Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER I: DISTURBING THE PEACE

1. Freud’s works have been published in a 24-volume Standard Edition, translated from the German under the general editorship of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams is volume IV and V of this series. In this section, from the many biographies of Freud, I have used primarily Ronald Clark, Freud: The Man and the Cause, New York: Random House, 1980; and Giovanni Costigan, Sigmund Freud: A Short Biography, London: Robert Hale, 1967; but I also recommend: Peter Gay, A Life for Our Time, London: J. M. Dent, 1988.

2. Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.

3. Ibid., page 100.

4. Ibid., page 99.

5. Ibid.

6. William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, pages 33–34.

7. Costigan, Op. cit., pages 88–89.

8. Johnston, Op. cit., page 40.

9. Ibid., page 238. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.

10. Costigan, Op. cit., page 89.

11. Johnston, Op. cit., page 65.

12. Clark, Op. cit., page 12.

13. Johnston, Op. cit., page 223.

14. Ibid., page 235.

15. Ibid., page 236.

16. Costigan, Op. cit., page 42.

17. Ibid., pages 68ff.

18. Ibid., page 70.

19. Clark, Op. cit., page 180.

20. Costigan, Op. cit., page 77; Clark, Op. cit., page 181.

21. Clark, Op. cit., page 185.

22. Costigan, Op. cit., page 79.

23. Clark, Op. cit., page 213–214; Costigan, Op. cit., page 101.

24. Joan Evans, Time and Chance: The Story of Arthur Evans and His Forebears, London: Longmans, 1943, page 329.

25. Ibid., pages 350–351.

26. Richard Stoneman, Land of Lost Gods: The Search for Classical Greece, London: Hutchinson, 1987, pages 268ff.

27. Donald Mackenzie, Crete and Pre-Hellenic: Myths and Legends, London: Senate, 1995, page 153.

28. Evans, Op. cit., page 309.

29. Ibid., pages 309–318.

30. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 116. Evans, Op. cit., pages 318–327

31. Evans, Op. cit., pages 329–330.

32. Ibid., page 331.

33. Mackenzie, Op. cit., page 118.

34. Evans, Op. cit., pages 33 Iff; Mackenzie, Op. cit., pages 187–190.

35. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982, pages 727–729.

36. Ibid., page 729; William R. Everdell, The First Modems, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997, pages 162–163.

37. Mayr, Op. cit., pages 722–726.

38. Ibid., page 728.

39. Ibid., page 730. For a more critical view of this sequence of events, see: Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution; The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, London: The Athlone Press, 1989, pages 110–116.

40. Mayr, Op. cit., page 715. Everdell, Op. cit., page 160.

41. Ibid., page 734.

42. Everdell, Op. cit., page 166.

43. Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, though I have used the Penguin paperback edition: London, 1988, page 30.

44. Ibid., page 40.

45. Ibid.

46. Everdell, Op. cit., page 167.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid., page 167; Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 30–31.

49. Joel Davis, Alternate Realities, New York: Plenum, 1997, pages 215–219.

50. Everdell, Op. cit., page 171.

51. Ibid., page 166. Everdell, Op. cit., page 175.

52. Davis, Op. cit., page 218.

53. John Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 1881–1906, volume 1, London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, pages 159ff

54. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim; Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.

55. Richardson, Op. cit., pages 159ff

56. Everdell, Op. cit., chapter 10, passim.

57. Richardson, Op. cit., page 172.

58. Everdell, Op. cit., page 155.

59. John Berger, The Success and Failure of Picasso, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.