Парадокс мудрости. Научное опровержение «старческого слабоумия». Революционный взгляд на мышление человека

​ Введение

Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina: Tolstoy, L. (2003). Anna Karenina. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics.

A book, an intellectual memoir of sorts: Goldberg, E. (2001). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press; paperback 2002.

​ 1. Жизнь вашего мозга

Mind-body dualism: Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ Error; Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing Group; Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking.; Koesder, A. (1967). The Ghost in the Machine. London: Hutchinson; Goldberg, E. (2001). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press; paperback 2002.

Herbert Simon’s work: Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MASS.: MIT Press.

Attractors: Grossberg, S. (Ed.). (1988). Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence. Cambridge: MIT Press.

«The alarm has just rung, rudely assaulting your brain stem, your thalamus and your auditory cortex.» More about the basics of human neuroanatomy and neuropsychology in: Kolb, В., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1996). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

Dysfunction of the right hemisphere: Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model. New York: The Guilford Press.

Hippocampi in Alzheimer’s disease: de Leon, M. J., Convit, A., George, A. E., Golomb, J., de Santi, S., Tarshish, C, et al. (1996). In vivo structural studies of the hippocampus in normal aging and in incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of NY Acad Sci, 777, 1-13.

Prefrontal cortex function and dysfunction: Goldberg, E. (2001 paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. Oxford: New York: Oxford University Press.

ADHD: Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the Nature of ’Self-Control. New York: The Guilford Press.

​ 2. Периоды мозга

Brain development: Brown, M., Keynes, R, Lumsden, A. (2002). The Developing Brain. New York: Oxford University Press: Harvey, D.S., et al, Eds. (2000). Development of the Nervous System. New York: Academic Press; Carpenter, M. В., & Parent, A. (1995). Carpenter’s Human Neuroanatomy (9th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincot, Williams & Wilkins.

Neural Darwinism: Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books.

Brain aging: Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: integration of structural and functional findings. In F. Craik & T Salthouse (Eds.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (2nd ed., p. 1). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Naftali Raz on Aesculapius: Ibid.

«Evolution and dissolution»: Jackson, H. (1884). Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system. Cronian Lecture. Selected papers, 2.

Cognitive aging: F. Craik & T. Salthouse, Eds. (2000). The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; D. С Park & N. Schwartz, Eds. (2000). Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

Prefrontal cortex: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Aged individuals’ performance in real-life situations: Park, D, & Gutchess. A. (2000). Cognitive aging and everyday life. In D. C. Park & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Cognitive Aging: A Primer. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.

Cognitive expertise in aging: Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: integration of structural and functional findings. In F. Craik & T. Salthouse (Eds.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (2nd ed., p. 47). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

​ 3. Старение и великие умы в истории

Goethe’s Faust: Goethe, J. W. v. (1994). Faust. Parts 1 and 2. New York: Continuum.

Gaudi: Constantino, M. (1993). Gaudi. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, Inc.

Grandma Moses: Nikola-Lisa, W. (2000). The Year with Grandma Moses (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt.

Wiener’s writings: Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics. New York: J. Wiley; Wiener, N. (1964). God and Golem, Inc.: A Comment on Certain Points Where Cybernetics Impinges on Religion. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Chillida: Ezquiaga, M. (2001). Museo Chillida-Leku (2nd ed.): Chillida-Leku S. L.; Weber, S., Hammacher, A. M., Trier, E., & de Baranano, K. (2002). Chillida. Keunzelsau: Swiridoff.

Much of the discussion about Willem de Kooning is based on works by Sally Yard and Edvard Lieber: Yard, S. (1997). Willem de Kooning. New York: Rizzoli; Lieber, E. (2000). Willem de Kooning: Reflections in the Studio. New York: Abrams.

Hyden Herrera’s account: Yard, S. (1997). Willem de Kooning. New York: Rizzoli.

«A finished painting is a reminder of what not to do tomorrow»: Quoted after Lieber: Lieber, E. (2000). Willem de Kooning: Reflections in the Studio. New York: Abrams.

«I’m back to a full palette with off-toned colors. Before it was about knowing what I didn’t know. Now, it’s about not knowing what I know»: Quoted after Lieber: Ibid.

«Style is a fraud… To desire to make a style is an apology for one’s anxiety»: Quoted after Yard: Yard, S. (1997). Willem de Kooning. New York: Rizzoli.

«’The rhythms are more deliberate, meditated even, and the space more open… a new order prevails, a new calm… de Kooning has purified his stroke, and what had been quintessentially sensuous is rendered immaterial, ethereal, a veiled tracing of its physical origins’, wrote David Rosand.»: Ibid p. 104.

«’de Kooning, who has never strayed far from nature for long, is closer to it now than ever,’ wrote Vivien Raynor.»: Raynor, V. (June 13, 2002). The New York Times, p. A18.

Plato on wisdom: Plato (2000). The Republic. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. Quoted after Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1990). The psychology of wisdom: an evolutionary interpretation. In: R. Sternberg (Ed.) Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development, (pp. 25-51). New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 33.

Newton’s, Kant’s, and Faraday’s memory loss with age: Sacks, O. (2003). Personal communication to E. Goldberg.

Shannon’s Alzheimer’s disease: Johnson, G. (February 27, 2001). Mathematician dies at 84. The New York Times.

Reagan’s familial risk factors: Altman, L. K. (June 15, 2004). A recollection of early questions about Reagan’s health. The New York Times, pp. F5, 10.

Hitler’s Parkinson’s disease: Irving, D. (1983). The Secret Diaries of Hitler’s Doctor. New York: William Morrow.

Parkinson’s disease and dementia: Aarsland, D., Andersen, K, Larsen, J. P. Lolk, A., & Kragh-Sorensen, P. (2003). Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Archives of Neurol, 60(3), 387-392.

Hitler’s mental condition: Speer, A. (1981). Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs. New York: Collier Books.

Hitler’s and Stalin’s memory decline: Neumayr, A. (1995). Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine. Medi-Ed Press.

Much of the discussion about Stalin’s mental condition is based on: Conquest, R. (1992). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. New York: Penguin; Brent. J., & Naumov, V. P. (2003). Stalin’s Last Crime: The Plot against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins.

Stalin’s senility, including the accounts by Krushchev, Djilas and Vinogradov: Montefiore, S.S. (2004). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Alfred A. Knopf; Neumayr, A. (1995). Dictators in the Mirror of Medicine, Medi-Ed Press.

Lenin’s strokes: Clark, R W. (1988). Lenin, the Man Behind the Mask. London; Boston: Faber and Faber; Volkogonov, D. A, & Shukman, H. (1994). Lenin: A New Biography. New York: Free Press.

