The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature

Chapter 1

Critical models, committed readers, and three Russian Ideas

“Apart from reading,” Dostoevsky’s Underground Man complains, “there was no place to go.”1 The metaphor is striking. So central was proper reading to the cultured Russian’s self-image and sense of realitythat poetry, fictional literature, memoirs, diaries, even personal letters from and among great writers almost constituted a place. The authority of these fictive or quasi-fictive residences was compelling and truth-bearing. What is the best point of entry into these alternative worlds?

Several models were considered for this book. The first was the most conventional: selected writers and their works juxtaposed to one another in chronological sequence. A second model suggested itself around distinctive Russian genres: saint’s life, fairy tale, war epic, “notes” or casual jottings [zapiski], prison memoir, dysfunctional utopia, industrial production novel. Yet another structure emerged when the focus shifted to recurrent Russian heroes (or anti-heroes): righteous persons, fools, rogues, wanderers, frontiersmen, Europeanized fops, nihilists, superfluous men, salvational women, the merciful or tyrannical tsar. Special note was made of those types that did not takeroot in Russian soil or appearedonly lateonher literaryhorizon: thebeauti-ful sinner, the chivalric knight, the virtuous merchant, the benignor productive bureaucrat. Each of these three formats raised interesting questions. How are we to explain the enduring popularity of the unconsummated love story or the epic that ends in defeat or dissolution of the goal? What about “heroless epic narrative” – the attempt to paint humanity on a vast historical scale and dispense with personal agency? However intriguing those questions were, ultimately the last two models, focusing on genres and heroes, were stripped down to a “glossary” of representative types in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 was then given over to the traditional narrative forms – often undated or anonymous – that dominated cultural life up to the modernizing reign of Peter the Great (d. 1725). The remaining chapters then unfold chronologically.

Several factors ledtothis compromise decision. First, Russianliterary“types” do not cluster especially well in the abstract. They are historically conditioned and best grasped within those conditions. What is more, the practice of

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