Britannica Student Encyclopedia - 2010

in the Middle East)

Yemen volume 15 page 91

yerba mate (beverage): see in index mate

Yerevan (capital city of Armenia)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 92, picture,

volume 15 page 92

MORE TO EXPLORE

Armenia volume 1 page 184

monument picture, volume 1 page 185

yeshiva (Judaism)

young men studying the Talmud picture,

volume 13 page 14

Yeti (mythology): see in index Abominable

Snowman

yew (tree and shrub)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 92, picture,

volume 15 page 93

Yi dynasty (Korean history): see in index

Choson dynasty

Yoemem (Native American people): see in

index Yaqui

Yoga (philosophy and exercise)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 93, picture,

volume 15 page 93

yolk (animal reproduction)

egg volume 4 page 108

Yom Kippur (Judaism)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 94, picture,

volume 15 page 94

MORE TO EXPLORE

Rosh Hashana volume 11 page 98

Yom KippurWar (Middle East, 1973)

Arab-Israeli wars volume 1 page 158

York (historical town in Ontario,

Canada): see in index Toronto

Yorktown (historic town in Virginia,

U.S.)

American Revolution volume 1

page 102

Yoruba (people)

Nigeria volume 9 page 68

Yosemite Falls (waterfalls in California,

U.S.) picture, volume 14 page 24

Yosemite National Park (national park

in California, U.S.)

Yosemite Falls picture, volume 14

page 24

Young, Brigham (U.S. religious leader)

picture, volume 8 page 181

Mormons volume 8 page 182

“You’re a Good Man, Charlie Brown”

(stage musical)

Schulz volume 12 page 48

Yuan Dynasty (Chinese history)

Mongol Empire volume 8 page 162

Mongolia volume 8 page 164

Polo volume 10 page 119

Yucatan Peninsula (peninsula in Mexico)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 94

Yugoslavia (historic country in Europe,

1929-2003)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 95

MORE TO EXPLORE

Balkan Peninsula volume 2 page 13

Bosnia and Herzegovina volume 2

page 113, volume 12 page 37

Croatia volume 3 page 219

Macedonia volume 8 page 5

Montenegro volume 8 page 175

Serbia volume 12 page 72

Slovenia volume 12 page 110

Yukon (territory in Canada)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 97

MORE TO EXPLORE

geography

Dawson picture, volume 15 page 98

wilderness picture, volume 15 page 98

gold rush volume 5 page 123

Yukon River (river in North America)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 96, picture,

volume 15 page 96

MORE TO EXPLORE

Dawson picture, volume 15 page 98

Yukon Territory (territory in Canada):

see in index Yukon

yurt (shelter) picture, volume 8 page 164

Yushchenko, Viktor (president of

Ukraine)

Ukraine volume 14 page 7

Zadar (city in Croatia)

Crusades volume 3 page 224

Zagreb (capital city of Croatia)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 100, picture,

volume 15 page 100

MORE TO EXPLORE

Croatia volume 3 page 218

Zaharias, Babe Didrikson (U.S. athlete)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 100

Zaire, Republic of (country in Africa):

see in index Congo, Democratic Republic

of the

290 yellow-bellied sea snake BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

Zambezi River (river in Africa) picture,

volume 15 page 101

Mozambique volume 8 page 200

Zambia (country in Africa)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 101, picture,

volume 15 page 101

Zanzibar (island in Tanzania)

Tanzania volume 13 page 15

Zapata, Emiliano (Mexican revolutionary)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 102, picture,

volume 15 page 102

MORE TO EXPLORE

Mexico volume 8 page 112

Villa volume 14 page 91

“Zapatistas” (painting by Orozco) picture,

volume 10 page 11

Zapotec (people)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 103

Zara (city in Croatia): see in index Zadar

Zarathustra (Iranian religious leader): see

in index Zoroaster

Zeami (Japanese playwright)

drama volume 4 page 73

zebra (mammal)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 102, picture,

volume 15 page 103

MORE TO EXPLORE

migration in Kenya picture, volume 8

page 125

Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania picture,

volume 13 page 15

Zebu (breed of cattle): see in index Brahman

Zeil, Mount (mountain in Northern Territory,

Australia)

Northern Territory volume 9 page 91

zeppelin (aircraft)

airship volume 1 page 58

WorldWar I volume 15 page 64

Zeppelin, Ferdinand von (German

builder)

airship volume 1 page 58

Zerubbabel’s Temple (Judaism): see in

index Jerusalem, Temple of

Zeus (Greek god)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 103, picture,

volume 15 page 104

MORE TO EXPLORE

Aphrodite volume 1 page 148

Athena volume 1 page 218

Atlas volume 1 page 222

Demeter volume 4 page 34

Hades volume 6 page 5

Hera volume 6 page 43

Heracles volume 6 page 44

Hermes volume 6 page 46

Muses volume 8 page 209

Pandora volume 10 page 26

Pegasus volume 10 page 50

Poseidon volume 10 page 135

Prometheus volume 10 page 155

Titans volume 13 page 70

Zhou dynasty (Chinese history)

China volume 3 page 103

ziggurat (Mesopotamian temple tower)

architecture volume 1 page 169

temple volume 13 page 42

Zijincheng (palace area in Beijing,

China): see in index Forbidden City

Zimbabwe (country in Africa)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 105, picture,

volume 15 page 105

MORE TO EXPLORE

geography

Great Zimbabwe city picture, volume 5

page 149

Harare picture, volume 6 page 16

human rights march picture, volume 6

page 97

zinc (chemical element)

brass volume 2 page 123

zine (publication)

magazine volume 8 page 15

Zionism (nationalistic movement)

Israel volume 6 page 169

Judaism volume 7 page 39

Zn (chemical element): see in index zinc

Zocalo (plaza in Mexico City, Mexico)

Mexico City volume 8 page 113

zodiac (astronomy)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 107, picture,

volume 15 page 107

MORE TO EXPLORE

constellation volume 3 page 188

Zog I (king of Albania)

Albania volume 1 page 66

zoo

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 107

MORE TO EXPLORE

California condor chick picture, volume

15 page 108

San Diego Zoo picture, volume 15

page 107

veterinary medicine volume 14 page 75,

picture, volume 14 page 75

Zoological Society of London (British

organization)

aquarium volume 1 page 155

zoology (study of animals)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 108, picture,

volume 15 page 109

zooplankton (marine biology)

ocean volume 9 page 118

plankton volume 10 page 94, picture,

volume 10 page 94

Zoroaster (Iranian religious leader)

Zoroastrianism volume 15 page 109

Zoroastrianism (religion)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 109

MORE TO EXPLORE

ceremony picture, volume 15 page 109

Zulu (people)

prince in traditional clothing picture,

volume 12 page 138

Swaziland volume 12 page 211

Zuni (Native American people)

MAIN ARTICLE volume 15 page 110

MORE TO EXPLORE

Zuni adobe houses picture, volume 10

page 164

Zuni potter picture, volume 15 page 110

Zwingli, Huldrych (Swiss religious

leader)

Reformation volume 11 page 39

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Zwingli, Huldrych 291

Volume 1

Page 3: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Edward S. Curtis

Collection/Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

112233), (bottom) Harvey Lloyd—Taxi/Getty Images; 6: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Pictorial Parade; 7: © Ed

Young/Corbis; 9: Flip Schulke/Corbis; 10: (left) Gbekide Barnus—

Panapress/Getty Images, (right) Toby Talbot/AP; 11: The Granger

Collection, New York; 12: (left and right) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 13: Grant Faint—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

14: (left) G. Dagli Orti/DeA Picture Library, (right) Courtesy of the

trustees of the British Library; 15: Chris Mellor—Lonely Planet

Images/Getty Images; 16: M. Bertinetti—IGDA/DeA Picture Library;

17: Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 18: Ted

Spiegel/Corbis; 19: (left) Ranald Mackechnie—Photonica/Getty

Images, (right) © Neil Setchfield—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;

20: © Lisa M. McGeady/Corbis; 21: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C.; 22: (left) © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis, (right) AP; 23: (top, inset)

Courtesy of the National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian

Institution,Washington, D.C.; 24: Courtesy of the Metropolitan

Museum of Art, New York, gift of I.N. Phelps Stokes, Edward S.

Hawes, Alice Mary Hawes, Marion Augusta Hawes, 1937; 25: Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 26: © Stock Montage—Hulton

Archive/Getty Images; 27: (top and bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 28: Lea LisaWesterhoff—AFP/Getty Images; 29: Michael

Keller/WV Division of Culture and History; 30: (left) © Lester

Lefkowitz/Corbis, (right) © Flying Colors Ltd./Getty Images;

32: Shawn McCullars; 33: Bernard G. Silberstein—Rapho/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 34: © Rob Reichenfeld—Dorling Kindersley/Getty

Images; 35: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 37: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 38: Daryl Balfour—Stone/Getty Images;

40: Alain Evrard/Impact Photos; 42: Lee Frost—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 44: (top and bottom) AP; 45: Jean-Christian

Bourcart/Getty Images; 46: (left) © Howard Burditt—Reuters/Corbis,

(right) Juda Ngwenya/Reuters 2002; 47: © Ariel Skelley/Corbis;

48: Juliet Coombe—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 49: (left) Jose

Azel—Aurora/Getty Images, (right) Lee Snider/Corbis; 50: Hulton-

Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 51: Photonica/Getty Images; 52: U.S. Air

Force photo by Tom Reynolds; 53: (top) Luis Benavides/AP, (bottom)

Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 56: George Hall/Corbis;

57: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 58: Getty Images for

Ameriquest; 59: Werner Forman/Corbis; 61: © Andy Sacks—

Stone/Getty Images; 62: © D. Boone/Corbis; 64: © Tom Bean/Corbis;

65: © DeA Picture Library; 66: Valdrin Xhemaj—epa/Corbis; 67: (left)

© Altrendo Travel/Getty Images, (right) The Granger Collection, New

York; 68: Peter Johnson/Corbis; 69: Setan Osolinski—Taxi/Getty

Images; 70: © Lindsay Hebberd/Corbis; 71: (left) Mehdi—The

Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 72: Kevin Schafer/Corbis; 73: Art Media/Heritage-Images;

74: AP; 75: Bruno Morandi—Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty

Images; 76: © Philip Spruyt—Stapleton Collection/Corbis; 77: (top)

StuartWestmorland—Stone/Getty Images, (bottom)Wim van

Egmond—Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; 78: © DeA Picture

Library; 79: Silvio Fiore/SuperStock; 80: © Getty Images; 81: Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-52444); 82: UPI;

83: (left) Ross M. Horowitz—Iconica/Getty Images, (right) The

Granger Collection, New York; 84: © James Darell—Stone/Getty

Images; 85: (left and right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

86: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 87: Ferdinand Anton; 88: (left)

© George D. Lepp/Corbis, (right) Jed & Kaoru Share/Corbis;

90: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 92: Howard Grey—

Stone/Getty Images; 93: © Mike Powell—Stone/Getty Images;

94: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 96: The Granger

Collection, New York; 97: (top) MPI/Getty Images, (bottom) Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 98: (left and right) The Granger

Collection, New York; 101: (top and bottom) The Granger Collection,

New York; 102: The Granger Collection, New York; 103: (top and

bottom) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 104: AP; 105: (left)

AP, (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 107: (top) Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C., (bottom) Rare Book Division/Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 108: Ara Guler/Istanbul; 110: (left)

U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, (right, top) U.S. Fish andWildlife

Service, (right, bottom) Oxford Scientific Films/Bruce Coleman Inc.;

111: PatrickWard/Corbis; 112: UPI/Bettmann; 113: © Z.

Leszczynski/Animals Animals; 114: © C. McIntyre—PhotoLink/Getty

Images; 115: © Flying Colours Ltd./Getty Images; 116: © Blue

Lantern Studio/Corbis; 117: © Bettmann/Corbis; 118: ©Walter

Bibikow—Taxi/Getty Images; 120: G. Sioen—IGDA/DeA Picture

Library; 121: (left) © Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis, (right) Sang Tan/AP;

122: VolkmarWentzel—National Geographic/Getty Images;

123: VolkmarWentzel—National Geographic/Getty Images;

126: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 127: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 128: (left) © Harvey Lloyd—Taxi/Getty Images, (right) © Blue

Lantern Studio/Corbis; 129: Giraudon/Art Resource, New York;

130: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Toy Story © 1995,

TheWalt Disney Company/courtesy The Kobal Collection; 131: Wes

Walker—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 132: © Michael

Townsend—Stone/Getty Images; 133: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc., (right) Ted Clutter/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 134: Karl Lehmann—

Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 135: © Frans Lemmens—

Iconica/Getty Images; 138: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

139: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 140: (left) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C., (right) Jose Azel—Aurora/Getty Images;

141: Marco Di Lauro/Getty Images; 142: CNRI/Phototake;

144: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-

46949); 145: E. Andrews/Impact Photos; 147: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 148: Tom Brakefield/Corbis; 149: Judie Anderson/EB

Inc.; 150: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 151: © GeorgeWuerthner;

153: (left) © Corbis, (right) Craig Lovell/Corbis; 154: © Philip James

Corwin/Corbis; 155: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 157: Jane

Lewis/Stone; 159: Richard Nowitz—National Geographic/Getty

Images; 161: (left) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no.

LC-USZ62-101281), (right) Layne Kennedy/Corbis; 162: © Syracuse

Newspapers/The ImageWorks; 163: Wilfried Krecichwost—The Image

Bank/Getty Images; 164: Martin Mejia/AP; 165: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 166: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 167: (top, left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (top, right) Ariel Alexovich; 168: (top,

left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (top, right) Danny Lahman/Corbis,

(bottom) Katherine Young/EB Inc.; 170: (top, left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (top, right) Brand X/Jupiterimages, (bottom) L.

Romano/DeA Picture Library; 171: Andreas Feininger—Time Life

Pictures/Getty Images; 172: Ralph Orlowski/Getty Images;

173: Tass/DeA Picture Library; 174: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

175: © DeA Picture Library; 177: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-101185); 179: © David Muench—

Stone/Getty Images; 180: © Buddy Mays/Corbis; 181: (left) Bill

Barksdale/Corbis, (right) Ed Clark—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images;

182: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 183: Jeff Foott/Nature Picture

Library; 184: © DeA Picture Library; 185: Atlantide

Phototravel/Corbis; 186: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 187: Bryn

Lennon/Getty Images; 188: AP; 189: (left) NASA, (right) Courtesy,

Credits

25th Infantry Division, U.S. Army; 190: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

191: SIU/Peter Arnold; 192: (top and bottom, inset) Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 193: © DeA Picture Library; 194: The

Granger Collection, New York; 195: © Mario Tama—Reportage/Getty

Images; 196: Richard Nowitz—National Geographic/Getty Images;

197: (left) Astrid & Hanns-Frieder Michler/Photo Researchers, Inc.,

(right) Doran H. Ross; 198: © Bob Gomel—Time Life Pictures/Getty

Images; 199: Alexander Zemlianichenko/AP; 202: Jerry Kobalenko—

Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 203: Chris Rennie—Robert

HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 204: David Hanson—

Stone/Getty Images; 207: (top) Panoramic Images/Getty Images,

(bottom) Bettmann/Corbis; 208: Rick Bowmer/AP; 209: Walter

Chandoha; 210: Charles Hannum/EB Inc.; 211: (left) Kapoor

Baldev—Sygma/Corbis, (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.

