Ancient civilizations-2

World War I

The Ottoman Empire entered World War I holding all of western Arabia and supported in central northern Arabia by the Rashīdīs of Ḥāʾil. Earlier Ottoman attempts to extend the empire to eastern Arabia, however, had been countered by the British, who were then paramount in the gulf and in treaty relation with the Arab sheikhdoms there. Sharif Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī of Mecca, with assurance of British support, revolted against the Ottomans in June 1916, taking Mecca but failing to capture Medina. The British also supported the Idrīsī in Asir against the Ottomans. In Yemen Ottoman forces entered the Aden Protectorate, but the war subsequently settled down to a stalemate.

Arabia, c. 1900Map of Arabia, with insets of Jerusalem and Palestine (c. 1900); from the 10th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1902.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Fayṣal I, king of Iraq (1921–33).BBC Hulton Picture Library

ʿAbdullah I, the first king of Jordan (1946–51).Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Two sons of Sharif Ḥusayn of Mecca, Fayṣal and Abdullah, stirred up the Hejazi tribes against the Ottomans and, assisted by British supplies and liaison officers, including the famous T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), moved northward to Transjordan along the right flank of the British armies and into Damascus (1918). Fayṣal set up an Arab government there, only to be dislodged by the French in 1920. In 1921 he was made king of Iraq, Abdullah emir of Transjordan.