Москва и Восточная Европа. Югославская модель социализма и страны советского блока. 1950-е — 1960-е годы - читать бесплатно онлайн полную версию книги автора Анатолий Семенович Аникеев (ANNOTATIONS) #16

ANNOTATIONS

Anatoly S. ANIKEEV The Yugoslav Model of Socialism Workers’ Self-Government at the Initial Stage 1950s–1960s

The work examines the formation of the Yugoslav model of socialism, which began after the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict of 1948. The Yugoslav leadership, having perceived the Kremlin’s accusations of revising Marxism as absolutely unacceptable, criticised the Soviet, already Stalinist experience of building socialism as a deviation from the true teachings of Marx-Engels-Lenin. It is considered how, during this critical re-evaluation, the theoretical development of one’s concept, based on “true Marxism”, began. The first practical result was the legislative transfer of factories and plants in 1950 under the management of workers’ collectives. The paper examines the subsequent evolution of selfgovernment theory and practice, changes in the social and cultural spheres, and the reorientation of foreign policy toward the non-aligned movement.

Keywords: Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, revisionism, criticism of soviet socialism, Yugoslav concept of self-government, non-aligned movement

Tatiana V. VOLOKITINA Bulgaria and the Yugoslav Model of Socialism

The study attempts to reconstruct the process of perception of the Yugoslav model of socialism in Bulgaria to identify the factors that influenced the evolution of its assessments given by the Bulgarian political leadership. In the polemic of the countries of the “socialist camp” with Yugoslavia, which unfolded during the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, neighbouring Bulgaria occupied a special place due to the controversial and painful Macedonian issue for the parties. Sofia’s intentions to constantly coordinate her actions in the Yugoslav direction with Moscow have been revealed in a wide range of sources, seeing in this an opportunity to successfully realise her own national and state interests. Under the influence of the situational factor, Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations developed and evolved, sometimes in a polar manifestation, which undoubtedly influenced the assessment and perception of the Yugoslav model of socialism in Bulgaria.

Keywords: The Yugoslav model of socialism, the dynamics of Soviet-Yugoslav relations, Sofia’s reaction, situational factor

Vadim V. VOLOBUEV De-Stalinization and the Yugoslav Model of Workers’ Self-Government in Poland

Interest in the Yugoslav self-government practice in Poland arose after the criticism of the Stalin personality cult at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. Creating workers’ councils began to be discussed by the ruling elite as early as March 1956. The leadership of Polish trade unions met with Yugoslav trade unionists, and in April, a delegation of Polish journalists was sent to Yugoslavia. A month later, the issue of creating a workers’ council at the car factory in Zheran was raised. However, the enthusiasm associated with their organisation’s problem at other enterprises soon faded after the intervention of the party leadership, which decided to eliminate the Yugoslav experience. In 1958, the Sejm adopted a new charter for workers’ councils, which included a trade union, a party organisation, and engineering services. The workers’ council in such a configuration lost its original intent, turning workers’ self-government into a profanation. The main characters in this scheme were the director of the enterprise and the party organisation. Later, the idea of self-government lost relevance in the labour movement, and the problem of independent trade unions moved to the centre of attention.

Keywords: 20th Congress of the CPSU, criticism of Stalin’s personality cult, Yugoslav experience of self-government, workers’ councils, trade unions and the communist party

Timur A. DZHALILOV Reception of the Yugoslav Experience in National Economic Management During the Preparation and Implementation of the Czechoslovak Economic Reform: A View from Moscow

In the mid–1960s, attempts were made in the countries of the Soviet bloc to move from the Stalinist economic model, from planned and directive management methods to new methods based on material incentives and partial economic independence of enterprises. In Czechoslovakia, the impetus for discussing plans for economic restructuring was the crisis phenomena that appeared in the first half of the 1960s. In the middle of the decade, the government and well-known economists began to develop economic reforms that received support from Moscow. At the initial stage of the reforms in 1965–1966, the Czechoslovak leadership constantly emphasised that the Yugoslav experience did not influence their content. However, already in the spring of 1968, when the reforms began and the draft law on “Socialist Enterprises” appeared, Soviet apparatchiks assessed it as an even more dangerous and revisionist creation than the Yugoslav “workers’ councils”, taking into account the industrial level of Czechoslovakia.

Keywords: Czechoslovakia, economic reforms of the 1960s, the influence of the Yugoslav experience, Moscow’s reaction

Mariana STAMOVA The Albanian Leadership and the Yugoslav Model of Socialism (1948–1961)

Albanian-Yugoslav relations were very close until 1948. Yugoslavia patronised Albania and actively interfered in the country’s party life, state policy and economy. In the context of the growing Cold War, Moscow closely monitored the special relations between the two countries, prompting the Albanian leadership to use this to its advantage. The conflict of 1948 and the accusation of revisionism against the Yugoslav leadership became the starting point for Tirana’s liberation from Yugoslav domination. In the subsequent period, the central place in the anti-Yugoslav campaign was occupied by condemnation of the "Yugoslav path to socialism" and the problems of Kosovo and Metohija.