(neg. no. LC-USZ62-102872); 213: (left) NASA/JPL/Caltech, (right)

Larry Mulvehill/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 214: Lester Lefkowitz—

Taxi/Getty Images; 215: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team

(STScI/AURA); 216: (top) Marcelo Hernandez/AP, (bottom) Doug

Wilson—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 217: Judie Anderson/EB

Inc.; 218: S. Vannini/DeA Picture Library; 219: © Andrew Gunners—

Digital Vision/Getty Images; 221: World Perspectives—Stone/Getty

Images; 222: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 223: James Marshall/Corbis;

225: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 226: (left) © Archive Photos—

Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (right) © C. McIntyre—

PhotoLink/Getty Images; 227: © Altrendo Nature/Getty Images;

230: (left) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images, (right) Glen

Allison—Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 233: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 234: Yoshio Tomii/SuperStock;

235: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 236: Library of Congress,

Washington D.C.; 237: Toru Hanai—Reuters/Corbis; 238: Altrendo

Images/Getty Images; 240: The Granger Collection, New York.

Volume 2

Page 4: The Granger Collection, New York; 5: © S. Lowry—

University of Ulster—Stone/Getty Images; 6: Norbert Rosing—

National Geographic/Getty Images; 7: Richard Hamilton

Smith/Corbis; 8: Digital Vision/Getty Images; 9: FPG; 10: (left)

Richard Vogel/AP, (right) © Shamil Zhumatov—Reuters/Corbis;

11: Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 13: Ian Shaw—

Stone/Getty Images; 14: (top) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom)

Ali Jarekji—Reuters/Corbis; 15: William Thomas Cain/Getty Images;

16: Andy Caulfield—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 17: © J.

Jamsen—zefa/Corbis; 18: © Corbis; 19: Dave G. Houser/Corbis;

20: (left) Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis, (right) Louis K. Meisel

Gallery/Corbis; 22: © James P. Blair—National Geographic/Getty

Images; 23: Flip Chalfant—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 24: Jim

Cummins—Taxi/Getty Images; 25: (left) Gideon Mendel/Corbis,

(right) Yann Layma—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 26: (left and

right) The Granger Collection, New York; 27: © Sylvain Grandadam—

Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 28: (left) Clive

Nichols—Stone/Getty Images, (right) David Noton—Taxi/Getty

Images; 29: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 30: (left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (right) © Brad Mangin—MLB Photos/Getty Images;

31: © Merriam-Webster Inc.; 32: Bettmann/Corbis; 33: Asian Art &

Archaeology, Inc./Corbis; 34: © Merriam-Webster Inc.; 35: David

Liam Kyle—NBAE/Getty Images; 36: (left) Jim McIsaac/Getty Images,

(right) Daniel Ochoa De Olza/AP; 38: (left) Mal Langston—

Reuters/Corbis, (right) Joe McDonald/Corbis; 40: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 41: (top) © Corbis, (bottom) Michelle Garrett/Corbis;

42: (top and bottom) KennanWard/Corbis; 43: © Bettmann/Corbis;

44: (top) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom) Adrian

Davies/Nature Picture Library; 45: Denis Doyle/Getty Images;

46: (left) © Martin Gabriel/Nature Picture Library, (right) Grant

Heilman Photography; 47: © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis;

49: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 50: (left) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images, (right) Li Jundong—Xinhua/AP; 51: Jane

Sweeney—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 52: © Viktor

Drachev—AFP/Getty Images; 53: Geray Sweeney/Impact Photos;

54: David Noble Photography/Alamy; 55: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 56: Koca Sulejmanovic—AFP/Getty Images;

57: Jeffrey Becom—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 58: The

Bettmann Archive; 59: (left) © National Baseball Hall of Fame

Library/MLB Photos/Getty Images, (right) Florida Images/Alamy;

60: C. Sappa/DeA Picture Library; 61: © Fred Hirschmann—Science

Faction/Getty Images; 62: © Senat Berlin/Press and Information Office

of the Federal Government of Germany; 64: © Rosemary Calvert—

Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 65: (left) Nasser Shiyoukhi/AP,

(right) © Corbis; 66: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

67: © Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 68: The Granger

Collection, New York; 69: (left) © Tom Stewart/Corbis, (right) Fox

Photos—Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 70: National Archives—Time

Life Pictures/Getty Images; 71: AFP/Getty Images; 72: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Tim Graham Picture Library/AP;

73: Steve Kaufman/Corbis; 75: (left) © Caron Philippe—

Corbis/Sygma, (right) Alfo/Nature Picture Library; 76: © Norbert

Schaefer/Corbis; 77: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 78: © Lightscapes

Photography, Inc./Corbis; 79: (left) Martin Harvey/Corbis, (right)

© Oliver Strewe/Getty Images; 80: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.,

(right) © Joe McDonald/Corbis; 81: Misha Japaridze/AP; 82: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Layne Kennedy/Corbis; 83: Niall

Benvie/Nature Picture Library; 84: © Joe McDonald/Corbis; 85: Paul

Chesley—Stone/Getty Images; 86: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C.; 87: (left) © S. Solum—PhotoLink/Getty Images, (right)Walter

Jaffe/Leiden Observatory, Holland Ford/JHU/STScI, and NASA;

89: (left) Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis, (right) © Museum of the City

of New York/Getty Images; 90: © Didrik Johnck/Corbis; 91: Rainer

Kiedrowski—Bildarchiv Manheim GmbH/Alamy; 92: (left) Betsie Van

der Meer—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

93: (top) Scott Bauer/USDA, (bottom) Herbert Clarke; 95: (left) Eric

Carle/Shostal Associates, (right) © Amanda Edwards/Getty Images;

96: (left) © Ed Quinn/Corbis, (right) © Joe McDonald/Corbis;

97: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 98: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

99: © Glen Allison—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 100: (left)

© Krzysztof Dydynski—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images, (right)

© Troy Maben—AP; 101: NorthWind Picture Archives; 102: © Jorge

Silva—Reuters/Corbis; 103: AlisonWright/Corbis; 104: U.S. Air

Force/Getty Images; 105: U.S. Air Force—Time Life Pictures/Getty

Images; 106: (left) Dr. Don Fawcett—Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images,

(right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 107: © Michael

Nicholson/Corbis; 108: (left) Kari Ammann/Nature Picture Library,

(right) David R. Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 109: (left)

mediacolor’s/Alamy, (right) Frederic Neema—Corbis/Sygma;

110: (top) Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis, (bottom) © Jason

Edwards—National Geographic/Getty Images; 111: The Granger

Collection, New York; 113: © Danilo Krstanovic—Reuters/Corbis;

114: (left) © MedioImages/Getty Images, (right) © Jennifer L.

Harvey/Shutterstock.com; 115: (left) David Hiser—Stone/Getty

Images, (right) Lynda Richardson/Corbis; 116: Paul A. Souders/Corbis;

117: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 118: John

Gichigi—Reportage/Getty Images; 119: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

120: The Granger Collection, New York; 121: Will and Deni

McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 122: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

123: George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 124: (left) © Anders

Blomqvist—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images, (right) © Michael

Nicholson/Corbis; 126: Nicole Duplaix—National Geographic/Getty

Images; 127: Andre Penner/AP; 128: M. Bertinetti/DeA Picture

Library; 129: (left)Winfred Evers—Photonica/Getty Images, (right)

Fraser Hall—Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images;

130: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 131: Panoramic Images/Getty

Images; 133: E. Otto/Comstock; 134: © The Bridgeman Art

Library/Getty Images; 135: (left) © G. Nimatallah/DeA Picture

Library, (right) Bettmann/Corbis; 136: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 137: Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis; 138: © Michael

Freeman—Digital Vision/Getty Images; 139: (top) Stock

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 293

Montage/Getty Images, (bottom, inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 140: Sandro Vannini/Corbis; 141: David Noton—

Taxi/Getty Images; 142: Kurt Stier/Corbis; 143: © Oleg

Nikishin/Getty Images; 144: (left) Paul Chesley—Stone/Getty Images,

(right) Milt and Joan Mann/Cameramann International;

145: © Angelo Cavalli—Iconica/Getty Images; 146: Mark Boulton—

The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

147: (left) Yann Layma—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Karel

Prinsloo/AP; 148: © Nicholas Pitt—Digital Vision/Getty Images;

149: AdamWoolfit/Corbis; 150: Catherine Karnow/Corbis;

151: © Margaret Courtney-Clarke/Corbis; 153: © Bruno De

Hogues—Stone/Getty Images; 154: (top) ArndWiegmann—

Reuters/Corbis, (bottom, inset) White House Photo/Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 156: (top) Eric Draper/White House

Photo, (bottom, inset) The White House, Eric Draper/AP; 158: Jim

Zipp/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 159: A. Dagli Orti/DeA Picture Library.

Volume 3

Page 5: (left) The Granger Collection, New York, (right) Carlo

Bevilacqua—Scala/Art Resource, New York; 6: Grant Heilman

Photography; 7: (left) Bill Haber/AP, (right) Alinari/Art Resource, New

York; 9: Robert Holmes/Corbis; 10: Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis;

12: (top) © TrevorWood—Stone/Getty Images, (bottom) © Roberto

Gerometta—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 14: The Granger

Collection, New York; 15: Toru Yamanaka—AFP/Getty Images;

16: The Granger Collection, New York; 17: M. Mattson/Shostal

Associates; 18: Roger Spooner—Taxi/Getty Images; 19: (left) © George

Holton—The National Audubon Society Collection/Photo

Researchers, (right) © Mickey Gibson/Animals Animals;

20: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 21: John Lawrence—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images; 22: Salmer/Plessner—Keystone; 23: © Ron and

Patty Thomas—Taxi/Getty Images; 25: Yves Marcoux—First

Light/Getty Images; 27: CP/AP; 28: (left) © Ted Streshinsky/Corbis,

(right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 29: (left) Eric Hosking, (right)

© TimeWimborne—Reuters/Corbis; 30: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 31: © Paul Edmondson—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

32: (left) DirkWiersma/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) © Chad

Ehlers—Stone/Getty Images; 33: © Frances Linzee Gordon—Lonely

Planet Images/Getty Images; 34: Michael Grecco—Workbook

Stock/Getty Images; 35: Eric Risberg/AP; 36: © Robert Harding—

Digital Vision/Getty Images; 37: © Neil Beer/Corbis; 38: (left) Stephen

Collins, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 39: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 40: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Bob

Krist/Corbis; 41: © Philip Coblentz—Digital Vision/Getty Images;

42: (left) Neo Vision—Photonica/Getty Images, (right)Wolfgang

Kaehler/Corbis; 43: The Granger Collection, New York; 44: (left) Dan

Burton/Nature Picture Library, (right) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-DIG-cwpbh-00514); 45: Glen

Allison/Getty Images; 46: (top) Courtesy Jimmy Carter Library,

(bottom, inset) The Carter Center; photograph, Billy Howard; 47: Jim

Cole/AP; 49: Ted Streshinsky/Corbis; 50: Courtesy of the Tuskegee

Institute, Alabama; photograph, P.H. Polk; 53: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 54: © Gavin Hellier—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 55: (left) © Rafael Perez/Corbis, (right) Craig

Lovell/Corbis; 56: (second from top) ©Walter Chandoha, (others) ©

Chanan Photography; 57: (sixth from top) © Marc Henrie, (others) ©

Chanan Photography; 58: © Mimmo Jodice/Corbis; 59: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 60: Jurgen Freund/Nature Picture Library; 61: (left)

Connie Coleman—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images, (right)

© Corbis; 62: Laurance B. Aiuppy—Taxi/Getty Images;

63: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 64: Library of Congress,

Washington D.C.; 65: Paolo Koch/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

66: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 67: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

68: (left) The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images, (right) Lester

Lefkowitz—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 69: David

Robinson/Corbis; 70: (left) Corbis, (right) United States Census

Bureau; 72: Kim Taylor/Nature Picture Library; 74: Ralph Hopkins—

Lonely Planet Pictures/Getty Images; 75: (left) Oscar H. Horst, (right)

David Hiser—Stone/Getty Images; 76: © M. L. Harris—Iconica/Getty

Images; 77: © Tom Nebbia/Corbis; 79: Bob Krust/Corbis; 80: (left)

© Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York; 82: (left) © The

British Library/Heritage-Images, (right) AP; 83: Richard T.

Nowitz/Corbis; 84: (left) © Najlah Feanny/Corbis, (right) Anup

Shah/Nature Picture Library; 86: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

87: © Digital Vision/Getty Images; 88: (left) Kevin Fleming/Corbis,

(right) Grant Heilman Photography; 89: ©W. Meier/Corbis; 90: Pablo

Martinez Monsivais/AP; 91: (left) Dave G. Houser/Corbis, (right)

Camera Press; 92: Kristine A. Strom; 93: Raymond Hillstrom/Lonely

Planet Images; 94: (left) Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures,

(right) Damschen—ARCO/Nature Picture Library; 95: © Lester V.

Bergman/Corbis; 96: (left) Ghislain & Marie David de Lossy—The

Image Bank/Getty Images, (right) David Lees—Taxi/Getty Images;

97: (left and right) © Digital Vision/Getty Images; 99: (top)

© Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images, (bottom) Jeremy

Woodhouse—Digital Vision/Getty Images; 100: Helmut

Albrecht/Bruce Coleman Ltd.; 102: ©Wolfgang Kaehler; 103: Mike

McQueen/Corbis; 104: Harald Sund—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

105: © Kevin Fleming/Corbis; 106: (left) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C., (right) Ken Brate/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 107: Nik

Wheeler/Corbis; 108: (left) Christel Rosenfeld—Stone/Getty Images,

(right) Martin Jacobs—StockFood/Getty Images; 109: MPI/Getty

Images; 110: Tomas Munita/AP; 111: (left and right) Ed Reschke/Peter

Arnold, Inc.; 112: BillWassman—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;

113: (left) Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis, (right) Kevin Frayer/AP;

114: © You Sung-Ho—Reuters/Corbis; 115: © Howard

Sochurek/Corbis; 116: David Muench/Corbis; 117: Richard Price—

Taxi/Getty Images; 118: (left) Karsh/Woodfin Camp and Associates,

(right) © Kathy McLaughlin/The ImageWorks; 119: © Eric

Gaillard—Reuters/Corbis; 120: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.;

121: © SethWenig—Reuters/Corbis; 122: © Ed Young/Corbis;

124: (top) © Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis, (bottom) JimWark—Lonely

Planet Images/Getty Images; 125: © Paul Almasy/Corbis; 126: Krause,

Johansen—Archivo Iconografico, SA/Corbis; 127: Courtesy of the

trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd.;

128: David Turnley/Corbis; 129: The Granger Collection, New York;

130: (left and right) AP; 133: (left) Glen Allison—Stone/Getty Images,

(right) Terry Smith—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 134: Courtesy

of the Oriental Institute, the University of Chicago; 135: (inset)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 136: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 137: NOAA; 138: Manfred Mehlig—zefa/Corbis;

139: (top)AP, (bottom, inset) White House photo/Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 140: © Corbis; 141: A. Dagli Orti/DeA Picture

Library; 142: (top) © Marrei Michele—Corbis/Sygma, (bottom)W.

