Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 5: THE PRAGMATIC MIND OF AMERICA

1. Edward Bradby (editor), The University Outside Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pages 285ff

2. Ibid., passim.

3. Professor Robert Johnston, personal communication.

4. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 39ff. See also: Samuel Eliot Morison (editor), The Development of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1930, pages 11 and 158.

5. Morison, Op. cit., page XC, and Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pages 85ff.

6. Bradby, Op. cit., page 52. Flexner, Op. cit., page 67. It was also noteworthy that in Germany scientific leadership was concentrated in the universities, whereas in Britain the equivalent was located in the private academies, such as the Royal Society, and this also held back the development of the universities.

7. Flexner, Op. cit., page 124. Bradby, Op. cit., page 57.

8. Ibid., page 151. See also: E. R. Holme, The American University, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1920, pages 143ff. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 59–60.

9. Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, London: Routledge, 1995, page 21.

10. William James, Pragmatism, New York: Longman Green, 1907; reprinted New York: Dover, 1995, pages 4 and 5.

11. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience, London: Longman Green, 1902.

12. James, Pragmatism, Op. cit., page 20.

13. Ibid., pages 33ff.

14. Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936.

15. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child, New York: Putnam, 1909.

16. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, Op. cit., page 362.

17. John Dewey, The School and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900; and John Dewey, with E. Dewey, The School of Tomorrow, London: Dent, 1915.

18. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 366.

19. Ibid., page 386.

20. Morison, Op. cit., pages 534–535.

21. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, New York: Harper & Bros, 1913.

22. Ibid., pages 60–61.

23. Morison, Op. cit., pages 539–540.

24. Hofstadter, Op. cit., Part IV, pages 233ff.

25. Ibid., page 266.

26. Ibid., page 267.

27. Ada Louise Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style, New York: Pantheon, 1984.

28. John Gloag, The Architectural Interpretation of History, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1975, page I.

29. Paul Goldberger, The Skyscraper, New York: Knopf, page 9 for a discussion of the significance of the Flatiron Building and page 38 for a reproduction of Steichen’s photograph.

30. See ibid., page 38 for a reproduction of a famous greetings card of the Flatiron, called ‘Downdrafts at the Flatiron,’ with a drawing of a woman, her petticoats being raised by the wind.

31. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 17ff.

32. John Burchard and Albert Bush-Brown, The Architecture of America, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 145.

33. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 22–23.

34. Ibid., page 18. See also: Hugh Morrison, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1971 (reprint of 1935 edition).

35. Wesley Towner, The Elegant Auctioneers, New York: Hill & Wang, 1970, page 176.

36. Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture, Oxford: Phaidon, 1983.

37. William J. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, Oxford: Phaidon, 1982, page 39.

38. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 18–19. See also: Louis H. Sullivan, The Autobiography of an Idea, New York: Dover, 1956 (revised version of 1924 edition).

39. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 34.

40. For Sullivan’s influence in Europe, see: Leonard K. Eaton, American Architecture Comes of Age: European Reaction to H. H. Richardson and Louis Sullivan, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972.

41. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 83.

42. Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography, London: Quartet, 1977 (new edition) pages 50–52.

43. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 87 and 89 for a picture of the design.

44. Henry Combs with Martin Caidin, Kill Devil Hill, London: Secker & Warburg, 1980, page 212.

45. Ibid., page 213.

46. Ibid., page 214.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid., page 216.

49. C. H. Gibbs-Smith, A History of Flying, London: Batsford, 1953, pages 42ff.

50. Alphonse Berget, The Conquest of the Air, London: Heinemann, 1909, pages 82ff.

51. Combs and Caidin, Op. cit., pages 50–51.

52. Ibid., pages 36–38.

53. Ibid., pages 137–138.

54. Ibid., page 204.

55. Ibid., pages 216–217.

56. Gibbs-Smith, Op. cit., pages 242–245.

57. H. H. Arnason, A History of Modem Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1977, page 410.

58. Robert Hughes, American Visions, London: The Harvill Press, 1997, page 323.

59. Arnason, Op. cit., page 410.

60. Martin Green, New York 1913, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, page 137.

61. Quoted in Hughes (1997), Op. cit., page 325.

62. Ibid., page 327.

63. Green, Op. cit., page 140.

64. Hughes (1997). Op. cit., page 334.

65. Ibid., page 331.

66. Arnason, Op. cit., page 507.

67. Arthur Knight, The Liveliest Art, New York: Macmillan, 1957, pages 16–17.

68. Everdell, The First Modems, Op. cit., page 203.

69. Ibid., page 204.

70. Richard Schickel, D. W. Griffith, London: Michael Joseph, 1984, pages 20–23.

71. IBID., PAGES 129FF.

72. Ibid., page 131.

73. See the list in Schickel, Ibid., pages 638–640.

74. Ibid., page 132.

75. Ibid., page 134.

76. Knight, Op. cit., pages 25–27.

77. Schickel, Op. cit., page 116.