Lenin’s possible syphilis: Chivers, С J. (June 22, 2004). A retrospective diagnosis says Lenin had syphilis. The New York Times, p. F3; Golding, M. (July 18, 2004). «Psychiatrists Say Lenin Died of Syphilis.» Reuters.

Mao’s physical and mental condition: Li, Z. (1994). The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician. New York: Random House.

Dementia in ALS: Strong, M. J. (2001). Progress in clinical neurosciences: the evidence for ALS as a multisystems disorder of limited phenotypic expression. Canadian J Neurol Sci, 28(4), 283-298.

Hitler and Stalin remaining in control till the end: Bullock, A. (1993). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives. New York: Vintage Books.

Woodrow Wilson’s last years in the White House: Smith, G. (1982). When the Cheering Stopped: The Last Years of Woodrow Wilson. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books.

FDR’s mental powers and decision-making abilities: Jenkins, R (2001). Churchill: A Biography (1st ed.) (p. 774). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

FDR’s «new disinclination to apply himself to serious business» quoted from: Ibid (p. 774).

Churchill’s mental lapses and strokes: Danchev, A., & Todman, D. (Eds.). (2001). War Diaries 1939-1945: The Diaries of Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke: Orion Publishing Co.; Jenkins, R. (2001). Churchill: A Biography (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Churchill «gloriously unfit for office»: Quoted from Jenkins, R (2001). Churchill: A Biography (1st ed.) (p. 845). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Margaret Thatcher’s strokes: BBC. (2002). Thatcher suffers ’minor stroke’. Retrieved January 26, 2002, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/l/hi/uk/1783722.stm; Lyall, S. (June 8,2004). Thatcher’s tribute was waiting: The New York Times, p. A23. Brezhnev’s senility: Volkogonov, D. (1998). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Political Leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev. New York: HarperCollins.

Successful aging: Rowe, J., & Kahn, R (1998). Successful Aging. New York: Random House.

​ 4. Мудрость цивилизаций

For a comprehensive and insightful review of psychological research on wisdom see: Sternberg, R (Ed.). (1990). Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Peter Thompson’s interviews: Thompson, P. (2003). Wisdom: The Hard-Won Gift. Adelaide: Griffin Press.

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Kevin Rathunde on wisdom: Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1990). The psychology of wisdom: an evolutionary interpretation. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (pp. 25-51). New York: Cambridge University Press: pp. 25-51.

Sophocles on wisdom: Sophocles (2003). Antigone. New York: Oxford University Press. Quoted after Ibid.

Bible on wisdom: The Holy Bible: Proverbs, 4:7. (2002). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Quoted after Ibid.

James Birren and Laurel Fisher on early mentions of wisdom: Birren. J., & Fisher, L. (1990). The elements of wisdom: overview and integration. In R Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (pp. 317-332). New York: Cambridge University Press: p. 319.

Paul Bakes and Jacqui Smith on wisdom, wisdom tree, and as expert knowledge: Bakes, P., & Smith, J. (1990). Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In R Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (pp. 87-120). New York: Cambridge University Press.

The Wisdom Tree: Ibid.; Sears, E. (1986). Ages of Man: Medieval Interpretations of the Life Cycle. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Seven Pillars of Wisdom: Lawrence, T E. (1991). Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (1st Anchor Books ed.). New York: Anchor Books.

«To understand wisdom fully and correctly probably requires more wisdom than any of us have»: Quoted from Sternberg, R, (1990). Understanding wisdom. In R Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (p. 3). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Robert Sternberg on wisdom and creativity: Sternberg, R (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity and wisdom, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607-627.

Daniel Robinson on wisdom: Robinson, D. (1990). Wisdom through ages. In R Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (р. 21). New York: Cambridge University Press.

J.F.C. Fuller on genius: Quoted after Bose, P. (2003). Alexander the Great’s Art of Strategy. New York: Gotham Books.

William Wordsworth on greatness and originality: Quoted after Greenberg. N. (2003). «The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind,» by Elkhonon Goldberg. Human Nature Review, 3, 422-431. Original source: Wordsworth, W (1969). «William Wordsworth’s Letter to Lady Beaumont, 21 May 1807». In E. de Selincourt (Ed.), Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth Vol. 2.

Carl Rogers on creativity: Quoted from Rogers, С R (1961). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Robert Sternberg on competence and wisdom: Sternberg, R. (1985). Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity and wisdom, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 607-627.

Themistocles «was greater in genius than in character.»: Quoted after Bose, P. (2003). Alexander the Great’s Art of Strategy (p. 81). New York: Gotham Books.

Popular perception of wisdom, creativity and intelligence: Sternberg, R (1990). Wisdom and its relations to intelligence and creativity. In R Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (p. 145). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Human attributes, their desirability, and age: Heckhausen, J., Dixon, R, & Bakes, P. (1989). Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as percieved by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 109-121.

Marion Perlmutter on wisdom and advanced age: Orwoll, L., & Perlmutter, M. (1990). The study of wise persons: integrating a personality perspective. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (pp. 160-180). New York: Cambridge University Press.

​ 5. Сила образов

«Phyletic» knowledge: Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Relatively ready-to-use, but requiring early environmental honing neural networks: Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1963). Receptive fields of cells in striate cortex of very young, visually inexperienced kittens. J. Neurophysiol, 26, 994-1002; Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1979). Brain mechanisms of vision. Sci Am, 241(3), 150-162.

Primate cultures: Wrangham, R W, & Chicago Academy of Sciences. (1994). Chimpanzee Cultures. Cambridge: Published by Harvard University Press in cooperation with the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Primate language: Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Shanker, S. G., & Taylor, T. J. (2001). Apes, Language, and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Language learning: Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct (1st ed.). New York: W. Morrow and Co.

Eskimo language: Pullum, G. K. (1991). The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Click languages: Stephenson, J. (2000). The Language of the Land: Living among The Hadzabe in Africa (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Whistling language: Meyer, J. (2004). Bioacoustics of human whistled languages: an alternative approach to the cognitive processes of language. Anais da Academia Brasiliera de Ciencias, 76(2), 406-412.

Complexity of an organism’s behavior and environment: Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Emergent complexity: Wolfram, S. (2002). A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, Inc.

