Примечания
1
Цитируется по Burton Ira Kaufman, Washington’s Farewell Address: The View from the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1969), 170.
2
Эту фразу придумал обозреватель Washington Post Чарльз Краутхаммер.
3
Geoffrey Perrett, A Country Made by War (New York, 1989), 558–59, 562.
4
Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 19–45.
5
David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, Wisc., 1970), 39.
6
Felix Gilbert, The Beginnings of American Foreign Policy: To the Farewell Address (New York, 1965), 44–75.
7
Цитируется по Peter S. Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution (Madison, Wisc., 1993), 139.
8
Цитируется по Gilbert, American Foreign Policy, 72.
9
Richard Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence: The International History of the American Revolution (New York, 1965), 4.
10
Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York, 1990), 296.
11
Речь Адамса от 4 июля 1821 года можно найти на сайте www.fff.org/freedom/1001e.asp.
12
Вторая инаугурационная речь, 20 января 2005 года, www.whitehouse.gov/inaugural.
13
Hunt, Ideology, 46–91.
14
Цитируется по William M. LeoGrande, Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1959–1980 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 551.
15
Цитируется по Steven Walt, Taming American Power: The Global Response to American Primacy (New York, 2005), 39.
16
Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace in Vietnam (Berkeley, Calif., 1999), 384. См. также Logevall, «A Critique of Containment», Diplomatic History 28 (September 2004), 488.
17
Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on Foreign Policy (Baltimore, Md., 1996), xi.
18
D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York, 1956), 207–8.
19
Steven Walt, «Taming American Power», Foreign Affairs (September/October 2005), 105–20, and Taming American Power, 109–79.
20
Thomas P. Slaughter, ed., Common Sense and Related Writings (Boston, 2001), 89, 90, 93.
21
Там же, 113; Felix Gilbert, The Beginnings of American Foreign Policy: To the Farewell Address (New York, 1965), 37–43. См. также David W. Fitzsimons, «Thomas Paine’s New World Order: Idealistic Internationalism in the Ideology of Early American Foreign Policy», Diplomatic History 19 (Fall 1995), 574–78.
22
Max Savelle, The Origins of American Diplomacy: The International History of Anglo-America (New York, 1967), 540–44.
23
Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783 (Charlottesville, Va., 1986), ix-xii.
24
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 73.
25
Fred Anderson, The War That Made America (New York, 2005).
26
Там же, xxiii, 228.
27
Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress (New York, 1997), 93.
28
Peter S. Onuf, «The Declaration of Independence for Diplomatic Historians», Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998), 71.
29
William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago, 1996), 10–11.
30
Gilbert, Beginnings, 32–43. The Paine quote is from p. 43.
31
Fitzsimons, «Paine’s New World Order», 576.
32
Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 2, 25, 57; Gilbert, Beginnings, 55.
33
Gilbert, Beginnings, 56.
34
Orville T. Murphy, «The View from Versailles: Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes’s Perceptions of the American Revolution», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (Charlottesville, Va., 1981), 110.
35
William Howard Adams, The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 185; Murphy, «View from Versailles», 110.
36
Richard W. Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence: The International History of the American Revolution (New York, 1965), 104–5.
37
Там же, 100; Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 185.
38
Rakove, Beginnings, 249.
39
Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004), 177.
40
Там же, 180.
41
Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York, 2005), 68.
42
Там же, 110–11.
43
Dull, Diplomatic History, 89–96, and Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 131–33, give less significance to Saratoga in the origins of the alliance.
44
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 163.
45
Murphy, «View from Versailles», 133.
46
William C. Stinchcombe, «Americans Celebrate the Birth of the Dauphin», in Hoffman and Albert, Diplomacy and Revolution, 44–47.
47
Wood, Franklin, 191.
48
Alexander DeConde, «The French Alliance in Historical Speculation», in Hoffman and Albert, Diplomacy and Revolution, 18.
49
Там же, 17–18; Dull, Diplomatic History, 163.
50
Murphy, «View from Versailles», 144; Dull, Diplomatic History, 107.
51
James M. Merrell, «Declarations of Independence: Indian-White Relations in the New Nation», in Jack P. Greene, ed., The American Revolution: Its Character and Limits (New York, 1987), 198–99.
52
Там же, 198.
53
Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1972), 220.
54
Theda Perdue, The Cherokee (New York, 1989), 35–36; Allen R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 74.
55
Rakove, Beginnings, 179.
56
Там же, 190.
57
Dull, Diplomatic History, 120.
58
Gregg L. Lint, «Preparing for Peace: The Objectives of the United States, France, and Spain in the War of the American Revolution», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783 (Charlottesville, Va., 1986), 32–33.
59
Там же, 33–35.
60
Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789 (New York, 1987), 140.
61
Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, Conn., 2002), 275–76.
62
Bradford Perkins, «The Peace of Paris: Patterns and Legacies», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 196.
63
Lint, «Preparing for Peace», 49–50.
64
Esmond Wright, «The British Objectives, 1780–1783:’If Not Dominion Then Trade’», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 8–10.
65
Shelburne to Oswald, July 27, 1782, in Mary A. Giunta, ed., Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1775–1782 (Wilmington, Del., 1998), 91.
66
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 198; Wright, «British Objectives», 10–15; Charles R. Ritche-son, Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States (New York, 1969), 74, 79, 82.
67
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 215; Jonathan R. Dull, «Vergennes, Rayneval, and the Diplomacy of Trust», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 105.
68
Dull, Diplomatic History, 146.
69
Morgan, Franklin, 287–88.
70
Wood, Franklin, 195.
71
James H. Hutson, «The American Negotiators: The Diplomacy of Jealousy», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 54.
72
Там же, 61–62.
73
Dull, Diplomatic History, 149.
74
Hutson, «American Negotiators», 53.
75
Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1957), 255–56, and Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York, 1965), 459, praise Adams and Jay. Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 201, and Dull, Diplomatic History, 146–51, are more critical.
76
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 220–21; Dull, Diplomatic History, 149–51.
77
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 215.
78
Morgan, Franklin, 289.
79
Franklin to Vergennes, December 17, 1782, in Giunta, Documents, 124–25.
80
Merrell, «Declarations», 197.
81
Dull, Diplomatic History, 161.
82
Rakove, Beginnings, 342.
83
Peter S. Onuf, «Anarchy and the Crisis of the Union», in Herman Belz, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds., To Form a More Perfect Union (Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 280.
84
Luis Guillaume Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 178.
85
Walter Stahr, John Jay, Founding Father (New York and London, 2005), 197.
86
Morris, Forging of the Union, 194–95; David Patterson, «The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800», Prologue 21 (Winter 1989), 317.
87
Adams to Jay, June 2, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 151.
88
Rakove, Beginnings, 347.
89
Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 178–79.
90
Adams, Jefferson, 160.
91
Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789 (New York, 1950), 156.
92
Morris, Forging of the Union, 130–32.
93
Giunta, Documents, 161.
94
Morris, Forging of the Union, 205.
95
Adams, Jefferson, 200.
96
Gaye Wilson, «Doctor Franklin», Monticello 16 (Winter 2005), 1.
97
Adams, Jefferson, 166.
98
Stahr, Jay, 218.
99
Richard O’Bryen to Jefferson, August 24, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 229.
100
Adams, Jefferson, 202–3.
101
Jensen, New Nation, 169.
102
Samuel Shaw to Jay, May 19, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 242.
103
Jensen, New Nation, 114.
104
Morris, Forging of the Union, 227.
105
Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 44–66. The Monroe quote is from p. 49. Also Morris, Forging of the Union, 229.
106
Merrell, «Declarations», 201; Graymont, Iroquois, 278–79.
107
Merrell, «Declarations», 202.
108
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 41–44.
109
Merrell, «Declarations», 205.
110
Там же, 204.
111
DeConde, «French Alliance», 28.
112
Morris, Forging of the Union, 209.
113
Jensen, New Nation, 171.
114
Francisco Rendon to Don Jose de Galvez, February 12, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 197.
115
Conde de Floridablanca to Don Diego Gardoqui, October 2, 1784, ibid., 190.
116
Jensen, New Nation, 172.
117
Stahr, Jay, 215.
118
Morris, Forging of the Union, 241.
119
Jensen, New Nation, 173.
120
Stahr, Jay, 216.
121
Otto to comte de Montmorin, March 5, 1787, in Giunta, Documents, 210–11.
122
Jensen, New Nation, 173.
123
Morris, Forging of the Union, 243.
124
Rakove, Beginnings, 350.
125
Там же, 346–47.
126
Frederick W. Marks III, «Power, Pride, and the Purse: Diplomatic Origins of the Constitution», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 311–12.
127
Там же, 310.
128
Rakove, Beginnings, 350.
129
Jonathan R. Dull, «Two Republics in a Hostile World: The United States and the Netherlands in the 1780s», in Greene, Revolution, 158.
130
Daniel G. Lang, Foreign Policy in the Early Republic: The Law of Nations and the Balance of Power (Baton Rouge, La., 1985), 81.
131
Morris, Forging of the Union, 257.
132
Marks, «Diplomatic Origins», 312–13.
133
Morris, Forging of the Union, 266.
134
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Jefferson and the Constitution: The View from Paris, 1786–89», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 323.
135
Onuf, «Anarchy», 272–74, 281–82.
136
Kaplan, «Jefferson», 322; Morris, Forging of the Union, 269.
137
Kaplan, «Jefferson», 334.
138
Jacques J. Gorlin, «Foreign Trade and the Constitution», in Robert A. Goldwin and Robert A. Licht, eds., Foreign Policy and the Constitution (Washington, 1990), 57.
139
Morris, Forging of the Union, 284–85.
140
Jack N. Rakove, «Making Foreign Policy: The View from 1787», in Goldwin and Licht, Constitution, 6.
141
Там же, 13.
142
Там же, 9–13.
143
Norman A. Graebner, «Isolationism and Antifederalism: The Ratification Debates», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 337.
144
Там же.
145
Там же, 339.
146
Там же, 340.
147
Onuf, «Anarchy», 300, 303.
148
Graebner, «Isolationism», 345.
149
Там же, 340.
150
Morris, Forging of the Union, 317.
151
Цитируется по Burton Ira Kaufman, Washington’s Farewell Address: The View from the 20th Century (Chicago, 1969), 183.
152
Там же, 184.
153
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist», in Frank Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Makers of American Diplomacy from Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan (New York, 1974), 56.
154
Цитируется по James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 40.
155
David S. Patterson, «The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800», Prologue 21 (Winter 1989), 323–24.
156
Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History (Chicago, 1963), 72–81.
157
Цитируется по Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, Calif., 1991), 1.
158
Robert Berkhofer Jr., The White Man’s Indian: American Images of the Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York, 1978), 142–44; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 104–6.
159
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 43–46; Prucha, Indian Treaties, 79–84.
160
David Nichols, «The Transformation of Indian Civilization Policy», unpublished paper in possession of author, 8–10.
161
Green, Creeks, 46; Lawrence S. Kaplan, Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire (Wilmington, Del., 1999), 82.
162
Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America (New York, 1975), 112; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 111–14.
163
Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 92.
164
Tim Matthewson, «George Washington’s Policy Toward the Haitian Revolution», Diplomatic History 3 (Summer 1979), 324–28.
165
Там же.
166
Jefferson to James Monroe, July 14, 1793, in Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 26 (Princeton, N.J., 1995), 503.
167
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York, 1993), 4, 77. Классические рассказы о происхождении американских политических партий с разных точек зрения Joseph Charles, The Origins of the American Party System: Three Essays (New York, 1961) и Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978).
168
Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), 121.
169
Там же, 25–26, 136–37, 146; Kaplan, Jefferson, 73–74, 78.
170
Например, Paul Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (New York, 1970) и совсем недавно Robert W. Tucker and David Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990) and Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York, 2001). Убедительную критику, по крайней мере в отношении Джефферсона, дает Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Jefferson as Idealist-Realist», in «Entangling Alliances with None»: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson (Kent, Ohio, 1987), 3–23.
171
Цитируется по Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 24.
172
См. особенно Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 146–52.
173
Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution (New York, 1994), 92–105.
174
Ellis, American Sphinx, 124–25.
175
Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 71.
176
Kaplan, Jefferson, 73.
177
John Lynn, «Revolution in Warfare During the Age of the French Revolution», in Robert A. Doughty et al., Warfare in the Western World, vol. 1 (New York, 1996), 173–93.
178
Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, July 4, 1790, in Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, vol. 16 (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 600–601.
179
Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 71–72.
180
Kaplan, Jefferson, 94–98.
181
Стандартное изложение — Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, 1973), but see also Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 330–54.
182
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 361.
183
Ellis, American Sphinx, 127.
184
Eugene R. Sheridan, «The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy», Diplomatic History 18 (Fall 1994), 463–88.
185
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 146, 155–57; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 436–38.
186
Joseph M. Fewster, «The Jay Treaty and British Ship Seizures: The Martinique Cases», William and Mary Quarterly 45 (July 1988), 426–52.
187
Классическими источниками являются книги Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1962) и Jerald A. Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers (Berkeley, Calif., 1970).
188
Переговоры обсуждаются в Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 318–73, и с британской точки зрения в Charles R. Ritcheson, Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States, 1783–1795 (New York, 1971), 318–59.
189
Бемис утверждает это в Jay’s Treaty, 337–40. Убедительные опровержения см. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 410, and Bradford Perkins, The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 (Berkeley, Calif., 1967), 42–43.
190
Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 416.
191
Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, 161.
192
Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 67; Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, April 14, 1796, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 7:72–78.
193
Todd Estes, «Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate», Journal of the Early Republic 20 (Fall 2000), 393–422.
194
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 441.
195
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 156–57, 182.
196
Стандартное изложение — Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney’s Treaty: America’s Advantage from Europe’s Distress, 1783–1800 (rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1960).
197
Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 506, 511, 538.
198
Alexander DeConde, Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington (Durham, N.C., 1958), 488.
199
Текст «Прощальной речи» и различные ее интерпретации можно найти в Kaufman, Washington’s Farewell Address.
200
Kaplan, Entangling Alliances, 94.
201
Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (New York, 2005), 163.
202
Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York, 1966), 124–25.
203
Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (New York, 2001).
204
William Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair (Westport, Conn., 1981), 35.
205
Stinchcombe’s XYZ Affair — это стандартный рассказ..
206
Adams цитируется по DeConde, Quasi-War, 81; Thomas M. Ray, «‘Not One Cent for Tribute’: The Public Addresses and American Popular Reaction to the XYZ Affair, 1798–1799», Journal of the Early Republic 3 (Winter 1983), 389–411.
207
Kaplan, Jefferson, 118.
208
Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995), 215.
209
Стандартное изложение — DeConde, Quasi-War.
210
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 219–55; Paul Douglas Newman, «The Federalists’ Cold War: The Fries Rebellion, National Security, and the State, 1787–1800», Pennsylvania History 67 (Winter 2000), 63–104.
211
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 606.
212
Цитируется по Page Smith, John Adams (2 vols., New York, 1962), 2:1027–28.
213
О переговорах и праздновании в Мортефонтене рассказывается в DeConde, QuasiWar, 223–58.
214
Kaplan, Jefferson, 123.
215
Цитируется по DeConde, Quasi-War, 339.
216
Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1992), 6, 19.
217
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist», in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan (New York, 1974), 53–79; Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution (New York, 1994), 174–75.
218
Цитируется по Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York, 1970), 653.
219
Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence, Kans., 1976), 43–44.
220
Там же, 54. О гибкости Джефферсона см. Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 58–59.
221
McDonald, Jefferson, 39, 54–55; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1815 (Boston, 1970), 379–92.
222
Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 188–201.
223
Peterson, Jefferson, 657, 665.
224
James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 32–43; Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815 (New York, 1995), 17–24.
225
Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 27.
226
Allison, Crescent Obscured, 24.
227
David A. Carson, «Jefferson, Congress and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War», Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 94 (1986), 411–12.
228
Field, Mediterranean World, 50–51.
229
James R. Sofka, «The Jeffersonian Idea of National Security: Commerce, the Atlantic Balance of Power, and the Barbary War, 1786–1805», Diplomatic History 21 (Fall 1997), 540.
230
Field, Mediterranean World, 52–54; McDonald, Jefferson, 78.
231
Field, Mediterranean World, 52–53; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 40.
232
McDonald, Jefferson, 76.
233
Allison, Crescent Obscured, 46–54, 189, 193, 204; Jefferson to John Taylor, March 29, 1805, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 4:574.
234
Jefferson to Monroe, November 24, 1801, in Ford, Writings 8:105.
235
Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 118–19.
236
Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York, 1976), 64.
237
Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York, 1996), 56.
238
Malone, First Term, 250.
239
Jefferson to Pierre Samuel DuPont, April 25, 1802, цитируется по DeConde, Louisiana, 114–15.
240
Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802, in Ford, Writings 8:143–47.
241
Цитируется по Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), 206.
242
Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995), 217–29; Donald R. Hickey, «America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti», Journal of the Early Republic 2 (Winter 1982), 368–69.
243
Цитируется по Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», 230.
244
DeConde, Louisiana, 147–75.
245
Там же, 210–11.
246
John Craig Hammond, «‘They Are Very Much Interested in Obtaining an Unlimited Slavery’: Rethinking the Expansion of Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territories», Journal of the Early Republic 23 (Fall 2003), 353–80.
247
Цитируется по Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 89.
248
DeConde, Louisiana, 214–15; Jefferson to John Breckinridge, August 12, 1803, in Ford, Writings 10:50.
249
Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», 234–39; Hickey, «Slave Revolt», 374–76; Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti», Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 140 (March 1996), 22–47.
250
Malone, Second Term, 73; Ford, Writings 9:381–82.
251
Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 (Baton Rouge, La., 1961), 340–66; J.C.A. Stagg, «James Madison and George Mathews: The East Florida Revolution of 1812 Reconsidered», Diplomatic History 30 (January 2006), 29–31.
252
Stagg, «Madison and Mathews», 32–55.
253
Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 92.
254
Peterson, Jefferson, 762–64.