Perry Conway/Corbis; 143: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

144: © Steve Raymer/Corbis; 145: E.S. Ross; 146: (left) The Granger

Collection, New York, (right) © Anthony Bannister—Gallo

Images/Corbis; 147: Dan Burton/Nature Picture Library; 148: Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 149: (left) www.cdatribe-nsn.gov,

(right) Peter Cade—Stone/Getty Images; 150: Carl Mydans—Time

Life Pictures/Getty Images; 151: AP; 153: (left) Enzo & Paolo

Ragazzini/Corbis, (right) © Krzysztof Dydynski—Lonely Planet

Images/Getty Images; 154: © John Dakers—Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis;

155: (left) The Granger Collection, New York, (right) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 156: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 158: © Demetrio

Carrasco—Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; 159: © Gary Ladd;

160: © Katherine J. Trimnal, Columbia, South Carolina;

161: © Corbis; 162: (left) © Gary Cralle—The Image Bank/Getty

Images, (right) Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images;

164: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 165: (left) Uriel Sinai—

Reportage/Getty Images, (right) NASA/JSC; 166: Kevin

Dodge/Corbis; 167: Roy Toft—National Geographic/Getty Images;

168: Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R.

Freeman & Co. Ltd.; 170: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 171: (left)

© Corbis, (right) Michael Goldman—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

294 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

172: (left) Stephanie Rausser—Iconica/Getty Images, (right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 174: Roger Du Buisson/Corbis;

175: Walter Bibikow—Taxi/Getty Images; 176: Bob Edme/AP;

178: The Granger Collection, New York; 180: (left) Carmen

Redondo/Corbis, (right) SuperStock; 182: H. Fristedt/Carl E. Ostman

ab; 183: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 185: (top) © Robert

Holmes/Corbis, (bottom) Fraser Hall—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 186: The Granger Collection, New York;

187: (left) Luiz Claudio Marigo/Nature Picture Library, (right) Ben

Margot/AP; 188: Daniel Pyne—Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images;

189: © Steve Bronstein—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 191: The

Granger Collection, New York; 192: Ann Ronan Picture

Library/Heritage-Images; 194: (top and bottom, inset) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 196: (left) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images, (right) © Corbis; 197: Douglas Faulkner;

198: Premaphotos/Nature Picture Library; 199: (left) © Charles

O’Rear/Corbis, (right) Philip Gould/Corbis; 201: The Granger

Collection, New York; 202: JamesWorrell—Photonica/Getty Images;

204: L. Romano/DeA Picture Library; 205: C. Sappa/DeA Picture

Library; 206: Richard Hamilton Smith/Corbis; 207: (left) Arthur

Tilley—Taxi/Getty Images, (right) Bill Losh—Taxi/Getty Images;

208: © Philip Gould/Corbis; 209: Hal H. Harrison/Grant Heilman

Photography; 210: (left) © Corbis, (right) KeithWeller/USDA;

211: © Nik Wheeler/Corbis; 212: (left) Tim Graham/Getty Images,

(right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 213: © B. Borell

Casals—Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis; 214: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 215: © Jayanta Shaw—Reuters/Corbis; 216: (left) M.

Spencer Green/AP, (right) Helene Rogers/Alamy; 217: © Ed

Kashi/Corbis; 218: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

219: Connie Coleman—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images;

220: (left) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C., (right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 221: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc., (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 222: Eric

Hosking; 223: Spanish School—The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty

Images; 224: (left) Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (right) John H.

Gerard; 225: Russ Kinne—Photo Researchers; 226: (left) Emil

Javorsky/EB Inc., (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 228: (left)

Altrendo Images/Getty Images, (right) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 229: (left) David Kjaer/Nature Picture

Library, (right)Walter Chandoha; 230: (left to right) Streetstock

Images/Corbis, Kerstin Geier—Gallo Images/Corbis, Rajesh Jantilal—

epa/Corbis; 231: © David Muench/Corbis; 232: Bettmann/Corbis;

233: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 234: (left) © Charles Platiau—

Reuters/Corbis, (right) Brian Summers—First Light/Getty Images;

235: Gavin Hellier/Nature Picture Library; 236: © John Miller—

Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 237: Tom Teegan—

Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 240: (top) Keren

Su/Corbis, (bottom) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images.

Volume 4

Page 4: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 5: © Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

6: William Manning/Corbis; 7: (left) © Ariadne Van Zandbergen—

Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images, (right) AP; 9: Robert

Cameron/Stone; 10: Salah Malkawi/Getty Images; 11: © Robbie

Jack/Corbis; 12: Javier Pierini—Stone/Getty Images; 13: Steve

Vidler/SuperStock; 14: Alan Punton/A–Z Botanical Collection;

15: Mike McQueen/Corbis; 16: IGDA/G.Wright;

17: Bettmann/Corbis; 18: Grant Heilman Photography;

19: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 20: (left) Z. Radovan, Jerusalem,

(right) Courtesy of the Shrine of the Book, The Samuel and Jeane H.

Gottesman Centre for Biblical Manuscripts, The Israel Museum,

Jerusalem; 21: © Gabe Palmer/Corbis; 22: © RonWatts/Corbis;

23: Mike McQueen/Impact Photos; 24: The Granger Collection, New

York; 25: (left) Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New

York, gift of H.O. Havemeyer, 1896, (right)Witold Skrypczak—Lonely

Planet Images/Getty Images; 26: (left) The Granger Collection, New

York, (right) Karl H. Maslowski; 27: The Granger Collection, New

York; 28: AFP/Getty Images; 29: MPI/Getty Images; 31: Stephen

Cherry/AP; 32: © Lindsay Hebberd/Corbis; 33: (left) © Kevin

Schafer/Corbis, (right)World Perspectives/Getty Images; 34: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 35: David Guttenfelder/AP; 36: Wolfgang

Kaehler/Corbis; 37: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

38: © Corbis; 39: © Jean Brooks—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 40: Lynn Abercrombie; 41: (left)

© Ryan/Beyer—Stone/Getty Images, (right) The Granger Collection,

New York; 42: W. Perry Conway/Corbis; 43: (left) Andy Hernandez—

Sygma/Corbis, (right) Garo/Photo Researchers Inc.; 44: Roger Viollet

Collection/Getty Images; 45: © Bettmann/Corbis; 46: Diego

Goldberg—Sygma/Corbis; 47: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 48: (left

and right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 50: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 51: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 52: (top and bottom)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 53: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

54: (left) JamesW. Porter/Corbis, (right) Louise Gubb/Corbis SABA;

55: © LWA—Dann Tardif/Corbis; 57: Alfred Eisenstaedt—Time Life

Pictures/Getty Images; 58: Ajay Verman—Reuters/Corbis;

60: © Merriam-Webster Inc.; 61: Tim Davis/Corbis; 62: (top to

bottom) © Ron Kimball, © Sally Anne Thompson/Animal

Photography, © Sally Anne Thompson/Animal Photography, © Sally

Anne Thompson/Animal Photography, © Kent & Donna Dannen, ©

Ron Kimball, © Ron Kimball; 64: (left) AP, (right) Craig Tuttle/Corbis;

67: (left) Galen Rowell/Corbis, (right) Courtesy of the Holt-Messer

Collection, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, Cambridge,

Massachusetts; 68: © Mark E. Gibson/Corbis; 69: M. Mollenberg—

zefa/Corbis; 70: (left) E.S. Ross, (right) Courtesy of The National

Portrait Gallery, London; 72: (top) Robbie Jack/Corbis, (bottom)

Philip Gould/Corbis; 73: Robbie Jack/Corbis; 74: Gerry Goldstein;

75: Edgar Degas—The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images;

76: SimonWatson—Stone/Getty Images; 77: The Granger Collection,

New York; 78: © Altrendo Nature/Getty Images; 79: Pat Sullivan/AP;

80: (left) Doug McKinlay—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images, (right)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 81: © Gordon

Langsbury/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 82: © Bettmann/Corbis; 83: (left) The

Granger Collection, New York, (right) JanetWishnetsky—Impact

Photos/Heritage-Images; 84: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 86: Theo

Allofs/Corbis; 87: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Dr.

Merlin D. Tuttle—Conservation International/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

88: Culver Pictures; 89: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 90: NASA/JPL;

91: Michelle Poire/AP; 92: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right)

Chiaki Tsukumo/AP; 93: © Reuters/Corbis; 94: Free Agents

Limited/Corbis; 95: Michael S. Yamashita/Corbis; 96: Candido

Alves/Getty Images; 97: Kristi L. Bowman; 98: (left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (right) © Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis; 99: Lynda

Richardson/Corbis; 100: Stone/Getty Images; 101: George

Kavanagh—Stone/Getty Images; 103: (top) JeremyWoodhouse—

Digital Vision/Getty Images, (bottom) Robert van der Hilst/Corbis;

104: Larry Lee Photography/Corbis; 105: Courtesy of the Edison

National Historical Site,West Orange, N.J.; 106: Will & Deni

McIntyre/Corbis; 107: (left) Maureen Lawrence—Stock Image/Getty

Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 108: © Digital

Vision/Getty Images; 110: (left) Mohamad Al Sehety/AP, (right)

© Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 112: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 113: The Art Archive/Corbis; 114: Bildarchiv

Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Agyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu

Berlin/Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin; photograph, Jurgen Liepe;

115: © Corbis; 116: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 117: Fabian

Bachrach; 118: (inset) Fabian Bachrach; 119: Office of the Federal

Register, National Archives and Records Administration;

120: Aflo/Nature Picture Library; 121: (left) Mitch Diamond/Alamy,

(right) James Schnepf—Photographers’s Choice/Getty Images;

123: (left) Antonio Mo—Taxi/Getty Images, (right) Anthony

Mercieca/Root Resources; 124: Gerald Cubitt; 125: Carlo

Bevilacqua—Scala/Art Resource, New York; 126: Karsh—Camera

Press/Globe Photos; 127: (left) © Royalty-Free/Corbis, (right) © Kevin

Fleming/Corbis; 128: (left) Library of Congress,Washington D.C.,

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 295

(right) Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 130: Todd Gipstein/Getty

Images; 131: (left) The Granger Collection, New York, (right) Dmitri

Kessel—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 132: Dylan Martinez—

AFP/Getty Images; 133: (left) Airelle-Joubert/Photo Researchers, Inc.,

(right) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 135: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 136: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 137: © M.L.

Sinibaldi/Corbis; 138: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

139: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 140: Photographer’s Choice/Getty

Images; 142: © DeA Picture Library; 143: Arthur Tilley—Taxi/Getty

Images; 144: Leslie Garland Picture Library/Alamy; 145: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 146: (left)Wally Santana/AP, (right) AJ Photo/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 147: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 149: Kenneth

Murray/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 150: Lee Snider—Photo

Images/Corbis; 151: Oliver Strewe—Lonely Planet Images/Getty

Images; 152: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 153: Wayne R.

Bilenduke—Stone/Getty; 155: Martin Harvey—Gallo Images/Corbis;

156: © Caroline Penn/Corbis; 157: © Paul A. Souders/Corbis;

158: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 159: Chris Ison—Reuters/Corbis;

162: (top) Anthony Cassidy—Stone/Getty Images, (bottom)

Panoramic Images/Getty Images; 164: Jerry Kobalenko—The Image

Bank/Getty Images; 165: National Geographic/Getty Images; 166: Roy

Morsch/Corbis; 167: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

168: JimWark—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 169: The

Granger Collection, New York; 170: Encyclop.dia Britannica;

171: Robert Yin/Corbis; 172: Lee Cohen/Corbis; 173: (left) James L.

Amos/Corbis, (right) Ed Pritchard—Stone/Getty Images;

174: © Bettmann/Corbis; 175: (left) NASA, (right) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 176: (top) Craig K. Lorenz/Photo Researchers, Inc.,

(bottom) Jeff Rotman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Volume 5

Page 4: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 5: (left) Gail Shumway—Taxi/Getty

Images, (right) AnneWesp—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images;

6: © Reuters/Corbis; 7: The Granger Collection, New York;

8: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 9: AP; 10: The Granger Collection,

New York; 11: Katsumi Kasahara/AP; 12: Ingmar Holmasen; 13: Goh

Chai Hin—AFP/Getty Images; 14: The Granger Collection, New York;

15: (left) Andy Whale—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 16: Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 17: (left) Peter

Saloutos/Corbis, (right) © Charles Gupton/Corbis; 18: © Richard T.

Nowitz/Corbis; 19: DavidWall—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;

20: (top and bottom, inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.;

21: Darrell Gulin/Corbis; 22: Jorma Jaemsen—zefa/Corbis;

23: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 24: (left) Robert

HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images, (right) Blue Line Pictures/Getty

Images; 25: Kay Churnash—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 26: (left)

Brian Kersey/AP, (right) Darwin Dale/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

27: StuartWestmorland/Stone; 28: (left) Fred Bavendam/Stone, (right)

StuartWestmorland/Stone; 29: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 30: (top

and bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 31: (top) The Granger

Collection, New York, (bottom) © Morton Beebe/Corbis; 32: (left)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-112331),

(right) © George D. Lepp/Corbis; 33: AFP/Corbis; 34: Phil

Sandlin/AP; 35: (left) James R. Finley/AP, (right) age

fotostock/SuperStock; 36: GianniWoods/NASA; 37: Harvey Lloyd—

Taxi/Getty Images; 38: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) D.J.