Cortical representation of language: Martin, A., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, E M., Wiggs, С L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995). Discrete cortical regions associated with knowledge of color and knowledge of action. Science, 270(5233), 102-105; Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1996). Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature, 379(6566), 649-652. Also, for more detailed discussion on the topic see: Goldberg, E. (1989). Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization. J Glin Exp Neuropsychol, 11(4), 489-517; Goldberg. E. (1990). Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach. In E. Goldberg (Ed.), Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria (pp. 229-276). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Goldberg, E. (2001). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Vygotsy’s writings: Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; Rieber, R. W, Robinson, D. K., & Bruner, J. S. (Eds.). (2004). The Essential Vygotsky. Kluger Academic/Plenum.

Luria’s life in science: Luria, A. R., Cole, M., & Cole, S. (1979). The Making of Mind: A Personal Account of Soviet Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; Goldberg, E. (1990); Tribute to Aleksandr Romanovich Luria (1902-1977). In E. Goldberg (Ed.), Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria (pp. 1-9). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Moskovich, L., Bougakov, D., DeFina. P., & Goldberg, E. (2002). A. R. Luria: Pursuing Neuropsychology in a Swiftly Changing Society. In A. Stringer, E. Cooley & A. L. Christensen (Eds.), Patways to Prominence in Neuropsychology. New York: Psychology Press.

Luria’s neuropsychological research: Luria, A. R (1970). Traumatic Aphasia: The Hague: Mouton; Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books.

Emergent cortical organization: Goldberg, E. (1989). Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 11(4), 489-517; Goldberg, E. (1990); Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach. In E. Goldberg (Ed.), Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria (pp. 229-276). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Gradiental principle of functional cortical organization: Ibid.

​ 6. Приключения и воспоминания

Role of neocortex in memory: Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (1992). Selective knowledge loss in activational and representational amnesias. In L. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychobgy of Memory (pp. 72-80). New York: The Guilford Press; Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Role of other structures in memory: Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (1992). Selective knowledge loss in activational and representational amnesias. In L. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychobgy of Memory (pp. 72-80). New York: The Guilford Press.

Memory without forgetting: Luria, A. R (1968). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book About a Vast Memory. New York: Basic Books.

Causes of amnesia: Squire, L., & Schacter, D. (Eds.). (2002). Neuropsychobgy of Memory (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

Perception and memory share the same cortical territory: Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., & Alpert, N. M. (1997). Neural systems shared by visual imagery and visual perception: a positron emission tomography study. Neuroimage, 6(4), 320-334; Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Kim, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995). Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex. Nature, 378(6556), 496-498.

Reverberating loops: Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. New York: Wiley.

Long-term potentiation: Bashir, Z. I., Bortolotto, Z. A., Davies, C. H., Berretta, N, Irving, A. J., Seal, A. J., et al. (1993). Induction of LTP in the hippocampus needs synaptic activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors. Nature, 363(6427), 347-350.

Role of hippocampi in memory: Maviel, T. et al (2004) Sites of neocortical reorganization critical for remote spatial memory. Science, 305,96-99; Remondes, M., & Schuman, E. M. (2004). Role for a cortical input to hippocampal area CA1 in the consolidation of a long-term memory. Nature, 431 (7009), 699-703.

Electric shock in studies of memory formation: Glickman, S. E. (1961). Perseverative neural processes and consolidation of the memory trace. Psychol Bull, 58, 218-233; McGaugh, J. L. (1972). The search for the memory trace. Ann NY Acad Sci, 193, 112-123.

Permastore: Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Semantic memory content in permastore: fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school. J Experimental Psychol Gen, 113(1), 1-29.

Distribution of memories in permastore: Ibid.

Retrograde amnesia: Goldberg, E., Antin, S. P., Blider, R. M., Jr., Gerstman, L. J., Hughes J. E., & Mattis, S. (1981). Retrograde amnesia: possible role of mesencephalic reticular activation in long-term memory. Science, 213(4514), 1392-1394; Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (1992). Selective knowledge loss in activational and representational amnesias. In L. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory (pp. 72-80). New York: The Guilford Press.

Temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia: Barr, W. В., Goldberg, E., Wasserstein, J., & Novelly, R. A. (1990). Retrograde amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychobgia, 28(3), 243-255.

​ 7. Воспоминания, которые не тускнеют

Neural Darwinism: Edelman, G M. (1987). Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books.

Procedural and declarative memory: Cohen, N. J., & Squire, L. R. (1980). Preserved learning and retention of pattern-analyzing skill in amnesia: dissociation of knowing how and knowing that. Science, 210(4466), 207-210.

Episodic and semantic memory. Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

More on «Steve’s» case in: Goldberg, E., Antin, S. P., Bilder, R. M., Jr., Gerstman, L. J., Hughes, J. E., & Mattis, S. (1981). Retrograde amnesia: possible role of mesencephalic reticular activation in long-term memory. Science, 213(4514), 1392-1394. As the title of the paper suggests, the damage responsible for memory impairment was in the ventral midbrain, this further supporting the role of the brain stem in memory. See also E. Goldberg, J. Hughes, S. Mattis & S. Antin. (1982). Isolated retrograde amnesia: Different etiologies, same mechanisms? Cortex, 18, 459-462.

Generic and specific memory: Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (1992). Selective Knowledge Loss in Activational and Representational Amnesias. In L. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory (pp. 72-80). New York: The Guilford Press; Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (2003). Knowledge Systems and Material-Specific Memory Deficits. In J. H. Byrne (Ed.), Learning and Memory. New York: Macmillan Reference.

Generic and specific memory in retrograde amneisa: Barr, W. В., Goldberg, E., Wasserstein, J., & Novelly, R A. (1990). Retrograde amnesia following unilateral temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia, 28(3), 243-255.

Generic memories are committed to long-term storage more rapidly: Goldberg, E., & Barr, W. (1992). Selective Knowledge Loss in Activational and Representational Amnesias. In L. Squire & N. Butters (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory (pp. 72-80). New York: The Guilford Press; Maviel, Т., Durkin, T. P., Menzaghi, E, & Bontempi, B. (2004). Sites of neocortical reorganization critical for remote spatial memory. Science, 305(5680), 96-99.

To learn more about brain plasticity see this excellent book: Schwartz, J., & Begley, S. (2002). The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. New York: Regan Books.

Pattern expansion in monkeys. Wang, X., Merzenich, M. M., Sameshima, K, & Jenkins, W. M. (1995). Remodelling of hand representation in adult cortex determined by timing of tactile stimulation. Nature, 375(6552), 71-75.

Pattern expansion in humans: Pascual-Leone, A., & Torres, F. (1993). Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain, 116(Pt 1), 39-52; Elbert, T, Pantev, C, Wienbruch, C, Rockstroh, В., & Taub, E. (1995). Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science, 270(5234), 305-307.

Pattern expansion and mental clarity in old age: Golden, D. (1994, July). «Building a Better Brain.» Life, 62-70.