255
Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 140–395.
256
Peterson, Jefferson, 904; John M. Belohlavek, «Economic Interest Groups and the Formation of Foreign Policy in the Early Republic», Journal of the Early Republic 14 (Winter 1994), 480–81.
257
Robert Doughty, Ira Gruber, et al., Warfare in the Modern World, vol. 1, Military Operations from 1600 to 1871 (Lexington, Mass., 1996), 212–34.
258
Peterson, Jefferson, 916.
259
Эти вопросы подробно рассматриваются в Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States (Berkeley, Calif., 1961), 75–95, and Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (Baltimore, Md., 1970), 172–79.
260
Perkins, Prologue, 7; Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, 213–15.
261
Spencer C. Tucker and Frank T. Reuter, «The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair», Naval History (March/April 1996), 40–44.
262
Peterson, Jefferson, 876.
263
Burton I. Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, Va., 1979), 99–102.
264
Там же, 103.
265
McCoy, Elusive Republic, 218–19.
266
Reginald C. Stuart, United States Expansion and British North America, 1775–1871 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 42–52.
267
Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 224.
268
Peterson, Jefferson, 913–14.
269
McDonald, Jefferson, 139.
270
Rutland, Madison, 16–17.
271
Там же, 64; J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madisons War (Princeton, N.J., 1983), 116.
272
George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Ottawa, 1983), 21.
273
Rutland, Madison, 96.
274
Там же, 44–45.
275
Примеры нападений на Джексона см. J.C.A. Stagg, ed., The Papers of James Madison, Presidential Series, vol. 2 (Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 27, 123, 263.
276
Pinkney to Madison, August 13, 1810, in Stagg, Madison Papers 2:478–82.
277
R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), 34–79; цитата Текумсе взята из R. David Edmunds, Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership (New York, 1984), 131. См. также John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York, 1998).
278
Edmunds, Prophet, 187–92.
279
Edmunds, Tecumseh, 159–60; Stagg, Madison’s War, 189–92.
280
Rutland, Madison, 86; Stagg, Madison’s War, 189–90.
281
Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, Ill., 1989), 42.
282
Stagg, Madison’s War, 118–19.
283
Цитируется по Rutland, Madison, 95.
284
Reginald Horsman, «On to Canada: Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812», Michigan Historical Review 13 (Fall 1987), 1–24, and «The War of 1812 Revisited», Diplomatic History 15 (Winter 1991), 122–23.
285
Rutland, Madison, 96.
286
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 28; Roger Brown, The Republic in Peril: 1812 (New York, 1971) develops the theme of embattled Republicanism.
287
McCoy, Elusive Republic, 235; Brown, Republic in Peril, 182–86.
288
Цитируется по Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate (New York, 1987), 4. The generational concept is developed in Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, 1783–1830 (Baltimore, Md., 1987).
289
Rutland, Madison, 105. Число погибших в боях американцев составляет 2260 человек. Британские и канадские потери оцениваются в 8744 человека, американские — в 7738. Hickey, War of 1812, 302–3; Stanley, War of 1812, 433–34.
290
Dumas Malone, The Sage of Monticello (Boston, 1981), 105.
291
Stagg, Madisons War, 160–76.
292
Hickey, War of 1812, 135.
293
Цитируется по ibid., 216.
294
Stanley, War of 1812, 208.
295
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 216.
296
Там же, 182.
297
Rutland, Madison, 170.
298
Там же, 159–65.
299
Там же, 177.
300
Stanley, War of 1812, 411–12.
301
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 151.
302
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 50–53; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 129–32.
303
Цитируется по Rutland, Madison, 188.
304
Цитируется по ibid., 189.
305
Perkins, Prologue to War, 435.
306
Hickey, War of 1812, 299–309.
307
Цитируется по Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1973), 491–92.
308
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 150, 160; Stephen Pelz, «Changing International Systems, the World Balance of Power, and the United States, 1776–1976», Diplomatic History 15 (Winter 1991), 51–63.
309
Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America (New York, 1991), 93; о нервозности США по поводу британской территориальной и торговой экспансии см. Kinley J. Brauer, «The United States and British Imperial Expansion, 1815–1860», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 19–37.
310
Цитируется по Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 38.
311
См. особенно Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 46–48.
312
Там же, 270–76, 283.
313
Sellers, Market Revolution, 76.
314
Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 187.
315
Bemis, Adams, 255–57, 262–77; William Earl Weeks, John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire (Lexington, Ky., 1992), 9–17, 52–61.
316
Cunningham, Monroe, 119.
317
Walter LaFeber, ed., John Quincy Adams and American Continental Empire (Chicago, 1965), 36; Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (rev. ed., Boston, 1963), 28.
318
Bemis, Adams, 264.
319
Cunningham, Monroe, 133–37; Robert Ralph Davis Jr., «Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period», American Quarterly 20, no. 1 (1968), 170–71.
320
Peter T. Dalleo, «Thomas Kean Rodney: U.S. Consul in Cuba: The Havana Years, 1825–1829», Delaware History 22 (Spring/Summer 1987): 204–18; David W. McFadden, «John Quincy Adams, American Commercial Diplomacy, and Russia, 1809–1825», New England Quarterly 66 (December 1993), 620–22.
321
John H. Schroeder, Shaping a Maritime Empire: The Commercial and Diplomatic Role of the American Navy, 1829–1861 (Westport, Conn., 1985), 15–18.
322
Mary W. M. Hargreaves, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Lawrence, Kans., 1985), 73.
323
Цитируется по ibid., 76.
324
Цитируется по Paul A. Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 1820–1860 (East Lansing, Mich., 1979), 75.
325
Hargreaves, Adams, 70–72.
326
Там же, 68, 72, 85–86.
327
Там же, 77–84.
328
Цитируется по Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 63.
329
Цитируется по Hargreaves, Adams, 97.
330
Цитируется по George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815–1828 (New York, 1965), 157.
331
Robert Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), 309.
332
William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago, 1996), 32–34.
333
Weeks, Adams, 71–80.
334
Там же, 142.
335
Там же, 109; Sellers, Market Revolution, 98.
336
Jackson to George Graham, December 17, 1817, in Harold D. Moser, ed., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1994), 161.
337
Jackson to Graham, April 22, 1817, ibid., 111–12. См. также David Heidler и Jeanne Heidler, Old Hickory’s War: Andrew Jackson’s Quest for Empire (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1996).
338
Jackson to Rachel Jackson, June 2, 1818, ibid., 212–13; to James Monroe, June 2, 1818, ibid., 215.
339
Weeks, Adams, 139.
340
Там же, 178.
341
Цитируется по Bemis, Adams, 338–39.
342
Стандартным описанием послевоенного англо-американского сближения является книга Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley, Calif., 1964). For the importance of the alternat, see Bemis, Adams, 225–27.
343
Weeks, Adams, 122–23; Sellers, Market Revolution, 92; Cunningham, Monroe, 86–88.
344
Norman A. Graebner, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in Continental Expansion (rev. ed., Claremont, Calif., 1983), 37; Howard Jones and Donald Rakestraw, Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s (Wilmington, Del., 1997), 159.
345
Классическим исследованием является Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826 (Cambridge, Mass., 1927).
346
Normal E. Saul, Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867 (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 96–98.
347
Bemis, Adams, 368.
348
James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 122.
349
Remini, Clay, 222–25; Hargreaves, Adams, 118.
350
Perkins, Monroe Doctrine, 22–24, 34.
351
Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800–1830 (New York, 1964), 217.
352
Например, William W. Kaufmann, British Policy and Latin America (New Haven, Conn., 1951), 142–53.
353
Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1904), 12:318–21; Madison to Monroe, October 30, November 1, 1823, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (7 vols., New York, 1898–1903), 6:394–95.
354
Эрнест Р. Мэй выдвигает этот аргумент в работе The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (Cambridge, Mass., 1976). Убедительное опровержение см. Harry Ammon, «Monroe Doctrine: Domestic Politics or National Decision», Diplomatic History 5 (Winter 1981), 53–70.
355
Цитируется по Bemis, Adams, 385.
356
Seventh Annual Message, December 2, 1823, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 2:776–789.
357
Gale W. McGee, «The Monroe Doctrine — A Stopgap Measure», Mississippi Valley Historical Review 38 (September 1951), 233–50.
358
Perkins, Monroe Doctrine, 73–75. Metternich is quoted on pp. 55–57.
359
Saul, Distant Friends, 101–3.
360
James E. Lewis Jr., John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union (Wilmington, Del., 2001), 103.
361
Hargreaves, Adams, 116–17; Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973: Conflict and Coexistence (New York, 1974), 35–41.
362
Hargreaves, Adams, 114–15.
363
Цитируется по Field, Mediterranean World, 92.
364
Цитируется по Hargreaves, Adams, 114.
365
Field, Mediterranean World, 68–101; Ussama Makdisi, «Reclaiming the Land of the Bible: Missionaries, Secularism, and Evangelical Modernity», American Historical Review 102 (June 1997), 680–90.
366
Adams’s July 4, 1821, speech to the House of Representatives may be conveniently found at www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresidents/jqadams.
367
Hargreaves, Adams, 119–21.
368
Там же, 127; Lewis, Adams, 87–88.
369
Hargreaves, Adams, 128.
370
Там же, 127; David Bushnell, «Simon Bolivar and the United States: A Study in Ambivalence», Air University Review 37 (July-August 1986), 106–12.
371
Hargreaves, Adams, 129–31.
372
Sellers, Market Revolution, 273; Remini, Clay, 299; Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 80–81.
373
Hargreaves, Adams, 140–46; Remini, Clay, 301–3.
374
Цитируется по Hargreaves, Adams, 157.
375
Там же, 147–148; Remini, Clay, 292–95.
376
Remini, Clay, 300–301.
377
Lewis, Adams, 99.
378
Там же, 95; Weeks, Continental Empire, 58–59.
379
Donald B. Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence, Kans., 1993), 41–42, 93, 241–42; John M. Belohlavek, «Let the Eagle Soar!» The Foreign Policy of Andrew Jackson (Lincoln, Neb., 1985), 34–36.
380
Davis, «Diplomatic Plumage», 171–72.
381
Belohlavek, Eagle, 92–106.
382
Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York, 2001) использует Джексона, чтобы представить воинственную тенденцию во внешней политике США. Артур Шлезингер-младший изображает более мягкого и дипломатичного Джексона в New York Review of Books (May 15, 2003), 19.
383
Cole, Jackson, 121–23.
384
Belohlavek, Eagle, 92–106.
385
Цитируется по Marvin R. Zahniser, Uncertain Friendship: American-French Relations Through the Cold War (New York, 1975), 102.
386
Cole, Jackson, 126–27.
387
Там же, 124–25.
388
Цитируется по Charles R. Ritcheson, «Van Buren’s Mission to London, 1831–1832», International History Review 8 (May 1986), 198–211.
389
Belohlavek, Eagle, 84–88; Saul, Distant Friends, 121–22.
390
Field, Mediterranean World, 141–53; Belohlavek, Eagle, 128–38.
391
Robert Hopkins Miller, The United States and Vietnam, 1787–1941 (Washington, 1990), 32–40. Also Ronald Spector, «The American Image of Southeast Asia, 1790–1865: A Preliminary Assessment», Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 111 (September 1972), 299–305, and Belohlavek, Eagle, 162–77.
392
Schroeder, Maritime Empire, 34.
393
Christian J. Maisch, «Falkland/Malvinas Islands Clash of 1831–1832», Diplomatic History 24 (Spring 2000), 185–210. Jackson’s gunboat diplomacy is vigorously defended in Craig Evan Klafter, «United States Involvement in the Falklands Islands Crisis of 1831–1833», Journal of the Early Republic 4 (Winter 1984), 395–420.
394
Belohlavek, Eagle, 152–62.
395
Schroeder, Maritime Empire, 28; Belohlavek, Eagle, 162.
396
Robert L. Meriwether et al., The Papers of John C. Calhoun (28 vols., Columbia, S.C., 1959–2oo3), 3:350.
397
Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 198.
398
Cole, Jackson, 67–74.
399
Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832 (New York, 1981), 270, 272.
400
Horsman, Race, 202.
401
Remini, Jackson, 202, 218.
402
Belohlavek, Eagle, 225.
403
Quinton C. Lamar, «A Diplomatic Disaster: The Mexican Mission of Anthony Butler, 1829–1834», Americas 45 (July 1988), 1–18; Joe Gibson, «‘A. Butler: What a Scamp!’» Journal of the West 2 (1972), 235–47.
404
William H. Gilman et al., Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson (14 vols., Cambridge, Mass., 1960–78), 9:430–31.
405
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 150; Stephen Pelz, «Changing International Systems, the World Balance of Power, and the United States, 1776–1976», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 57–58.
406
William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago, 1996), 85.
407
Kinley J. Brauer, «The United States and British Imperial Expansion, 1815–1860», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 36–37.
408
Цитируется по Larry Gara, The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 129.
409
Цитируется по Robert W. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York, 1987), 144–45.
410
Цитируется по Edwin T. Greninger, «Tennesseans Abroad in 1851–1852», Tennessee Historical Quarterly 49 (Summer 1990), 81–82. См. также Reginald C. Stuart, United States Expansionism and British North America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 148–66.
411
Gara, Pierce, 57–59.
412
Paul H. Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk (Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 218–19.
413
Цитируется по Ralph Davis Jr., «Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period», American Quarterly 20, no. 2 (1968), 175–79; Gara, Pierce, 58–59.
414
Norman E. Saul, Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867 (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 253.
415
Weeks, Continental Empire, 59–62.
416
Классическое исследование, интеллектуальная история, остается Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History (Baltimore, Md., 1935). Среди других крупных работ — Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (New York, 1966), Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Jacksonian America (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985), и Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny—American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995).
417
Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 301.
418
Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1966); Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties, Michigan, 1827–1861 (Princeton, N.J., 1971); Michael F. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the American Civil War (New York, 1999).
419
Michael A. Morrison, «Westward the Curse of Empire: Texas Annexation and the American Whig Party», Journal of the Early Republic 10 (Summer 1990), 226–29; Hietala, Manifest Design, 95–131, 196.
420
Morrison, «Westward», 230–33; Norma Lois Peterson, The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (Lawrence, Kans., 1989), 138. См. также Major Wilson, Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict (Westport, Conn., 1974).
421
Edward P. Crapol, «The Foreign Policy of Anti-slavery, 1833–1846», in Lloyd C. Gardner, ed., Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Appleman Williams (Corvallis, Ore., 1986), 88–102.
422
Hietala, Manifest Design, 30–32. О том, как рабовладельцы нагнетали страх, см. Edmund P. Gaines to Calhoun, May 5, 1844, in Clyde Wilson, ed., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 18 (Columbia, S.C., 1989), 440–44, Calhoun to Ana Maria Calhoun Clemson, May 16, 1844, ibid., 469, Calhoun to William King, August 12, 1844, ibid., vol. 19 (Columbia, S.C., 1990), 574–75, Robert M. Harrison to Calhoun, August 12, 1844, ibid., 634–36, и введение Уилсона в книгу там же, xiii-xviii.
423
Hietala, Manifest Design, passim.
424
Stuart, United States Expansionism, 85–99.
425
Там же, 126–47; Howard Jones and Donald A. Rakestraw, Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s (Wilmington, Del., 1997), 21–41; Scott Kaufman and John A. Soares Jr., «‘Sagacious Beyond Praise’? Winfield Scott and Anglo-American-Canadian Border Diplomacy, 1837–1860», Diplomatic History 30 (January 2006), 58–66.
426
Jones and Rakestraw, Prologue, 8–11, Kaufman and Soares, «Scott», 66–71.
427
Jones and Rakestraw, Prologue, 81–89.
428
Цитируется по ibid., 105.
429
Там же, 114.
430
Charles S. Campbell, From Revolution to Rapprochement: The United States and Great Britain, 1783–1900 (New York, 1974), 62; Stuart, United States Expansionism, 101–2; Jones and Rakestraw, Prologue, 149. Стандартное изложение — Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1977). См. также Francis M. Carroll, A Good and Wise Measure; The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783–1842 (Toronto, 2001).
431
Peterson, Harrison and Tyler, 136–37.
432
Calhoun to Pakenham, September 3, 1844, in Wilson, Calhoun Papers 19:705.
433
«Реаннексия» Техаса ошибочно предполагала, что Техас когда-то принадлежал Соединенным Штатам, но был небрежно растрачен по договору с Испанией в 1819 году.
434
Bergeron, Polk, 45; Hietala, Manifest Design, 249.
435
Jones and Rakestraw, Prologue, 235. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1845 (New York, 2007), 715–22, утверждает, что Полк занял жесткую позицию в отношении Орегона, чтобы заручиться поддержкой северных демократов в вопросе жесткой позиции по отношению к Мексике.
436
Там же, 240.
437
Там же, 206.
438
Цитируется по David M. Pletcher, The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War (Columbia, Mo., 1973), 339.
439
Там же, 414.
440
Там же, 402–17; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 718–22.
441
Stuart, United States Expansionism, 104–5.
442
Hietala, Manifest Design, 193.
443
Robert Paquette, «The Everett-Del Monte Connection: A Study in the International Politics of Slavery», Diplomatic History 11 (Winter 1987), 1–22; Edmund P. Gaines to Calhoun, May 5, 1844, in Wilson, Calhoun Papers 18:440–441, and Calhoun to William King, August 12, 1844, ibid. 19:568, 578.
444
Morrison, «Westward the Curse», 235.
445
Crapol, «Anti-slavery», 84–87, 89–91.
446
Gadsden to Calhoun, May 3, 1844, in Wilson, Calhoun Papers 18:84–85.
447
Edward P. Crapol, «John Tyler and the Pursuit of National Destiny», Journal of the Early Republic 17 (Fall 1997), 476–79.
448
Peterson, Harrison and Tyler, 176–80, 256–58.
449
Enrique Krauze, Mexico, Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico (New York, 1997), 99–135, 142.