Ball—Stone/Getty Images; 39: Avril Ramage—© Oxford Scientific

Films Ltd.; 40: (left) Frederick R. McConnaughey/Photo Researchers,

Inc., (right) © Corbis; 41: © Catherine Karnow/Corbis; 42: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 43: Bettmann/Corbis; 44: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 45: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 46: © Dr. Dennis Kunkel—

Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images; 47: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

48: © Getty Images; 49: © Merriam-Webster Inc.; 50: Bob Elsdale—

Photonica/Getty Images; 51: (inset) Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C.; 52: David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images; 53: WesWalker—

Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 54: Sergio Pitamitz/SuperStock;

55: Heinrich van den Berg—Gallo Images/Getty Images; 56: (left)

Lester Lefkowitz—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images, (right) Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-92960); 57: Jeff

Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 58: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 60: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 61: The Granger Collection, New York; 62: Anne Frank

House, Amsterdam, and Anne Frank-Fonds, Basel—Hulton

Archive/Getty Images; 63: (left) Donald C. Johnson/Corbis, (right)

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, New

York; 64: Courtesy of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; 65: Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 66: The Granger Collection, New York;

67: WayneWalton—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;

68: © Nicholas DeVore III/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 69: NorthWind

Picture Archives; 70: The Granger Collection, New York; 71: (left)

Darren Maybury—Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis, (right) Richard Parker;

72: (left) James Jackson—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Horticultural

Photography, Corvallis, Oregon; 73: © Corbis; 74: Jose Fuste

Raga/Corbis; 75: H.S. Knighton; 76: The Granger Collection, New

York; 78: AP; 79: Juda Ngwenya/Corbis; 80: The Granger Collection,

New York; 81: (left) Craig Lovell/Corbis, (right) © StockTrek/Getty

Images; 82: Justus Sustermans—The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty

Images; 83: © DeA Picture Library; 85: Bettmann/Corbis;

86: © Bettmann/Corbis; 87: (top) Ariel Skelley/Corbis, (bottom) Roy

Rainford—Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 88: Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 89: (top, inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C., (bottom) © Paul Almasy/Corbis; 90: Peter Carter;

91: UPI; 92: (left) Morev Valery—ITAR-TASS/Corbis, (right) Anthony

Bannister/EB Inc.; 93: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 94: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Photonica/Getty Images;

95: Courtesy of the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic

of China; 96: H & S Produktion/Corbis; 97: Ted S.Warren/AP;

100: Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Image; 102: (left)William

Manning/Corbis, (right) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

104: (left) John H. Gerard, (right) © Michael & Patricia

Fogden/Corbis; 105: © G. Rossenbach/Corbis; 106: Jon Arnold

Images/SuperStock; 108: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg.

no. LC-USZ62-124428); 109: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

110: Margaret Courtney-Clarke/Corbis; 111: John Moss/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 113: (left) David Kjaer/Nature Picture Libary, (right)

Edmund Appel/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 115: Laurance B. Aiuppy—

Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 116: (left) © Animals Animals,

(right) Per Breiehagen—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images;

117: © G. Dagli Ori/DeA Picture library; 118: Lynne Sladky/AP;

119: (left) Johner—Photonica/Getty Images, (right) Barry

Harcourt/Getty Images; 120: Bruce Forster—Stone/Getty Images.;

121: © R.T.Willbie/Animal Photography; 122: © Brian A. Vikander;

123: © Robert Pickett/Corbis; 124: The Granger Collection, New

York; 125: Robert Laberge/Getty Images; 126: David Cannon/Getty

Images; 127: (left) Jean-Marc Bouju/AP, (right) © Getty Images;

128: © Peter Turnley/Corbis; 129: © Gallo Images/Corbis; 130: Wally

Santana/AP; 131: Michael Paul—StockFood/Getty Images; 132: (left)

GregWahl-Stephens/AP, (right) MikeWintroath/AP; 133: William

Manning/Corbis; 134: Jerry Cooke/Corbis; 135: (top) Reportage/Getty

Images, (bottom) Martin Moos—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;

136: David Muench—Stone/Getty Images; 137: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 138: (inset) Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C.; 139: (left) Craig Lovell/Corbis, (right) Millard H. Sharp/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 141: Patti McConville—The Image Bank/Getty

Images; 142: Earl L. Kubis/Root Resources; 143: (left) © Digital

Vision/Getty Images, (right) © David Muench/Corbis; 144: (left)

Sharon Montrose—The Image Bank/Getty Images, (right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 145: Gary Bell—Taxi/Getty Images;

146: © Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 147: James L. Amos/Corbis;

149: (top) Keren Su/Corbis, (bottom) © G. Sioen—IGDA/DeA

Picture Library; 150: Archivo Iconografico/S.A./Corbis; 152: © Hans

Georg Roth/Corbis; 153: © Gail Mooney/Corbis; 154: © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 155: Erich Lessing/Art Resource,

New York; 156: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York;

296 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

157: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 158: © Layne Kennedy/Corbis;

159: Ted Streshinsky/Corbis; 161: © Doug Pensinger—Allsport/Getty

Images; 162: (left) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C., (right)

© Bettmann/Corbis; 163: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.;

Edward S. Curtis Collection (Neg. No. LC-USZ62-59000); 164: Joe

McDonald/Corbis; 165: © IGDA—L. Romano/DeA Picture Library;

167: James Nelson—Stone/Getty Images; 168: IGDA/S.Gutierrez/DeA

Picture Library; 171: (left) Joe B. Blossom/EB Inc., (right) Chris

Jones/Corbis; 172: Library of Congress/Corbis; 174: Kazuhiro

Nogi/Getty Images; 175: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 176: (left and

right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.

Volume 6

Page 4: Aflo/Nature Picture Library; 5: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

6: (left) Dave Bartruff/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New

York; 7: Lothar Lenz/Corbis; 8: Connie Coleman—Stone/Getty

Images; 9: Pete Turner—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 10: (left) Ariel

Skelley/Corbis, (right) Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art,

Washington, D.C., Andrew Mellon Collection; 11: H. Reinhand—

zefa/Corbis; 12: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 13: © Digital

Vision/Getty Images; 14: UPI—Bettmann/Corbis; 15: (left) Richard T.

Nowitz/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York; 16: Denny

Allen—Gallo Images/Getty Images; 17: Gavin Hellier—Robert

HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 18: (top) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C. (neg no. LC-USZ62-91485), (bottom, inset) Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 19: The Granger Collection, New

York; 20: City of Harrisburg, PA., Office of the Mayor; 21: (top)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-134885),

(bottom, inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 22: The

Granger Collection, New York; 23: (inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 24: (left) Richard Cummins/SuperStock, (right)

The Granger Collection, New York; 26: JohnWang/Getty Images;

27: Jim Sugar—Science Faction/Getty Images; 28: Niall Benvie/Nature

Picture Library; 29: (left) © Pat Jerrold—Papilio/Corbis, (right) Library

of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 30: (inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 31: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) AJ

Photos—Hop Americain/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 32: Danny

Lehman/Corbis; 33: (left) Michael Busselle/Corbis, (right) Maurizio

Lanini/Corbis; 34: © Henryk Sadura/Shutterstock.com; 35: (top)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom) Peter Bowater/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 36: Msatti Niemi—Nordic Photos/Getty Images;

38: © Pat O’Hara/Corbis; 39: (left) The Granger Collection, New

York, (right) © Marie Hansen—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images;

40: Bettmann/Corbis; © & ™ 2003 The Jim Henson Company. THE

MUPPET SHOW mark & logo, MUPPET, MUPPETS, KERMIT,

characters and elements are trademarks of The Jim Henson Company.

All Rights Reserved.; 41: © Bettmann/Corbis; 42: Oliver Meckes and

Ottawa/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 43: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 44: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 45: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 46: (left) Tania

Midgley/Corbis, (right) Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 47: Theo

Allofs/Corbis; 48: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 49: Charles Cegielski;

50: George McCarthy/Corbis; 51: (left) Michael P. Gadomski/Photo

Researchers, Inc., (right) Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images;

52: Werner Forman/Corbis; 53: The Granger Collection, New York;

54: © Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 56: © Ted Streshinsky/Corbis;

57: Kaushik Sengupta/AP; 58: Kelly Kerr—TulsaWorld/AP; 59: (left)

Jeff Gross/Getty Images, (right) ©Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis;

60: © Maryanne Russell—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 61: (left)

U.S. Department of Justice, (right) Bob Daemmrich/The ImageWorks;

62: Tony Arruza/Corbis; 64: (left) The Granger Collection, New York,

(right) © Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 65: © Peter Beck/Corbis;

66: Marc Riboud/Magnum; 67: John Terence Turner—Taxi/Getty

Images; 68: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 69: Frank Zullo/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 70: © Noble Proctor—The National Audubon

Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 71: AP; 72: Tim

Graham/Getty Images; 73: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 74: (left)

Imagno—Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (right) The Art

Archive/Corbis; 75: Randy Faris/Corbis; 76: © Araldo de Luca/Corbis;

78: © M. Borchi/DeA Picture Library; 79: (left) Tim Page/Corbis,

(right) Dallas and John Heaton—Free Agents Limited/Corbis;

80: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 81: Bettmann/Corbis; 82: (inset)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 83: (left)Werner

Forman/Corbis, (right) Hiroko Masuike—AFP/Getty Images;

84: Bettmann/Corbis; 85: © Corbis; 86: (left) Geoff Simpson/Nature

Picture Library, (right) Baerbel Schmidt—Taxi/Getty Images; 87: Al

Behrman/AP; 88: © Ariel Skelley/Corbis; 90: © AlisonWright/Corbis;

91: © Corbis; 92: The Granger Collection, New York; 93: (top)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom) © The Natural History

Museum, London; 94: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 95: (left) John

Reader/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

96: Dipak Kumar—Reuters/Corbis; 97: AP; 98: (left) U.N. Photo,

(right) © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Corbis; 99: The Granger

Collection, New York; 100: Gavin Hellier—Stone/Getty Images;

101: Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 104: (left) Kim Taylor/Nature Picture

Library, (right) Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 106: Steven David

Miller/Nature Picture Library; 107: © Robert Harding—Digital

Vision/Getty Images; 108: © S. Vannini/DeA Picture Library;

109: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 110: (top) Timothy A. Clary—

AFP/Getty Images, (bottom) Mladen Anotnov—AFP/Getty Images;

112: David Histor—Stone/Getty Images; 113: (left) © Kennan

Ward/Corbis, (right) Stephen Dalton/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

114: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 115: American Museum of the

Native American, Smithsonian Institution; 117: (top) Alan Schein

Photography/Corbis, (bottom) Richard Hamilton Smith/Corbis;

118: © Corbis; 119: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 120: Najlah

Feanny/Corbis SABA; 121: Brian A. Vikander/Corbis; 122: Ron

Sherman—Stone/Getty Images; 124: © M. Borchi—IGDA/DeA

Picture library; 125: V. Muthuraman/SuperStock; 127: Indiana

Tourism; 129: Franz-Mark Frei/Corbis; 131: Bennett Dean—Eye

Ubiquitous/Corbis; 132: © Ric Ergenbright/Corbis; 133: The Granger

Collection, New York; 134: (left) Getty Images, (right) © Corbis;

135: © Angelo Hornak/Corbis; 136: (left) © Corbis, (right) Courtesy

of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces

Institute of Pathology,Washington, D.C; 137: The Bridgeman Art

Library/Getty Images; 138: (left) KonradWothe—Science

Faction/Getty Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

139: Meul—ARCO/Nature Picture Library; 140: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 142: Simon Marcus/Corbis; 143: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 144: MPI/Getty Images; 145: © Corbis; 146: Scott

Sinklier/Corbis; 148: ©W. Buss/DeA Picture Library; 149: Chris

Lisle/Corbis; 150: © Jacques Pavlovsky/Corbis; 151: © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 153: Ramzi Haidar—AFP/Getty

Images; 155: (left) © Glen Allison/Getty Images, (right) © A. Attini—

IGDA/DeA Picture Library; 157: (left) Phillippe Clement/Nature

Picture Library, (right) © Bo Zaunders/Corbis; 158: Erich Lessing/Art

Resource, New York; 159: Werner Forman/Art Resource, New York;

160: Nativestock Pictures; 161: (left) George Steinmetz/Corbis, (right)

Jim Richardson/Corbis; 162: age fotostock/SuperStock; 163: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 164: Reuters/Corbis; 165: Viviane Moos/Corbis;

166: (top) Tibor Bognar/Corbis, (bottom) Glen Allison/Getty Images;

167: (top) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom) age

fotostock/SuperStock; 168: age fotostock/SuperStock; 169: Paul A.

Souders/Corbis; 170: Gary Cralle—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

171: age fotostock/SuperStock; 172: Ted Spiegel/Corbis; 173: Gunter

Rossenbach—zefa/Corbis; 175: © Susan Rosenthal/Corbis.

Volume 7

Page 4: Leonard Lee Rue III; 5: (top) Philip Gould/Corbis, (bottom)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; Page 6: (inset) Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 7: © Dennis Brack/Black Star; 8: Carol

Farneti-Foster—Taxi/Getty Images; 9: Chris Lisle/Corbis; 10: Dorling

Kindersley/Getty Images; 11: MPI/Getty Images; 12: © Corbis;

13: Charles and Josette Lenars/Corbis; 15: (left) Frank Carter—Lonely

Planet Images/Getty Images, (right) Frank Kletschkus—

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 297

ImageState/Alamy; 16: Robert Holmes/Corbis; 17: White House

Collection,Washington, D.C; 18: (inset) White House Collection,

Washington, D.C.; 19: Kelley McCall/AP; 20: (left) Danny

Lehman/Corbis, (right) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center;

21: Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis; 22: © Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis;

23: Karin Kohlberg—Stone/Getty Images; 24: (left) Tim

Graham/Getty Images, (right) Frederick Ayer III/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 25: Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 26: (top and bottom, inset)

Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 27: Branger—Roger

Viollet/Getty Images; 28: White House Collection; 29: (inset) Arnold

Newman/Getty Images; 30: © Andrew D. Berstein—NBAE/Getty

Images; 31: The Granger Collection, New York; 32: (left) Hulton

Getty/Stone, (right) Bettmann/Corbis; 34: (left) Tim Graham/Corbis,

(right) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 35: Andrew D.

Bernstein—© 1987 NBAE/Getty Images; 36: Georg Gerster/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 37: David H.Wells/Corbis; 38: © Richard T.

