Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 16: CIVILISATIONS AND THEIR DISCONTENTS

1. Civilisation and Its Discontents is now published as volume XXI of the Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, edited by James Strachey and Anna Freud, London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953–74 (this volume was published in 1961). For details of Freud’s operation see Clark, Freud, Op. cit., pages 444–445.

2. Ibid., page 218.

3. Ibid., pages 64ff.

4. C. G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933.

5. Ibid., pages 91ff.

6. Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, How Natives Think, translated by L. A. Clare, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926, chapter II, pages 69ff.

7. Henry Frankfort et al., Before Philosophy, London: Pelican, 1963, especially pages 103ff.

8. J. A. C. Brown, Freud and the Post-Freudians, Op. cit., page 122.

9. Ibid., pages 8, 125 and 128.

10. Karen Homey, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1937. See also: J. A. C. Brown, Op. cit., page 135.

11. Horney, Op. cit., page 77.

12. Brown, Op. cit., page 137.

13. Horney, Op. cit., respectively chapters 8, 9, 10 and 12. Summarised in Brown, Op. cit., pages 138—139.

14. Horney, Op. cit., pages 288ff.

15. Brown, Op. cit., pages 143–144.

16. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own, London: Hogarth Press, 1929; Penguin paperback, 1993, with an Introduction by Michèle Barrett, page xii.

17. Ibid., page 3.

18. Barrett, Op. cit., page xii.

19. ‘Aurora Leigh’ (a review of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem of that name), in Michèle Barrett (editor). Women and Writing, London: Women’s Press, 1988; quoted in Barrett, Op. cit., page xv.

20. Ibid., page xvii.

21. Ibid., page x.

22. Jane Howard, Margaret Mead: A Life, London: Harvill, 1984, pages 53–54. For the latest scholarship, see: Hilary Lapsley, Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999. This book includes an assessment of Ruth Benedict by Clifford Geertz, one of the most influential anthropologists of the last quarter of a century (see chapter 38, ‘Local Knowledge’).

23. Margaret Mead, Blackberry Winter: My Early Years, London: Angus & Robertson, 1973, page 139.

24. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, New York: Appleton, 1905, 2 vols. Quoted in Howard, Op. cit., page 68.

25. Howard, Op. cit., page 68.

26. Mead, Op. cit., page 150.

27. Howard, Op. cit., page 79.

28. Ibid., page 52.

29. Ibid., page 79.

30. Ibid., pages 80–82.

31. Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation, New York: William Morrow, 1928.

32. Howard, Op. cit., page 86.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid., page 127.

35. Quoted in ibid., page 121.

36. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, page 197.

37. Ibid., page 205.

38. Ibid., page 148.

39. Howard, Op. cit., page 162.

40. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934.

41. Ibid., page 59.

42. Ibid., page 69.

43. Ibid., page 131.

44. Judith Modell, Ruth Benedict: Patterns of a Life, London: Chatto & Windus, 1984, page 201.

45. Ibid., page 205.

46. Ibid., pages 206–207.

47. Margaret Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in this Land, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989, pages 211ff, for a discussion of Ruth Benedict’s impact on American thought more generally.

48. Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, New York: Columbia University Press, 1974, which does attempt to recover some of the earlier excitement.

49. Howard, Op cit., page 212.

50. Martin Bulmer, The Chicago School of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1986, pages 1–2.

51. Ibid., pages 4–8, but see also chapters 4 and 5.

52. Charles S. Johnson, The Negro in American Civilisation, London: Constable, 1931.

53. Bulmer, Op. cit., pages 64–65.

54. Johnson, Op. cit., pages 229ff.

55. Ibid., page 463.

56. Ibid., pages 179ff.

57. Ibid., page 199.

58. Ibid., page 311.

59. Ibid., page 463.

60. Ibid., pages 475ff.

61. David Minter, William Faulkner: His Life and Work, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980, pages 72–73.

62. The demands made on Faulkner himself may be seen from the fact that after he had finished a chapter, he would turn to something quite different for a while – short stories for example. See: Joseph Blotner, Selected Letters of William Faulkner, London: The Scolar Press, 1955, page 92.