450
J. M. de Bocaneara to Ben Green, June 6, 15, 1844, in Wilson, Calhoun Papers 19:67, 79.
451
Bergeron, Polk, 58–63.
452
Peterson, Harrison and Tyler, 139.
453
Larkin to Calhoun, August 18, 1844, in Wilson, Calhoun Papers 19:606–7; Hietala, Manifest Design, 87.
454
Charles G. Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York, 1991), 420.
455
Gene M. Brack, Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War (Albuquerque, N.M., 1975), 95.
456
Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 210; Hietala, Manifest Design, 156.
457
Цитируется по Hietala, Manifest Design, 154.
458
Основным «ревизионистским» исследованием является Glenn W. Price, Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue (Austin, Tex., 1967).
459
Bergeron, Polk, 73–74.
460
Sellers, Market Revolution, 421.
461
Цитируется по Norman A. Graebner, «The Mexican War: A Study in Causation», Pacific Historical Review 49 (August 1980), 418.
462
Brack, Mexico Views, 82, 99. Недавно был проведен прекрасный анализ Timothy Henderson, A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States (New York, 2007).
463
Pletcher, Diplomacy of Annexation, 461.
464
Hietala, Manifest Design, 158.
465
Pletcher, Diplomacy of Annexation, 493.
466
Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 32–33, 50, 171–73, 205; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 789–90, 797–98.
467
Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 10, 12–13, 16, 25.
468
Graebner, «Mexican War», 405.
469
John H. Schroeder, Mr. Polk’s War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848 (Madison, Wisc., 1973), 99.
470
Там же, 72–73, 160–63; Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 275–79.
471
Schroeder, Mr. Polk’s War, 143.
472
Robert A. Doughty et al., Warfare in the Western World (2 vols., Lexington, Mass., 1996), 1:321.
473
Hietala, Manifest Design, 163; Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 299.
474
Цитируется по K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (New York, 1974), 399.
475
Krauze, Mexico, 143, 147–49; Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 301.
476
Bergeron, Polk, 110.
477
Johannsen, Halls of the Montezumas, 5.
478
Sellers, Market Revolution, 425.
479
Цитируется по Kenneth E. Shewmaker, «Forging the’Great Chain’: Daniel Webster and the Origins of American Foreign Policy Toward East Asia and the Pacific, 1841–1852», Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129 (September 1985), 250–51.
480
Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 11.
481
Arthur Power Dudden, The American Pacific: From the Old China Trade to the Present (New York, 1992), 11–17; William Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 (Berkeley, Calif., 1975); Nathaniel Philbrick, Sea of Glory: America’s Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842 (New York, 2003).
482
Dudden, American Pacific, 56–57.
483
Shewmaker, «Great Chain», 231–33.
484
Там же, 239.
485
Там же, 239–43.
486
Ssu-Yu Teng and John K. Fairbank, China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923 (New York, 1954), 17–19; Edwin O. Reischauer, The United States and Japan (rev. ed., New York, 1957), 5–11.
487
Murray A. Rubinstein, «The Wars They Wanted: American Missionaries’ Use of the Chinese Repository Before the Opium War», American Neptune 48 (Fall 1988), 277–82.
488
Kenneth E. Shewmaker, ed., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Diplomatic Papers (Hanover, N.H., 1983), 1:907–10; Webster to Caleb Cushing, May 8, 1843, ibid., 922–26.
489
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretive History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1974), 14.
490
Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983), 26.
491
William M. Gabard, «John Eliot Ward: A Georgia Elitist in the Celestial Empire, 1858–1860», Studies in the Social Sciences 22 (June 1983), 56–60.
492
Hunt, Special Relationship, 35.
493
Earl Swisher, Chi na’s Management of the American Barbarians (New Haven, Conn., 1951), 46.
494
Jeffrey A. Keith, «‘An Entirely Peaceful Spirit of Conquest’: Commodore Matthew Galbraith Perry’s Cultural Diplomacy, 1852–1854» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2006).
495
LaFeber, Clash, 18–23; Jack M. Hammersmith, Spoilsmen in a «Flowery Fairland»: The Development of the U.S. Legation in Japan, 1859–1906 (Kent, Ohio, 1998), 1–25.
496
Stuart, United States Expansionism, 96.
497
Elbert B. Smith, The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore (Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 18.
498
Gara, Pierce, 150.
499
Robert E. May, Manifest Destiny’s Underworld: Filibustering in Antebellum America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002), 1–116.
500
Gara, Pierce, 129–32, 147–48.
501
May, Filibustering, 117–248.
502
Цитируется по Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 67. Also Jozsef Gellen, «The American Experiment and Reform-Age Hungary, 1828–1848», in Jacques Portes, ed., Europe and America: Criss-Crossing Perspectives, 1788–1848 (Paris, 1987), 131–48.
503
Smith, Taylor/Fillmore, 231.
504
Там же, 230–33.
505
Mark J. White, «The Case of the Yucatecan Request: American Foreign Policy at the Close of the Mexican War», Mid-America 72 (October 1990), 177, 184, 189.
506
Gara, Pierce, 147.
507
Cristobal Madam to William Preston, November 2, 1849, William Preston Papers, Special Collections, University of Kentucky Library, Box 46. Я благодарю доктора Рэндольфа Холлингсворта за то, что он обратил мое внимание на эти документы.
508
Gara, Pierce, 150–55; «The Ostend Manifesto», October 18, 1854, in Ruhl Bartlett, ed., The Record of American Diplomacy (New York, 1950), 240–42.
509
Preston to James Buchanan, May 8, 1859, Preston Papers, Box 46.
510
Цитируется по Thomas M. Leonard, Central America and the United States: The Search for Stability (Athens, Ga., 1991), 22.
511
Gara, Pierce, 145.
512
James M. Woods, «Expansionism as Diplomacy: The Career of Solon Borland in Central America, 1853–1854», Americas 40 (January 1984), 410–15.
513
Leonard, Central America, 22–30; John H. Coatsworth, Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus (New York, 1994), 27–29.
514
Цитируется по Paul A. Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 1820–1860 (East Lansing, Mich., 1979), 230.
515
Elbert B. Smith, The Presidency of James Buchanan (Lawrence, Kans., 1975), 71.
516
Цитируется по ibid., 73.
517
Coatsworth, Central America, 27; Albert Z. Carr, The World and William Walker (New York, 1963).
518
Smith, Buchanan, 69–80.
519
Robert M. May, «Agents of Manifest Destiny», неопубликованная работа, находящаяся в распоряжении автора, и Manifest Destiny, 240, 246–47.
520
Weeks, Continental Empire, 163; Fry, Dixie, 72–74.
521
Robert E. May, ed., The Union, the Confederacy and the Atlantic Rim (Lafayette, Ind., 1995), 1–2.
522
James M. McPherson, «‘The Whole Family of Man’: Lincoln and the Last Best Hope Abroad», in ibid., 136–38.
523
Carl N. Degler, «One Among Many: The United States and National Unification», in Carl J. Guarneri, America Compared (New York, 1997), 335–52; David M. Potter, «Civil War», in C. Vann Woodward, ed., The Comparative Approach to American History (New York, 1968), 138–45.
524
Norman E. Saul, Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867 (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 329.
525
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 187–93; D. P. Crook, Diplomacy During the American Civil War (New York, 1975), 21, 99, 107, 121, 155, 180–83.
526
Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 145.
527
Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York, 1979), 167–68.
528
Henry Blumenthal, «Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Rivalries», Journal of Southern History 32 (May 1966), 153; Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge, LA., 2002), 75–78.
529
Fry, Dixie, 76–77.
530
Howard Jones, Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), 7, 11, 88. On Seward, see also Gordon H. Warren, «William Henry Seward», in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan (New York, U74), 195–219.
531
Хэй цитируется по Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York, 2005), 745. О Линкольне см. Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (Lincoln, Neb., 1999) и Jan Morris, Lincoln: A Foreigner’s Quest (New York, 2000).
532
Saul, Distant Friends, 166–237, 398–99; цитата взята изp. 201.
533
Там же, 312–25; the quotation is from p. 305.
534
Times of London, цитируется по McPherson, «Whole Family», 136. Авторитетным исследованием мнения британцев является R.J.M. Blackett, Divided Hearts: Britain and the American Civil War (Baton Rouge, La., 2001).
535
November 7, 1861.
536
Davis message to Second Provisional Congress, April 29, 1861, in James D. Richardson, ed., The Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy (2 vols., New York, 1966), 1:75.
537
Phillip S. Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 89–90.
538
Jones, Union in Peril, 50.
539
William Stanton, The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 (Berkeley, Calif., 1975).
540
Geoffrey S. Smith, «Charles Wilkes and the Growth of American Naval Diplomacy», in Merli and Wilson, Makers of American Diplomacy, 152.
541
Jones, Union in Peril, 87.
542
Там же, 87.
543
Paludan, Lincoln, 93; Crook, Diplomacy, 57–60; Jones, Union in Peril, 98–99.
544
Crook, Diplomacy, 80; Richardson, Davis Messages 2:326, documents a case where it took five months to receive a dispatch from Paris.
545
R.M.T. Hunter to William L. Yancey, Pierre A. Rost, and A. Dudley Mann, August 24, 1861, in Richardson, Davis Messages 2:74.
546
Charles P. Roland, The Confederacy (Chicago, 1960), 102.
547
May, Union, Confederacy, 12; Roland, Confederacy, 103–6.
548
Saul, Distant Friends, 335–36.
549
Thomas, Confederate Nation, 188–89.
550
Там же, 177–79; R.J.M. Blackett, «Pressure from Without: African Americans, British Public Opinion, and Civil War Diplomacy», in May, Union, Confederacy, 80–90.
551
Blumenthal, «Confederate Diplomacy», 170.
552
Crook, Diplomacy, 72–73.
553
Dictionary of American Biography (26 vols., New York, 1934–61), 3:167.
554
Joseph A. Fry, Henry S. Sanford: Diplomacy and Business in Nineteenth-Century America (Reno, Nev., 1982), 35–65.
555
Saul, Distant Friends, 317–19.
556
Paludan, Lincoln, 88–89.
557
Thomas Schoonover, «Miscontrued Mission: Expansionism and Black Colonization in Mexico and Central America During the American Civil War», Pacific Historical Review 44 (November 1980), 607–20.
558
Crook, Diplomacy, 68–69.
559
Paludan, Lincoln, 133–34.
560
Цитируется по Jones, Lincoln, 87.
561
Blackett, Divided Hearts, 189.
562
Crook, Diplomacy, 93.
563
Jones, Union in Peril, 156.
564
Там же, 145, 150.
565
Там же, 128.
566
James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 8:3343–44.
567
Jones, Lincoln, 146.
568
Jones, Union in Peril, 193.
569
Crook, Diplomacy, 100.
570
Jones, Lincoln, 16, 56, 59, 70–71, 131–32, 163–66.
571
Crook, Diplomacy, 139–42.
572
Там же, 121–24, 144–46.
573
Saul, Distant Friends, 338, 351–52.
574
Там же, 399–52.
575
Crook, Diplomacy, 186.
576
McPherson, «Whole Family», 141–43; Jones, Lincoln, 154–57.
577
Smith, «Wilkes», 156.
578
Thomas, Confederate Nation, 182–83.
579
Crook, Diplomacy, 116.
580
Там же, 152.
581
Davis messages, December 7, 1863, and November 7, 1864, in Richardson, Davis Messages 1:356, 487.
582
Crook, Diplomacy, 9.
583
Morris, Lincoln, 198.
584
Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York, 1976), 20.
585
To Julia Grant Dent, April 21, 1865, in John Simon, ed., The Papers of U.S. Grant, vol. 14 (Carbondale, Ill., 1985), 428–29. My thanks to Charles Bracelen Flood for bringing this document to my attention.
586
Crook, Diplomacy, 178; Reginald C. Stuart, United States Expansionism and British North America, 1775–1871 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 220.
587
Jones, Lincoln, 181–82.
588
Stephen J. Vallone, «‘Weakness Offers Temptation’: William H. Seward and the Reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine», Diplomatic History 19 (Fall 1995), 585.
589
Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973: Conflict and Coexistence (New York, 1974), 86.
590
Albert Castel, The Presidency of Andrew Johnson (Lawrence, Kans., 1979), 39–42.
591
Там же; Grant to Johnson, June 19, 1965, July 15, 1865, in LeRoy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, The Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 8 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1989), 257–58, 410.
592
Vallone, «Monroe Doctrine», 588.
593
Там же, 599.
594
Там же.
595
Stuart, United States Expansionism, xi, 216–17.
596
Jay Sexton, «The Funded Loan and the Alabama Claims», Diplomatic History 27 (September 2003), 449–78.
597
Stuart, United States Expansionism, 252.
598
См. Castel, Johnson for the former, Ernest N. Paolino, The Foundations of American Expansionism: William Henry Seward and U.S. Foreign Policy (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973) for the latter.
599
Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansionism (Ithaca, N.Y., 1973), 25.
600
Annual message, December 3, 1867, in Graf and Haskins, Johnson Papers 13:304.
601
Castel, Johnson, 144–45; Warren, «Seward», 215.
602
Castel, Johnson, 205.
603
Saul, Distant Friends, 396.
604
Ronald J. Jensen, The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations (Seattle, 1975), 8i–85, 94.
605
James B. Chapin, «Hamilton Fish and American Expansion», in Merli and Wilson, Makers of American Diplomacy, 225; Campbell, Transformation, 25, 50.
606
Chapin, «Fish», 245.
607
LaFeber, New Empire, 36–37.
608
Isthmian — перешек (англ.). Под термином «истмийский канал» подразумевался любой проект канала проложенного через центральноамериканский перешеек, — Прим. переводчика.
609
Louis Martinez-Fernandez, «Caudillos, Annexationism, and the Rivalry Between Empires in the Dominican Republic, 1844–1874», Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993), 595–96.
610
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 83.
611
Campbell, Transformation, 50–52; Martinez-Fernandez, «Caudillos», 592–97.
612
Jay Sexton, «The United States, the Cuban Rebellion, and the Multilateral Initiative of 1875», Diplomatic History 30 (June 2006), 339–48.
613
Там же, 353–65; Louis A. Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh, 1983), 62–64; LaFeber, New Empire, 37–38.
614
Campbell, Transformation, 72.
615
Barry Rigby, «The Origins of American Expansion in Hawaii and Samoa», International History Review 10 (May 1988), 222.
616
Campbell, Transformation, 67–68.
617
Rigby, «Hawaii and Samoa», 226.
618
Там же, 225–27.
619
Campbell, Transformation, 76.
620
Цитируется по Milton Plesur, America’s Outward Thrust: Approaches to Foreign Affairs, 1865–1890 (DeKalb, Ill., 1971), 176.
621
David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Surge in the 1890s (Madison, Wisc., 1970), 13.
622
Nicholas Kristoff, «At This Rate We’ll Be Global in Another Hundred Years», New York Times, May 23, 1999.
623
James A. Field Jr., «American Imperialism: The Worst Chapter in Almost Any Book», American Historical Review 83 (June 1978), 661; David Paull Nickles, «Telegraph Diplomats: The United States’ Relations with France, 1848 and 1870», Technology and Culture 40 (January 1999), 1–25.
624
Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville, Tenn., 1992), 74.
625
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 176–77.
626
Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 11–13.
627
Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 236–41.
628
Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 55. Связь между равнинными индейцами и империализмом 1890-х годов подробно описана в Walter L. Williams, «United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism», Journal of American History 66 (March 1980), 810–31.
629
Kennedy, Great Powers, 242–45.
630
Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963), 39–149; Joseph A. Fry, «Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth Century U.S. Foreign Relations», in Charles W. Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Wilmington, Del., 1996), 261–72.
631
Justus D. Doenecke, The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (Lawrence, Kans., 1981), 55.
632
Fry, «Phases of Empire», 283.
633
Inaugural Address, March 5, 1877, in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 1O:4397.
634
Field, «Worst Chapter», 659.
635
Цитируется по Jeffrey J. Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton: Ambassador of the New Era (Wilmington, Del., 2004), 24; Manfred Putz, «Mark Twain and the Idea of American Superiority at the End of the Nineteenth Century», in Serge Ricard, ed., An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Politics (Aix-en-Provence, 1990), 215–35.
636
Plesur, Outward Thrust, 103–8.
637
William L. Neumann, America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur (New York, 1963), 72–86; Sayuri Guthrie-Shimizu, «For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-Japanese Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity», Diplomatic History 28 (November 2004), 637–62.
638
Plesur, Outward Thrust, 75–86; Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983), 24–32, 154–65.
639
Цитируется по James T. Campbell, Surge of Zion: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 88–99.
640
Tunde Andeleke, UnAfrican Americans: Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission (Lexington, Ky., 1998), especially 111–39.
641
Jane Hunter, «Women Missionaries and Cultural Conquest», in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, vol. 1, To 1920 (Boston, 2005), 383–92.
642
Shannon Smith, «From Relief to Revolution: American Women and the Russian-American Relationship, 1890–1917», Diplomatic History 19 (Fall 1995), 601–6.
643
Plesur, Outward Thrust, 14–22; Normal Saul, Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867–1914 (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 276–81; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), 50–57.
644
Цитируется по John A. Garraty, The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890 (New York, 1968), 283n.
645
Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900 (2nd ed., 1986), 37.
646
Fry, Morgan, 48, 74–75; Tennant S. McWilliams, «James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation», Pacific Historical Review 57 (February 1988), 39.
647
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 142; Richard E. Welch Jr., The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 161.
648
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 14.
649
Там же, 74.
650
Edward P. Crapol, James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire (Wilmington, Del., 2000), xiv, 137–46.
651
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 56–57.
652
Peter Bridges, «An Appreciation of Alvey Adee», American Diplomacy Web site, www .unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2001_10–12/bridges_adee/bridges_adee.html.
653
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 56–57.
654
Wanda Faye Jackson, «The Diplomatic Relationship Between the United States and Haiti, 1862–1900» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1999), 49–50.
655
Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 105, 108.
656
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 146.