Keywords: Yugoslavia and Albania before 1948, Yugoslav domination in Albania, conflict of 1948, accusations of revisionism, condemnation of the “Yugoslav path to socialism”, the problem of Kosovo and Metohija

Alexander S. STYKALIN Kaomi KIMURA The Role of the Yugoslav Factor in the Development of Hungary (1953 — mid–1960s)

In the context of the socio-political upsurge of 1956, Hungarian communist reformers, in their quest to create a more effective model of socialism, showed considerable interest in the contemporary Yugoslav experience. However, the inconsistency of the Tito regime in its attitude to the dramatic events in Hungary in the autumn of 1956 led to the disillusionment of Hungarian society in Yugoslav doctrines and political practices. On the other hand, the new Hungarian leadership headed by János Kádár made efforts to overcome the existing layers in the bilateral Hungarian-Yugoslav relations, connected both with the Imre Nagy affair and with the official Yugoslav support for the Hungarian intra-party opposition in 1956. The weakening of the campaign of criticism of Yugoslav “revisionism” by the early 1960s and the improvement of Soviet-Yugoslav relations against the backdrop of the growing Chinese challenge, which threatened to split the world communist movement, created favourable conditions for the expansion of Hungarian-Yugoslav contacts along all lines.

Keywords: Hungary in 1956 and the Yugoslav Model, Tito, Imre Nagy, János Kádár, intra-party opposition, Hungary and Yugoslavia in the 1960s

Alexander S. STYKALIN Boris S. NOVOSELTSEV The Yugoslav Model of Socialism, Relations within the Soviet Bloc and the Formation of Romania’s Foreign Policy Concept (1956–1968)

Since the early 1960s, the Romanian leadership, dissatisfied with the country’s position in the system of economic and defence ties within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact, has increasingly distanced itself from the general line of the Soviet bloc on several key issues in international relations. It does not support the course toward further deepening the economic integration of socialist countries and tries to take an equidistant position in the context of the intensified Soviet-Chinese polemics. At the same time, non-aligned Yugoslavia served as an example for Romanian leaders of a socialist country that could defend its national and state priorities in the context of severe external pressure. Between the neighbouring countries, Romania and Yugoslavia, a special partnership, although not always cloudless, is being formed based on common interests, which has become a factor that has indicated a certain erosion of the rigid bipolarity in European politics and the strengthening of polycentrism in the world communist movement.

Keywords: Romania and the Soviet bloc, the beginning of distancing, Romanian-Yugoslav relations, non-bloc Yugoslavia as an example, bipolarity and polycentrism

Alexander ZHIVOTICH "Revisionism as Destiny" Albanian Criticism of the Yugoslav Path to Socialism (1956–1961)

The work, using archival materials, examines the problem of Albanian-Yugoslav relations in the 1950s and 1960s. It shows how, after the war, Yugoslavia patronised all spheres of Albanian life until the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict of 1948. The conflict that arose opened up the opportunity for Tyrana to get rid of tight custody. After that, Tirana actively joined the USSR’s propaganda campaign against Yugoslav revisionism, breaking off almost all relations with Belgrade. Albania did not follow the Soviet bloc countries, which began to normalise relations with Yugoslavia after Stalin’s death, but with the condemnation of his cult at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, this issue was finally closed. In the subsequent period, parallel to the deterioration of relations with Moscow and rapprochement with Beijing, Yugoslavia becomes the centre of revisionism in the world of socialism in Albanian politics and propaganda. Tirana accuses Belgrade of violating the rights of the Albanian population in Kosovo. The object of Albanian criticism was all aspects of the Yugoslav model of socialism, as well as the country’s domestic and foreign policies.

Keywords: Albania and Yugoslavia before 1948, the Yugoslav model of socialism, relations with Moscow, revisionism, the problem of Albanians in Kosovo

Konstantin V. NIKIFOROV In Step or Out of Step: Yugoslavia and the Countries of "Real Socialism" in the 1960S–1990S

The Yugoslav leadership’s turn to self-government theory and practice after the 1948 conflict was caused by the desire to oppose Moscow with its own “true” interpretation of Marxism. At the same time, the Yugoslav project under the existing authoritarian regime did not have democratic content but was declarative. The evolution of self-government practice in the 1970s–1980s confirmed this conclusion, which brought it closer to social processes in other socialist countries. The collapse of Yugoslavia showed that the so-called “democratic socialism” was only a soft version of the system that dominated in the USSR and Eastern Europe after the war.

Keywords: Conflict of 1948, Yugoslav self-government, “True Marxism”, the Yugoslav model and real socialism in the Soviet bloc