Nowitz/Corbis; 39: © The Image Bank/Getty Images; 40: Ingmar

Holmasen; 41: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona; 43: (top) David

Guttenfelder/AP, (bottom) George Eastman—Nickolas Muray/Getty

Images; 44: © Anthony Bannister/Animals Animals; 46: Warren

Garst/Tom Stack & Associates; 47: David R. Frazier/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 48: Richard Cummins/SuperStock; 49: The Granger Collection,

New York; 50: (left) John Noble/Stone, (right) © Michael Freeman—

Digital Vision/Getty Images; 51: © Corbis; 52: © Giansanti Gianni—

Corbis/Sygma; 53: (left) © Bettmann/Corbis, (right) Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 54: White House Collection; 55: (inset)

Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 56: Kevin R. Morris—Stone/Getty

Images; 57: Glen Allison—Stone/Getty Images; 58: Brian Seed from

TSW—CLICK/Chicago; 59: James P. Rowan; 60: The Granger

Collection, New York; 61: Eric Wheater—Lonely Planet Images/Getty

Images; 62: Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 63: Shostal

Associates; 64: Heinrich Van Den Berg—Gallo Images/Getty Images;

65: Bruce Golden—Photonica/Getty Images; 66: Bettmann/Corbis;

67: (left) Bernard Castelein/Nature Picture Library, (right) The Granger

Collection, New York; 68: RolfW. Hapke—zefa/Corbis; 69: Per-

Anders Pettersson/Getty Images; 70: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-126696); 71: George Steinmetz/Corbis;

72: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 73: (left) Edward S. Curtis

Collection/Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

115814), (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

74: Giraudon/Art Resource, New York; 75: Snap Decision—

Iconica/Getty Images; 76: Anthony Mercieca—The National Audubon

Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 77: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ61-119219); 78: (left) © Corbis,

(right) © Reuters/Corbis; 80: Lee Jin-man/AP; 81: © Hiroji

Kubota/Magnum Photos; 82: Alain Evrard—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 83: (left) © Corbis, (right) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 85: © MedioImages/Getty Images;

87: © Cloki/Shutterstock.com; 88: © JeremyWoodhouse/Getty

Images; 89: Rupert Conant—Impact Photos/Imagestate; 91: © Peter

Ryan—Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 92: Gary John

Norman—Impact Photos/Heritage-Images; 93: (left) Edward S. Curtis

Collection/Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

52212), (right) Mark Adams—Taxi/Getty Images; 96: North

Wind Picture Archives; 97: Suprei—Reuters/Corbis; 98: Peter

Turnley/Corbis; 99: (left) Alden Pellett/AP, (right)

Liquidlibrary/Dynamic Graphics/Jupiterimages; 100: (top) Duncan

Maxwell/Getty Images, (bottom) Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 101: The

Granger Collection, New York; 102: Kristine A. Strom; 103: Oxford

Scientific Films/Bruce Coleman Ltd.; 104: (left) AP, (right) age

fotostock/SuperStock; 105: Larry Downing/Corbis; 106: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 107: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 108: © JeremyWoodhouse/Getty Images; 109: (left) Steve

Austin—Papilio/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York;

111: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 112: age fotostock/SuperStock;

113: Chris Rogers/Corbis; 115: ©W. Buss/DeA Picture Library;

116: Maurice Nimmo—Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis;

117: © Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 118: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

119: Hulton Archives/Getty Images; 120: © A. Attini—IGDA/DeA

Picture Library; 122: © Buyenlarge—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images;

123: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 124: Markus Schreiber/AP;

125: ©William Whitehurst/Corbis; 126: (left) The Granger

Collection, New York, (right) Yoshio Otsuka/Getty Images; 127: Ray

Juno/Corbis; 128: © David Curl/Oxford Scientific Films Ltd.;

129: (left) Photo courtesy ofWaterBrook Press, (right) Tass/Sovfoto;

130: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 131: (left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (right) Alinari/Art Resource, New York;

132: SuperStock; 133: (left) SuperStock, (right) © Tom

Brakefield/Corbis; 134: © Nicholas DeVore—Stone/Getty Images;

135: (left) Derek Fell, (right) Peter M.Wilson/Corbis; 136: © John

Chillingworth—Picture Post/Getty Images; 137: NorthWind Picture

Archives; 139: Bruno Vincent/Getty Images; 140: © David

Buffington/Getty Images; 141: (left) © Kenneth Garrett—National

Geographic/Getty Images, (right) © O’Brien Productions/Corbis;

142: LisaWoollett—Photofusion Picture Library/Alamy; 144: Ruet

Stephane—Corbis/Sygma; 145: Ray Manley/Shostal Associates;

146: (top) © Pat O’Hara/Corbis, (bottom) Niall Benvie/Nature Picture

Library; 147: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

148: Francis Abbott/Nature Picture Library; 149: (left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (right) © Kevin Fleming/Corbis; 151: Michael

Boys/Corbis; 152: (left) © Luis Rosendo—Taxi/DeA Picture Library,

(right) Grant Heilman Photography; 153: (left) Hans Peter Merten—

Stone/Getty Images, (right) Michael Kelley/Getty Images; 154: Philip

Gould/Corbis; 155: (top and bottom, inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 156: © Kean Collection—Hulton Archive/Getty

Images; 157: Bettmann/Corbis; 158: Erwin and Peggy Bauer/Bruce

Coleman Ltd.; 159: John & Lisa Merrill—Photographers

Choice/Getty; 160: Dex Images, Inc./Corbis; 161: (left) Image

Select/Art Resource, New York, (right) Robbie Jack/Corbis; 162: Denis

Poroy/AP; 163: Charlie Riedel/AP; 164: Ariel Skelley/Corbis;

165: Itar—Tass/Sovfoto; 166: © AFP/Getty Images; 167: (left and

right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 168: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 169: Prisma/SuperStock; 170: (left) © Michael & Patricia

Fogden/Corbis, (right) Tim Flach—Stone/Getty Images; 171: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 172: Ross Couper-Johnston/Nature Picture

Library; 173: (top) © Alastair Shay—Papilio/Corbis, (bottom) Adam

Woolfitt/Corbis; 174: Penny Tweedie/Corbis; 175: © Corbis;

176: (left) Steve Vidler/SuperStock, (right)Wayne Lankinen—Bruce

Coleman Ltd.; 177: Martin Rogers/Stone; 178: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 179: © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis;

181: Alan Nyiri—Taxi/Getty Images; 183: Mike Hutchins/Corbis;

184: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 185: Culver Pictures; 186: Ann

Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 187: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 188: Dr. Kenneth Greer—Visuals

Unlimited/Getty Images; 189: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

190: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 191: PhilipWayre/EB Inc.

Volume 8

Page 5: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 6: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 7: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock, (right)

Prisma/SuperStock; 8: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

10: James Martin—Stone/Getty Images; 11: © ZaneWilliams—

Stone/Getty Images; 12: (top) The Granger Collection, New York,

(bottom, inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 13: © Patrick

Ward/Corbis; 14: Reprinted with permission from Stone Soup, the

magazine by young writers and artists © 2005 by the Children’s Art

Foundation.; 15: The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Dagli Orti;

17: (left) George Disario/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New

York; 18: Cordelia Molly/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 20: (left) Mark Bolton/Corbis, (right) © Joe

McDonald/Corbis; 21: © David Muench/Corbis; 23: Owaki -

Kulla/Corbis; 24: Matthew Harris—Cordaiy Photo Library

Ltd./Corbis; 25: (left) SuperStock, (right) Lester V. Bergman/Corbis;

26: Anthony Bannister—Gallo Images/Corbis; 28: (left) Paul

298 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

Chesley—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Zainal Abd Halim—

Reuters/Corbis; 29: © Robert Parent—Time Life Pictures/Getty

Images; 30: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 31: Douglas

E. Curran—AFP/Getty Images; 32: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 33: The Granger Collection, New York;

34: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 35: (left) age

fotostock/SuperStock, (right) Craig Tuttle/Corbis; 36: Brand X

Pictures/Jupiterimages; 37: Jerry Amster/SuperStock; 38: Nik

Wheeler/Corbis; 39: (left) AdamWoolfitt/Corbis, (right) Jeff Foott;

40: Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-114582); 41: (left) © David

Turnley/Corbis, (right) Nik Wheeler/Corbis; 42: C.B. Frith/Bruce

Coleman Inc.; 43: Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 45: (left) Dave

Reede/Corbis, (right) © Dan Guravich/Corbis; 46: Gary Gladstone

Studio Inc.—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 47: Mike Powell—The

Image Bank/Getty Images; 48: AFP/Getty Images; 49: (left) Kristine A.

Strom, (right) HIP/Art Resource, New York; 51: Ross M. Horowitz—

Iconica/Getty Images; 52: Liba Taylor/Corbis; 53: (left) © Ezra

Shaw/Getty Images, (right) Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-

Images; 54: © Ruth Tomlinson—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 55: © The British Museum/Heritage-Images;

56: (left) Robert Bornemann/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) Petty

Officer 2nd Class Brian P. Biller/U.S. Marines; 57: © Ann Ronan

Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 58: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science

Systems; 59: NASA/JPL; 60: © Natalie Fobes/Stone; 61: Sam Falk—

New York Times Co./Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 63: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 64: © Galen Rowell/Corbis; 65: ©Tom

Stewart/Corbis; 66: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

67: Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images; 68: Baltimore Area

Convention & Visitors Association; 69: Paul A. Souders/Corbis;

72: Altrendo Nature—Altrendo/Getty Images; 73: (left) © Corbis,

(right) Colin Paterson/SuperStock; 75: The Granger Collection, New

York; 76: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 77: (left) LWA—Dann

Tardif/Corbis, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock; 78: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 79: Margaret Courtney-Clarke/Corbis; 80: Yannick Le

Gal—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 81: SEF/Art Resource,

New York; 82: (left) © Corbis, (right) © Michael J. Doolittle/The

ImageWorks; 83: The Granger Collection, New York; 84: Ralph

Morse—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 85: Chris de Plessis—Gallo

Images/Getty Images; 86: (left) Paul Souders—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images, (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.;

87: (inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 88: (left) Lowell

Georgia/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) AFP/Getty Images; 91: (left)

AFP/Corbis, (right) Todd Gipstein/Corbis; 92: © Peter M.

Fisher/Corbis; 93: age fotostock/SuperStock; 94: David C.

Tomlinson—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 95: © Cameramann

International; 96: JohnWilliam Banagan—The Image Bank/Getty

Images; 97: (left) © Ed Young/Corbis, (right) © Gunes

Kocatepe/Corbis; 98: Tom & Dee Ann McCarthy/Corbis; 99: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 100: Jim Dandy—Images.com/Corbis;

101: Lynsey Addario/Corbis; 102: NASA/JPL; 103: Hulton

Archive/Getty Images; 105: The Granger Collection, New York;

106: (left) Michael Boys/Corbis, (right) Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis;

107: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 108: Charles & Josette

Lenars/Corbis; 109: The Granger Collection, New York;

110: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 111: Catherine

Karnow/Corbis; 113: PunchStock/Corbis; 114: © M. Nascimento—

IGDA/DeA Picture Library; 115: Scala/Art Resource, New York;

116: Ira Block—National Geographic/Getty Images; 117: Fred

Hirschmann—Science Faction/Getty Images; 118: Bullaty-Lomeo—

The Image Bank/Getty Images; 119: Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis;

120: (left) Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 121: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 122: The

Granger Collection, New York; 123: AdamWoolfitt/Corbis;

124: George Steinmetz/Corbis; 125: Gavriel Jecan/Corbis; 128: (left)

Bettmann/Corbis, (right) Sean Gallup/Getty Images; 129: Stephen &

Donna O’Meara/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 130: (left) Inga

Spence/Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images, (right) Martin Gabriel/Nature

Picture Library; 131: Frans Lemmens—Iconica/Getty Images;

133: (left) Brendan Ryan—Gallo Images/Getty Images, (right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 134: Mary McDonald/Nature Picture

Library; 135: Richard Cummins/SuperStock; 136: Layne

Kennedy/Corbis; 137: Vasily Fedosenko—Reuters/Corbis; 138: (left)

© Kevin Fleming/Corbis, (right) Pete Turner—The Image Bank/Getty

Images; 139: Laura Dwight/Corbis; 141: Philip Gould/Corbis;

142: age fotostock/SuperStock; 143: Werner Forman/Corbis;

144: Thinkstock/Juipterimages; 145: Nativestock Pictures; 146: Tim

Hursley/SuperStock; 147: Jack Zehrt—Taxi/Getty Images; 148: Stock

Montage—Hulton Arhcive/Getty Images; 149: (left) © Scott T.

Smith/Corbis, (right) Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-114583); 150: David

Welling/Nature Picture Library; 151: David Turnley/Corbis; 152: (left)

MPI/Getty Images, (right) Bob Child/AP; 153: Nativestock Pictures;

154: ITAR-TASS/Sovfoto; 155: (left and right) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 156: © Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis; 157: Ross

Hoddinott/Nature Picture Library; 158: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 159: Narendra Shrestha—AFP/Getty Images;

160: (left) Underwood & Underwood/Corbis, (right) Peter Dazeley—

Stone/Getty Images; 164: (top) George Holton/Photo Researchers,

(bottom) Gavriel Jecan/Corbis; 165: Gallo Images/Corbis;

166: Photobank BKK/Robert Harding Picture Library;

167: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 168: (left and right) Anup

Shah/Nature Picture Library; 170: The Granger Collection, New York;

171: (inset) Courtesy of the Independence National Historical Park

Collection, Philadelphia; 172: Albrecht G. Schaefer/Corbis; 174: (top)

Ray Atkeson/EB Inc., (bottom) RandyWells—Stone/Getty Images;

175: © Don Klumpp—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 176: Walter

Rawlings—Robert HardingWorld Imagery/Getty Images; 177: (left)

Rob Carr/AP, (right) © Glen Allison—Stone/Getty Images; 178: (left)

Pete Oxford—Taxi/Getty Images, (right) NASA/JPL/Caltech (NASA

photo # PIA00405); 179: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; photos Yerkes

Observatory, University of Chicago; 180: age fotostock/SuperStock;

181: (left) SuperStock, Inc., (right) Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-DIG-cwpbh-01671); 182: © Davis Ball/Corbis;

184: (left) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images, (right)

© Robert Holmes; 185: Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 186: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) © D. Staquet/DeA Picture

Library; 187: The Granger Collection, New York; 188: Brian

Lawrence/SuperStock; 189: Geoff Du Feu—Taxi/Getty Images;

190: Aflo/Nature Picture Library; 191: (left) © Bettmann/Corbis,

(right) Stephen Alvarez—National Geographic/Getty Images; 192: Karl

Weatherly—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 193: The Granger

Collection, New York; 194: Richard A. Cooke/Corbis; 195: Michael

DeYoung/Corbis; 196: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 197: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Louis Goldman—Columbia/The

Kobal Collection; 198: (top) Forrest Anderson—Time Life

Pictures/Getty Images, (bottom) Douglas Kirkland/Corbis; 199: (left)

20th Century Fox—Paramount/Digital Domain/The Kobal Collection,

(right) Marvel—Sony Pictures/The Kobal Collection; 201: Courtesy of

the Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum, Salzburg, Austria; 202: Anders

Blomqvist—Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 203: © Douglas

Mesney/Corbis; 204: © Cris Haigh—Stone/Getty Images;

205: Remigiusz Sikora—epa/Corbis; 206: (left) Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo

Researchers, Inc., (right) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

207: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 208: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 209: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 210: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

211: (left) Kristine A. Strom, (right) Stephen Chernin/Getty Images;

212: (left) Courtesy of The Field Museum, Chicago, (right) Michael

Prince/Corbis; 213: Owen Franken/Corbis; 214: (top) Robert Frerck—

Stone/Getty Images, (bottom) Hilarie Kavanagh—Stone/Getty Images;

215: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 216: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 217: (top and bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

218: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 219: (left) Scott Nielsen/Bruce

Coleman Inc., (right) © TerryW. Eggers/Corbis; 220: Georgette

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 299

Douwma/Nature Picture Library; 221: Frank Folwell/Stone; 222: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.