Brain metabolic requirements in learning: Haier, R J., Siegel, B. V, Jr., MacLachlan, A., Soderling, E., Lottenberg, S., & Buchs-baum, M. S. (1992). Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study. Brain Res, 570(1-2), 134-143.

Cortical activation changes with task familiarization: Dobbins, I. G., Schnyer, D. M., Verfaellie, M., & Schacter, D. L. (2004). Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning. Nature, 428(6980), 316-319.

Prions and memory: Wickelgren, I. (2004). Neuroscience. Long-term memory: a positive role for a prion? Science, 303(5654), 28-29.

Memory reconsolidation: Lee J. L., Everitt, B. J., & Thomas, K. L. (2004). Independent cellular processes for hippocampal memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Science, 304(5672), 839-843.

Attractor, attractor state, basin of attraction: Grossberg., S. (Ed.). (1988). Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence. Cambridge: MIT Press; Fuster. J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Degeneracy: Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books.

Attractors in mathematics: Professor Alan Snyder (2003), personal communication to E. Goldberg.

Attractors as memories: Hopfield, J. J. (1982). Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of Natl Acad Sci USA, 79(8), 2554-2558.

Attractor-like circuits in the brain: Cossart, R, Aronov, D., & Yuste, R (2003). Attractor dynamics of networks UP states in the neocortex. Nature, 423(6937), 283-288.

Attractor-like effects in classifications: Freedman, D. J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, X, & MUer, E. K. (2001). Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science, 291(5502), 312-316.

Adaptive resonance theory (ART): Grossberg, S. (1987). Competitive learning: from interactive activation to adaptive resonance. Cognitive Science, 11, 23-63; Grossberg, S. (Ed.). (1988). Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Goldberg on modularity: Goldberg, E. (1995). Rise and fall of modular orthodoxy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 17(2), 193-208.

​ 8. Воспоминания, модели и механизм мудрости

Intuitive decision making: Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Phyletic knowledge: Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Pattern recognition in problem-solving: Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Harold Bloom on genius: Bloom, H. (2002). Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: Warner Books.

Charles Murray on human accomplishment: Murray, C. A. (2003). Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 ВС to 1950. New York: HarperCollins.

Peter Thompson on wisdom: Thompson, P. (2003). Wisdom: The Hard-Won Gift. Adelaide: Griffin Press.

Allan Snyder’s TMS experiments: Snyder, A. W., Mulcahy, E., Taylor, J. L., Mitchell, D. J., Sachdev, P., & Gandevia, S. С (2003). Savant-like skills exposed in normal people by suppressing left fronto-temporal lobe, fournal of Integrative Neuroscience, 2:2.

William James on habits: The Principles of Psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Dover.

Descriptive knowledge, vertical knowledge: Goldberg, E., Harner, R, Lovell, M., Podell, K., & Riggio, S. (1994). Cognitive bias, functional cortical geometry, and the frontal lobes: laterality, sex, and handedness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6(3), 276-296; Goldberg, E., & Podell, K. (2000). Adaptive decision making, ecological validity, and the frontal lobes. / Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 22(1), 56-68.

Prescriptive knowledge, actor-centered knowledge: Ibid.

​ 9. Переднелобное принятие решений

Frontal lobotomy: Valenstein, E. (1986). The Great and Desperate Cures. New York: Basic Books.

Prefrontal regions in charge of overall decision making vs. task subcomponents: Koechlin, E., Basso, G., Pietrini, P., Panzer, S., & Grafman, J. (1999). The role of the anterior prefrontal cortex in human cognition. Nature, 399(6732), 148-151.

Prefrontal cortical activation in rational problem solving: Kroger, J, K., Sabb, F. W, Fales, С L., Bookheimer, S. Y, Cohen, M. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2002). Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: a parametric study of relational complexity. Cereb Cortex, 72(5), 477-485.

Prefrontal resources in inductive and deductive reasoning: Osherson, D., Perani, D., Cappa, S., Schnur, T, Grassi, E, & Fazio, F. (1998). Distinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning. Neuropsychogia, 36(4), 369-376.

Executive memories: Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frontal lobes serve as the repository of executive memories: Ibid.

Intentionality, ethical behavior, morality and empathy as subjects of cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Social neuroscience: Cacioppo, J. T. (2002). Foundations in Social Neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Behavioral economics: Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Neuroeconomics: Sanfey, A. G., Rilling J. K., Aronson J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The neural basis of economic decisionmaking in the ultimatum game. Science, 300(5626), 1755-1758.

Neuromarketing: Thompson, C. (October 26, 2003). «There Is as Sucker Born in Every Medial Prefrontal Cortex.» New York Times Magazine, 54-57.

Functional neuroimaging and political commercials: Tierney, J. (April 20, 2004). «Using M.RI.’s to See Politics on the Brain.» The New York Times, pp. Al, A17.

Capital punishment in the mentally retarded: Beckman, M. (2004). Neuroscience. Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain. Science, 305(5684. 596-599.

Figure 12: Adapted from Vogeley, K., Podell, K., Kukolja, J., Schilbach, L., Goldberg, E., Zilles, K, et al. (2003). Recruitment of the Left Prefrontal Cortex in Preference-Based Decisions in Males (fMRI Study). Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York.

Figure 13: Adapted from Brodmann, K. (1909). Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshinrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth.

Creation of Adam spin-off: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frontal lobes in empathy: Singer, Т., Seymour, В., O’Doherty, J., Raube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, С D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303(5661), 1157-1162.

Frontal lobes in theory of mind: Fletcher, P. C, Happe, F., Frith, U., Baker. S. C, Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of «theory of mind» in story comprehension. Cognition, 57(2), 109-128.; Stone, V Ei, Baron-Cohen, S., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. / Cogn Neurosci, 10(5), 640-656.

Lack of insight following frontal damage: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the _ Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Criminality, antisocial personality, and impulsive aggression linked to prefrontal dysfunction: Raine, A., Buchsbaum, M., & LaCasse, L. (1997). Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry, 42(6), 495-508; Raine, A., Lencz, Т., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., & Colletti, P. (2000): Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 57(2), 119-127; discussion 128-119.

Causal learning and the frontal lobes: Turner, D. C. Aitken, M. R, Shanks, D R, Sahakian, B. J., Robbins, T. W, Schwarzbauer, C, et al. (2004). The role of the lateral frontal cortex in causal associative learning: exploring preventative and super-learning. Cereb Cortex, 14(8), 872-880.

«If… then…» structures in complex language: Fitch, W. T, & Hauser. M. D. (2004). Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate. Science, 303, 377-380.