657
Lee Burke, Homes of the Department of State (Washington, 1977), 43–47.
658
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 70.
659
Там же, 138.
660
Там же, 70–71, 138–39.
661
Crapol, Blaine, 57.
662
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971), 35–38; Hoogenboom, Hayes, 177–84.
663
Homer E. Socolofsky and Allan B. Spetter, The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 152–54; Campbell, Transformation, 166–68; David A. Smith, «From the Mississippi to the Mediterranean: The 1891 New Orleans Lynching and its Effects on United States Diplomacy and the American Navy», Southern Historian 19 (Spring 1988), 60–85.
664
Saul, Concord and Conflict, 397.
665
Там же, 249; John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 29.
666
Saul, Concord and Conflict, 235–40; Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States, 26–31.
667
David M. Pletcher, «Rhetoric and Results: A Pragmatic View of American Economic Expansionism, 1865–1898», Diplomatic History 5 (Spring 1981), 94–95; Campbell, Transformation, 85–86.
668
Pletcher, «Economic Expansionism», 95.
669
Там же, 103–5.
670
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 153–56.
671
Цитируется по Campbell, Transformation, 100–102.
672
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 162.
673
Там же, 176.
674
Welch, Cleveland, 85.
675
Campbell, Transformation, 103.
676
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 67–69, 136–38.
677
Socolofsky and Spetter, Harrison, 132–36.
678
Enrique Krauze, Mexico, Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico (New York, 1997), 6; Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973 (New York, 1974), 101–5.
679
Thomas M. Leonard, Central America and the United States: The Search for Stability (Athens, Ga., 1991), 42–44.
680
Hoogenboom, Hayes, 189–90.
681
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 66–67.
682
Leonard, United States and Central America, 39–40.
683
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 94.
684
Там же, 94–97; Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 57–62.
685
Crapol, Blaine, 107–8, 112.
686
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 283, 318; Socolofsky and Spetter, Harrison, 117–18.
687
Socolofsky and Spetter, Harrison, 119–23.
688
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 102–6; Socolofsky and Spetter, Harrison, 146–51.
689
Crapol, Blaine, 129–30.
690
Campbell, Transformation, 77.
691
Там же, 80–81.
692
Там же, 83.
693
Doenecke, Garfield and Arthur, 177; Welch, Cleveland, 169.
694
Campbell, Transformation, 71.
695
Цитируется по Crapol, Blaine, 128.
696
Там же, 125–26.
697
Crapol in Joseph A. Fry, «From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations», Pacific Historical Review 65 (May 1996), 302.
698
Samuel Flagg Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the United States (5th ed., New York, 1965), 463; Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York, 1998).
699
Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865–1900 (2nd ed., Arlington Heights, III., 1986), 78.
700
David Healy, U.S. Expansionism: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s (Madison, Wisc., 1970), 46.
701
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 194.
702
Warren Frederick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States: An Administrative History (Chicago, 1961), 71–72.
703
Frank A. Cassell, «The Columbian Exposition of 1893 and United States Diplomacy in Latin America», Mid-America: A Historical Review 67 (October 1985), 109–24.
704
Robert Muccigrosso, Celebrating the New World: Chicago’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 (Chicago, 1998), 179, 193; Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (New York, 1982), 3.
705
Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Relations, 1865–1900 (New York, 1976), 142.
706
Beisner, Old Diplomacy to the New, 74.
707
Там же, 74–76.
708
Там же, 77; Campbell, Transformation, 146.
709
Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 108.
710
Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, Conn., 1998), 35–40.
711
Beisner, Old Diplomacy to the New, 79; Allen R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 255–58.
712
Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York, 1977), 78.
713
Beisner, Old Diplomacy to the New, 78.
714
Там же, 84.
715
Там же, 77; also Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1866–1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), especially 190–97.
716
Ernest R. May, American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay (rev. ed., Chicago, 1991).
717
Цитируется по Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 38.
718
Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 77–81.
719
Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 95.
720
Tennant S. McWilliams, «James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation», Pacific Historical Review 57 (February 1988), 25–46.
721
Richard E. Welch Jr., The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence, Kans., 1988), 171–75.
722
Steven C. Topik, Trade and Gunboats: The United States and Brazil in the Age of Empire (Stanford, Calif., 1996), 120–76.
723
Welch, Cleveland, 187–90; Beisner, Old Diplomacy to the New, 112–15. См. также LaFeber, New Empire, 243–50.
724
Robert C. Hilderbrand, Power and the People: Executive Management of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1877–1921 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 8.
725
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 119.
726
Там же, 124; Welch, Cleveland, 192; Campbell, Transformation, 221; LaFeber, New Empire, 278–83.
727
Joseph A. Fry, «Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth-Century U.S. Foreign Relations», in Charles W. Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Wilmington, Del., 1996), 277.
728
New York Times, February 15, 1998.
729
Louis A. Perez, «The Meaning of the Maine: Causation and the Historiography of the Spanish-American War», Pacific Historical Review 58 (August 1989), 319–21.
730
Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York, 1973), 270, и комментарии в Thomas G. Paterson, «United States Intervention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War», History Teacher 29 (May 1996), 345.
731
Alistair Hennessey, «The Origins of the Cuban Revolt», in Angel Smith and Emma Davila-Cox, eds., The Crisis of 1898: Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization (New York, 1998), 81–88.
732
Louis A. Pérez Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh, 1983), 94.
733
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 131.
734
Hilderbrand, Power and the People, 23.
735
Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of William McKinley (Lawrence, Kans., 1980), 63.
736
Hilderbrand, Power and the People, 18, 40.
737
Там же, 10–11; Gould, McKinley, 56; Joseph A. Fry, «William McKinley and the Coming of the Spanish-American War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image», Diplomatic History 3 (Winter 1979) 77–97.
738
Gould, McKinley, 61–62.
739
H. Wayne Morgan, America’s Road to Empire: The War with Spain and Overseas Expansion (New York, 1965), 41–43.
740
Hyman G. Rickover, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed (Washington, 1976). For the reaction, see May, Imperial Democracy, 139–47.
741
John L. Offner, An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992), 191; Angel Smith, «The People and the Nation: Nationalist Mobilization and the Crisis of 1895–98 in Spain», in Smith and Davila-Cox, Crisis of 1898, 164.
742
Offner, Unwanted War, 227–28; Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 177–78; Louis A. Perez Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 89.
743
Gould, McKinley, 85.
744
Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 188–89.
745
A good military history is David F. Trask, The War with Spain in 1898 (New York, 1981).
746
Walter Millis, The Martial Spirit (New York, 1931), 340; Morgan, Road to Empire, 83.
747
Gould, McKinley, 93.
748
Там же, 101.
749
Там же, 49.
750
Maria Dolores Elizalde, «1898: The Coordinates of the Spanish Crisis in the Pacific», in Smith and Davila-Cox, Crisis of 1898, 191.
751
Campbell, Transformation, 237.
752
Там же, 295; Mehmed Ali, «Ho’ohui’aina Palaka Mai’a: Remembering Hawaiian Annexation One Hundred Years Ago», Journal of Hawaiian History 32 (1998), 141–54.
753
Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 112.
754
Julius W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1898 (Chicago, 1964), 274, 277, 287.
755
Millis, Martial Spirit, 335–38; Emma Davila-Cox, «Puerto Rico in the Hispanic-Cuban-American War: Re-assessing’the Picnic’», in Smith and Davila-Cox, Crisis of 1898, 115–18.
756
Pratt, Expansionists of 1898, 330.
757
Thomas Schoonover, Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization (Lexington, Ky., 2003), 89; Dirk Spennerman, «The United States Annexation of Wake Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean», Journal of Pacific History 33 (September 1998), 239–47.
758
Trask, War with Spain, 441–42.
759
Perez, War of 1898, 24.
760
Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 197–201; Perez, War of 1898, 94–95.
761
Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 218.
762
Brian Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 42–46.
763
May, Imperial Democracy, 252–53.
764
Gould, McKinley, 136–37.
765
Robert L. Beisner, Twelve Against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900 (New York, 1968), 17.
766
Там же, 44, 48.
767
H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (New York, 1998), 330.
768
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), 137.
769
Beisner, Twelve Against Empire, 219.
770
Там же, 228.
771
Healy, U.S. Expansionism, 227.
772
Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 279.
773
Carmen Diana Deere, «Here Come the Yankees: The Rise and Decline of United States Colonies in Cuba», Hispanic American Historical Review 78 (November 1998), 734.
774
Там же.
775
Perez, Cuba Between Empires, 327; Ramon Ruiz, Cuba: The Making of a Revolution (Amherst, Mass., 1968), 33.
776
Perez, War of 1898, 125; Louis A. Perez Jr., «Incurring a Debt of Gratitude: 1898 and the Moral Sources of U.S. Hegemony in Cuba», American Historical Review 104 (April 1999), 358, 381.
777
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 161; Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1979), 18.
778
Linn, Philippine War, 30.
779
Karnow, In Our Image, 171–77.
780
Linn, Philippine War, 223; for a more critical view, see Paul A. Kramer, «Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U.S. Empire», Diplomatic History 30 (April 2006), 169–210.
781
Kramer, «Race-Making», 189, 197, 201–3.
782
Glenn Anthony May, «Why the Filipinos Fired High: Popular Participation in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War», Biblion 7 (Spring 1999), 87–104.
783
Linn, Philippine War, 197.
784
Schoonover, War of 1898, 68–77.
785
Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983), 143–68.
786
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971), 54.
787
Hunt, Special Relationship, 162.
788
Foster Rhea Dulles, «John Hay», in Norman A. Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1961), 22–27.
789
A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1962), 71.
790
Hunt, Special Relationship, 187.
791
Walter LaFeber, «The ‘Lion in the Path’: The U.S. Emergence as a World Power», Political Science Quarterly 101, no. 5 (1986), 714.
792
Peter Fleming, The Siege of Peking (London, 1959), 135–36.
793
The text is in Ruhl Bartlett, ed., The Record of American Diplomacy (New York, 1950), 413.
794
George F. Kennan, American Diplomacy, 1900–1950 (New York, 1952), 23–37.
795
William A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1988), 49–57; Thomas J. McCormick, China Market: America’s Quest for Informal Empire, 1895–1901 (Chicago, 1967).
796
Cohen, America’s Response to China, 59.
797
Hunt, Special Relationship, 182.
798
Там же, 152–54.
799
Sebastian Balfour, «The Impact of War within Spain: Continuity or Crisis?» in Smith and Davila-Cox, Crisis of 1898, 102.
800
«The Ideals of America», The Atlantic Monthly, December, 1902. www.theatlantic .com/issues/o2dec/wilson.htm.
801
Gaines Foster, «Coming to Terms with Defeat: Post-Vietnam War America and the Post-Civil War South», Virginia Quarterly Review 66 (Winter 1990), 27.
802
Kennedy, Great Powers, 248; May, Imperial Democracy, 221, 239, 264–65.
803
James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents of the United States (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1916), 15:662.
804
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 248.
805
Pedro A. Caban, Constructing a Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898–1932 (Boulder, Colo., 1999), 109.
806
Judy Crichton, America 1900: The Turning Point (New York, 1998), 5.
807
Там же, 70.
808
Mark Twain, Following the Equator (New York, 1897), quotation taken from Mark Twain: A Film Directed by Ken Burns (PBS, 2002), part 2.
809
Robert J. McMahon, ed., Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War (New York, 1990), 31–32.
810
Richard H. Collin, «Symbiosis Versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft», Diplomatic History 19 (Summer 1995), 493.
811
Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 36.
812
Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (New York, 1999), 412.
813
Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1896–1945 (New York, 1982), 42.
814
Crichton, America 1900, 10.
815
Speech, March 22, 1906, in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (69 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1966–94), 16:341.
816
Archibald Cary Coolidge, The United States as a World Power (New York, 1912), 7. См. также John H. Latane, America as a World Power (New York, 1907), Carl Russell Fish, American Diplomacy (New York, 1919), and Albert Bushnell Hart, The Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1901).
817
Christopher Endy, «Travel and World Power: Americans in Europe, 1890–1917», Diplomatic History 22 (Fall 1998), 565–94.
818
Collin, «Symbiosis», 483–84.
819
Crichton, America 1900, 30.
820
Volker Berghahn, «Philanthropy and Diplomacy in the’American Century’», Diplomatic History 23 (Summer 1999), 393–96; Richard Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture Since World War II (New York, 1997), 7.
821
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1963), 216–17, 222–23; Berghahn, «Philanthropy», 397–98.
822
Berghahn, «Philanthropy», 397–98.
823
Shannon Smith, «From Relief to Revolution: American Women and the Russian-American Relationship, 1890–1917», Diplomatic History 19 (Fall 1995), 607–15.
824
Judith Papachristou, «American Women and Foreign Policy, 1898–1905», Diplomatic History 14 (Fall 1990), 493–509.
825
Jeanne Zeidler, «Samuel Chapman Armstrong’s Vision: Hampton’s Girdle Around the World», доклад, представленный на заседании отделения Тихоокеанского побережья Американской исторической ассоциации, август 1995 года; Michael O. West, «The Tuskegee Model of Development in Africa: Another Dimension of the African/African American Connection», Diplomatic History 16 (Summer 1992), 371–87.
826
Tunde Adeleke, Nineteenth-Century Black Nationalists and the Civilizing Mission (Lexington, Ky., 1998), 137–139.
827
Gould, Roosevelt, 13.
828
Jacob Heilbrun, «Larger than Life», New York Times Book Review (December 30, 2001), 7.
829
Robert C. Hilderbrand, Power and the People: Executive Management of Public Opinion in Foreign Affairs, 1877–1921 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 53–55.
830
Там же; Walter LaFeber, «The’Lion in the Path’: The U.S. Emergence as a World Power», Political Science Quarterly ror, no. 5 (1986), 716–18.
831
Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 134–37.
832
Gould, Roosevelt, 136.
833
Frank Ninkovich, «Theodore Roosevelt: Civilization as Ideology», Diplomatic History 10 (Summer 1986), 233.
834
Там же; Serge Ricard, «Theodore Roosevelt and the Diplomacy of Righteousness», Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 12 (Winter 1986), 3–4.
835
Richard Hume Werking, The Master Architects: Building the United States Foreign Service, 1890–1913 (Lexington, Ky., 1977), 93.
836
Walter LaFeber, «Technology and U.S. Foreign Relations», Diplomatic History 24 (Winter 2000), 7.
837
George Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912 (New York, 1958), 43, 121; Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York, 1986), 28–29, 186–87, 244, 336.
838
Gould, Roosevelt, 123; Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 299–319.
839
Gould, Roosevelt, 43.
840
Там же, 263; Millett and Maslowski, Common Defense, 299–309.
841
Warren Frederick Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the United States, 1779–1939 (Chicago, 1961), 111.
842
Werking, Master Architects, 129.
843
Jane C. Loeffler, «The Architecture of Diplomacy», Journal of the Society of Architecture Historians 49 (September 1990), 251–55.
844
Norman E. Saul, Concord and Conflict: The United States and Russia, 1867–1914 (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 474–77.
845
Там же; Stuart E. Knee, «The Diplomacy of Neutrality: Theodore Roosevelt and the Russian Pogroms of 1903–1906», Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (Winter 1989), 71–73.
846
Knee, «Neutrality», 73–74; Gould, Roosevelt, 89–90; John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 42–43.
847
Knee, «Neutrality», 72–73.
848
Gaddis, Russia, 43–46; Saul, Concord and Conflict, 523–37, 567.
849
Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race and American Foreign Policy (Boston, 1992), 71.
850
Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983), 228.
851
Delber McKee, «The Chinese Boycott of 1905–1906 Reconsidered: The Role of Chinese-Americans», Pacific Historical Review 55 (May 1986), 171.
852
Hunt, Special Relationship, 228–34.
853
Delber McKee, «The Boxer Indemnity Remission: A Damage Control Device», Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Newsletter 23 (March 1992), 10.
854
Hunt, Special Relationship, 243.
855
McKee, «Indemnity», 13: Hunt, Special Relationship, 270.
856
Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S. Japanese Relations Through History (New York, 1997), 88.
857
Charles E. Neu, The Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan (New York, 1975), 48–49.
858
Gould, Roosevelt, 258.
859
Neu, Troubled Encounter, 51.
860
James R. Reckner, Teddy Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet (Annapolis, Md., 1982).
861
Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington, Ind., 1984), 65–68, 79–83.
862
Curti, Philanthropy, 198.
863
Gould, Roosevelt, 149.
864
Hilderbrand, Power and the People, 86–87; Richard W. Leopold, The Growth of American Foreign Policy: A History (New York, 1962), 284–90.
865
Saul, Concord, 440–44; Geoffrey Best, «Peace Conferences and the Century of Total War», International Affairs 75, no. 3 (1999), 623, 631.
866
Leopold, American Foreign Policy, 292.
867
Saul, Concord, 522.
868
Gould, Roosevelt, 173.
869
Ninkovich, «Roosevelt», 241.
870
Gould, Roosevelt, 182.
871
Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power (New York, 1962), 236–39.
872
H. W. Brands, TR: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997), 534.
873
Beale, Rise to World Power, 265.
874
Saul, Concord, 504.
875
Eugene Trani, The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy (Lexington, Ky., 1969).
876
Saul, Concord, 505; LaFeber, Clash, 84.
877
Gould, Roosevelt, 185.
878
LaFeber, Clash, 92.
879
Serge Ricard, «Theodore Roosevelt: Principles and Practices of a Foreign Policy», Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal 28 (Fall/Winter 1992), 4.
880
Beale, Rise to World Power, 331.
881
Caban, Colonial People, 124.
882
Там же, 90–91.
883
Gervasio Luis Garcia, «‘I Am the Other’: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North Americans, 1898», Journal of American History 87 (June 2000), 40–41.
884
Caban, Colonial People, 105.
885
Wolfgang Binder, «The Tropical Garden and the Mahanesque Resting Place in the Caribbean: Remarks on the Early Incorporation of Puerto Rico by the United States of America», in Serge Ricard, ed., An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Policies, 1881–1917 (Aix-en-Provence, 1990), 100.