63. Ursula Brumm, ‘William Faulkner and the Southern Renaissance,’ in Marcus Cunliffe (editor), The Penguin History of Literature: American Literature since 1900, London: Sphere Books, 1975; Penguin paperback revised edition, 1993, pages 182–183 and 189.

64. Ibid., page 195.

65. Minter, Op. cit., pages 153–160.

66. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991, London: Michael Joseph, 1994, page 192.

67. T. R. Fyvel, George Orwell: A Personal Memoir, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982, page 21.

68. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, London: Gollancz, 1937, page 138; New York: Harcourt, 1958. Michael Shelden, Orwell: The Authorised Biography, London: Heinemann, 1991, page 128.

69. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 39.

70. Shelden, Op. cit., page 129.

71. Ibid.

72. Ibid., page 132.

73. Ibid., pages 132–133.

74. Ibid., page 134.

75. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 45.

76. Shelden, Op. cit., page 135.

77. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 44.

78. Shelden, Op. cit., pages 173–174.

79. Ibid., page 180.

80. Ibid., page 239.

81. Ibid., page 244.

82. Ibid., page 245.

83. Ibid.

84. Fyvel, Op. cit., page 64.

85. Shelden, Op. cit., page 248.

86. Ibid., page 250.

87. Ibid., page 256.

88. Fyvel, Op. cit., pages 65–66.

89. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilisation, London: George Routledge, 1934.

90. Ibid., pages 107ff.

91. For an introduction, see also the excerpt in Lewis Mumford, My Works and Days: A Personal Chronicle, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. pages 197–199.

92. Mumford, Technics and Civilisation, Op. cit., pages 400ff.

93. Ibid., page 333.

94. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1938.

95. Ibid., pages 100ff.

96. Ibid., chapter IV, pages 223ff.

97. Ernest William Barnes, Scientific Theory and Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933.

98. Ibid., lectures XIII (pages 434ff), XIV (pages 459ff) and XV (pages 504ff).

99. Ibid., lecture XX (pages 636ff).

100. William Ralph Inge, God and the Astronomers, London and New York: Longmans Green, 1933.

101. Ibid., pages 19ff.

102. Ibid., page 107.

103. Ibid., pages 140ff.

104. Ibid., pages 254–256.

105. Bertrand Russell, Religion and Science, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1935.

106. Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, Op. cit., page 244.

107. Ibid., page 245.

108. Russell, Op. cit., chapters IV and VII.

109. Ibid., pages 236ff.

110. Ibid., page 237.

111. Ibid., page 243.

112. José Ortega Y Gasset, ‘The Barbarism of “Specialisation”,’ from The Revolt of the Masses, New York and London: W. W. Norton and George Allen & Unwin, 1932, quoted in John Carey, The Intellectuals and the Masses, London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1992, pages 17–18.

113. For their contacts and early years, see: Royden J. Harrison, The Life and Times of Sidney and Beatrice Webb, 1858–1905: The Formative Years, London: Macmillan, 2000.

114. Lisanne Radice, Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists, London: Macmillan, 1984, page 56.

115. Ibid., page 264.

116. Ibid., page 292.

117. Ibid., pages 292 and 295.

118. Ibid., page 297.

119. Ibid., pages 297 and 298.

120. Ibid., page 303.

121. Ibid., pages 305 and 323.

122. Stephanie Barron (editor), Degenerale Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany, Los Angeles: County Museum of Art, and New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1991, pages 12–13.

123. Ibid., page 12.

124. Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology, London: Batsford, 1972.

125. Ibid., page 12.

126. Ibid., page 83.

127. Ibid., pages 86–93.

128. Ibid., pages 95–103.

129. Ibid., page 120.

130. Ronald Clark, The Huxleys, London: Heinemann, 1968, page 130.

131. Aldous Huxley: 1894–1963: A Memorial Volume, London: Chatto & Windus, 1965, page 30.

132. For his own feelings about the book, see: Sybille Bedford, Aldous Huxley: A Biography, Volume One: 1894–1939, London: Chatto & Windus/Collins, 1973, pages 245–247.

133. Keith May, Aldous Huxley, London: Paul Elek, 1972, page 100.

134. Ibid.

135. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, London: Chatto & Windus, 1934; New York: Harper, 1934. May, Op. cit., page 103.

136. Clark, The Huxleys, Op. cit., page 236.