Experience of regret: Camille, N., Coricelli, G., Sallet, J., Pradat-Diehl, P., Duhamel, J. R, & Sirigu, A. (2004). The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret. Science, 304(5674), 1167-1170.

Myelinization of prefrontal pathways: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

Spindle cells: Allman, J. M., Hakeem, A., Erwin, J. M., Nimchinsky, E., & Hof, P. (2001). The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 935,107-117.

Emotional intelligence: Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.

Memory for concepts of actions: Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

High-functioning elderly and physiologically active frontal lobes: Cabeza, R, Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & Mcintosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17(3), 1394- 1402; Rosen, A. C, Prull, M. W, O’Hara, R, Race, E. A., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., et al. (2002). Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memory. Neuroreport, 13(18), 2425-2428.

Executive talent: Goldberg, E. (January 2004). Train the Gifted. Harvard Business Review, 31.

IQ following frontal-lobe damage: Goldberg, E. (2001; paperback 2002). The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

​ 10. Новизна, рутина и две стороны мозга

Grossberg’s «adaptive resonance»: Grossberg, S. (1987). Competitive learning: from interactive activation to adaptive resonance. Cognitive Science, 11, 23-63.

Corpus callosum, commisures and cross-talk between the hemispheres: Kolb, В., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1996). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

Aphasia and left- vs. right-hemispheric damage: Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books.

Aphasia and left- vs. right-hemispheric damage in children: Bates, E. (1999). Plasticity, localization and language development. In S. Broman & J. Fletcher (Eds.), The Changing Nervous System: Neurobehavioral Consequences of Early Brain Disorders (pp. 214-253). New York: Oxford University Press.

Electric stimulation of the left temporal lobe and verbal hallucina-torylike experiences: Ojemann, G. A. (1983). Brain organization for language from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 189-230.

Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: Nasrallah, H. S. (Ed.). (1991). Handbook of Schizophrenia. New York; Amsterdam: Elsevier.

«Pathological» left-handedness: Orsini, D. L., & Satz, P. (1986). A syndrome of pathological left-handedness. Correlates of early left hemisphere injury. Arch Neurol, 43(4), 333-337.

Hyperphasia and Williams’ syndrome: Personal communication from Dr. Oliver Sacks to E. Goldberg.

Damage to the right hemisphere, prosopagnosia and amusia: Luria, А. К (1966). Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books.

Larger planum temporalem and frontal operculum in the left hemisphere: Geschwind, N., & Levitsky, W (1968). Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science, 161(837), 186-187.

Great apes and brain «language structures»: LeMay, M., & Geschwind, N. (1975). Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes. Brain Behav Evol, 11(1), 48-52; Gannon, P. J., Holloway, R. L., Broadneld, D. C., & Braun, A. R. (1998). Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke’s brain language area homolog. Science, 272(5348), 220-222.

Australopithecus and brain asymmetry: LeMay, M. (1976). Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate. Ann NY Acad Sci, 280, 349-366.

Yakovlevian torque: Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A.M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology. Arch Neurol, 42(5), 422-459.

Differences in the size of the planum temporale and frontal operculum: Geschwind, N, & Levitsky, W (1968). Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science, 161(837), 186-187.

Brain asymmetries and cortical thicknesses: Galaburda, A. M., LeMay, M., Kemper, T. L., & Geschwind, N. (1978). Right-left asymmetries in the biain. Science, 199(4331), 852-856; Diamond, M. C, Dowling, G A., & Johnson, R E. (1981). Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats. Exp Neurol, 71(2), 261-268; Diamond, M. С (1985). Rat fore-brain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished. In S. D. Glick (Ed.), Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species. New York: Academic Press.

Brain asymmetries and spindle cells: Blakeslee, S. (December 9, 2003). «Humanity? Maybe It’s in the Wiring.» The New York Times, pp. Fl, 6.

Brain asymmetries and neurotransmitter pathways: Glick, S. D., Ross, D. A., & Hough, L. B. (1982). Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain. Brain Res, 234(1), 53-63; Sholl, S. A., & Kim, К L. (1990). Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey. Brain Res, 516(1), 122-126; Ebstein.R P., Novick, Q, Umansky, R, Priel, В., Osher, Y., Blaine, D., et al. (1996). Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking. Nat Genet, 12(1), 78-80.

Left-right hippocampal asymmetries and NMDA receptors: Kawa-kami, R, Shinohara, Y, Kato, Y, Sugiyama, H, Shigemoto, R., & Ito, I. (2003). Asymmetrical allocation of NMDA receptor epsilon2 subunits in hippocampal circuitry. Science, 300(5621), 990-994.

Brain asymmetries in fruit flies: Isabel, G., Pascual, A., & Preat, T. (2004). Exclusive consolidated memory phases in drosophila. Science, 304(5673), 1024-1027.

Left hemisphere as the repository of compressed knowledge: Goldberg, E., & Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain Lang, 14(1), 144-173.

Hemispheric specialization in left-handers: Rasmussen, Т., & Milner, B. (1977). The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Ann NY Acad Sci, 299, 355-369.

​ 11. Двойственность мозга в действии

Novelty-routinization theory: Goldberg, E., & Costa, L. D (1981). Hemispheric differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain Lang, 14(1), 144-173.

Familiar vs. «twisted» verbal task and cerebral hemispheres: Ibid.

Familiar vs. unfamiliar visual task and cerebral hemispheres: Marzi, C. A., & Berlucchi, G. (1977). Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals. Neuropsychologia, 15(6), 751-756.

Functional neuroimaging and right-to-left «cognitive center of gravity» transfer: Haier, R. J., Siegel, B. V., Jr., MacLachlan, A., Soderling, E., Lottenberg, S., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1992). Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study. Brain Res, 570(l-2), 134-143; Raichle, M. E., Fiez J. A, Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. M., Pardo, J. V, Fox, P. T» et al. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex, 4(1), 8-26; Gold, J. M., Berman, K. E, Randolph, C, Goldberg, Т. Е., & Weinberger, D. (1996). PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration. Neuropsychology, 10, 3-10; Tulving, E., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F. E., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1996). Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval. Cereb Cortex, 6(1), 71-79; Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., & Mintun, M. A. (1997). Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness. Science, 276(5316), 1272-1275; Martin, A, Wiggs, C. L., &Weisberg, J. (1997). Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience. Hippocampus, 7(6), 587-593; Shadmehr, R, & Holcomb, H. H. (1997). Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation. Science, 277(5327), 821-825; Henson, R., Shallice, T, & Dolan, R. (2000). Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming. Science, 257(5456), 1269-1272.