Volume 9

Page 4: (left and right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 5: Adrian

Arbib/Corbis; 6: © JeremyWoodhouse/Getty Images; 7: Rosemary

Calvert/SuperStock; 8: Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; 9: Judie Anderson/EB

Inc.; 10: (left) Shawn Thew—epa/Corbis, (right) Mark E.

Gibson/Corbis; 11: George Hunter/SuperStock; 12: Danny

Lehman/Corbis; 13: © Reuters/Corbis; 14: (left) Ken Cedano/Corbis,

(right) age fotostock/SuperStock; 16: age fotostock/SuperStock;

18: (top, clockwise from top left) Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock

Pictures, David G. Houser—Post-Houserstock/Corbis,Wolfgang

Kaehler/Corbis, Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures; (bottom,

all) Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures;

20: © Bettmann/Corbis; 21: (left and right) age fotostock/SuperStock;

22: Torsten Blackwood—AFP/Getty Images; 23: Danny

Lehman/Corbis; 24: (top)Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis, (bottom) © Getty

Images; 25: (left) JoelW. Rogers/Corbis, (right) Department of Defense

photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Dusty Howell, U.S. Navy;

26: Bettmann/Corbis; 29: Layne Kennedy/Corbis; 30: (left) Palomar

Observatory; photograph © California Institute of Technology 1961,

(right) Dungan—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 31: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 32: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 33: NASA/JPL; 34: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 35: (left

and right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 36: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 37: (left) Tony Heald/Nature Picture Library, (right) Kim

Taylor/Nature Picture Library; 38: © L. Romano—IGDA/DeA Picture

Library; 39: Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 41: age fotostock/SuperStock;

42: © Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 43: © Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 44: (top)

MPI—Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (bottom) FPG/Hulton

Archive/Getty Images; 46: (left) © DavidW. Hamilton—The Image

Bank/Getty Images, (right) George Hunter/SuperStock; 48: Phil

Schermeister/Corbis; 50: Altrendo Panoramic/Getty Images; 52: Kevin

Fleming/Corbis; 53: David Johnson; 54: Goodshoot/Alamy; 55: (left)

David Silverman/Getty Images, (right) The Granger Collection, New

York; 56: Spencer Platt/Getty Images; 57: Gary Neil

Corbett/SuperStock; 58: Free Agents Limited/Corbis; 59: David

Ball/Corbis; 60: Thinkstock/Jupiterimages; 62: (left) © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock;

63: Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ61-2088); 65: The Granger Collection, New

York; 66: Jon Arnold/SuperStock; 67: © P. Jaccod—IGDA/DeA

Picture Library; 68: Paul Almasy/Corbis; 69: George Steinmetz/Corbis;

70: (left) Herbert Zettl—zefa/Corbis, (right) © The British

Library/Heritage-Images; 71: Kitty Kohout/Root Resources; 72: Robert

Frerck/Odyssey Productions; 73: Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock

Pictures; 74: The White House/Getty Images; 75: (inset) Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 76: (left) © Yves Herman—

Reuters/Corbis, (right) Michael S. Yamashita; 77: Edward S. Curtis

Collection/Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

106742); 78: © The British Library/Heritage-Images; 79: (left)

Tom Algire, (right) JeromeWyckoff; 81: © Corbis; 82: Chip and Rosa

Maria de la Cueva Peterson; 84: Mian Khursheed—Reuters/Corbis;

85: Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 86: Will & Deni

McIntyre/Corbis; 88: (left) © MedioImages/Getty Images, (right)

Annie Griffiths Belt; 89: SuperStock; 91: (left) Paul Steel/Photo Index,

(right) Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 93: Jeremy Hardies—Stone/Getty

Images; 94: © Corbis; 96: (left) James Reeve/Corbis, (right)

© Raymond Gehman/Corbis; 98: (left) © Digital Vision/Getty Images,

(right) B. & C. Alexander/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 99: Julie

Habel/Corbis; 100: (left) Richard du Toit/Nature Picture Library,

(right) Aliou Mbaye—Panapress/Getty Images; 102: (left) Jan

Butchofsky-Houser/Corbis, (right) Raymond Gehman/Corbis; 104: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 105: John Baker/SuperStock; 106: (left)Will &

Deni McIntyre/Corbis, (right) HolgerWinkler—zefa/Corbis;

107: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 109: (left) Geray Sweeney/Corbis,

(right) © StaffanWidstrand/Corbis; 110: AP; 111: The Image

Bank/Getty Images; 112: age fotostock/SuperStock; 114: (left)

© Richard Hamilton/Corbis; (right) Grant Heilman/Grant Heilman

Photography, Inc.; 115: Pete Souza/The White House; 116: (inset)

Courtesy of the Office of U.S. Senator Barack Obama; 118: F. Grassle,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; 119: (left) Cousteau Society—

The Image Bank/Getty Images, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock;

121: Mark A. Johnson/Corbis; 122: (left) © Digital Vision/Getty

Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 123: © Jeffrey L.

Rotman/Corbis; 124: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 126: (top and bottom)

age fotostock/SuperStock; 127: © Alex S. MacLean/Landslides;

128: Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures; 130: (left) Marilyn

AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures, (right) Courtesy, Oklahoma Tourism

and Recreation Department, Travel and Tourism Division; 131: Witold

Skrypczak/SuperStock; 132: (left) Vittoriano Rastelli/Corbis, (right)

George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 134: (left) Jean-Pierre Clatot—

AFP/Getty Images, (right) © Gary Hershorn—Reuters/Corbis;

135: Peter Turnley/Corbis; 136: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 137: Courtesy, The Oneida Indian Nation; 138: (left) © Rose

Eichenbaum/Corbis, (right) Bettmann/Corbis; 140: Jon Arnold

Images/SuperStock; 141: Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis; 142: (left)

© Robbie Jack/Corbis, (right) Joe McDonald/Corbis; 143: Steve

Lupton/Corbis; 144: (left) Ed Young/Corbis, (right) Manoj

Shah/Stone; 145: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 146: Jose B.

Ruiz/Nature Picture Library; 147: Dave Schiefelbein—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images; 148: Steve Terrill/Corbis; 150: AFP/Getty

Images; 151: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 152: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; photograph,Wm. J. Boag (neg. no. LC-USZ62-

119215); 153: The Granger Collection, New York; 154: Andrew

Parkinson/Nature Picture Library; 156: David Tipling/Nature Picture

Library; 158: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 159: (left) © Getty

Images, (right) David Tipling/Nature Picture Library; 160: NASA—

Goddard Space Flight Center/Scientific Visualization Studio.

Volume 10

Page 4: Photodisc Green/Getty Images; 5: Don Mason/Corbis;

6: (left) UPI, (right) Joe Griffin—Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

7: Brian Branch-Price/AP; 8: (left) Pedro A. Saura/AP, (right) The

Granger Collection, New York; 9: (left) Asian Art & Archaeology,

Inc./Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York; 10: Camille

Pissarro—The Bridgeman Art Library/Getty Images; 11: AFP/Getty

Images; 12: (left) Alfredo Aldai—epa/Corbis, (right) Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; photograph, Charles C. Pierce (neg. no.

LC-USZ62-104705); 14: (left) Asim Tanveer—Reuters/Corbis, (right)

©W. Buss/DeA Picture Library; 16: © R. Rinaldi—Tips Images/DeA

Picture Library; 17: © Tom Bean/Corbis; 19: Martin H. Simon/Corbis;

20: Bill Ross/Corbis; 22: Panoramic Images/Getty Images;

23: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 24: (left) Alfredo

Maiquez/Lonely Planet Images, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

25: Keren Su/Stone; 26: (left) Keren Su/Corbis, (right) Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 27: Marlen Raabe/Corbis; 28: (left) Alvis Upitis—

The Image Bank/Getty Images, (right) Jacqui Hurst/Corbis;

29: © Chris Rainier—Corbis; 31: (top) Sarah J.H. Hubbard/Lonely

Planet Images, (bottom) Vieira de Queiroz—TYBA/Agencia

Fotografica; 32: Robert Caputo—Aurora/Getty Images; 33: Jose B.

Ruiz/Nature Picture Library; 34: (top) David Burnett—Contact Press

Images/PictureQuest, (bottom) Sylvain Grandadam; 35: © Ron

Sachs/Corbis; 36: © Corbis; 37: Tom Hanson—CP/AP; 38: The

Granger Collection, New York; 39: Nicole Duplaix—National

Geographic/Getty Images; 40: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock, (right)

Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 41: © Corbis; 42: (left) Ron

Vesely/Getty Images, (right) G. Buttner—Naturbild/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 43: Courtesy of Peace Corps; 44: © Reuters/Corbis; 45: Grant

Heilman Photography; 46: Walter Rawlings—Robert HardingWorld

Imagery/Getty Images; 47: (left) JoshWestrich—zefa/Corbis, (right)

© Darrell Gulin/Corbis; 48: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 49: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.; 50: © Allsport UK/Getty Images; 51: Richard

300 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

Nowitz—National Geographic/Getty Images; 52: (left) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (right) Galen Rowell/Corbis; 53: © Lester V.

Bergman/Corbis; 54: Stock Montage—Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

56: Martin Rogers/Stone; 57: (top) age fotostock/SuperStock, (bottom)

Joseph Sohm—Visions Of America, LLC/PictureQuest; 58: (left)

© Tania Midgley/Corbis, (right) Scott Bauer—ARS/USDA; 59: Bob

Child/AP; 60: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 61: Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis;

62: Sadayuki Mikami—Department of Defense (DOD)/Time Life

Pictures/Getty Images; 63: The Granger Collection, New York;

64: Frans Lanting/Corbis; 65: (top) © Robert Frerck/Stone, (bottom)

JeremyWoodhouse—Digital Vision/Getty Images; 66: © Rubberball

Productions/Getty Images; 67: A. Dagli Orti/DeA Picture Library;

68: David Frazier—Stone/Getty Images; 69: © Torleif

Svensson/Corbis; 70: Lester Lefkowitz—Photographer’s Choice/Getty

Images; 72: (left) Shostal Associates, (right) Penny Tweedie—

Stone/Getty Images; 73: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York;

74: (left) M. Mattson/Shostal Associates, (right) The Granger

Collection, New York; 75: Tom Bean/Corbis; 76: David Adame/AP;

77: Alinari Archives/Corbis; 78: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

79: (left) Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) Kristine A.

Strom; 80: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 81: (inset) Library

of Congress,Washington D.C.; 82: (top) © Glen Allison/Getty Images,

(bottom) © Corbis; 83: Nick Garbutt/Nature Picture Library;

84: © GaryW. Carter/Corbis; 85: © Kapoor Baldev—Sygma/Corbis;

86: (left) AP, (right) Tom Bean/Corbis; 87: © Phil Schermeister/Corbis;

88: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 89: The Granger

Collection, New York; 90: © Robert & Linda Mitchell; 91: (left and

right) The Granger Collection, New York; 93: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 94: Robert Arnold—Taxi/Getty Images; 95: (top) Pete

Oxford/Nature Picture Library, (bottom) Tierbild Okapia/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 96: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 97: Jon Riley—

Stone/Getty Images; 100: (left) Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.,

(right) Grant Heilman Photography; 101: Eliot Young, Southwest

Research Institute; NASA’s Planetary Astronomy Program;

102: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 103: James

Cavallini/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 104: MPI/Getty Images; 106: David

Seed Photography—Taxi/Getty Images; 108: (left) Czarek

Sokolowski/AP, (right) Dave G. Houser/Corbis; 110: Robert Peary—

Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 111: Roger Mear—Stone/Getty Images;

112: (left) Bill Cooke/AP, (right) Sergio Dionisio/AP; 113: © Steve

Raymer/Corbis; 114: Charlie Neibergall/AP; 115: (top and bottom,

inset) Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 116: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 117: (top) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (bottom)

age fotostock/SuperStock; 118: Chinch Gryniewica—Ecoscene/Corbis;

120: Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-116525); 121: Mimmo Jodice/Corbis;

122: (left and right) The Granger Collection, New York;

123: Bettmann/Corbis; 125: Bettmann/Corbis; 126: (left) © Richard

Hamilton Smith/Corbis, (right) Grant Heilman Photography;

127: Robert Cianflone—Reportage/Getty Images; 128: Tony

Heald/Nature Picture Library; 129: Florian Graner/Nature Picture

Library; 130: (left) Ariana Cubillos/AP, (right) Peter Adams—The

Image Bank/Getty Images; 131: Geogphotos/Alamy; 132: Altrendo

Images/Getty Images; 133: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 134: M. Howard/ZEFA; 135: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

136: (left) David R. Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) Lawrence

Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 137: Chase Studio/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 138: Paul J. Richards—AFP/Getty Images; 139: (left) Michael

Nicholson/Corbis, (right) Peter Harholdt/Corbis; 140: (left) Chris

Lisle/Corbis, (right) Mahesh Kumar/AP; 141: Jeff J. Mitchell/Getty

Images; 142: Taylor S. Kennedy—National Geographic/Getty Images;

143: Patricio Robles Gil/Nature Picture Library; 144: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 145: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 147: UPI—

Bettmann/Corbis; 148: Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis; 149: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 150: ©Walter Bibkow—Taxi/Getty Images; 151: Jan

Butchofsky-Houser/Corbis; 152: (left) Bernard Roussel—The Image

Bank/Getty Images, (right) The Granger Collection, New York;

153: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 154: Carolyn Kaster/AP;

156: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 157: (left) Joel Sartore—National

Geographic/Getty Images, (right) Homer Sykes/Alamy; 158: Gregory

G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers, Inc.; 159: M.I.Walker/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 160: Catherine Karnow/Corbis;

161: Bettmann/Corbis; 162: (left and right) Lewis J. Merrim/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 163: age fotostock/SuperStock; 164: (left) AP, (right)

Courtesy of the Newberry Library, Chicago, Ayer Collection;

165: Tony Arruza/Corbis; 166: Bettmann/Corbis; 167: (left) Michael

Durham/Nature Picture Library, (right) © Bohemian Nomad

Picturemakers/Corbis; 168: Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis; 169: The

Granger Collection, New York; 170: (left) Kapoor Baldev—

Sygma/Corbis, (right) © Sylvain Grandadam—Stone/Getty Images;

171: age fotoStock; 172: J.H. Pete Carmichael—The Image

Bank/Getty Images.

