Ancient civilizations-2

General works

A comprehensive and still useful survey is provided by the articles in The Andean Civilizations, vol. 2 of Julian H. Steward (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, 7 vol. (1946–59, reprinted 1963). Introductions include John Howland Rowe and Dorothy Menzel (eds.), Peruvian Archaeology: Selected Readings (1967); Luis G. Lumbreras, The People and Cultures of Ancient Peru (1974; originally published in Spanish, 1969); and Richard W. Keatinge (ed.), Peruvian Prehistory (1988). Important research by Andean authors is presented in Ramiro Condarco Morales, El escenario andino y el hombre (1971); and Segundo Moreno Yañez and Udo Oberem, Contribución a la etnohistoria ecuatoriana (1981). See also John A. Mason, The Ancient Civilizations of Peru (1968, reprinted 1979); John V. Murra, Nathan Wachtel, and Jacques Revel (eds.), Anthropological History of Andean Polities (1986; originally published in French in issues 5–6 of Annales, Economies, Societés, Civilizations, vol. 33, 1978); and Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris (eds.), Andean Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity (1985). For the material culture admired by the Spanish observers from the first days of the invasion, see Christopher B. Donnan (ed.), Early Ceremonial Architecture in the Andes (1985); Heather Lechtman and Ana María Soldi (eds.), La tecnología en el mundo andino: subsistencia y mensuración (1981); and Ann Pollard Rowe (ed.), The Junius B. Bird Conference on Andean Textiles, April 7–8, 1984 (1986).