Gamma EEG and cerebral hemispheres: Kamiya, Y., Aihara, M., Osada, M., Ono, C., Hatakeyama, K., Ranemura, H., et al. (2002). Electrophysiological study of lateralization in the frontal lobes. Japanese Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3:1, 88-191.

Figure 14: Ibid.

Novice vs. expert musicians and cerebral hemispheres: Bever, T. G., & Chiarello, R.J. (1974). Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians. Science, 185(150), 537-539.

The role of the right hemisphere in language acquisition in children: For detailed review see: Goldberg, E., & Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemispheric differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain Lang, 14(1), 144-173; Bates, E. (1999). Plasticity, Localization and Language Development. In S. Broman & J. Fletcher (Eds.), The Changing Nervous System: Neurobehavioral Consequences of Early Brain Disorders (pp. 214-253). New York: Oxford University Press; Bates, E., & Roe, K. (2001). Language Development in Children with Unilateral Brain Injury.» In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Damage to the right hemisphere and language in adults: Rasser, L. S. (1962). Hemiplegia of early onset and the faculty of speech with special reference to the effects of hemispherectomy. Brain, 85, 427-60; Dennis, M., & Whitaker, H. A. (1976). Language acquisition following hemidecortication: linguistic superiority of the left over the right hemisphere. Brain Lang, 3(3), 404-433; Bates, E. (1999). Plasticity, Localization and Language Development. In S. Broman & J. Fletcher (Eds.), The, Changing Nervous System: Neurobehavioral Consequences of Early Brain Disorders (pp. 214-253). New York: Oxford University Press.

The role of the right hemisphere in language and age: Ibid.

«Eureka!-like» insight in verbal puzzles: Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E. M., Haberman J., Frymiare J. L., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., et al. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLoS Biol, 2(4), E97.

The brain dynamics of the second language: Kim, К. Н., Relkin, N. R., Lee, К. М., & Hirsch J. (1997). Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388(6638), 171-174; Lee, S., Yeon, E., Lee, D, & Jung, K. (2003). Cortical Representations in Korean-English Bilinguals. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping Conference, New York City; Mechelli, A., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner J., & Price, С (2003). A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of Monolinguals, Early Bilinguals and Late Bilinguals. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping Conference, New York City; Meyer, M., Goddard, G., Simonotto, E., McNamara, A., Azuma, R., Flett, S., et al. (2003). Differential Brain Responses to LI and L2 in Near-Native L2 Speakers. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping Conference, New York City.

Right-hemispheric stroke in a bilingual: Barbara Kapetanakes, personal communication to E. Goldberg.

Associative agnosia and damage to the left hemisphere: Goldberg, E. (1990). Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere. / Clin Exp Neuropsychol, 12(4), 467-484.

Ideational apraxia and damage to the left hemisphere: Ibid.

Byron Rourke’s contribution to understanding right-hemispheric dysfunction: Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model. New York: The Guilford Press.

Right-to-left shift of the «center of cognitive gravity» throughout hfe span: Cabeza, R, Grady, C. L., Nyberg, L., Mcintosh, A. R., Tulving, E. Kapur, S., et al. (1997). Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: a positron emission tomography study. J Neurosci, 17(1), 391-400; Madden, D J» Turkington, T G» Provenzale, J. M., Denny, L. L., Hawk, T C, Gottlob, L. R, et al. (1999). Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory. Hum Brain Map, 7(2), 115-135; Aihara, M., Aoyagi, K., Goldberg, E., & Nakazawa, S. (2003). Age shifts frontal cortical control in a cognitive bias task from right to left: part I. Neuropsychological study. Brain & Development, 25, 555-559; Brown, Т. T., Lugar, H. M., Coalson, R. S. Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E. & Schlag-gar, B. L. (2004). Developmental changes in human cerebral functional organization for word generation. Cerebral Cortex, bhhl29 (Electronic version).

Left prefrontal activation in older adults: Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & Mcintosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17(3), 1394-1402.

Jason Brown and Joseph Jaffe on cerebral dominance: Brown, J. W., & Jaffe, J. (1975). Hypothesis on cerebral dominance. Neuropsychologia, 13(1), 107-110

Functional neuroimaging, frontal lobes and task familiarity: Jahanshahi, M., Dirnberger, G., Fuller, R., & Frith, C. D. (2000). The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in random number generation: a study with positron emission tomography. Neuroimage, 12(6), 713-725; Reichle, E. D., Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A. (2000). The neural bases of strategy and skill in sentence-picture verification. Cognit Psychol, 40(4), 261-295.

Carlsson’s experiment on low and high creativity: Carlsson, I., Wendt, P. E., & Risberg, J. (2000). On the neurobiology of creativity. Differences in frontal activity between high and low creative subjects. Neuropsychologia, 38(6), 873-885.

Creative people and increased right frontal activity: Martindale, C, & Hines, D. (1975). Creativity and cortical activation during creative, intellectual and EEG feedback tasks. Biol Psychol, 3(2), 91-100; Carlsson, I., Wendt, P. E., & Risberg, J. (2000). On the neurobiology of creativity. Differences in frontal activity between high and low creative subjects. Neuropsychologia, 38(6), 873-885.

​ 12. Магеллан на Прозаке

Left-hemispheric damage and depression: Gainotti, G. (1972). Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex, 8(1), 41-55; Narushima, K., Rosier, J. T, & Robinson, R. G. (2003). A reappraisal of poststroke depression, intra- and inter-hemispheric lesion location using meta-analysis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 75(4), 422-430.

Right-hemispheric damage and mania or belle indifference: Goldstein, K. (1939). The Organism. New York: American Books; Gainotti, G. (1972). Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion. Cortex, 8(1), 41-55.

Right-hemispheric damage and «anosognosia»: Heilman, K., & Valenstein, E. (Eds.). (1993). Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Left hemineglect: Ibid.

«Alien hand» phenomenon: Goldberg, G., & Bloom, K.K. (1990). The alien hand sign. Localization, lateralization and recovery. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 69(5), 228-238.

Left frontal lobe damage and depression: Robinson, R. G., Kubos, K. L., Starr, L. В., Rao, K., & Price, T. R. (1984). Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion. Brain 107 (Pt 1), 81-93; Davidson, R. (1995). Cerebral Assymetry, Emotion, and Affective Style. In R. Davidson & K. Hugdahl (Eds.), Brain Assymetry (pp. 361-388). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Right frontal damage and mania or euphoria: Starkstein, S. E., Boston, J. D., & Robinson, R. G. (1988). Mechanisms of mania after brain injury. 12 case reports and review of the literature./ Nerv Ment Bis, 176(2), 87-100.