886
Garcia, «Puerto Rico», 49–50.
887
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), 228.
888
Там же, 204–9.
889
Там же, 209.
890
Там же, 247.
891
Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1979), 19–28.
892
Gould, Roosevelt, 95–97.
893
John Major, «Who Wrote the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Convention?» Diplomatic History 8 (Spring 1984), ii5–23.
894
Collin, «Symbiosis Versus Hegemony», 477–79.
895
Howard Jones, The Course of American Diplomacy (New York, 1985), 248.
896
J. Michael Hogan, «Theodore Roosevelt and the Heroes of Panama», Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (Winter 1989), 79, 86, 89.
897
LaFeber, Panama Canal, 53–54; Cyrus Veeser, «Inventing Dollar Diplomacy: The Gilded Age Origins of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine», Diplomatic History 27 (June 2003), 301–26.
898
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 180.
899
Nancy Mitchell, «The Height of the German Challenge: The Venezuela Blockade, 1902–1903», Diplomatic History 20 (Spring 1996), 190.
900
Там же, 200.
901
Королларий (corollarium) — это следствие, вытекающее из какого-либо утверждения или положения без дополнительных доказательств. В более широком смысле, это может быть дополнительное положение, которое логически следует из основного, или небольшое добавление к чему-то, что само по себе не требует отдельного доказательства. — Прим. переводчика.
902
Gould, Roosevelt, 175; сам королларий находится в Congressional Record 39 (December 6, 1904), part 1, 19.
903
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 183, 188.
904
Collin, «Symbiosis Versus Hegemony», 488–89.
905
Emily S. Rosenberg and Norman L. Rosenberg, «From Colonialism to Professionalism: The Public Private Dynamic in United States Financial Advising, 1898–1929», Journal of American History 74 (June 1987), 61.
906
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 185–188.
907
Rosenberg and Rosenberg, «Colonialism to Professionalism», 62–63; Emily S. Rosenberg, «Revisiting Dollar Diplomacy: Narratives of Money and Manliness», Diplomatic History 22 (Spring 1998), 159–68.
908
Hilderbrand, Power and the People, 76.
909
Walter Scholes, «Philander Knox, 1909–1913», in Norman A. Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1961), 59–60.
910
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 208.
911
Rosenberg and Rosenberg, «Colonialism to Professionalism», 65–67; Rosenberg, «Dollar Diplomacy», 166–168.
912
Caban, Colonial People, 103–4.
913
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 209.
914
Там же, 214.
915
Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York, 1984), 44; Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934 (Lexington, Ky., 1983), 133–34.
916
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 217.
917
Emily S. Rosenberg, «The Invisible Protectorate: The United States in Liberia, 1909–1940», Diplomatic History 9 (Summer 1985), 191–99.
918
Hunt, Special Relationship, 210.
919
LaFeber, Clash, 95.
920
Robert D. Schulzinger, U.S. Diplomacy Since 1900 (5th ed., New York, 2002), 42–43.
921
Gould, Roosevelt, 298.
922
Rubén Dario, «To Roosevelt», in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, vol. 1, To 1920 (6th ed., Boston, 2005), 405.
923
Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917 (New York, 1954), 81.
924
Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (New York, 1992), 13.
925
Kendrick A. Clements, The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Lawrence, Kans., 1992), 1–14.
926
H. W. Brands, «Woodrow Wilson and the Irony of Fate», Diplomatic History 28 (September 2004), 503–12.
927
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 93.
928
Knock, End All Wars, 11.
929
Woodrow Wilson, «A Political Essay», October 1, 1900, in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (69 vols., 1966–94), 12:17–18.
930
Knock, End All Wars, 7–8.
931
Lloyd C. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (New York, 1987), 43–44.
932
Knock, End All Wars, 14.
933
Frederick S. Calhoun, Power and Principle: Armed Intervention in Wilson’s Foreign Policy (Kent, Ohio, 1986), 13, 17; House Diary, December 18, 1914, Wilson Papers 27:415; Wilson to Mary Ellen Hulbert, April 4, 1915, ibid. 32:476.
934
Michael Kazin, A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (New York, 2006), 216–19.
935
Mobile Speech, October 27, 1913, Wilson Papers 28:448–52.
936
Knock, End All Wars, 22.
937
Там же, 39–45, 83–84.
938
Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 106–8.
939
Calhoun, Power and Principle, 23–24.
940
Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York, 1983), 218–19.
941
Wilson statement, March 18, 1913, Wilson Papers 27:194.
942
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 108.
943
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971), 92.
944
Wilson to Bryan, April 14, 1915, Wilson Papers 32:521.
945
Cohen, Response to China, 96.
946
William Bayard Hale to Wilson, July 9, 1913, Wilson Papers 28:33.
947
Mobile Speech, October 27, 1913, ibid. 28:448–52.
948
House Diary, October 30, 1913, ibid. 28:476.
949
Kazin, Godly Hero, 228–30.
950
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 224–29.
951
Там же, 229.
952
Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic During the United States Occupation of 1916–1924 (Austin, Tex., 1984), 6–19.
953
Wilson to Edith Bolling Galt, August 15, 1915, Wilson Papers 34:209; Hans Schmidt, The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1985), 12–63.
954
Calder, Impact of Intervention, 238–47.
955
Schmidt, Haiti, 74, 174–88; Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930 (Durham, N.C., 2003), 82–84.
956
Yves-Charles Grandjeat, «Capital Ventures and Dime Novels: U.S.-Mexican Relations during the Porifiriano», in Serge Richard, ed., An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Policies, 1881–1917 (Aix-en-Provence, 1990), 137–49; William Schell Jr., «American Investment in Tropical Mexico: Rubber Plantations, Fraud, and Dollar Diplomacy», Business History Review 64 (Summer 1990), 219.
957
Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973: Conflict and Co-existence (New York, 1974), 116–26.
958
William Bayard Hale report, July 9, 1913, Wilson Papers 28:31.
959
British Embassy in Washington to Sir Edward Grey, October 14, 1913, ibid., 543.
960
Peter V. N. Henderson, «Woodrow Wilson, Victoriano Huerta, and the Recognition Issue in Mexico», Americas 41 (October 1984), 154, 173.
961
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 243; Wilson to Bryan, September 19, 1913, Wilson Papers 28:293.
962
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 243.
963
Wilson to Mary Ellen Hulbert, February 2, 1914, Wilson Papers 29:211.
964
Там же, 245.
965
Link, Progressive Era, 122–23.
966
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 99.
967
Robert E. Quirk, An Affair of Honor: Woodrow Wilson and the Occupation of Vera Cruz (New York, 1962), 77.
968
Там же, 107.
969
Там же, 171; Jodi Pettazonni, «The Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2000), 57–79.
970
Wilson to Lindley M. Garrison, August 8, 1914, Wilson Papers 30:362.
971
Memorandum by Thomas Beaumont Hohler, October 21, 1915, ibid. 35:98.
972
Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico (Chicago, 1981), 145.
973
Friedrich Katz, «Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico», American Historical Review 83 (February 1978), 112–17.
974
Katz, Secret War, 307.
975
Там же.
976
Katz, «Attack on Columbus», 101.
977
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 249; Linda Hall and Don Coerver, «Woodrow Wilson, Public Opinion, and the Punitive Expedition: A Re-assessment», New Mexico Historical Review 72 (April 1997), 171–94.
978
Calhoun, Power and Principle, 57.
979
Wilson conversation with Newton Baker, May 12, 1916, Wilson Papers 37:36.
980
Knock, End All Wars, 82–83.
981
Hall and Coerver, «Punitive Expedition», 192–94.
982
Katz, «Attack on Columbus», 130.
983
Interview, April 27, 1914, Wilson Papers 29:516.
984
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 103.
985
John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 2000), 48–74; Michael Howard, The First World War (London, 2003), 18–31.
986
Keegan, First World War, 133.
987
Link, Progressive Era, 145; Ross Gregory, The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War (New York, 1971), 3.
988
Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 43.
989
Wilson to House, August 13, 1914, Wilson Papers 30:336.
990
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1963), 230–31.
991
George H. Nash, «An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I», Prologue (Spring 1989), 57–86.
992
Robert Lansing memorandum, October 23, 1914, Wilson Papers 31:219.
993
House to Wilson, May 25, 1915, ibid. 33:254.
994
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 120–21.
995
House Diary, September 30, 1914, Wilson Papers 31:109.
996
Wilson to Bryan, March 25, 1915, ibid. 32:432–33.
997
Wilson to Bryan, April 3, 1915, ibid. 32:469.
998
John Milton Cooper Jr., «The Shock of Recognition: The Impact of World War I on America», Virginia Quarterly Review 76 (Autumn 2000), 557.
999
Gregory, Origins of Intervention, 63–64.
1000
Там же, 60–63. «Двойное желание» отмечено в John A. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson (London, 2002), 112.
1001
Ernest R. May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (Chicago, 1959), 225–27; Thompson, Wilson, 114–17.
1002
Gregory, Origins of Intervention, 94–96; Thompson, Wilson, 121–22.
1003
Wilson to House, May 16, 1916, Wilson Papers 37:57–58; July 24, 1916, ibid., 467.
1004
Knock, End All Wars, 58.
1005
Jane Addams et al to Wilson, October 29, 1915, Wilson Papers 35:134.
1006
Knock, End All Wars, 90; George C. Herring Jr., «James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy», Journal of Southern History 30 (November 1964), 383–404.
1007
Knock, End All Wars, 50–58.
1008
Cooper, «Shock of Recognition», 579–81.
1009
Knock, End All Wars, 77.
1010
Wilson speeches, October 5, 1916, Wilson Papers 38:337–38, 347.
1011
«Peace Without Victory» speech, January 22, 1917, ibid. 40:533–39.
1012
Robert H. Zieger, America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience (Lanham, Md., 2000), 48.
1013
Knock, End All Wars, 107.
1014
Я благодарю Томаса Нока за то, что он поделился со мной этой информацией.
1015
May, World War, 404–15.
1016
Franklin Lane to W. Lane, February 5, 1917, Wilson Papers 41:282.
1017
Katz, Secret War, 350–78.
1018
Knock, End All Wars, 120.
1019
«Wilson War Message», April 2, 1917, Wilson Papers41:519–27.
1020
Keegan, World War I, 373.
1021
Там же, 410–11.
1022
«Peace Without Victory» speech, January 27, 1917, Wilson Papers40:539.
1023
N. Gordon Levin Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968), 61–64.
1024
Fourteen Points address, January 8, 1918, Wilson Papers 40:534–39; Knock, End All Wars, 142–47.
1025
Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War and Peace (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1979), 85; Thompson, Wilson, 157–60.
1026
Calhoun, Power and Principle, 167–74; Roy MacLeod, «Secrets Among Friends: The Research Information Service and the Special Relationship in Allied Scientific Information and Intelligence», Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning, and Policy 37 (Autumn 1999), 201–33.
1027
Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 76–77; Calhoun, Power and Principle, 178–79.
1028
Gregg Wolper, «Wilsonian Public Diplomacy: The Committee on Public Information in Spain», Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993), 17.
1029
Там же, 17–34; James D. Stratt, «American Propaganda in Britain During World War I», Prologue 28 (Spring 1996), 17–33; Kazuyuki Matsuo, «American Propaganda in China: The U.S. Committee on Public Information, 1918–1919», Journal of American-Canadian Studies 14 (1996), 19–42.
1030
Matsuo, «Propaganda», 21.
1031
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 61–63.
1032
Knock, End All Wars, 156.
1033
Calhoun, Power and Principle, 199–200.
1034
David S. Fogelsong, America’s Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 190–91.
1035
Arthur Walworth, America’s Moment, 1918: American Diplomacy at the End of World War I (New York, 1977).
1036
Keegan, First World War, 410–14.
1037
Knock, End All Wars, 142.
1038
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston, 1994), 35, 45.
1039
Thompson, Wilson, 175–76.
1040
Там же, 177.
1041
Klaus Schwabe, «U.S. Secret War Diplomacy, Intelligence, and the Coming of the German Revolution in 1918: The Role of Vice Consul James McNally», Diplomatic History 16 (Spring 1992), 200.
1042
Thompson, Wilson, 212.
1043
Walworth, America’s Moment, 1.
1044
Цитируется по «Fighting Men», National Interest 69 (Fall 2002), 129.
1045
Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York, 2007), 1–51.
1046
Jonathan M. Nielson, «The Scholar as Diplomat: American Historians at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919», International History Review 14 (May 1992), 228–51.
1047
Thompson, Wilson, 212, минимизирует влияние болезни Уилсона на ход переговоров.
1048
Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York, 2003), 15–16.
1049
Manela, Wilsonian Moment, 45.
1050
Clements, Wilson Presidency, 174; Thompson, Wilson, 191–93.
1051
Macmillan, Paris 1919, xxx; Thompson, Wilson, 191–93.
1052
Thompson, Wilson, 210; Macmillan, Paris, 1919, 459–83; Clements, Wilson Presidency, 179–82, 186.
1053
Macmillan, Paris 1919, 334; Stephen G. Craft, «John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question», Pacific Historical Review 66 (May 1997), 239.
1054
Noriko Kawamura, «Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference», Pacific Historical Review 66 (November 1997), 524.
1055
Knock, End All Wars, 250.
1056
Macmillan, Paris 1919, 109–42, 207–70; Betty Miller Unterberger, «The United States and National Self-Determination: A Wilsonian Perspective», Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996), 926–41.
1057
Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States, 78.
1058
Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 96.
1059
Fogelsong, Secret War, 187.
1060
Thompson, Wilson, 201; Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 99.
1061
Macmillan, Paris 1919, 463–65, 474.
1062
Там же, 80.
1063
Cohen, Response to China, 97, 101; Manela, Wilsonian Moment, 194–95, 215–25.
1064
John Milton Cooper Jr., Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (New York, 2001), 8–9.
1065
William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, Calif., 1983), 173, 208.
1066
Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 1, 4. Цитата Хичкока взята из Thomas Knock, «‘Playing for a Hundred Years Hence’: Woodrow Wilson’s Internationalism and His Would-be Heirs», документ находится у автора. Я благодарю профессора Нока за то, что он обратил мое внимание на эту цитату.
1067
Knock, End All Wars, 242–43, 252–59.
1068
Elizabeth McKillen, «The Corporatist Model, World War I, and the Public Debate over the League of Nations», Diplomatic History 15 (Spring 1991), 177–79.
1069
Richard W. Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913–1933 (Urbana, Ill., 1971), 109.
1070
Там же, 116.
1071
Ralph Stone, The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations (Lexington, Ky., 1970), 57.
1072
Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 109–12; Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 129–31.
1073
Stone, Irreconcilables, 82.
1074
Thompson, Wilson, 223–24.
1075
Thompson, Wilson, 227–32; Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 158–197.
1076
Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 189.
1077
Там же, 199–208.
1078
Thompson, Wilson, 234–35.
1079
Там же, 239–40.
1080
Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 234.
1081
Там же, 346.
1082
Там же, 362–70.
1083
Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (Chicago, 1977), 277, монтирует фразу «высший акт детоубийства». Thomas Knock’s «‘Playing for a Hundred Years Hence’» подчеркивает приверженность Уилсона принципам и важность этих принципов. Зигмунд Фрейд и Уильям К. Буллит в соавторстве написали мстительную психобиографию под названием Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Twenty-eighth President of the United States: A Psychological Study (Boston, 1967). Thompson, Wilson, 241–42, предлагает более широкий и убедительный вывод.
1084
Selig Adler, The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth-Century Reaction (New York, 1957), 112.
1085
A good survey is Warren I. Cohen, Empire Without Tears: America’s Foreign Relations, 1921–1933 (New York, 1987). См. также Brian J. C. McKercher, «Reaching for the Brass Ring: The Recent Historiography of Interwar American Foreign Relations», Diplomatic History 15 (Fall 1991), 565–98.
1086
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 275–90; John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 1998), 421–27.
1087
Raymond F. Betts, Decolonization (London, 1998), 4–18.
1088
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 8, 1926.
1089
A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh (New York, 1998), 135–43.
1090
Kennedy, Rise and Fall, 328–29; John Braeman, «Power and Diplomacy: The 1920s Reappraised», Review of Politics 44 (July 1982), 342–69.
1091
Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Paradox of American Power (New York, 2002), 9–12.
1092
Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), 20–22.
1093
Stephen G. Craft, «John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question», Pacific Historical Review 66 (May 1997), 244.
1094
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston, 1994), 63.
1095
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 171–73.
1096
Cohen, Empire Without Tears, 2, 11; Robert D. Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations (New York, 1984), 5–30.
1097
David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (New York, 2000), 37–84.
1098
Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson, The Presidency of Warren G. Harding (Lawrence, Kans., 1977), 172.
1099
Robert H. Ferrell, The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 23.
1100
John Chalmers Vinson, «Charles Evans Hughes, 1921–1925», in Norman A. Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1961), 134; Waldo H. Heinrichs, American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the United States Diplomatic Tradition (Boston, 1966), 105.
1101
Heinrichs, Ambassador, 109–10; L. Ethan Ellis, «Frank B. Kellogg, 1925–1929», in Graebner, Uncertain Tradition, 149–67.
1102
Heinrichs, Ambassador, 101–25.
1103
Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 108–21.
1104
Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 115.
1105
Там же, 59–60; Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 42–43.
1106
Robert David Johnson, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass., 1995).
1107
Jeffrey J. Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton, Ambassador of the New Era (Lanham, Md., 2004), 48–49.
1108
Michael J. Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928 (Chicago, 1991), 187.
1109
Melvyn P. Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses and Domestic Constraints, 1921–1932», in William H. Becker and Samuel F. Wells Jr., eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789 (New York, 1984), 232–33.
1110
Cohen, Empire, 19.
1111
Hogan, Informal Entente, 105–58.
1112
Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930 (Durham, N.C., 2003), 97–150.
1113
Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses», 246; Cohen, Empire, 23–25.
