Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 32: HEAVEN AND EARTH

1. If that makes it sound easy, see Young, Silcock et al., Journey to the Sea of Tranquility. Op. cit., pages 306–320 for the exciting preamble.

2. Peter Fairley, Man on the Moon, London: Mayflower, 1969, pages 33–34. Peter Fairley was ITN’s science correspondent at the time. His account is by far the most vivid I have read. It is the primary source for this section. But see also Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 321.

3. Paul Johnson, Op. cit., page 629.

4. John M. Mansfield, Man on the Moon, London: Constable, 1969, pages 80ff.

5. Fairley, Op. cit., page 73.

6. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 71ff. Fairley, Op. cit., page 74.

7. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 81–83.

8. Ibid., page 99.

9. Ibid., pages 101–102.

10. A space task force was set up at Langley. See: Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., pages 120–122. See also: Fairley, Op. cit., page 104.

11. Though there were lurid accounts as well. See: Young, Silcock, et al. Op. cit., page 167. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 101.

12. Fairley, Op. cit., page 139.

13. Ibid., pages 141, 142 and 152.

14. Ibid., pages 152–153.

15. Young, Silcock et al., Op. cit., page 275; and Fairley, Op. cit., page 177–178.

16. There were certain medical problems the crew faced. See: P. J. Bocker, G. C. Freud and G. K. C. Pardoe, Project Apollo: The Way to the Moon, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, page 190. And Fairley, Op. cit., page 190.

17. Young, Silcock, et al., Op. cit., page 326. Fairley, Op. cit., pages 38ff.

18. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, New York: Basic Books, 1977, page 47.

19. Ibid., pages 49 and 124.

20. Ibid., pages 126–127.

21. John Gribbin, The Birth of Time, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, pages 177–179.

22. Weinberg, Op. cit., page 52.

23. Ibid., chapter 5 in essence, pages 101ff.

24. See: John D. Barrow, The Origin of the Universe, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994, page 48, for a diagram of how the four forces fit into the developing chronology of the universe.

25. See also: Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 353–354.

26. Ibid., page 401; but see also Barrow, Op. cit., pages 134–135 for some problems with black holes.

27. Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, Op. cit., pages 343 and 387.

28. Ibid., page 388.

29. Ibid., page 344.

30. Barrow, Op. cit., page 10.

31. See also: Gribbin, The Birth of Time, Op. cit., pages 50–52 for another synthesis and more recent astronomical observation. And Gribbin, Op. cit., pages 457–459.

32. Fairley, Op. cit., page 194.

33. There are several accounts. See, for example: John Allegro, The Dead Sea Scrolls, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956.

34. Géza Vermes, The Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective, London: Collins, 1977, pages 87ff.

35. Allegro, Op. cit., page 104.

36. Vermes, Op. cit., page 118–119.

37. The New Catholic Encyclopaedia, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 215.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. John Heywood Thomas, Paul Tillich: An Appraisal, London: SCM Press, 1963, pages 13–14.

41. He also thought there were bound to be different ways of approaching God. See for example, Theology and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959, especially chapters IX on Einstein, XIII on Russia and America, and XIV on Jewish thought.

42. Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology I, London: Nisbet, 1953, pages 140–142. Thomas, Op. cit., page 50.

43. John Macquarrie, The Scope of Demythologising: Bultmann and His Critics, London: SCM Press, 1960, page 13. I have relied heavily on this work.

44. See also: Rudolf Bultmann, ‘The Question of Natural Revolution,’ in Rudolf Bultmann: Essays – Philosophy and Theology, London: SCM Press, 1955, pages 104–106. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 12–13.

45. Macquarrie, Op. cit., pages 88–89.

46. Ibid., page 84.

47. Ibid., page 181.

48. Bultmann, Essays, Op. cit., pages 305ff.

49. Claude Cuénot, Teilhard de Chardin: A Biographical Study, London: Burns & Oates, 1965, page 5.

50. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, London: Collins, 1971, pages 76 and 138; translated by Renée Hague.

51. Teilhard de Chardin, Op. cit., page 301.

52. In fact, there were two books: The Phenomenon of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1959, revised 1965; and The Appearance of Man, London: Collins, New York: Harper, 1965.

53. Teilhard de Chardin, Christianity and Evolution, Op. cit., page 258.

54. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Godly and the Ungodly, London: Faber, 1959.

55. Ibid., pages 22–23.

56. Ibid., page 131.

57. Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ‘Reinhold Niebuhr’s role in American political thought and life,’ in Charles W. Kegley and Robert W Bretall (editors), Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social and Political Thought, London: Macmillan, 1956, page 125.

58. There are several accounts of the council, by no means all of them written by Catholics. I have used the two indicated. See: Robert Kaiser, Inside the Council: The Story of Vatican II, London: Burns & Oates, 1963, pages 12–15.

59. Ibid., page 236.

60. Ibid., page 179.

61. Paul Blanshard, Paul Blanshard on Vatican II, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967, page 340.

62. Ibid., pages 288–289.

63. Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the Twentieth Century: A History, London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989, pages 40–41.

64. Ibid., pages 132–134.

65. Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature, London: Allen Lane, 1998.

66. Ibid., pages 191ff.

67. Ibid., pages 365–369.

68. Richard Doll, ‘The first reports on smoking and lung cancer,’ in S. Lock, L. A. Reynolds, and E. M. Tansey (editors), Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health, Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998, pages 130–142.

69. See: Carol B. Gartner, Rachel Carson, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983, pages 98–99 for a discussion of Carson’s language in the book.

70. For the long-term fate of DDT see Bill McKibben, The End of Nature, London: Viking, 1990.

71. Lear, Op. cit., pages 358–360.

72. Ibid., pages 409–414.

73. Some thought she exaggerated the risk. See: Gartner, Op. cit., page 103.

74. Lear, Op. cit., page 419.

75. D. H. Meallows, D. L. Meallows, J. Randen and W. W. Behrens, The Limits to Growth, Rome: Potomac, 1972.

76. Barbara Ward and Renée Dubos, Only One Earth, London: André Deutsch, 1972.

77. Charles Reich, The Greening of America, New York: Random House, 1970, page 11.

78. Ibid., page 108.

79. Ibid., page 129.

80. Ibid., pages 145–146.

81. Fritz Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, London: Anthony Blond, 1973; A Guide for the Perplexed, London: Jonathan Cape, 1977.

82. Barbara Wood, Alias Papa: A Life of Fritz Schumacher, London: Jonathan Cape, 1984, pages 349–350.

83. Ibid., page 355.

84. Ibid., pages 353ff.

85. Ibid., page 364.