Pathological crying and pathological laughter: Tucker, DM., Stenslie, С E., Roth, R. S., & Shearer, S. L. (1981). Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance. Decrement during a depressed mood. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 38(2), 169-174; Sackeim, H. A., Greenberg, M. S., Weiman, A. L., Gur, R. C., Hungerbuhler, J. P., & Geschwind, N. (1982). Hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions. Neurologic evidence. Arch Neurol, 39(A), 210-218.

Research by Richard Davidson: Davidson, R. (1995). Cerebral Assymetry, Emotion, and Affective Style. In К Davidson & K. Hugdahl (Eds.), Brain Assymetry (pp. 361-388). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Expression vs. recognition of emotions: Ibid.

Unpleasant or sad images and right-hemispheric activation: Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., Wheeler, R. E., & Doss, R. С (1992). Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. / Pers Soc Psychol, 62(4), 676-687.

Memory loss and right-frontal activation: Davidson, R. (1995). Cerebral Asymmetry, Emotion, and Affective Style. In R. Davidson & K. Hugdahl (Eds.), Brain Asymmetry (pp. 361-388). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Meditation and left prefrontal activation: Kalb, C. (November 10, 2003). Faith and Healing. Newsweek, CXLII, 44-56.

Emotional styles and hemispheric activation: Davidson, R. (1995). Cerebral Asymmetry, Emotion, and Affective Style. In R. Davidson & K. Hugdahl (Eds.), Brain Asymmetry (pp. 361-388). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Sadness and depression when left frontal activation is impaired: Henriques, J. В., & Davidson, R.J. (1991). Left frontal hypoactivation in depression./. Abnorm Psychol, 100(A), 535-545.

Right frontal activation in negative emotions: Wheeler, R. E., Davidson, R.J., & Tomarken, A.J. (1993). Frontal brain asymmetry and emotional reactivity: a biological substrate of affective style. Psychophysiology, 30(1), 82-89.

Virtual ballgame experiment: Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M.D, & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290-292.

Left and right frontal activation in infants: Davidson, R…, & Fox, N. A. (1989). Frontal brain asymmetry predicts infants’ response to maternal separation. J Abnorm Psychol, 98(2), 127-131.

Right and left amygdala activation: Roeder, C, Mueller, J., Sommer, M., Zanella, E, & Linden, D. (2003). Valence But Not Arousal Correlates with Limbic Activity in Emotional Probe Processing in Female Subjects. Paper presented at the Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Right amydgala and the appreciation of facial expressions of fear: Thomas, K. M., Drevets, W. C, Whalen, P. J., Eccard, С. Н., Dahl, R.E., Ryan, N. Dk>, et al. (2001). Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biol Psychiatry, 49(A), 309-316.

Selecting from restaurant menu: Arana, F. S., Parkinson, J. A., Hinton, E., Holland, A. J., Owen, A. M., & Roberts, A. C. (2003). Dissociable contributions of the human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to incentive motivation and goal selection. J Neurosci, 23(29), 9632-9638.

Right amygdala and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: De Bellis, M. D., Casey, B. J., Dahl, R. E., Birmaher, В., Williamson, D. E., Thomas, К. М., et al. (2000). A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 48(1), 51-57.

Right amygdala and facial expressions of fear: Anderson, A. K., Spencer, D. D., Fulbnght, R. K., & Phelps, E. A. (2000). Contribution of the anteromedial temporal lobes to the evaluation of facial emotion. Neuropsychology, 14(A), 526-536.

Brain structures involved in the regulation of emotions: Kolb, В., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1996). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

Lateralization of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and dopamine): Glick, S.D., Ross, D. A., & Hough, L.B. (1982). Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain. Brain Res, 234(1), 53-63.

Dopamine and stereotypic behaviors: Tucker, D. M., & Williamson, P. A. (1984). Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation. Psychol Rev, 91(2), 185-215.

Dopamine and addiction: Ibid.

Norepinephrine and novelty-seeking: Ibid.

Norepinephrine in depression: Delgado, P. L., & Moreno, F. A. (2000). Role of norepinephrine in depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 61 Suppll, 5-12.

Serotonin in depression: D’Haenen, H., Bossuyt, A., Mertens, J., Bossuyt-Piron, C, Gijsemans, M., & Kaufman, L. (1992). SPECT imaging of serotonin2 receptors in depression. Psychiatry Res, 45(4), 227-237.

Kay Redfield Jamison on creativity and psychiatric illness: Jamison, K. (1994). Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament. New York: Free Press Paperbacks; Jamison, K. (1997). An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness. New York: Vintage Books.

Jablow Hershman and Julian Leib on manic-depressive disorder and creativity: Hershman, D. J., & Leib, J. (1988). The Key to Genius: Manic-Depression and the Creative Life. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Michaelangelo’s depression: Hershman, D. J., & Lieb, J. (1998). Manic Depression and Creativity. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Manic-depresive disorder in Napoleon, Hitler and Stalin: Hershman, D. J., & Lieb, J. (1994). A Brotherhood of Tyrants: Manic-Depression & Absolute Power. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Manic-depresive disorder in Potyomkin: Binyon, T. (2003). Pushkin: A Biography. New York: Knopf.

Depression as a risk factor for dementia: Roberts, G. W., Leigh, P. N., & Weinberger, D. R (1993). Neuropsychiatry Disorders. London: Wolfe.

Charles Murray’s ranking of historic personalities: Murray, C. A. (2003). Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 ВС to 1950. New York: HarperCollins.

Connie Strong and Terence Ketter on creative personality: Strong, C, & Ketter, T. (2002, 5/21/2002). Negative Affective Traits and Openness Have Differential Relationships to Creativity. Paper presented at the АРА Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.

Brain activation patterns in manic and depressed states: Dr. David Silbersweig, personal communication to Elkhonon Goldberg.

Brain activation profile of manic-depressive disorder: Baxter, L. R, Jr., Schwartz, J. M., Phelps, M. E., Mazziotta, J. C, Guze, В. Н., Selin, С. Е., et al. (1989). Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 46(3), 243-250; Delvenne, V, Delecluse, E, Hubain, P. P., Schoutens, A., De Maertelaer, V., & Mendlewicz, J. (1990). Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with affective disorders. Br JPsychiatry, 157, 359-365; Migliorelli, R, Starkstein, S. E., Teson, A., de Quiros, G., Vazquez, S., Leiguarda, R, et al. (1993). SPECT findings in patients with primary mania. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 5(4), 379-383; Bonne, O., Krausz, Y, Gorfine, M., Karger, H., Gelfin, Y., Shapira, В., et al. (1996). Cerebral hypoperfusion in medication resistant, depressed patients assessed by Tc99m HMPAO SPECT. J Affect Disord, 41(3), 163-171.