1114
Cohen, Empire, 28–29.
1115
Там же, 36–40.
1116
Thomas F. O’Brien, «‘Rich Beyond the Dreams of Avarice’: The Guggenheims in Chile», Business History Review 63 (Spring 1989), 142.
1117
Emily S. Rosenberg, «The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–1940», Diplomatic History 9 (Summer 1985), 203–4.
1118
Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), 194–243.
1119
Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses», 258–59, 264–65.
1120
Hogan, Informal Entente, 103; Cohen, Empire, 34–35, 42–43.
1121
Thomas F. O’Brien, «The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Cuba», American Historical Review 98 (June 1993), 785.
1122
Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 142.
1123
Cohen, Empire, 55.
1124
Там же, 57–58.
1125
Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 157.
1126
Там же, 157–59; Cohen, Empire, 57–58.
1127
Cohen, Empire, 46–49.
1128
Sadao Asada, «Between the Old Diplomacy and the New, 1918–1922: The Washington Conference and the Origins of Japanese Rapprochement», Diplomatic History 30 (April 2006), 214–15.
1129
Стандартное изложение — Thomas H. Buckley, The United States and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1970). Оживленную картину представляет Robert K. Massie, «The 1921 SALT Talks — And You Are There», New York Times Magazine, (October 1, 1977), 38ff.
1130
Cohen, Empire, 50–51.
1131
Там же, 52.
1132
Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 139–40; David Kahn letter to editor, New York Times Book Review, May 5, 2002.
1133
Asada, «Old Diplomacy and the New», 223–28.
1134
Cohen, Empire, 54.
1135
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 44.
1136
Cohen, Empire, 20–21, 90–91.
1137
Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 68.
1138
Hogan, Informal Entente, 51–52.
1139
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 106–7; Hogan, Informal Entente, 51–53.
1140
Hogan, Informal Entente, 69.
1141
Leffler, Elusive Quest, 42.
1142
Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 147.
1143
Hogan, Informal Entente, 77.
1144
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 123.
1145
Там же, 124.
1146
Matthews, Houghton, 120–28.
1147
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 131–38; Leffler, Elusive Quest, 138–54.
1148
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 216–17.
1149
Neal Pease, Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919–1933 (New York, 1986), 22.
1150
Linda R. Killen, Testing the Peripheries: U.S.-Yugoslav Economic Relations in the Interwar Years (New York, 1994), vii.
1151
Cary W. Blankenship, «Nationalization of Industry in Czechoslovakia in 1945» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2002), 95–98.
1152
Killen, Testing the Peripheries, 104, 117.
1153
Pease, Poland, 167.
1154
Neal R. Pease, «Charles Dewey as the First United States Financial Adviser to Poland, 1927–1930», International History Review 9 (February 1987), 85; Frank Costigliola, «American Foreign Policy and the’Nut Cracker’: The United States and Poland in the 1920s», Pacific Historical Review 48 (February 1979), 85–105; Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries, 176–84.
1155
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 93–95.
1156
Там же, 105; Douglas Little, «Antibolshevism and American Foreign Policy: The Diplomacy of Self-Delusion», American Quarterly 35 (Fall 1983), 379–81.
1157
Gaddis, Russia, 94–97, 105–16; Little, «Self-Delusion», 376–90.
1158
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 87–93; Benjamin D. Rhodes, «American Relief Operations at Nikolaiev, USSR, 1922–1923», Historian 51 (August 1989), 611–26; Bertrand M. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921 (Stanford, Calif., 2002).
1159
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 150.
1160
James K. Libbey, Russian-American Economic Relations, 1763–1999 (Gulf Breeze, Fla., 1999), 83–84.
1161
Там же, 73–99; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 157–162; Katherine A. S. Siegel, «Technology and Trade: Russia’s Pursuit of American Investment, 1917–1929», Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993), 378, 388.
1162
LaFeber, Clash, 144.
1163
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1996), 345–46.
1164
LaFeber, Clash, 144–46; William L. Neumann, America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur (New York, 1965), 176–79.
1165
Cohen, Empire, 31–32, 38.
1166
Akira Iriye, Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations (New York, 1967), 154–55.
1167
Cohen, Empire, 81–82.
1168
Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 164.
1169
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 255.
1170
Emily S. and Norman L. Rosenberg, «From Colonialism to Professionalism: The Public-Private Dynamic in United States Financial Advising, 1898–1929», Journal of American History 74 (June 1987), 71–82.
1171
Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 136–37.
1172
Там же.
1173
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 257–58; Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 135.
1174
Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic During the U.S. Occupation of 1916–1924 (Austin, Tex., 1984), 239; Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 257–60.
1175
Schmitz, Stimson, 51; Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 135.
1176
Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934 (Lexington, Ky., 1983), 212–16.
1177
Schmitz, Stimson, 57–60.
1178
Cohen, Empire, 64.
1179
Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973 (New York, 1974), 163–65.
1180
Там же.
1181
Enrique Krauze, Mexico — Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996 (New York, 1997), 418.
1182
Richard W. Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922–1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1995), 116.
1183
Berg, Lindbergh, 172–73; Cline, Mexico, 210–13; Krauze, Mexico, 419.
1184
Cohen, Empire, 59–62. Стандартное изложение — Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (New Haven, Conn., 1952).
1185
Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 191.
1186
Clifford R. Levin, «Herbert Hoover, Internationalist, 1919–1933» Prologue 20 (Winter 1988), 249–67.
1187
Schmitz, Stimson, 79; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 225–27.
1188
Fanning, Peace and Disarmament, 128, 132.
1189
Leffler, Elusive Quest, 195–202.
1190
Там же, 202–19; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 190–92.
1191
Robert H. Ferrell, American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy (New York, 1970), 114–16; Schmitz, Stimson, 83–89.
1192
Arthur Schlesinger Jr., «Back to the Womb», Foreign Affairs 74 (July/August 1995), 3.
1193
www.bartleby.com/124/pres49.html.
1194
Фраза взята из Robert Endicott Osgood, Ideals and Self-Interest in America’s Foreign Relations: The Great Transformation of the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1964).
1195
Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941 (New York, 1984), 34.
1196
Charles P. Kindelberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley, Calif., 1986), 294.
1197
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 333.
1198
David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York, 1999), 84–88.
1199
Christopher G. Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League, and the Far Eastern Crisis, 1931–1933 (New York, 1973), 32–35.
1200
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971), 124–25.
1201
Thorne, Limits, 37–38.
1202
Там же, 78–80.
1203
Robert H. Ferrell, American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933 (New York, 1970), 138–43.
1204
Justus D. Doenecke and John E. Wilz, From Isolation to War, 1931–1941 (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1991), 35, 38; Thorne, Limits, 243.
1205
Thorne, Limits, 245.
1206
David F. Schmitz, Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (Wilmington, Del., 2001), 107.
1207
Там же, 110–11.
1208
Там же, 111.
1209
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 46.
1210
Cohen, America’s Response to China, 134; о британцах см. Thorne, Limits, 247.
1211
Thorne, Limits, especially 404–10.
1212
James MacGregor Burns’s Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York, 1956) and Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York, 1970) остаются самыми глубокими биографиями Рузвельта. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York, 1979) это наиболее полное изложение темы.
1213
David E. Lilienthal, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal (7 vols., New York, 1964–73), 2:564. Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles (New York, 2002) полностью освещает вражду Халла и Уэллса.
1214
William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), 26.
1215
Kennedy, Great Powers, 283.
1216
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 155–57; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 200–201.
1217
Kindelberger, Depression, 231.
1218
Там же, 230–31; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 202–3.
1219
Edward M. Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations, 1933–1939 (Wilmington, Del., 1985), 1–16.
1220
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 120–21.
1221
David Mayers, The Ambassadors and American Soviet Policy (New York, 1995), 111–12.
1222
Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States, 124.
1223
Mayers, Ambassadors, 108–17.
1224
Frederick B. Pike, FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos (Austin, Tex., 1995), 15.
1225
Ferrell, Great Depression, 215–30; William O. Walker, «Crucible for Peace: Herbert Hoover, Modernization and Economic Growth in Latin America», Diplomatic History 30 (January 2006), 83–117.
1226
Lloyd C. Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, Wisc., 1964), 51.
1227
Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 15–110.
1228
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 300.
1229
Там же, 301–3.
1230
Irwin F. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policy in Latin America, 1933–1945 (Baltimore, 1979), 51.
1231
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 304–5.
1232
William Kamman, «U.S. Recognition of Anastasio Somoza, 1936», Historian 54 (Winter 1992), 273; Schoulz, Beneath the United States, 273.
1233
Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 96.
1234
Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 134–37.
1235
Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 209.
1236
Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 108.
1237
Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston, 1997), 39–40.
1238
Manfred Jonas, Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966), 32–33.
1239
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 6.
1240
Warren I. Cohen, The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I (Chicago, 1967) is the standard account.
1241
Jonas, Isolationism, 1.
1242
Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 122–33.
1243
B.J.C. McKercher, Transition of Power: Britain’s Loss of Global Preeminence to the United States (Cambridge, Eng., 1999), 175–76.
1244
Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 216; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 232–34.
1245
Robert A. Divine, The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II (2nd ed., New York, 1979), 19.
1246
Там же, 20.
1247
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 57.
1248
Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 29.
1249
Anne Marie Pois, «The U.S. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and American Neutrality, 1935–1939», Peace and Change 14 (July 1989), 263–84.
1250
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 37.
1251
Там же, 37–51.
1252
Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 220.
1253
Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 27–28.
1254
Там же, 34.
1255
Douglas Little, Malevolent Neutrality: The United States, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Spanish Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985), 241–42.
1256
Цитируется по Allen Guttmann, The Wound in the Heart: America and the Spanish Civil War (New York, 1962), 107.
1257
Robert A. Divine, The Illusion of Neutrality (Chicago, 1962), 172, 228.
1258
Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 225.
1259
Richard A. Harrison, «A Presidential Demarche: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Personal Diplomacy and Great Britain», Diplomatic History 5 (Summer 1981), 245–72, and «A Neutralization Plan for the Pacific: Roosevelt and Anglo-American Cooperation, 1934–1937», Pacific Historical Review 57 (February 1988), 47–72.
1260
Ibid; McKercher, Transition of Power, 252.
1261
Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York, 1997).
1262
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 401–2.
1263
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 71.
1264
Trevor K. Plante, «‘Two Japans’: Japanese Expressions of Sympathy and Regret in the Wake of the Panay Incident», Prologue 33 (Summer 2001), 109–20.
1265
Sally Marks, «Munich: Hitler’s Failure», in F. Kevin Simon, ed., The David A. Sayre History Symposium Collected Lectures, 1985–1989 (Lexington, Ky., 1991), 150–57.
1266
Barbara Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis — Insights from Prospect Theory», Political Psychology 13 (June 1992), 228n.
1267
David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago, 2001), 42–48.
1268
Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis», 208–20.
1269
Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York, 1994), 27–28.
1270
Donald Lammers, «Munich, 1938: A Crisis Nonpareil in British Foreign Policy», in Simon, Sayre Lectures, 167; McKercher, Transition, 252–57.
1271
Gerhard Weinberg, «Munich After 50 Years», Foreign Affairs (Fall 1988), 167–73.
1272
Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis», 216.
1273
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 42–48.
1274
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 81; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 292.
1275
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 415–16.
1276
Более критический анализ David S. Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Amherst, Mass., 1968).
1277
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 63–64.
1278
Там же, 65–68.
1279
Там же, 73.
1280
Marvin R. Zahniser, «Rethinking the Significance of Disaster: The United States and the Fall of France», International History Review 14 (May 1992), 252–76.
1281
Weinberg, World at Arms, 153.
1282
Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 302; Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 90.
1283
Charles R. Gallagher, «Fighting Fascists in the Sunshine State: Bishop Joseph P. Hurley and American Interventionism in Florida, 1940–1941», доклад, представленный на конференции историков Флориды, 13 марта 1998 года. Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War Against Nazi Germany (New York, 2001) is the fullest, most up-to-date analysis.
1284
Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1794 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 70–71; Lise Namikas, «The Committee to Defend America and the Debate Between Internationalists and Interventionists, 1939–1941», Historian 61 (Summer 1999), 843–63.
1285
Mark Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968).
1286
Wayne Cole, America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941 (Madison, Wisc., 1953). For its failure in the South, see Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 204–5. The best study of the anti-interventionists is Justus D. Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (Lanham, Md., 2000.).
1287
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 84.
1288
Там же, 85–87.
1289
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 463.
1290
Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 235.
1291
Churchill to FDR, December 7, 1940, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:102–9.
1292
Warren F. Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1941 (Baltimore, Md., 1969), 120–21.
1293
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 106–7.
1294
Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 151–52.
1295
George C. Herring Jr., «Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945», (doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), 19.
1296
Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 195–229.
1297
Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, 1991), 49–57, за усилия Госдепартамента по открытию британской имперской торговли в обмен на ленд-лиз.
1298
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 127–29.
1299
Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988), 46.
1300
Там же, 90; Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 126–30.
1301
Max Paul Friedman, «Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States-Colombian Relations, 1939–1945», Americas 56 (April 2000), 577.
1302
Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 173.
1303
Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico (New York, 1963), 229–48.
1304
Erik Benson, «Flying Down to Rio: American Commercial Aviation, the Good Neighbor Policy, and World War II, 1939–1945», Essays in Economic and Business History 19 (2001), 61–73; Friedman, «Specter», 565.
1305
Donald C. Meyer, «Toscanini and the Good Neighbor Policy: The NBC Orchestra’s 1940 South American Tour», American Music 18 (Fall 2000), 238; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansionism, 1890–1945 (New York, 1982), 207–9.
1306
Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Eatin American Relations (New York, 1996), 85.
1307
T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China, 1931–1949 (Stanford, Calif., 1996), 56.
1308
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 120–21.
1309
Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 96–97.
1310
Там же, 98–99.
1311
Peter Mauch, «Revisiting Nomura’s Diplomacy: Ambassador Nomura’s Role in the Japanese-American Negotiations, 1941», Diplomatic History 28 (June 2004), 358, 362.
1312
Там же, 359.
1313
Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War (New York, 1999), 90–91.
1314
George C. Herring Jr., Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1973), 22.
1315
Theodore Wilson, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941 (rev. ed., Lawrence, Kans., 1991).
1316
Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 498–99, представляет собой жесткую защиту действий Рузвельта.
1317
Heinrichs, Threshold of War, 92.
1318
Doenecke, Isolation to War, 138–39.
1319
Mauch, «Nomura’s Diplomacy», 375.
1320
Изложение тезиса о заговоре можно найти в John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath (New York, 1982). Наиболее убедительным является Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York, 1981).
1321
David Kahn, «Pearl Harbor as an Intelligence Failure», in Akira Iriye, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War (Boston, 1999), 158–68.
1322
Paul W. Schroeder, The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941 (Ithaca, 1958), originally developed this argument. For a more recent statement, see Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 513–14.
1323
Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 4.
1324
Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Record of Forty Years in the U.S. Diplomatic Service (2 vols., London, 1953), 2:1260.
1325
Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston, 1952), 10.
1326
Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 490.
1327
Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 92.
1328
Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds., Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolph A. Berle (New York, 1973), 400.
1329
Paul D. Mayle, Eureka Summit (Newark, Del., 1987), 37.
1330
Запись за 16 декабря 1943 г., Дневник Генри Л. Стимсона, микрофильмированное издание; Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 (New York, 1973), 585.
1331
Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1978).
1332
George C. Herring Jr., «Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), especially 129–64.
1333
Central Intelligence Agency, The Office of Strategic Services (Washington, 2000).
1334
Spruille Braden, Diplomats and Demagogues: The Memoirs of Spruille Braden (New York, 1971), 275.
1335
John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and Culture During World War II (New York, 1976), 45.
1336
Fred I. Israel, ed., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944 (Lincoln, Neb., 1966), 289–90.
1337
Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), viii-ix, 64–65.
1338
Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 38–39.
1339
Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence (Boston, 1967), 692.
1340
Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, N.J., 1991), 7.
1341
FDR to WSC, July 29, 1942, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence (3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:545.
1342
Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 227.
1343
Kimball, Juggler, 64.
1344
Цитируется по Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, viii.
1345
Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York, 1962), 73–74.
1346
George C. Herring, Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1973), 18–22, 94.
1347
Например, Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War (New York, 1997) and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan (New York, 1978). Kimball, «The Bomb and the Special Relationship», Finest Hour: The Journal of Winston Churchill 137 (Winter 2007–8), 37–42, подробно описывает проблемы атомного сотрудничества.
1348
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 87–96.
1349
Vladislav M. Zubok, «Stalin’s Plans and Russian Archives», Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997), 296.
1350
Там же; Melvyn P. Leffler, «Inside Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened», Foreign Affairs (July-August 1996), 124–25, and A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 49, 99, 102–3.
1351
Цитируется по Kimball, Juggler, 136.
1352
Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 394–95.
1353
David M. Kennedy, A Tale of Three Cities: How the United States Won World War II (Melbourne, Australia, 2001), 6, 12.
1354
Richard W. Steele, The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy (Bloomington, Ind., 1973), 79.
1355
Herring, Aid to Russia, 54–60.
1356
Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, 1955), 768.
1357
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 79–86.
1358
Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 7.
1359
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 86.
1360
Kimball, Forged in War, 143–55; Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York, 1979), 345–49.
1361
Herring, Aid to Russia, 68–74.
1362
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 103.
1363
Kimball, Juggler, 76–79.
1364
Maurice Matloff, «Franklin Delano Roosevelt as War Leader», in Harry L. Coles, ed., Total War and Cold War: Problems in Civilian Control of the Military (Columbus, Ohio, 1962), 42–65, and Kent Roberts Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration (Baltimore, 1963), both provide valuable analyses of FDR as grand strategist.
1365
Good short analyses of Teheran may be found in Kimball, Forged in War, 241–55, and David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York, 1998), 674–85.
1366
Kimball, Juggler, 107.
1367
Frederick B. Pike, FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos (Austin, Tex., 1995), 257.
1368
Там же, 257–61.
1369
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 312–13.
