Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 10: ECLIPSE

1. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, translated by Charles Francis Atkinson, published in two volumes: volume one: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit, Munich: C. H. Beck’sche Verlags Buchhandlung, 1918; and volume two: Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Welt Historische Perspektiven, same publisher, 1922.

2. See also: Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 228.

3. Ibid., pages 231–232.

4. Arthur Helps (editor and translator), Spengler Letters, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966, page 17. Herman, Op. cit., pages 233–234.

5. Herman, Op. cit., page 234.

6. Ibid., page 235.

7. Spengler, Op. cit., volume one, page 21.

8. Spengler, Op. cit., volume two, page 90. See also: Herman, Op. cit., page 240.

9. Helps, Op. cit., page 31, letter to Hans Klöres, 25 October 1914.

10. Thomas Mann, Diaries, 1918–1939, entry for 2 July 1919, Frankfurt, 1979–82, Peter de Mendelssohn (editor), pages 61–64.

11. Herman, Op. cit., pages 244–245.

12. Helps, Op. cit., page 133, letter to Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, 18 September, 1923.

13. Herman, Op. cit., page 246–247.

14. Bruce Arnold, Orpen: Mirror to an Age, London: Jonathan Cape, 1981, page 365. ‘The Signing of the Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919’, oil on canvas, 60×50 inches, is in the Imperial War Museum, London.

15. D. E. Moggridge, Maynard Keynes: An Economist’s Biography, London and New York: Roudedge, 1992, page 6. Women were not allowed to graduate at Cambridge until 1947.

16. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, volume one: Hopes Betrayed, London: Macmillan, 1983, page 131.

17. Ibid., page 176.

18. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 282–283.

19. Skidelsky, Op. cit., page 382.

20. John Howard Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909–1921, Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993, page 354.

21. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986, pages 839–841.

22. Moggridge, Op. cit., pages 341ff; Skidelsky, Op. cit., pages 397ff; Etienne Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace; or, The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes, London: Oxford University Press, 1946.

23. The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) is now available as volume II (1971) of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (30 vols 1971–1989), Managing Editors Sir Austin Robinson and Donald Moggridge, London: Macmillan, 1971–1989.

24. John Fairbanks, China, Op. cit., pages 267–268. Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, revised edition, 1983, page 501, says 5,000.

25. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 268; Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.

26. Chow Tse-tung, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960, pages 84ff and Part Two, pages 269ff.

27. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 422–423.

28. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 258.

29. Ibid., pages 261–264.

30. Ibid., page 265.

31. Ibid.

32. Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 171ff.

33. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 266.

34. Ibid.

35. Hsü, Op. cit., pages 569–570.

36. See Tse-tung, Op. cit., pages 178–179 for a list.

37. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 268.

38. Ibid., pages 269ff.

39. Paul Johnson, The Modem World, Op. cit., page 197. Fairbanks, Op. cit., pages 275–276.

40. William Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., page 73.

41. Ibid.

42. Janik and Toulmin, Wittgenstein’s Vienna, Op. cit., pages 239–240.

43. M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure, Op. cit., page 128.

44. Arpad Kadarkay, Georg Lukács: Life, Thought and Politics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, page 177. Mary Gluck, Georg Lukács and His Generation, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985, page 14.

45. Ibid., page 22, for the discussion of Simmel, page 131 for Gauguin and page 147 for the Manet remark.

46. Ibid., page 154.

47. Ibid., pages 154–155.

48. Ibid., pages 156ff

49. Kadarkay, Op. cit., page 195.

50. Gluck, Op. cit., page 204.

51. Ibid., page 205.

52. Kadarkay, Op. cit., pages 248–249.

53. Gluck, Op. cit., page 211.

54. A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington, London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1956, page 38.

55. L. P. Jacks, Sir Arthur Eddington: Man of Science and Mystic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949. See pages 2 and 17.

56. John Gribbin, Companion to the Cosmos, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996, Phoenix paperback, 1997, pages 92 and 571. See also: Douglas, Op. cit., pages 54ff.

57. Douglas, Op. cit., page 39.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid., page 40.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid.

62. Ibid., page 41; see also: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography, New York: Viking, 1997, page 440.

63. Douglas, Op. cit., page 42.

64. Ibid., page 43. See also: Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, Op. cit., pages 224–225; and: Victor Lowe: Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work, volume II, 1910–1947, edited by J. B. Schneewind, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990, page 127 for Eddington on Whitehead and relativity.