Volume 11

Page 4: SuperStock, Inc.; 5: The Granger Collection, New York;

6: Marilyn AngelWynn/Nativestock Pictures; 7: (left) Bernard Grilly—

Stone/Getty Images, (right) Bob Krist/Corbis; 9: © Corbis; 10: Peter

Adams—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 11: Yoshio Tomil/SuperStock;

13: (top) Nik Wheeler/Corbis, (bottom) © G.C. Kelley/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 14: Terry Andrewartha/Nature Picture Library;

15: Gail Shumway—Taxi/Getty Images; 16: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 17: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 18: (top) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc., (bottom) Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis;

19: Camerique/Getty Images; 20: Jose Fuste Raga—zefa/Corbis;

21: (left) The Granger Collection, New York, (right) Gail Shumway—

Taxi/Getty Images; 22: age fotostock/SuperStock; 23: Edward

Parker/Oxford Scientific Films; 24: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

25: Gene Ahrens/SuperStock; 26: (left) Zahid Hussein—

Reuters/Corbis, (right) Mark J. Terril/AP; 27: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 28: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock, (right) Joel

Sartore—National Geographic/Getty Images; 29: Mike Read/Nature

Picture Library; 30: Georgette Douwma/Nature Picture Library;

31: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 32: (top and bottom, inset) Courtesy

Ronald Reagan Library; 33: The Granger Collection, New York;

34: Bettmann/Corbis; 35: Ted Russell—Photographer’s Choice/Getty

Images; 36: Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images; 37: © Digital Vision/Getty

Images; 38: Shostal Associates; 39: (left) The Granger Collection, New

York, (right) Jildiz Bekibayeva/AP; 41: (left) Encyclopaedia Britannica,

Inc., (right) Pawel Kopczynski—Reuters/Corbis; 42: Pete

Cairns/Nature Picture Library; 44: © National Gallery Collection; by

kind permission of the trustees of the National Gallery, London/Corbis;

45: (left and right) The Granger Collection, New York; 46: Scala/Art

Resource, New York; 47: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

48: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 49: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

50: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 51: (left)Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis,

(right) Niall Benvie/Nature Picture Library; 52: Premaphotos/Nature

Picture Library; 53: (left) Lynn M. Stone/Nature Picture Library, (right)

Seppo Sirkka—epa/Corbis; 54: (left and right) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 55: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 56: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 57: © Freelance Photography Guild/Corbis;

59: StaffanWidstrand/Nature Picture Library; 61: (left) © Ira Block—

National Geographic/Getty Images, (right) Bob Krist/Corbis; 62: (left)

age fotostock/SuperStock, (right) Derek Fell; 63: Baldev/Shostal

Associates; 64: SuperStock; 65: (left) NASA, (right) Peter Adams—The

Image Bank/Getty Images; 67: (left) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images, (right) © Kevin Horan/Stone; 68: © City

College of San Francisco. All rights reserved. Unauthorized public

performance, broadcasting, transmission, or copying, mechanical or

electronic, is a violation of applicable laws.; 69: SuperStock; 70: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 71: (left) Lester Lefkowitz/Corbis, (right) David

Kjaer/Nature Picture Library; 72: (left) Tom Mangelsen/Nature Picture

Library, (right)William Osborn/Nature Picture Library; 73: UPI;

74: Matthew Cavanaugh/Corbis; 75: (top) Steve Vidler/SuperStock,

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 301

(bottom) Kirkendall/Spring; 76: (top) age fotostock/SuperStock,

(bottom) Mauritius/SuperStock; 77: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

78: Frank Micelotta—ImageDirect/Getty Images; 79: Aflo/Nature

Picture Library; 80: © Francois Gohier—The National Audubon

Society Collection/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 81: (left) Lori Adamski

Peek—Stone/Getty Images, (right) Liba Taylor/Corbis; 82: David

McNew—Reportage/Getty Images; 83: Denis Farrell/AP; 84: EPA—

Paul Buciuta/European Commission; 85: (left) Owen Franken/Corbis,

(right) © Sandro Vannini/Corbis; 86: Kristine A. Strom; 87: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 89: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, New York;

90: Artephot/Pubbli Aer Foto; 91: Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

92: Bettmann/Corbis; 93: (inset) UPI; 94: Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C., Pach Brothers (neg. no. LC-USZ62-13026);

95: (inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. ; 96: (left and right)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 97: age fotostock/SuperStock; 98: (top)

Dave G. Houser/Corbis, (bottom) © Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis;

99: (left) The Granger Collection, New York, (right) Tim Sloan—

AFP/Getty Images; 100: Dr. P. Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

101: (left) © Mark Kauffman—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images,

(right) David Samuel Robbins/Corbis; 102: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 103: © Lutz Bongarts/Getty Images; 105: (left) © Ilya

Naymushin—Reuters/Corbis, (right) Holton Collection/SuperStock;

107: Bridgeman Art Library; 108: Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

109: © Bettmann/Corbis; 110: © Heinrich van den Berg—Gallo

Images/Getty Images; 111: (left) Frank Krahmer—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images, (right) Hazir Reka—Reuters/Corbis.

Volume 12

Page 4: The Granger Collection, New York; 5: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 6: (left) Sahm Doherty/Time Life Pictures/Getty

Images, (right) © Reuters/Corbis; 7: age fotostock/SuperStock;

8: Robert Everts—Stone/Getty Images; 9: © Richard Cummins/Corbis;

10: James L. Amos/Corbis; 11: Jeffrey Greenberg/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 13: Bob Krist/Corbis; 14: Robert Harding Picture Library;

15: Kristie Bull—Graylock.com/AP; 16: Jim Mone/AP; 17: © Digital

Vision/Getty Images; 19: Jacques Six; 20: (left) Bob Pool—

Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images, (right) The Granger Collection,

New York; 21: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 22: Galen Rowell/Corbis;

23: Gene Ahrens/SuperStock; 24: Nicholas DeVore III/Bruce Coleman

Inc.; 25: Felice Beato—Historical Picture Archive/Corbis; 26: George

Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 27: (left) Bob Thomas—Stone/Getty

Images, (right) © Corbis; 28: (left) Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis, (right)

Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 29: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 30: C. Novara/DeA Picture Library; 31: (left)

Bettmann/Corbis, (right) Jan Butchofsky-Houser/Corbis; 33: Jeremy

Woodhouse—Digital Vision/Getty Images; 34: Danny Lehman/Corbis;

36: George Osodi/AP; 37: Axel Schmidt—DPA/Corbis; 38: (left)

Hulton Archive/Getty Images, (right) Reuters/Corbis; 40: (left) © Bill

Stormont/Corbis, (right) Richard Heinzen/SuperStock; 41: NASA;

42: NASA/JPL; 44: (left) © Jodi Cobb—National Geographic/Getty

Images, (right) Kami—ArabianEye/Redux; 45: Peter Macdiarmid—

Reuters/Corbis; 46: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.;

47: SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 48: © Reuters/Corbis; 49: Sinclair

Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50: (left) Ellis Neel—Alamogordo

Daily News/AP, (right) Paramount/The Kobal Collection; 51: William

Dow/Corbis; 52: Bethune Carmichael—Lonely Planet Images/Getty

Images; 53: Bruce Forster—Stone/Getty Images; 54: Suzanne

Plunkett/AP; 55: (left) David C. Tomlinson—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images, (right) Stewart Cohen—Stone/Getty Images;

57: (top) Danny Lehman/Corbis, (bottom) Sue Daly/Nature Picture

Library; 58: Stephen Frink/Corbis; 59: (left) Ingo Arndt/Nature Picture

Library, (right) Stephen Frink/Corbis; 60: Jurgen Freund/Nature

Picture Library; 61: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 64: (left) © Corbis,

(right) © James Keyser—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images;

65: McKenney & Hall/Library of Congress (neg. no. LC-USZ62-

67661); 66: K. Scholz/Shostal Associates; 67: Sandro Vannini/Corbis;

68: (left and right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 69: © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 70: MPI—Hulton Archive/Getty

Images; 72: (left) Thomas M. Poulsen, (right) Jon Arnold/SuperStock;

73: UPI—Bettmann/Corbis; 74: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images; 75: © Nathan Benn/Corbis; 76: (left) Laurance B. Aiuppy—

Taxi/Getty Images, (right) © Corbis; 77: John Bazemore/AP; 78: (left)

Peter Turnley/Corbis, (right) Aflo/Nature Picture Library; 79: (left)

Colin Seddon/Nature Picture Library, (right) Martin Harvey/Corbis;

80: © Les Pickett—Papilio/Corbis; 81: Mitchell Funk—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images; 82: (left) U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s

Mate 2nd ClassWilliam H. Ramsey, (right)Walter Bibikow—The

Image Bank/Getty Images; 83: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.;

photograph, Rose & Hopkins (neg. no. LC-USZ62-102137); 84: Eric

& David Hosking/Corbis; 86: David Buffington—Photographer’s

Choice/Getty Images; 87: © Gabe Palmer/Corbis; 88: © Christine

Osborne/Corbis; 89: (top) Kim Taylor/Nature Picture Library,

(bottom) Macduff Everton/Corbis; 90: Courtesy Harper Collins

Children’s Books. Jacket photo by Jerry Yulsman. Cover art: Art

© 1964, renewed 1992 by Evil Eye Music, Inc.; 91: © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 92: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C.; photograph, Heyn (neg. no. LC-USZ62-55848); 93: (left)

Palmquist & Jurgens—MPI/Getty Images, (right) Kevork

Djansezian/AP; 94: David Forbert/SuperStock; 95: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 96: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 97: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 98: (top) Fabrice Coffrini—AFP/Getty Images,

(bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 99: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 100: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 101: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 102: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 103: Thomas

Kitchin & Victoria Hurst—First Light/Getty Images; 104: (left) Jose

Fuste Raga/Corbis, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 105: © Rolf

Richardson—Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage Images; 106: The

Granger Collection, New York; 107: Reinhard Eisele/Corbis;

108: StaffanWidstrand/Nature Picture Library; 109: © C. Sappa/DeA

Picture Library; 110: Adrian Baker/Leo deWys Inc.; 111: Lynn

Pelham—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; 112: LawsonWood/Corbis;

113: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 114: age fotostock/SuperStock;

115: (left) Anthony Bannister—Gallo Images/Corbis, (right) Asgeir

Helgestad/Nature Picture Library; 116: Erik Buraas—Photonica/Getty

Images; 117: © Merriam-Webster Inc.; 118: (left) Mark J. Terrill/AP,

(right) Tony Ranze—AFP/Getty Images; 119: The Granger Collection,

New York; 120: Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 121: (left) Patrick

Molnar—The Image Bank/Getty Images, (right) Lawrence

Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 122: Sandro Vannini/Corbis;

123: Randy Faris/Corbis; 124: (left) Chris McGrath/Getty Images,

(right) KennethW. Fink/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 125: Svenja-Foto—

zefa/Corbis; 126: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 127: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 129: Michael Pitts/Nature Picture Library; 130: Karel

Prinsloo/AP; 131: Kevin Fleming/Corbis; 132: Jose Luis Gomez de

Francisco/Nature Picture Library; 133: © Philip Gould/Corbis;

134: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 135: (left) Lance Nelson—Stock

Photos/zefa/Corbis, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 136: Jeremy

Hardie—Taxi/Getty Images; 137: Bob Krist/Corbis; 138: Roger De La

Harpe—Gallo Images/Corbis; 140: Walter Bibikow—Taxi/Getty

Images; 142: JeremyWoodhouse—Digital Vision/Getty Images;

143: Todd Gipstein—National Geographic/Getty Images;

144: Bettmann/Corbis; 145: KonradWothe—Science Faction/Getty

Images; 146: (top) age fotostock/SuperStock, (bottom) John F.

White/SuperStock; 148: (left) Michael T. Sedam/Corbis, (right) Bob

Krist/Corbis; 150: Paul A. Souders/Corbis; 151: NASA;

152: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; 153: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 154: (left) Peter Adams—Taxi/Getty Images,

(right) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 156: Gavin

Hellier/Nature Picture Library; 157: Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

158: The Granger Collection, New York; 160: (left) Mike

Wilkes/Nature Picture Library, (right) The Granger Collection, New

York; 161: Kyle Nosal—Enid News & Eagle/AP; 162: Simon

Watson—Stone/Getty Images; 163: E. Streichan/Shostal Associates;

164: (left) Felix Heyder—dpa/Corbis, (right) © Rob C. Nunnington—

302 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA

Gallo Images/Corbis; 165: Photocuisine/Corbis; 166: Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C; 167: (left) Jurgen Freund/Nature Picture

Library, (right) Dave Nagel—Taxi/Getty Images; 169: (left) Richard

Hamilton Smith/Corbis, (right) SusanWalsh/AP; 170: The Granger

Collection, New York; 171: © Richard Hamilton Smith/Corbis;

172: (left) Georgette Douwma/Nature Picture Library, (right) Pete

Cairns/Nature Picture Library; 174: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 175: Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 176: Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USW33- 019081-C);

177: The Granger Collection, New York; 178: © Bettmann/Corbis;

179: (top) Hubble Heritage Team/NASA, (bottom) Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 180: Jurgen Freund/Nature Picture Library;

181: CalvinWoodward/AP; 182: (left) John Bazemore/AP, (right)

David Hay Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 183: Bettmann/Corbis;

184: Mahaux Photography—The Image Bank/Getty Images;

185: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 186: Henry Ray Abrams/AP;

187: Dan Brinzac/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 188: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 190: © Jason Hawkes/Corbis; 191: Bernard Castelein/Nature

Picture Library; 192: (left) A.T.Willett—The Image Bank/Getty

Images, (right) Neal Hamberg/AP; 193: Lawrence Migdale—

Stone/Getty Images; 194: C. Cottrell—Havre Daily News/AP;

195: (left) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

11212), (right) Ed Young/Corbis; 196: CMSP—Science

Faction/Getty Images; 197: (left) George Hall/Corbis, (right) Courtesy

of the U.S. Navy; 198: R. Rinaldi—Tipsimages/DeA Picture Library;

200: (left) © Klaus D. Francke/Peter Arnold, Inc., (right) Randy

Olson—National Geographic/Getty Images; 201: Melanie Acevedo—

Photonica/Getty Images; 202: Mauro Fermariello/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 203: (left) NASA, (right) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

204: (left) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) Raf Casert/AP;

205: © Bettmann/Corbis; 206: © Terry Donnelly from TSW—

CLICK/Chicago; 207: © Robert Llewellyn/Corbis; 208: Jochem D.

Wijnands—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; 209: (left)

Reuters/Corbis, (right) © James Randkley—The Image Bank/Getty

Images; 210: © Philip Perry—Frank Lane Picture Agency/Corbis;

211: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 212: Chad

Ehlers—Stone/Getty Images; 213: (left) Dennis Marsico/Corbis, (right)

David Hay Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 215: ShunjiWatari/EB Inc.;

218: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 220: Jeffrey L.