1370
Max Paul Friedman, «There Goes the Neighborhood: Blacklisting Germans in Latin America and the Evanescence of the Good Neighbor Policy», Diplomatic History 27 (September 2003), 569–97; Graham D. Taylor, «The Axis Replacement Program: Economic Warfare and the Chemical Industry in Latin America», Diplomatic History 8 (Spring 1984), 145–64.
1371
Gerald K. Haines, «Under the Eagle’s Wing: The Franklin Roosevelt Administration Forges an American Hemisphere», Diplomatic History 1 (Fall 1977), 375.
1372
Jimmie Irene Page, «A Study of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs as an Instrument of United States Diplomacy in Chile» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1972); Luis Pena, «Fighting the Invisible Enemy and Enhancing the United States Image in Venezuela», Maryland Historian 15 (Fall-Winter 1984), 11–22.
1373
Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 380–83.
1374
George C. Herring, «The Most Unsordid Act Revisited: Lend-Lease, War Aims, and Results», paper presented at the Anglo-American-Soviet conference on World War II, Middelburg, Netherlands, June 1985, 17.
1375
Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 102; Eric Paul Roorda, The Dictator Next Door (Durham, N.C., 1998), 219–20.
1376
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 313.
1377
Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 183–84; Gilderhus, Second Century, 104–5.
1378
Friedman, «There Goes the Neighborhood», 582–83.
1379
Annette Palmer, «The United States in the British Caribbean, 1940–1945: Rum and Coca-Cola», Americas 43 (April 1987), 445.
1380
Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 314–15.
1381
Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 375.
1382
Herring, «Most Unsordid Act Revisited», 18.
1383
Philip Bonsal report, June 24, 1944, Papers of Edward R. Stettinius Jr., Manuscript Division, University of Virginia Library; Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 377–78; Roorda, Dictator Next Door, 187.
1384
Lloyd N. Beecher Jr., «The Second World War and U.S. Politico-Economic Expan sionism: The Case of Liberia, 1938–1945», Diplomatic History 3 (Fall 1979), 391–412.
1385
Gaddis Smith, American Diplomacy During the Second World War (2nd ed., New York, 1985), 96.
1386
John A. DeNovo, American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900–1939 (Minneapolis, 1963), 387.
1387
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 10.
1388
Peter L. Hahn, The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1946: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 18.
1389
Little, American Orientalism, 48.
1390
Herring, «Experiment in Foreign Aid», 348–52.
1391
Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), 396.
1392
Hahn, United States, Great Britian, and Egypt, 18.
1393
Robert Vitalis, «The ‘New Deal’ in Egypt: The Rise of Anglo-American Competition in World War II and the Fall of Neo-colonialism», Diplomatic History 20 (Spring 1996), 211–39.
1394
Hull to Harold Ickes, November 13, 1943, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, vol. 4 (Washington, 1964), 941.
1395
William Eddy to Hull, September 7, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. 6 (Washington, 1967), 734–36.
1396
James Moose to State Department, August 2, 1944, William Culbertson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
1397
FDR to WSC, March 3, 1944, WSC to FDR, March 4, 1944, in Kimball, Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence 3:14, 17.
1398
David Holden and Richard Johns, The House of Saud (New York, 1981), 139–40.
1399
James L. Gormly, «Keeping the Door Open in Saudi Arabia: The United States and the Dhahran Airfield, 1945–1946», Diplomatic History 4 (Spring 1980), 189–205.
1400
Mark Hamilton Lytle, The Origins of the Iranian-American Alliance, 1941–1953 (New York, 1987), 59.
1401
James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of Iranian-American Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 19.
1402
Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 103–17.
1403
Bill, Eagle and Lion, 26.
1404
Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 60.
1405
Yergin, Prize, 405–8; Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 120–22.
1406
David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 25.
1407
Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 446–48; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 794–97. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York, 1998) содержит сильную критику политики США. Michael C. Desch, «The Myth of the Abandonment: The Use and Abuse of the Holocaust Analogy», Security Studies 15 (January-March 2006), 16–23, предлагает убедительный ответ.
1408
Schoenbaum, United States and Israel, 25.
1409
Matthew Wayne Coulter, «The Joint Anglo-American Statement on Palestine», Historian 54 (Spring 1992), 469.
1410
Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring, eds., The Diaries of Edward R. Stet-tinius, Jr., 1943–1946 (New York, 1975), 170, 174.
1411
Holden and Johns, House of Saud, 137–40; Rachel Bronson, Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (New York, 2006), 38–42.
1412
Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 87–100.
1413
Campbell and Herring, Stettinius Diaries, 40.
1414
О встрече в Касабланке см. Kimball, Forged, 192–93; взгляды Рузвельта на колониализм обсуждаются в Kimball, Juggler, 127–31; цитата о «безжалостной рекламе» взята из 145.
1415
Там же, 132–40.
1416
Stimson Diary, April 22, 1942; Kimball, Juggler, 136.
1417
Kenton J. Clymer, «The Education of William Phillips: Self-Determination and American Policy Toward India, 1942–1945», Diplomatic History 8 (Winter 1984), 29.
1418
Там же, 34.
1419
Mark Philip Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America: The Making of Postcolonial Vietnam, 1919–1950 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 81.
1420
Smith, American Diplomacy, 80.
1421
Stimson Diary, April 17, 1945.
1422
Kimball, Juggler, 153–57.
1423
Herbert Feis, The China Tangle (New York, 1965).
1424
Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1972), 162.
1425
Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 199o), 74–80.
1426
Theodore White, ed., The Stilwell Papers (New York, 1948), 171.
1427
Schaller, United States and China, 84.
1428
Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1941–1945 (New York, 1971), 116.
1429
February 19, 1943.
1430
Stimson Diary, November 4, 1943.
1431
Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 485–502.
1432
Schaller, United States and China, 102–3.
1433
Frederick Kevin Simon, «The United States Observer Group in Yenan: A Venture in Sino-American Relations, 1944–1945» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1977), chapter 2.
1434
Schaller, United States and China, 103–4.
1435
Lloyd C. Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, Wisc., 1964), 287.
1436
Alfred E. Eckes Jr., A Search for Solvency: Bretton Woods and the International Monetary System, 1941–1971 (Austin, Tex., 1975), 135–64.
1437
Robert A. Divine, Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II (New York, 1967), 78–81, 103–5, 124–27, 170–71, 177.
1438
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 144.
1439
Там же, 61, 190–200; Michael Sherry, Preparing for the Next War: America Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1977), 52–54.
1440
W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 338–49.
1441
Smith, American Diplomacy, 145.
1442
Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 215.
1443
Warren F. Kimball, Swords or Ploughshares? The Morgenthau Plan for Defeated Nazi Germany (New York, 1976), 96.
1444
Campbell and Herring, Stettinius Diaries, 214.
1445
Kimball, Juggler, 100.
1446
Там же, 102–69; Kimball, «Bomb and the Special Relationship», 39–41.
1447
Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 870.
1448
George C. Herring, «Yalta as Cold War Metaphor», in F. Kevin Simon, ed., The David A. Sayre History Symposium: Collected Lectures, 1985–1989 (Lexington, Ky., 1991), 121.
1449
John L. Snell et al, The Meaning of Yalta: Big Three Diplomacy and the Balance of Power (Baton Rouge, La., 1956), 105, 113.
1450
Smith, American Diplomacy, 151.
1451
Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 515.
1452
Цитируется по Kimball, Juggler, 177.
1453
Stalin to FDR, April 3, 1945, FDR to Stalin, April 5, 1945, in Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USSR, Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the United States and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 (2 vols., New York, 1965), 2:205–8.
1454
John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1972) and Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York, 1973) приводит этот аргумент.
1455
Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (New York, 1977) and Dianne Shaver Clemens, Yalta (New York, 1970) take this position.
1456
Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988), 46.
1457
John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston, 1973), 313.
1458
Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 526–27.
1459
Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1999), 293.
1460
Там же, 266–68.
1461
Herring, Aid to Russia, 198–99.
1462
Там же, 203–11.
1463
Yergin, Shattered Peace and Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy—Hiroshima and Potsdam: The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the Confrontation with U.S. Power (rev. ed., New York, 1985) утверждают, что Трумэн отменил политику сотрудничества Рузвельта.
1464
Divine, Second Chance, 295–97.
1465
Herring, Aid to Russia, 195–96.
1466
Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York, 1977), 223–24.
1467
Отличным введением в продолжающиеся споры о применении атомной бомбы являются J. Samuel Walker, «The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update», in Michael J. Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History (New York, 1996), 11–37, и «Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground», Diplomatic History 29 (April 2007), 311–34.
1468
Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Japanese Empire (New York, 1999), 132–33, 139–48, 194–95, 243–45, 338–40.
1469
J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 75.
1470
Там же, 60.
1471
John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986), 54, 142.
1472
Там же, 300; Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction, 96.
1473
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 154–65.
1474
Frank, Downfall, 272, 293–94, делает акцент на бомбах; Hasegawa’s Racing the Enemy подчеркивает советское вмешательство.
1475
Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction, 77.
1476
Sadao Asado, «The’Shock’ of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender — A Reconsideration», Pacific Historical Review 67 (November 1998), 498.
1477
Kennedy, Three Cities, 2.
1478
Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 1.
1479
Walter LaFeber, ed., The Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1971), 28–30.
1480
Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age (New York, 1985), 12–13.
1481
Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), xvi.
1482
Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making of the Cold War (New York, 1979), 1–21. Цитата Мерфи взята со страницы 3, Лейна — со страницы 7. См. также Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 13–40, и John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, 1999), 21–45.
1483
Raymond F. Betts, Decolonization (London and New York, 1998), 26.
1484
Paterson, On Every Front, 13; Charles S. Maier, ed., The Cold War in Europe: Era of a Divided Continent (New York, 1991), 3–17.
1485
Paterson, On Every Front, 31.
1486
Там же, 29.
1487
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 358.
1488
Michael S. Sherry, Preparing for the Next War: America’s Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1977), 200.
1489
Там же, 202.
1490
Цитируется по Alan Brinkley, «For Americans It Was a Very Good War», New York Times Magazine (May 7, 1995), 57.
1491
James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York, 1996), 145.
1492
Резко противоречивые оценки см. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1999), особенно 640–41, и Arnold A. Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Stanford, Calif., 2000), особенно 16, 18, 23, 457–58, 465, 470.
1493
Robert L. Messer, The End of Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman and the Origins of the Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982), 4–7, 31, 77–79.
1494
Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 116.
1495
Там же, 49–54; Paterson, On Every Front, 43–47; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, Md., 1973), 99–199.
1496
Messer, End of Alliance, 133–34.
1497
Там же, 137–55.
1498
Там же, 155.
1499
Offner, Another Such Victory, 121.
1500
Там же, 124.
1501
Там же, 121–24.
1502
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 102.
1503
George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), 293; Judt, Postwar, 119–30; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 47–53.
1504
Offner, Another Such Victory, 128–29.
1505
Kennan, Memoirs, 293.
1506
Frank Costigliola, «Unceasing Pressure for Penetration: Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan’s Formation of the Cold War», Journal of American History 83 (March 1997), 1331.
1507
Robert L. Beisner, «Patterns of Peril: Dean Acheson Joins the Cold Warriors, 1945–1946», Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996), 338.
1508
Offner, Another Such Victory, 135–38.
1509
Richard Paul Hedlund, «Congress and the British Loan, 1945–1946: A Congressional Study» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1976), 92–93, 101–3, 133, 144, 160–64, 181–84.
1510
Offner, Another Such Victory, 132.
1511
Там же, 138–40.
1512
James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 33–34.
1513
Там же, 37.
1514
Messer, End of Alliance, 200.
1515
Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 42.
1516
Messer, End of Alliance, 201–203.
1517
Beisner, «Patterns of Peril», 46.
1518
LaFeber, Cold War, 38.
1519
Eduard Mark, «The War Scare of 1946 and Its Consequences», Diplomatic History 21 (Summer 1997), 383–415.
1520
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 131. Полный текст отчета Клиффорда можно найти в Arthur Krock, Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line (New York, 1968), 417–82.
1521
Paterson, On Every Front, 105–6.
1522
James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York, 1998), 167.
1523
Offner, Another Such Victory, 186.
1524
Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York, 1986), 25–35, 738–41.
1525
Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York, 2006), 88.
1526
Chace, Acheson, 442.
1527
Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (New York, 1998), 5–21.
1528
Там же, 24, 65.
1529
Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York, 1991), 170; Offner, Another Such Victory, 192; Hogan, Cross of Iron, 65–68.
1530
Chace, Acheson, 164–66.
1531
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1947 (Washington, 1963), 176–80.
1532
Howard Jones, «A New Kind of War»: America’s Global Strategy and the Civil War in Greece (New York, 1989), 45–61.
1533
Offner, Another Such Victory, 204.
1534
Там же, 206.
1535
Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943–1949 (New York, 1982) is sharply critical of U.S. involvement; Jones, «A New Kind of War» is more positive in its appraisal.
1536
Offner, Another Such Victory, 207–9.
1537
Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 147.
1538
Там же, 188–92; Offner, Another Such Victory, 214–20.
1539
Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (New York, 1987), 427, and «The Search for a’Creative Peace’: The United States, European Unity, and the Origins of the Marshall Plan», Diplomatic History 6 (Summer 1982), 267–85.
1540
Michael Wala, «Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery», Diplomatic History 10 (Summer 1986), 264.
1541
Irwin W. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954 (New York, 1991), 299.
1542
Hogan, Marshall Plan, 436.
1543
Там же, 432. The revisionist argument may be found in Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–1951 (Berkeley, Calif., 1984).
1544
Hogan, Marshall Plan, 445; also Judt, Postwar, 97, and David Reynolds, «The European Response: Primacy of Politics», Foreign Affairs (May/June 1997), 180–82.
1545
Wall, Making of Postwar France, 113, 125–26.
1546
Edmund F. Wehrle, Between a River and a Mountain: The AFL-CIO and the Vietnam War (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2005), 23.
1547
Wall, Postwar France, 96–112; Carolyn Eisenberg, «Working-Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945–1949», Diplomatic History 10 (Fall 1986), 283–306.
1548
James Edward Miller, «Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948», Diplomatic History 7 (Winter 1983), 35–55.
1549
Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain (New York, 2000), 98–99.
1550
Judt, Postwar, 192.
1551
Offner, Another Such Victory, 256.
1552
M. Steven Fish, «The Berlin Blockade of 1948–1948», in Alexander L. George, ed., Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management (Boulder, Colo., 1991), 204.
1553
William Stivers, «The Incomplete Blockade: Soviet Zone Supply of West Berlin, 1948–1948», Diplomatic History 21 (Fall 1997), 596.
1554
Martin Walker, The Cold War — A History (New York, 1993), 57.
1555
Цитируется по Lawrence S. Kaplan, The United States and NATO: The Formative Years (Lexington, Ky., 1984), 51.
1556
Martin H. Folly, «Breaking the Vicious Circle: Britain, the United States, and the Genesis of the North Atlantic Treaty», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 75.
1557
Там же, 76.
1558
Kaplan, NATO, 1.
1559
Escott Reid, Time of Fear and Hope (Toronto, 1977), 63.
1560
Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 125–26.
1561
Stephen G. Rabe, «The Elusive Conference: United States’ Economic Relations with Latin America, 1945–1952», Diplomatic History 2 (Summer 1978), 293.
1562
Gilderhus, Second Century, 135.
1563
Там же, 133.
1564
Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993), 197.
1565
Там же, 193.
1566
Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 44–49.
1567
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 80–85.
1568
Там же, 86–87.
1569
Marc S. Gallichio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire (New York, 1988), 73–112.
1570
Mark A. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (Boston, 1989), 148; Steven L. Levine, «A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: The Marshall Mission and Manchuria», Diplomatic History 3 (Fall 1979), 359.
1571
Stoler, Marshall, 149.
1572
Offner, Another Such Victory, 323–26.
1573
Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1990), 117.
1574
Offner, Another Such Victory, 326.
1575
John H. Feaver, «The Chinese Aid Bill of 1948: Limited Assistance as a Cold War Strategy», Diplomatic History 5 (Spring 1981), 119.
1576
Dower, Embracing Defeat, 27, 203–4.
1577
Charles E. Neu, Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan (New York, 1975), 204.
1578
Dower, Embracing Defeat, 253–73.
1579
Там же, 525–555.
1580
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), calls it «dependent independence» (323–26).
1581
Robert J. McMahon, The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York, 1999), 33.
1582
George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2001), 21–23.
1583
Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 333.
1584
Beisner, Acheson, 233; Gregg Herken, Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945–1950 (New York, 1980), 304–22.
1585
Department of State, United States Relations with China: With Reference to the Period 1944–1949 (Washington, 1949), xvi.
1586
D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York, 1956), 207–8.
1587
Schaller, United States and China, 118–21, 130–34.
1588
«Упущенная возможность» обсуждается в «Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China», Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997), 71–115.
1589
Beisner, Acheson, 190–203.
1590
Там же, 238.
1591
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950: National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, vol. 1 (Washington, 1977), 237–90.
1592
Beisner, Acheson, 248.
1593
Там же, 239; Chace, Acheson, 168.
1594
Peter Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War (Essex, Eng., 1986) это хороший обзор. Bruce Cumings, in The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947 (Princeton, N.J., 1981), и vol. 2, The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950 (Princeton, N.J., 1990), предлагает провокационную ревизионистскую интерпретацию.
1595
Beisner, Acheson, 326–29.
1596
Kathryn Weathersby, «To Attack or Not to Attack? Stalin, Kim II Sung, and the Prelude to War», Cold War International History Bulletin 5 (1995), 1–9.
1597
William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, N.J., 1995), 41–44; Beisner, Acheson, 333–37.
1598
Stueck, Korean War, 85–95.
1599
Beisner, Acheson, 403.
1600
Chen Jian, «In the Name of Revolution: China’s Road to the Korean War Revisited», in William Stueck, ed., The Korean War in World History (Lexington, Ky., 2004), 93–96.
1601
Stueck, Korean War, 97–125.
