Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

CHAPTER 40: THE EMPIRE WRITES BACK

1. Marcus Cunliffe (editor), American Literature since 1900, Op. cit., page 373.

2. Cunliffe (editor). Op. cit., page 377.

3. Ibid., page 378.

4. Ibid., page 373.

5. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, New York: Knopf, 1963; quoted in Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 386.

6. Toni Morrison, all titles published in London by Chatto & Windus. And see also: Malcolm Bradbury, The Modern American Novel, Oxford and New York, 1983, 2nd edition, 1992, page 279.

7. Nancy J. Peterson (editor), Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1997.

8. Alice Walker, The Color Purple, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1982. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 280.

9. Michael Awkward, Inspiriting Influences: tradition, revision and Afro-American women’s novels, New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. See also: David Crystal, English as a Global Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 139.

10. Crystal, Op. cit., page 130.

11. Ibid.

12. Jean Franco, The Modem Culture of Latin America: Society and the Artist, London: Pall Mall, 1967; Penguin 1970, page 198.

13. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The City and the Dogs, translated into English as: The Time of the Hero, New York: Harper & Row, 1979.

14. Gabriel Vargas Llosa, The Green House, London: Jonathan Cape, 1969.

15. Keith Booker, Vargas-Llosa among the Post-Modemists, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994.

16. Gerald Martin, Journeys through the Labyrinth, London: Verso, 1989, page 218.

17. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, published in Spanish 1967, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970; Penguin 1973.

18. D. P. Gallagher, Modem Latin American Literature, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1973, page 150.

19. Ibid., pages 145–150.

20. Carlos Fuentes, La nueva novela hispanoamericana, Mexico City: Joanna Mortiz, 1969; quoted in David W. and Virginia R. Foster (editors), Modem Latin American Literature, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1975, pages 380–381.

21. R. K. Narayan, The Sweet Vendor, London: The Bodley Head, 1967. See also: William Walsh, “India and the Novel,’ in Boris Ford (editor), From Orwell to Naipaul, Penguin, 1983, pages 238–240.

22. Anita Desai, The Village by the Sea, London: Heinemann, 1982; Penguin 1984.

23. Anita Desai, In Custody, London: Heinemann, 1984.

24. Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children, London: Jonathan Cape, 1982; and The Satanic Verses, London: Viking, 1988. Catherine Cundy, Salman Rushdie, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1996, pages 34ff.

25. Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Rape of Islam, London: Chatto & Windus, 1990, page 15. His book is the main source I have used.

26. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 27.

27. Ibid., page 20.

28. Ibid., page 17.

29. Ibid., page 16.

30. Ibid., pages 20–25 passim.

31. Mehdi Mozaffari, Fatwa: Violence and Discovery, Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press, 1998.

32. Ruthven, Op. cit., page 114.

33. Ibid., page 25. See also: Various authors, For Rushdie: Essays by Arab and Muslim Writers in Defence of Free Speech, New York: George Braziller, 1994, especially pages 21ff, 54ff and 255ff.

34. V. S. Naipaul, A House for Mr Biswas, London: Andre Deutsch, 1961.

35. V.S. Naipaul, The Mimic Men, London: Readers Union, 1968.

36. Each of these books was published by André Deutsch.

37. See the account in: Andrew Robinson, Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye, London: Deutsch, 1989, pages 74ff.

38. See Robinson, Op. cit., page 76.

39. Thompson and Bordwell, Film History, Op. cit., pages 483–484 and 512–513. Pallot and Levich, Op. cit., page 520.

40. Robinson, Op. cit., page 156.

41. Ibid., page 513.

42. Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the African World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

43. Ousmane Sembene, God’s Bits of Wood, London: Heinemann, 1970. See also Soyinka, Op. cit., pages 54–60 passim.

44. Soyinka, Op. cit., page 42.

45. Edward Said, Orientalism, New York: Pantheon, 1978.

46. Ibid., page 190.

47. Ibid., pages 317ff.

48. Ibid., page 326.

49. Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Selected Subaltern Studies, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, pages 3–32.

50. Gayatri Spivak, In Other Words: Essays in Cultural Politics, London: Methuen, 1987; and A Critique of Post-Colonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.

51. Guha and Spivak, Op. cit., passim.

52. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, especially pages 24fr and 119ff.

53. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

54. Raman Seiden and Peter Widdowson, Contemporary Literary Theory, Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1993, page 97.

55. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1991.

56. Seiden and Widdowson, Op. cit., pages 93–94. And see: Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture, London: 2000.

57. H. Aram Veeser (editor), The Stanley Fish Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.

58. Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield (editors), Political Shakespeare, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985.

59. Peter Watson, ‘Presume not that I am the thing I was,’ (London) Observer, 22 August 1993, pages 37–38.

60. Annabel Patterson, Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. In May 2000 the director of English Studies at Cambridge University decided to discontinue the examination on Shakespeare as part of the compulsory course for a degree in English.

61. Cunliffe (editor), Op. cit., page 234.

62. He also shared with Eliot ‘A sense of moral dismay’, the title of a chapter in Dennis Carroll’s 1987 biography of the playwright, David Mamet, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.

63. Ibid., page 147.

64. David Mamet, Make-Believe: Essays and Remembrances, London and Boston: Faber, 1996. See also Cunliffe, Op. cit., pages 159–160.

65. Published together as: Rabbit Angstrom: a tetralogy, with an introduction by the author. London: Everyman’s Library, 1995. Bradbury, The Modem American Novel, Op. cit., page 184.

66. Judie Newman, John Updike, Basingstoke: Macmillan Education, 1988. Bradbury, Op. cit., page 184.

67. The publishers of Saul Bellow’s books are as follows: Dangling Man and The Adventures of Augie March: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Henderson the Rain King, Humboldt’s Gift and The Dean’s December. Secker & Warburg; More Die of Heartbreak: Morrow.

68. Jonathan Wilson, On Bellow’s Planet: Readings from the Dark Side, New York: Associated Universities Press, 1985.

69. Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, London: Macmillan, 1990. And see Bradbury, Op. cit., pages 171–172 and 174.

70. Greg Sarris, Keeping Slug Woman Alive: A Holistic Approach to American Indian Texts, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1993; and Grand Avenue, New York: Hyperion 1994; Penguin 1995.