Subtypes of depression: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-TV-Text Revision (4 ed.)(2000). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Changes in amygdala activity with age: Leigland, L. A., Schulz, L. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2004). Age related changes in emotional memory. Neurobiol Aging, 25(8), 1117-1124.

​ 13. Мертвый сезон лета

Sulcar shallowing in aging: Rettmann, M., Prince, J., & Resnick, S. (2003). Analysis of Sulcal Shape Changes Associated with Aging. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Insula in aging: Grieve, S., Clark, R, & Gordon, E. (2003). Brain Volume and Regional Tissue Distribution in 193 Normal Subjects Using Structural MRT: The Effect of Gender, Handedness and Age. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Voxel morphometry in aging: Taki, Y, Goto, R., Evans, A., Sato, K., Kinomura, S., Ono, S., et al. (2003). Voxel Based Morphometry of Age Related Structural Change of Gray Matter for Each Decade in Normal Male Subjects. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Brain size reduction in the elderly with depression: Ballmaier, M., Kumar, M., Sowell, E., Thompson, P., Blanton, R., Lavretsky, H., et al. (2003). Cortical Abnormalities in Elderly Depressed Patients. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Age, gender, handedness, and brain volume: Rex, D., & Toga, A. (2003). Age, Gender, and Handedness Influences on Relative Tissue Volumes in the Human Brain. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Changes on WAIS IQ tests with aging: Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. В., &

Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment (4 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Technically, what declines is not Verbal IQ or Performance IQ per se, but the performance on the tests used to measure them. Then the values are age-corrected to keep the IQ quotients constant.

​ 14. Используй мозг и получишь больше

Fernando Nottenbohm on neuroplasticity: Nottehbom, F. (1977). Assymetries of neural control of vocalization in the canary. In S. Harnard, R. W. Doty, L. Goldstein, & J. Jaynes, (Eds.), Lateralization in the Nervous System (pp. 23^14). New York: Academic Press.

Neuronal proliferation in monkeys: Gould, E., Reeves, A.J., Graziano, M. S., 6c Gross, С G. (1999). Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science, 256(5439), 548-552.

Neuronal proliferation in hippocampi: Gould, E., & Gross, C. G. (2002). Neurogenesis in adult mammals: some progress and problems. J Neurosci, 22(3), 619-623.

Brain structures vulnerable in aging and dementia: Raz, N. (2000). Aging of the brain and its impact on cognitive performance: integration of structural and functional findings. In F. Craik & T. Salthouse (Eds.), The Handbook of Aging and Cognition (2nd ed., pp. 1-90). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor levels: Cotman, C. W., & Berchtold, N. С (2002). Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neumsci, 25(6), 295-301.

For general review on neuroplasticity: Schwartz, J., & Begley, S. (2002). The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. New York: Regan Books.

Neurogenesis in human hippocampi: Eriksson, P. S., Perfilieva, E., Bjork-Eriksson, T, Alborn, A. M., Nordborg, C, Peterson, D. A., et al. (1998). Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. NatMed, 4(11), 1313-1317.

Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease: Shors, T.J. (2003). Can new neurons replace memories lost? Science of Aging Knowledge Environment, 49, 35-38.

Hippocampi in cab drivers: Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashbumer, J., Frackowiak, R S., et al. (2000). Navigationrelated structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97(8), 4398-4403.

Inflammation and neurogenesis: Monje, M. L., Toda, H., & Palmer, T. D. (2003). Inflammatory blockade restores adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Science, 302(5651), 1760-1765.

Angular gyrus in bilinguals: Mechelli, A., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashbumer, J., & Price, С (2003). A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of Monolinguals, Early Bilinguals and Late Bilinguals. Ninth Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, New York City.

Luria on angular gyrus: Luria, A. R (1970). Traumatic Aphasia: The Hague: Mouton.

Heschl’s gyrus in musicians: Schneider, P., Scherg, M., Dosch, H. G., Specht, H. J., Gutschalk, A., & Rupp, A. (2002). Morphology of Heschl’s gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nat Neurosci, 5(7), 688-694.

Brain changes in jugglers: Draganski, В., Gaser, C, Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311-312.

Cell migration in rodents and humans: Sanai, N., Tramontin, A. D., Quinones-Hinojosa, A., Barbara, N. M., Gupta, N., Kunwar, S., et al. (2004). Unique astrocyte ribbon in adult human brain contains neural stem cells but lacks chain migration. Nature, 427(6976), 740-744.

«Immigration denied»: Rakic, P. (2004). Neuroscience: immigration denied. Nature, 427(6976), 685-686.

Function vs. neuropathology: Katzman, R., et al. (1988). Clinical, pathological, and neurochemical changes in dementia; a subgroup with preserved mental status and numerous neocortical plaques. Ann Neurol. 23: 53-59.

School Sisters of Notre Dame: Snowdon, D. (2001). Aging with grace. New York: Bantam Books.

​ 15. Усилители моделей

MacArthur Project: Albert, M. S., Jones, K., Savage, C. R, Berk-man, L., Seeman, Т., Blazer, D., et al. (1995). Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychol Aging, 70(4), 578-589; Rowe, J., & Kahn, R. (1998). Successful Aging. New-York: Random House.

Miller on evolutionary origins of art: Miller, G. (2001). The Mating Mind. New York: Anchor Books.

Art as «throwaway» activity: Ibid.

Beth Neimann on Mozart effect: Personal communication to E. Goldberg.

Memory enhancement programs: Cavallini, E., Pagnin, A., & Vecchi, T. (2003). Aging and everyday memory: the beneficial effect of memory training. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 37(3), 241-257; Ball, K., Berch, D.B., Helmers, К R, Jobe, J. В., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., et al. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 288(18), 2271-2281; Rapp, S., Brenes, G., & Marsh, A. P. (2002). Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a preKminary study. Aging Ment Health, 6{1), 5-11; Schaie, К W., & Willis, S. L. (1986). Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed? Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 223.

Taub’s rehabilitation method: Taub, E., & Morris, D. M. (2001). Constraint-induced movement therapy to enhance recovery after stroke. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 3(4), 279-286.

​ Эпилог

Sir Edward Dyer’s poem: Sargent, R. M. (1968). The Life and lyrics of Sir Edward Dyer (formerly entitled At the Court of Queen. Elizabeth). Oxford: Clarendon P.