freedman. ‘Dark Force’, Forbes, 21 May 2007.

25. Minutes of Evidence Before the Foreign Affairs Committee, HC 495-iii, 18 July 2007.

Глава 10. Смерть Литвиненко

1. According to some accounts, there were more than three Russians at the meeting, at least initially. See Alan Cowell, The Terminal Spy, Doubleday, 2008, p. 8.

2. Ibid., p. 22.

3. Viv Groskop, interview with Marina Litvinenko, Observer, 3 June 2007.

4. Ibid.

5. Sunday AM, BBC1, 10 December 2006.

6. Thomas de Waal, ‘Murder Most Foul’, Washington Post, 27 July 2008.

7. Gary Busch, a London-based transportation consultant, quoted in Bryan Burroughs, ‘The Kremlin’s Long Shadow’, Vanity Fair, 1 April 2007.

8. Martin Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File, Macmillan, 2007, p. 168.

9. Tom Mangold, ‘The Litvinenko Mystery’, BBC Radio 4, 16 December 2006.

10. Ibid.

11. Sixsmith, op. cit, p. 305.

12. Ibid., pp. 244-5.

13. Moscow Times, 24 April 2007.

14. Newsnight, BBC2, 7 July 2008.

15. The group of three was joined by another man, but only as Litvinenko was leaving. The man’s role remains unclear but he was not contaminated with polonium and is not believed to be a suspect.

16. A. Goldfarb with M. Litvinenko, Death of a Dissident, Simon & Schuster, 2007, Part V: The Return of the KGB.

17. Bryan Burroughs, ‘The Kremlin’s Long Shadow’, Vanity Fair, 1 April 2007.

18. Quoted in C. Shulgan, % Spy — Russia’s Most Wanted’, Toronto Globe & Mail, 31 March 2007. Notes

19. ‘Litvinenko Poisoning: An Interview with Yevgeny Limarov’, Kommersant-Vlast, 25 June 2007.

20. Sixsmith, op. cit., p. 281.

21. Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, ‘Putin’s Militocracy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 19, no. 4, 2003.

22. Sharon Werning Rivera and David Rivera, ‘The Russian Elite Under Putin: Militocratic or Bourgeois?’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol.

22. no. 2,2006, pp. 125-44.

23. Arkady Ostrovsky, ‘Yukos Crisis: Putin Oversees Big Rise in Influence of Security Apparatus’, Financial Times, 1 November 2003.

24. Ibid.

Глава 11. Открытое заявление

1. Quoted in Catherine Belton, Financial Times, 13 July 2007.

2. Keith Dovkants, Abramovich Accused of J5 bn Shares Blackmail’, Evening Standard, 11 October 2007.

3. This account is as reported by Berezovsky. Abramovich and his representatives refused to comment.

4. Kevin Dowling, Sunday Times, 7 October 2007.

5. ‘Berezovsky v Abramovich’, [2008] EWHC 1138 (Comm) (22 May 2008) paras 4(e) and 2; ‘Particulars of Claim’, Berezovsky v Abramovich, High Court, 8 January, 2008, p. 17.

6. Dominic Midgley and Chris Hutchins, Abramovich: The Billionaire from Nowhere, HarperCollins, 2004, p. 239.

7. Eric Reguly, Toronto Globe &Mail, 12 November 2007.

8. Luke Harding, Guardian, 24 July 2007.

9. Belton, op. cit.

10. Ibid.

11. Andrew Kramer, New York Times, 20 August 2006.

12. Ruling by Justice Clarke, ‘Cherney v Deripaska’ — 2008 EWHC 1530 (Comm), Queen’s Bench Division, High Court, 3 July 2008, para. 58. Londongrad

13. Belton, op. cit.

14. Quoted in ruling by Justice Clarke, para. 9.

15. Ibid., para. 9.

16. Ibid., para. 166.

17. Sabrina Tavernise, ‘Handful of Corporate Raiders Transform Russia’s Economy’, New York Times, 13 August 2002.

18. Rusal always claimed that the dispute between Cherney and Deripaska was a matter for them and not the company, making the company’s main owner the sole defendant.

19. Ruling by Justice Langley, ‘Cherney v Deripaska’ — 2007 EWHC 965 (Comm) — Case No. 2006 Folio 1218, Queen’s Bench High Court, 3 May 2007, para. 39.

20. Ibid., para. 45.

21. Ruling by Justice Clarke, op. cit., para. 264.

22. Ibid., para. 47. *

23. Ibid., para. 10.

24. Benjamin Wegg-Prosser, Guardian Blog, Guardian, 23 October 2008.

25. Jon Ungoed-Thomas and Nicola Smith, ‘The Secret World of Lord Freebie’, Sunday Times, 10 October 2008.

26. Washington Post, 25 January 2008.

27. John Helmer, ‘Deripaska Settles Big London Claim to Speed Aluminium IPO’, www.johnhelmer.net, May 2007.

28. Quoted in Toronto Star, 13 November 2007.

29. ‘Jim Pettit: Immigration from Russia to the US Seems to Have Peaked and Is Now Falling’, Interfax, 2007.

30. Martin Sixsmith, The Litvinenko File, Macmillan, 2007, p. 135.

31. Belton, op. cit., 13 July 2007.

32. Nicolas van Praet, ‘Magna’s Man in Moscow Remains a Mystery’, Financial Post, 25 August 2007.

33. Financial Times, 19 July 2005.

34. Mail on Sunday, 30 April 2006. Notes

35. St Petersburg Times, 2 May 2006.

36. Terry Macalister. ‘City Are Worried by the Rush to Float’', Guardian, 1 November 2006.

37. Independent, 27 June 2006.

38. Edward Lucas, ‘We Must Be Tough with the Despot’, Daily Mail, 13 July 2007.

39. John Helmer, ‘Cherney and Putin to the Rescue of Russian Aluminium’, Standart News Agency, 4 September 2007.

40. Belton, op. cit.

Глава 12. Окрасьте город красным

1. D. Robertson, The Times, 11 October 2008.

2. Geordie Greig, ‘Capital Gains’, Tatler, June 2007.

3. Independent, 17 December 2006.

4. Chris Blackhurst, Evening Standard, 30 April 2007.

5. Daily Mail, 1 May 2007.

6. Quoted inj. Sherman, ‘Super-Rich Barred as Kensington Keeps it in Family’, The Times, 14 November 2005.

7. Helen Davies, Sunday Times, 12 November 2006.

8. Sunday Times, 4 July 2004.

9. Quoted in K. Sekules, ‘The Best Town to Make an Upper Lip Stiff’, New York Times, 7 February 2007.

10. Editorial, Spear’s Wealth Management Survey, Winter 2006/7.

11. Rosie Cox, The Servant Problem, Tauris, 2006.

12. Financial Times, 27 October 2007.

13. See, for example, Doreen Massey, World City, Polity, 2007, chapter 2; Chris Hamnett, Unequal City: London in the Global Arena, Routledge, 2003; Greater London Authority, London Divided: Income Inequality and Poverty in the Capital, London, 2003.

14. Evening Standard, 6 July 2007.

15. Simon Parker and David Goodhart, ‘A City of Capital’, Prospect, April 2007.

16. Ajay Kapur et al., ‘The Global Investigator. Plutonomy: Buving Luxury, Explaining Global Imbalances’, Citigroup Equity Research, 14 October 2005.

17. Luke Harding, Guardian, 14 October 2008.

18. See note 1.

19. Guardian, 25 October 2008.

20. Andrew E. Kramer, New York Times, 18 October 2008.