Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 11: THE ACQUISITIVE WASTELAND

1. Ross Terrill, R. H. Tawney and His Times: Socialism as Fellowship, London: André Deutsch, 1974, page 53.

2. Ibid., pages 53–56.

3. Anthony Wright, R. H. Tawney, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987, pages 48–49.

4. Ibid., pages 35ff.

5. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, London: John Murray, 1926; published in Pelican Books 1938 and as a Penguin 20th Century Classic, 1990. See in particular chaper 3, section iii, and chapter 4, section iii.

6. Tawney, Op. cit., chapter 3, section iii, chapter 4, section iii.

7. Wright, Op. cit., page 148.

8. Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1984; Penguin edition, 1993, pages 61–64 and 113–114.

9. Stephen Coote, ? S. Eliot: The Waste Land, London: Penguin, 1985, page 10.

10. Ibid., pages 12 and 94.

11. Ibid., page 14. See also: Robert Sencourt, T. S. Eliot: A Memoir, London: Garnstone Press, 1971, page 85.

12. Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature: Volume 9: American Literature, Penguin 1967, revised 1995, page 327.

13. Letter from Pound to Eliot, 24 December 1921, Paris. In Valerie Eliot (editor), The Letters of T. S. Eliot, Volume I, 1889–1921, London: Faber & Faber, 1988, page 497.

14. See Coote, Op. cit., page 30 and in particular chapter 5, on the editing of The Waste Land manuscript, pages 89ff. And Ackroyd, Op. cit., pages 113–126.

15. Sencourt, Op. cit., page 89. Coote, Op. cit., page 9.

16. Coote, Op. cit., page 26.

17. Ibid., pages 125–126 and 132–135.

18. Valerie Eliot, Op. cit., pages 551–552. See also Coote, Op. cit., page 17 for the ‘escape from personality’ reference.

19. Luigi Pirandello, Six Characters in Search of an Author, translated by Frederick May, London: Heinemann, 1954, reprinted 1975, page x.

20. May, Op. cit., page viii. Mark Musa, Introduction to the Penguin edition of Six Characters in Search of an Author and Other Plays, London: Penguin, 1995, pages xi and xiv; see also: Benito Ortolani (editor and translator), Pirandello’s Loue Letters to Marta Abba, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

21. Gaspare Giudice, Pirandello, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 119.

22. Frank Field, The Last Days of Mankind: Karl Kraus and His Vienna, London: Macmillan, 1967, page 14.

23. Field, Op. cit., page 18.

24. Ibid., page 102.

25. Ibid., page 103.

26. W. Kraft, Karl Kraus, Beiträge zum Verständnis seines Werkes, Salzburg, 1956, page 13; quoted in Field, Op. cit., pages 242 and 269.

27. Coote, Op. cit., page 28.

28. Richard Ellmann, James Joyce, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, page 401.

29. Declan Kiberd, Introduction to James Joyce’s Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare & Co., 1922; Penguin edition of the 1960 Bodley Head edition, 1992, page lxxxi.

30. Ellmann, Op cit., page 672; John Wyse Jackson and Peter Costello, John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of Joyce’s Father, London: Fourth Estate, 1997, pages 254–255.

31. Ellmann, Op. cit., page 551.

32. Kiberd, Op. cit., page xxxii.

33. James Joyce, Ulysses, Op. cit., page 271.

34. Ibid., page 595.

35. Kiberd, Op. cit., pages xv and lx.

36. Ibid., page xxiii.

37. Ibid., pages xxx and xliv.

38. David Perkins, A History of Modem Poetry, Volume 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976, page 572.

39. Ibid., page 601.

40. Ibid., page 584.

41. Ibid., page 596.

42. A. Norman Jeffares, W B. Yeats, London: Hutchinson: 1988, page 261.

43. Perkins, Op. cit., page 578.

44. Jeffares, Op. cit., page 275.

45. James R. Mellow, Invented Lives: F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985, page 56.

46. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, London: Penguin, 1990, page 18.

47. Matthew Bruccoli, Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981, page 221.

48. See ibid., pages 217–218 for the revised ending of the book.

49. Ibid., page 223.

50. Paul Johnson, A History of the Modern World from 1917 to the 1980s, Op. cit., pages 9–10.

51. Harold March, The Two Worlds of Marcel Proust, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948, page 114.

52. Ibid., pages 182–194.

53. Ibid., page 228.

54. See Ibid., pages 241–242 for a discussion of Freud and Proust.

55. George Painter, André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968, page 142.

56. Justin O’Brien, Portrait of André Gide: A Critical Biography, London: Secker & Warburg, 1953, pages 254–255.

57. Painter, Op. cit., page 143.

58. O’Brien, Op. cit., page 195.

59. Kate Flint, Introduction to Oxford University Paperback edition of Jacob’s Room, Oxford, 1992, pages xiii–xiv.

60. James King, Virginia Woolf London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994, page 148.

61. Ibid., pages 314–315. See: Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf, London: Chatto & Windus, 1996, page 444 for Eliot’s reaction.

62. Virginia Woolf, Diaries, 26 January 1920, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xii.

63. Ibid., page xiv.

64. King, Op. cit., page 318.

65. Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 edition, page 37, quoted in Flint, Op. cit., page xv.

66. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, Op. cit., page 212.

67. Ibid., page 213.

68. Ibid.

69. Walter Hopps, Ernst at Surrealism’s Dawn: 1925–1927, in William A. Camfield, Max Ernst: Dada and the Dawn of Surrealism, Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1993. page 157.

70. Camfield, Op. cit., page 158.

71. Hughes, Op. cit., page 215.

72. See the sequence of piazzas, plates vii–xv, in Maurizio Fagiolo Dell’Arco, De Chirico 1908–1924, Milano: Rizzoli, 1984.

73. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 217–221.

74. See ‘The Politics of Bafflement’, in Carolyn Lanchner, Joan Miró, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1993, page 49.

75. Ibid., pages 28–32.

76. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 231 and 235.

77. Ibid., pages 237–238. See also: Robert Descharnes, The World of Salvador Dali, London: Macmillan, 1962, page 63. For Dali’s obsession with his appearance, see: Ian Gibson, The Shameful Life of Salvador Dali, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1997. pages 70–71.

78. Descharnes, Op. cit., page 61. Gibson, Op. cit., page 283.

79. A. M. Hammacher, René Magritte, London: Thames & Hudson, 1974, figures 81 and 88.

80. Ibid., devotes a whole section to Magritte’s titles.