Rotman/Corbis; 221: (left) Paul A. Souders/Corbis, (right) Michael

Pitts/Nature Picture Library; 222: Eitan Simanor/Alamy; 224: (left) age

fotostock/SuperStock, (right) © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-

Images.

Volume 13

Page 4: (top and bottom, inset) Library of Congress,Washington D.C.;

5: StaffanWidstrand/Nature Picture Library; 6: Steve Maslowski/Photo

Researchers, Inc.; 7: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

9: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 10: Nevada

Wier/Corbis; 11: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

12: (left) James Randklev—Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images,

(right) Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis; 13: Steve

Vidler/SuperStock; 14: © Ted Spiegel/Corbis; 15: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 16: MikeWilkes/Nature Picture Library;

17: (left and right) Michael & Patricia Fogden/Corbis; 18: Yoshio

Tomii/SuperStock; 19: Joe Stancampiano—National Geographic/Getty

Images; 20: Dallas & John Heaton—Free Agents Limited/Corbis;

21: Jim Frost—Chicago Sun-Times/AP; 22: (left) Mansell—Time Life

Pictures/Getty Images, (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.

(neg. no. LC-USZ62-13012); 23: (inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-13012); 24: (left) Vano

Shlamov/Getty Images, (right) Neil Rabinowitz/Corbis; 25: Martin

Land/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 26: The Granger Collection, New York;

27: (top) The Granger Collection, New York, (bottom) The National

Archives/Corbis; 28: Peter Bowater/Alamy; 29: Syner-Comm/Alamy;

30: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 31: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

32: Alain le Garsmeur/Corbis; 33: (left) Enric Marti/AP, (right) Oliver

Benn—Stone/Getty Images; 34: Don Spiro—Stone/Getty Images;

35: The Granger Collection, New York; 37: © Corbis;

38: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 39: age fotostock/SuperStock;

40: (top) James Noble/Corbis, (bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

41: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 42: Oliver Benn—Stone/Getty

Images; 43: Terry Donnelly—The Image Bank/Getty Images; 44: Jerry

Driendl—Taxi/Getty Images; 45: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

46: Wilfredo Lee/AP; 47: © Daniel Kramer/Corbis Sygma;

48: Georgette Douwma/Nature Picture Library; 49: Tech. Sgt. Cedric

H. Rudisill/U.S. Department of Defense; 50: Mark

Newman/SuperStock; 51: George H.H. Huey/Corbis; 52: David R.

Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 53: C. Sappa/DeA Picture Library;

54: Tibor Bognar/Corbis; 55: age fotostock/SuperStock; 56: Sandy

Stockwell—© London Aerial Photo/Corbis; 57: © Bob

Daemmrich/The ImageWorks; 58: ROTA/AP; 59: (top) Michael S.

Yamashita/Corbis, (bottom) Tomas Munita/AP; 60: Kazuyoshi

Nomachi/Corbis; 61: (left) Maurice Nimmo/A–Z Collection, (right)

The Bettmann Archive; 62: G. Sioen—IGDA/© DeA Picture Library;

63: Darlyne A. Murawski—National Geographic/Getty Images;

64: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 65: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

67: Loungepark—Photonica/Getty Images; 69: Michel

Setboun/Corbis; 70: The Bettmann Archive; 71: Judie Anderson/EB

Inc.; 72: (left) James Poulson—Daily Sitka Sentinel/AP, (right) Ingo

Arndt/Nature Picture Library; 73: (left) SuperStock, (right) David R.

Frazier/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 74: Craig Pershouse—Lonely Planet

Images/Getty Images; 75: Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-105389);

76: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 77: (left) AP, (right)

Juan Barreto—AFP/Getty Images; 78: Michael Garrett/Corbis;

79: David Hiser—Stone/Getty Images; 80: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 81: Phanie/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 82: (left) Richard

Cummins/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York;

83: © The British Library/Heritage-Images; 84: Roy Morsch/Corbis;

85: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 86: (left) Ricardo Mazalan/AP,

(right) Inaldo Perez/AP; 87: age fotostock/SuperStock; 88: Gabe

Palmer/Corbis; 89: The Granger Collection, New York; 91: Princess

Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

92: Kristine A. Strom; 93: Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis;

94: (top) © Tony Arruza/Corbis, (bottom) Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 95: George Goodwin/SuperStock; 96: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 97: age fotostock/SuperStock; 98: AP; 99: Tom & Pat

Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 100: Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-98170); 101: (inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 102: Hulton Archive/Getty Images;

103: © Bettmann/Corbis; 104: (top) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.,

(bottom) AP; 105: Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no

LC-USZ-627816); 106: Darrell Gulin/Corbis; 107: (left) Sue

Flood/Nature Picture Library, (right) Galen Rowell/Corbis; 108: Yoshio

Tomii/SuperStock; 110: ©W. Buss/DeA Picture Library;

111: © Thierry Cazabon—Stone/Getty Images; 112: © Spectrum

Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 114: (top) Rolf Nussbaumer/Nature

Picture Library, (bottom left) © Jim Corwin/Stone, (bottom right)

Terry Whittaker/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 115: © C. Sappa/DeA Picture

Library; 116: © Corbis; 117: (left) Theo Allofs/Corbis, (right) Mike

Okoniewski—New York State Fair/AP; 118: © Hulton Archive/Getty

Images; 119: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images;

120: © Reuters/Corbis; 121: George Steinmetz/Corbis;

122: © Bettmann/Corbis; 123: (top) Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-7266), (bottom, inset) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C.; 125: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.

Volume 14

Page 4: Ingo Arndt/Nature Picture Library; 5: S. Trevor/Bruce

Coleman Inc.; 6: age fotostock/SuperStock; 7: David Cumming—Eye

Ubiquitous/Corbis; 8: Alain le Garsmeur/Corbis; 9: NorthWind

Picture Archives; 10: Magrath/Folsom/Photo Researchers, Inc.;

12: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock, (right) Mary Evans Picture Library;

BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA Credits 303

13: The Granger Collection, New York; 14: © Corbis; 15: Alain le

Garsmeur/Stone; 16: G.R. Richardson/SuperStock;

17: Mauritius/SuperStock; 18: (left) Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis, (right)

PatrickWard/Corbis; 22: Ami Vitale/Getty Images; 24: (left and right)

SuperStock; 26: (left) Tom Bean/Corbis, (right) Raymond Gehman—

National Geographic/Getty Images; 27: (left) Alamy, (right)

Gala/SuperStock; 29: SuperStock; 30: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

32: Art Resource, New York; 33: MarkWilson/Getty Images;

34: Brooks Kraft/Corbis; 36: (left) Bob Pearson—AFP/Getty Images,

(right) MarkWilson/Getty Images; 37: NASA, ESA, A. Nota,

STScI/ESAS; 38: Igor Shpilenok/Nature Picture Library; 39: Photo

NASA/JPL/Caltech (NASA photo # PIA00370); 40: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 41: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 42: Carl

Frank/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 43: Dave G. Houser—Pot-

Houserstock/Corbis; 45: (left) George H.H. Huey/Corbis, (right) Scott

T. Smith/Corbis; 46: Greg Probst/Corbis; 47: © C. Sappa/DeA Picture

Library; 49: Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 50: Jacqueline

Larma/AP; 51: Prisma/SuperStock; 52: age fotostock/SuperStock;

53: (left) Pete Oxford/Nature Picture Library, (right) Andrew

Parkinson/Nature Picture Library; 54: (top) Library of Congress,

Washington, D.C., (bottom, inset) Courtesy of the Chicago Historical

Society; 55: Digital Vision/Getty Images; 56: Francis G. Mayer/Corbis;

57: Photo Cuisine/Corbis; 59: W. Buss/DeA Picture Library; 60: (left)

© Lindsay Hebberd/Corbis, (right) Hans Georg Roth/Corbis;

61: SuperStock; 62: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 63: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 64: © R. Rinaldi—Tips Images/DeA Picture

Library; 65: Ben Mangor/SuperStock; 66: NASA/JPL/Caltech (NASA

photo # PIA00271); 67: H. Stanley Johnson/SuperStock; 68: Visions of

America/SuperStock; 69: Farrell Grehan/Corbis; 70: Bettmann/Corbis;

71: age fotostock/SuperStock; 72: The Granger Collection, New York;

73: John & Lisa Merrill/Corbis; 74: © Ramin Talaie/Corbis; 75: (left)

© Charles Gupton/Corbis, (right) Rob Griffith/AP; 76: (left) Patrick

Johns/Corbis, (right) © Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images;

78: Eye Ubiquitous/Corbis; 79: age fotostock/SuperStock; 80: (left) K.

Muller/DeA Picture Library, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock; 82: (top)

© Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images, (bottom)Wolfgang

Kaehler/Corbis; 83: David Ball/Corbis; 84: © A. Mihich—Tips

Images/DeA Picture Library; 85: © Paul Chesley—Stone/Getty Images;

86: Frank Whitney—Iconica/Getty Images; 87: (left) Paul Schutzer—

Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, (right) AP; 88: The Granger

Collection, New York; 89: age fotostock/SuperStock; 90: (left) Anders

Ryman/Corbis, (right) Topical Press Agency—Hulton Archive/Getty

Images; 91: Jon Arnold Images/SuperStock; 92: John H. Gerard;

93: John Cancalosi/Nature Picture Library; 94: David Muench/Corbis;

95: Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis; 97: Bruce Davidson/Nature

Picture Library; 98: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 99: (left) age

fotostock/SuperStock, (right) WEDA—epa/Corbis; 100: Encyclop.dia

Britannica, Inc.; 101: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 102: (left)

Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc., (right) David Tipling/Nature Picture

Library; 103: Buddy Mays/Corbis; 104: (left) Kin Cheung—

Reuters/Corbis, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock;

105: © Reuters/Corbis; 106: © Gallo Images/Corbis.

Volume 15

Page 4: Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 5: Scott Camazine/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; 6: Norbert Rosing—National Geographic/Getty Images; 7: (left)

NorthWind Picture Archives, (right) age fotostock/SuperStock;

9: NorthWind Picture Archives; 10: China Newsphoto/Corbis;

11: AP; 13: The Granger Collection, New York; 14: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 16: Dale Jorgensen/SuperStock; 17: Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C.; 18: © Rex Stucky—National

Geographic/Getty Images; 19: The Granger Collection, New York;

20: (inset) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.; 21: © Anthony

Bannister—Gallo Images/Corbis; 22: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock,

(right) Mauritius/SuperStock; 23: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

24: The Image Bank/Getty Images; 25: TerryW. Eggers/Corbis;

26: (top) age fotostock/SuperStock, (bottom) Goran Tomasevic—

Reuters/Corbis; 27: Phil A. Dotson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 28: (left)

Kelly Owen—ZUMA/Corbis, (right) © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 29: The Granger Collection, New York;

30: Jon Arnold/SuperStock; 32: (left) age fotostock/SuperStock, (right)

John Cancalosi/Nature Picture Library; 34: James Lemass/SuperStock;

35: David Forbert/SuperStock; 36: (left) © David Muench/Corbis,

(right) Al Giddings/Images Unlimited; 37: Encyclop.dia Britannica,

Inc.; 39: © Lance Nelson/Corbis; 40: The Granger Collection, New

York; 41: (left) Adam Jones/Photo Researchers, Inc., (right) Jake

McGuire/Washington Stock Photo, Inc.; 42: Ping

Amranand/SuperStock; 43: (left) The Bettmann Archive, (right)

© Corbis; 44: UPI—Bettmann/Corbis; 45: © Reuters/Corbis;

46: (left) J.L.Watcham, (right) Library of Congress,Washington, D.C.

(neg. no. LC-USZ62-13028); 47: (inset) Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.;

48: Pal Hermansen—Stone/Getty Images; 49: © Corbis; 50: (top)

© MedioImages/Getty Images, (bottom) H.H. Bennett/Corbis;

51: The Granger Collection, New York; 53: (top) Richard Hamilton

Smith/Corbis, (bottom) Joseph Sohm—Visions of America/Corbis;

54: Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; 55: age fotostock/SuperStock;

56: The Granger Collection, New York; 57: Toby Talbot/AP; 58: (left)

PhilWalter/Getty Images, (right) © H. Spichtinger—zefa/Corbis;

59: © Darren Hauck/Corbis; 60: Fabrice Coffrini—epa/Corbis;

61: Library of Congress,Washington D.C.; 63: The Granger

Collection, New York; 64: Bettmann/Corbis; 66: AP; 69: (left)

Bettmann/Corbis, (right) The Granger Collection, New York; 70: AP;

71: Robert Pickett/Corbis; 72: Jim Mone/AP; 73: Catherine

Karnow/Corbis; 74: China Photos/Getty Images; 75: (left) Gene J.

Puskar/AP, (right) © Corbis; 76: Courtesy of National Air and Space

Museum, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.; 77: © Gianni

Dagli Orti/Corbis; 78: (top) Michael Keller/Corbis, (bottom) Robert

Holmes/Corbis; 79: Charles Schafer/SuperStock; 80: Kevin R.

Morris/Corbis; 81: Neil Borden/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 82: (left) Neil

Borden/Photo Researchers, (right) Mikhail Metzel/AP; 84: Nik

Wheeler/Corbis; 85: (left) Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of

Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-99798), (right) Nic

Bothma—epa/Corbis; 86: Jose Fuste Raga/Corbis; 87: Long

Hongtao—Xinhua/Corbis; 88: (left) G. Sioen/DeA Picture Library,

(right) Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress,Washington,

D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-104492); 89: Vitaly Armand—AFP/Getty

Images; 90: © Spectrum Colour Library/Heritage-Images; 92: age

fotostock/SuperStock; 93: (left) Grant Heilman Photography, (right)

© Pete Saloutos/Corbis; 94: © Ted Spiegel/Corbis; 96: E.

Otto/Comstock; 98: (left) Michael Melford—The Image Bank/Getty

Images, (right) Vince Streano/Corbis; 99: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.;

100: Steve Vidler/SuperStock; 101: © V. Giannella/DeA Picture

Library; 102: Archivo Casasola; 103: © Digital Vision/Getty Images;

104: Judie Anderson/EB Inc.; 105: © Spectrum Colour

Library/Heritage-Images; 107: (left) © Merriam-Webster Inc., (right)

Jim Sugar/Corbis; 108: © Corbis; 109: (left) Douglas Faulkner/Photo

Researchers, Inc., (right) © Tim Page/Corbis; 110: Edward S. Curtis

Collection/Library of Congress,Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LCUSZ62-

112233).

Volume 16

Page 286: Neil Borden/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 288: Judie

Anderson/EB Inc.

All illustrations not credited above are © Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.

Covers

All illustrations © Encyclop.dia Britannica, Inc.; Volume 15,

photograph: Vadim Kozlovsky/Shutterstock.com

304 Credits BRITANNICA STUDENT ENCYCLOPEDIA