1602
Offner, Another Such Victory, 377.
1603
Burton I. Kaufman, The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command (New York, 1986), 144–79.
1604
Rosemary J. Foot, A Substitute for Victory: The Politics of Peacemaking at the Korean Armistice Talks (Ithaca, N.Y., 1992), 1–19, 206–22.
1605
Creighton Abrams цитируется по George C. Herring, «Limited War», in Stanley I. Kutler, ed., Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century (3 vols., New York, 1996), 2:662; Joseph C. Goulden, Korea: The Untold Story of the War (New York, 1982), xv.
1606
Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Cold War, 70.
1607
LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 99.
1608
Offner, Another Such Victory, 430–42.
1609
Dower, Embracing Defeat, 541.
1610
Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S. Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 288–95.
1611
Offner, Another Such Victory, 383.
1612
May, «U.S. Government», 273.
1613
James Bamford, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency (New York, 2001), 31.
1614
Chester J. Pach Jr., Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945–1950 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 198.
1615
О происхождении пункта четыре см. Clifford, Counsel to the President, 247–53. Thomas G. Paterson, Meeting the Communist Threat: Truman to Reagan (rev. ed., New York, 1992), 147–58, содержит критику программы.
1616
Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961 (New York, 1998), 13; Derek Von Briesen, «The Campaign for Truth» (seminar paper, University of Kentucky, 1997), 5–10.
1617
Allan A. Needell, «Truth Is Our Weapon: Project TROY, Political Warfare, and Government-Academic Relations in the National Security State», Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993), 399–401.
1618
Hixson, Parting the Curtain, 59–65.
1619
Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York, 2000) discusses this project.
1620
David F. Schmitz, Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (Wilmington, Del., 2001), xvi.
1621
Denver Post цитируется по New York Times, March 7, 1953.
1622
Kenneth Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower’s Secret Propaganda Battles at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 75.
1623
Paul Gordon Lauren, Gordon A. Craig, and Alexander L. George, Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Challenges of Our Time (4th ed., New York, 2007), 88–95.
1624
Odd Arne Westad, «The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms», Diplomatic History 24 (Fall 2000), 551–65; Tony Smith, «New Bottles for New Wine: A Pericentric Framework for the Study of the Cold War», ibid., 567–91.
1625
Matthew Connelly, «Taking Off the Cold War Lens: Visions of North-South Conflict During the Algerian War for Independence», American Historical Review 105 (June 2000), 739–69.
1626
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 95; Jason Parker, «Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Reperiodization of the Postwar Era», Diplomatic History 30 (November 2006), 875; Matthew Jones, «A ‘Segregated’ Asia? Race, the Bandung Conference, and Pan Asianist Fears in American Thought and Policy, 1954–1955», Diplomatic History 29 (November 2005), 857.
1627
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 390.
1628
Ernest R. May, «The U.S. Government, a Legacy of the Cold War», Diplomatic History 16 (Spring 1992), 269–77; William G. Carleton, The Revolution in American Foreign Policy: Its Global Range (New York, 1965), 38–40.
1629
New York Times, July 23, 2003; Jane C. Loeffler, «The Architecture of Diplomacy: Heyday of the United States Embassy-Building Program, 1954–1960», Journal of the Society of Architecture Historians 49 (September 1990), 251–78.
1630
О 1950-х годах см. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations, The United States, 1945–1974 (New York, 1996), 311–74.
1631
Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (2nd ed., Baltimore, 1996); Terry H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York, 1996), 3–39.
1632
Seth Jacobs, «‘Our System Demands the Supreme Being’: The U.S. Religious Revival and the’Diem Experiment,’ 1954–1955», Diplomatic History 25 (Fall 2001), 596; Laura Szumanski Steel, «In the Name of the Father: The American Catholic Church and United States Foreign Policy During the Vietnam War» (Ph.D. dissertation, Temple University, 2005), chapter 1.
1633
John Ernst, Forging a Fateful Alliance: Michigan State University and the Vietnam War (East Lansing, Mich., 1998), 6.
1634
Delia Pergande, «Private Voluntary Aid in Vietnam: The Humanitarian Politics of Catholic Relief and CARE, 1954–1965» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1999), 18–24.
1635
Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 76.
1636
Цитируется по New Yorker, May 3, 2004, 104.
1637
Townsend Hoopes, «God and John Foster Dulles», Foreign Policy 13 (Winter 1973), 154.
1638
Richard H. Immerman, John Foster Dulles: Power, Piety, and Pragmatism (Wilmington, Del., 1999), 46–51, and «Eisenhower and Dulles: Who Made the Decisions?» Political Psychology 1 (Autumn 1979), 21–38.
1639
Immerman, Dulles, 48–51; David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the NSC and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2005), 65–70.
1640
Robert David Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (New York, 2006), 57–87.
1641
Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlins Cold War (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 139.
1642
Там же, 138–57; Osgood, Total Cold War, 56.
1643
Osgood, Total Cold War, 62.
1644
Там же, 57–65.
1645
Immerman, Dulles, 60.
1646
Там же, 81.
1647
Цитируется по Stephen E. Ambrose with Richard H. Immerman, Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (Garden City, N.Y., 1981), 188.
1648
Edward C. Keefer, «President Eisenhower and the End of the Korean War», Diplomatic History 10 (Summer 1986), 267–89; Roger Dingman, «Atomic Diplomacy During the Korean War», International Security 13 (Winter 1988–89), 79–91.
1649
George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 37–45; George C. Herring and Richard H. Im-merman, «Eisenhower, Dulles, and Dienbienphu: ‘The Day We Didn’t Go to War’ Revisited», Journal of American History 71 (September 1984), 343–63.
1650
Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973), 222.
1651
Herring, America’s Longest War, 45–51.
1652
Там же, 51.
1653
David L. Anderson, Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953–1961 (New York, 1991), 121–99.
1654
Gordon H. Chang and He Di, «The Absence of War in the U.S.-China Confrontation over Quemoy and Matsu in 1954–1955: Contingency, Luck, Deterrence?» American Historical Review 98 (December 1993), 1500–1524.
1655
Там же, 1514.
1656
H. W. Brands Jr., «Testing Massive Retaliation: Credibility and Crisis Management in the Taiwan Strait», International Security 12 (Spring 1988), 142.
1657
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955 (Washington, 1959), 332.
1658
Chang and He Di, «Absence of War», 1522–25; Brands, «Testing Massive Retaliation», L47–51.
1659
Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945–1961 (New York, 1997), 57–68.
1660
Valur Ingimundarson, «The Eisenhower Administration, the Adenauer Government, and the Political Uses of the East German Uprising in 1953», Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996), 381–409.
1661
L. W. Gluchowski, «Poland 1956», Cold War International History Project Bulletin 5 (Spring 1995), 50.
1662
Там же, 50–51; Alexander Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York, 2006), 118–19.
1663
Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 130.
1664
New York Times, October 8, 2006.
1665
Johanna Granville, «‘Caught with Jam on Our Fingers’: Radio Free Europe and the Hungarian Uprising of 1956», Diplomatic History 29 (November 2005), 811; Immer-man, Dulles, 153–54.
1666
Hixson, Parting the Curtain, 87–119.
1667
New York Times, May 20, 1996.
1668
Hixson, Parting the Curtain, 110–17; Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994), 210–15.
1669
Immerman, Dulles, 60.
1670
Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 245.
1671
Rolf Steininger, «John Foster Dulles, the European Defense Community, and the German Question», in Richard H. Immerman, ed., John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War (Princeton, N.J., 1990), 103.
1672
Immerman, Dulles, 106.
1673
Steininger, «Dulles», 104–7; Judt, Postwar, 242.
1674
Immerman, Dulles, 135.
1675
Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 43.
1676
William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 349–53.
1677
Цитируется по Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle Eastern Terrorism (Hoboken, N.J., 2003), 158.
1678
Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 195.
1679
Mary Ann Heiss, Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950–1954 (New York, 1997), 107–34; Kenneth Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York, 2005), 57–60.
1680
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston, 1994), 410.
1681
New York Times, April 16, 2000; Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 64–71.
1682
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 127–30; Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 151–54.
1683
Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 186.
1684
Immerman, Dulles, 149.
1685
Peter L. Hahn, The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 213.
1686
Immerman, Dulles, 152.
1687
Little, American Orientalism, 172.
1688
Там же, 176.
1689
Там же, 177; William Roger Louis, «Dulles, Suez, and the British», in Immerman, Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, 152–58; Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 200–209.
1690
Louis, «Suez», 158.
1691
Taubman, Khrushchev, 359–60.
1692
Douglas Little, «Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East», Diplomatic History 28 (November 2004), 674–81.
1693
Nathan J. Citino, From Arab Nationalism to OPEC (Bloomington, Ind., 2002), 132–45.
1694
Little, Orientalism, 132; Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 225; Immerman, Dulles, 157.
1695
Little, Orientalism, 132–36.
1696
Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 241.
1697
Immerman, Dulles, 166.
1698
Little, Orientalism, 136.
1699
Hahn, Caught in the Middle East, 293.
1700
Andrew Rotter, «Religion and U.S. South Asian Relations», Diplomatic History 24 (Fall 2000), 602–8.
1701
Ilya V. Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954–1963 (Stanford, Calif., 2003), 63.
1702
Rotter, «Religion», 609–10.
1703
Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York, 1994), 171.
1704
Там же, 206.
1705
Там же, 189–205.
1706
Там же, 206.
1707
Там же, 258–71.
1708
Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 107.
1709
Cary Fraser, «Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy», Diplomatic History 24 (Spring 2000), 241.
1710
Там же, 247, 250.
1711
Там же, 258–64; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 122–28.
1712
Stephen G. Rabe, «Dulles, Latin America, and Cold War Anticommunism», in Immerman, Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, 163.
1713
Там же, 172.
1714
Richard H. Immerman, The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin, Tex., 1982) и Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (Princeton, N.J., 1991) это стандартные монографии.
1715
New York Times, July 6, 2003.
1716
Там же, November 30, 2003.
1717
Там же, March 17, 1999.
1718
Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 351.
1719
Rabe, «Latin America», in Immerman, Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War, 181. Влияние визита Никсона анализируется в Marvin R. Zahniser and W. Michael Weis, «A Diplomatic Pearl Harbor? Richard Nixon’s Goodwill Visit to Latin America in 1958», Diplomatic History 13 (Spring 1989), 163–90.
1720
Shelby Downing Lynn, «An American Playground: Eisenhower’s Foreign Economic Policy of Tourism in Cuba and the Downfall of U.S.-Cuban Relations» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2006), 15–36.
1721
Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 15–65.
1722
Там же, 241–54.
1723
Richard E. Welch Jr., Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1985).
1724
Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 124.
1725
Dean Rusk as told to Richard Rusk, As I Saw It (New York, 1990), 245.
1726
Paterson, Contesting Castro, 255–58.
1727
Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 140–52.
1728
Там же, 134–69.
1729
Osgood, Total Cold War, 200.
1730
Robert E. Osgood, Limited War: The Challenge for U.S. Policy (Boston, 1957); Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 511–30.
1731
Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 151.
1732
Chester J. Pach, The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 173.
1733
Osgood, Total Cold War, 336–53.
1734
«A Secret War on the Roof of the World», Newsweek, August 19, 1999, 34–35; John Kenneth Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (New York, 2002).
1735
Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia (New York, 1995), 166–206.
1736
Taubman, Khrushchev, 392; Robert A. Divine, Eisenhower and the Cold War (New York, 1981), 66–70.
1737
Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York, 1997), 123.
1738
New York Times, October 9, 1994.
1739
Schaller, Alerted States, 139–41; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 319–20.
1740
New York Times, December 12, 1999.
1741
Schaller, Alerted States, 159.
1742
Taubman, Khrushchev, 396–97.
1743
Pach, Eisenhower Presidency, 200.
1744
Taubman, Khrushchev, 402.
1745
Там же, 399.
1746
Osgood, Total Cold War, 199–205; Martha Smith-Norris, «The Eisenhower Administration and the Nuclear Test Ban Talks, 1958–1960: Another Challenge to ‘Revisionism’», Diplomatic History 27 (September 2003), 509.
1747
Smith-Norris, «Nuclear Test Ban Talks», 535.
1748
Osgood, Total Cold War, 206–10.
1749
Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 232.
1750
Там же, 232–41; Taubman, Khrushchev, 419–41.
1751
Pach, Eisenhower Presidency, 219.
1752
Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War, 287–91.
1753
Robert A. Divine, Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960 (New York, 1974), 218.
1754
Там же, 283–87.
1755
К числу ведущих «ревизионистов» Эйзенхауэра относятся Divine, Eisenhower and the Cold War, Fred I. Greenstein, The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader (New York, 1982), и Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2, The President (New York, 1984).
1756
John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: An Inquiry into the History of the Cold War (New York, 1987), 216–26, discusses the sources of Cold War stability.
1757
Robert J. McMahon, «Eisenhower and Third World Nationalism: A Critique of the Revisionists», Political Science Quarterly 101, no. 3, 453–73; Stephen G. Rabe, «Eisenhower Revisionism: A Decade of Scholarship», Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993), 97–115.
1758
JFK’s inaugural address, January 20, 1961, можно найти по адресу www.bartleby.com124/pres56.html.
1759
Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York, 1986), 699.
1760
Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (New York, 2003), 370.
1761
David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York, 1972).
1762
David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2004), 84–85, 92–93.
1763
Цитируется по John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York, 1982), 25m.
1764
Henry Fairlie, The Kennedy Promise (New York, 1973), 72.
1765
Там же, 132–64.
1766
William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York, 2003), 486–87.
1767
Walt Whitman Rostow, The Diffusion of Power: An Essay on Recent History (New York, 1972), 170.
1768
Trumbull Higgins, The Perfect Failure: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs (New York, 1987).
1769
New York Times, February 22, 1998.
1770
Там же; Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (New York, 2000), 140–46.
1771
James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 58–59.
1772
Taubman, Khrushchev, 493.
1773
New York Times, November 23, 1997; Thomas G. Paterson, «Spinning out of Control: Kennedy’s War Against Cuba and the Missile Crisis», in Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, vol. 2, Since 1914 (6th ed., Boston, 2005), 401–13; James G. Hershberg, «Before the Missiles of October: Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?» Diplomatic History 14 (Spring 199o), 163–98.
1774
Fred I. Greenstein and Richard H. Immerman, «What Did Eisenhower Tell Kennedy About Indochina? The Politics of Misperception», Journal of American History 79 (September 1992), 576.
1775
Seth Jacobs, «No Place to Fight a War: Laos and the Evolution of U.S. Policy Toward Vietnam, 1954–1963», in Mark Philip Bradley and Marilyn B. Young, eds., Making Sense of the Vietnam Wars: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives (New York, 2008), 49, 60; Noam Kochavi, «Limited Accommodation, Perpetual Conflict: Kennedy, China, and the Laos Crisis, 1961–1963», Diplomatic History 26 (Winter 2002), 108.
1776
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 74–78; Taubman, Khrushchev, 493–500.
1777
Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 225.
1778
Taubman, Khrushchev, 501–2.
1779
Thomas Alan Schwartz, «Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s», in Diane Kunz, ed., The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade (New York, 1994), 124.
1780
Taubman, Khrushchev, 537–41; Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 85–88.
1781
Raymond F. Betts, Decolonization (London, 1998), 42–43.
1782
Thomas J. Knock, «Feeding the World and Thwarting the Communists: George McGovern and Food for Peace», in David F. Schmitz and T. Christopher Jespersen, eds., Architects of the American Century: Individuals and Institutions in Twentieth-Century U.S. Foreign Policymaking (Chicago, 2000), 98–120.
1783
Elizabeth A. Cobbs, «Decolonization, the Cold War, and the Foreign Policy of the Peace Corps», Diplomatic History 20 (Winter 1996), 79–105; Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 157.
1784
Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, All You Need Is Love: The Peace Corps and the Spirit of the 1960s (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 257.
1785
Robert J. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York, 1994), 173.
1786
Там же, 297.
1787
Warren Bass, Support Any Friend: Kennedy’s Middle East Policy (New York, 2003), 98–143; Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 183–85.
1788
Bass, Any Friend, 145.
1789
Там же, 191–238; Little, Orientalism, 94–97.
1790
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 164–67.
1791
Thomas J. Noer, «The New Frontier and African Neutralism: Kennedy, Nkrumah, and the Volta River Project», Diplomatic History 8 (Winter 1984), 61–79.
1792
Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 149.
1793
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 228–30.
1794
Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 153–57.
1795
Stephen G. Rabe, The Most Dangerous Area of the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1999), 7.
1796
Там же, 1–2.
1797
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 233.
1798
Rabe, Dangerous Area, 46.
1799
Там же, 41.
1800
Dallek, Unfinished Life, 522.
1801
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. 12 (Washington, 1996), 536–38, 607–9; New York Times, October 30, 1994.
1802
FRUS, 1961–1963 12:35m.
1803
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 233–36; Rabe, Dangerous Area, 148–49.
1804
Rabe, Dangerous Area, 147.
1805
Taubman, Khrushchev, 531–37; Alexansdr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, «One Hell of a Gamble»: Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York, 1997), 166–83.
1806
Классическим исследованием является Graham Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (Boston, 1971). Совсем другой подход см. Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis (Minneapolis, 1999).
1807
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 207.
1808
Taubman, Khrushchev, 568–70.
1809
Philip Nash, The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters 1957–1963 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997).
1810
Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars, 208–17.
1811
Dallek, Unfinished Life, 571–74.
1812
Taubman, Khrushchev, 531–32. Более старая работа, в которой поднимаются вопросы о мастерстве Кеннеди в управлении кризисными ситуациями, — это James A. Nathan, «The Missile Crisis: His Finest Hour Now», World Politics 27 (January 1975), 256–81. Более поздние рассказы, основанные на советских источниках, включают Fursenko and Naftali, «One Hell of a Gamble» и James G. Blight and David A. Welch, On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York, 1989).
1813
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 216; Taubman, Khrushchev, 581.
1814
Dallek, Unfinished Life, 620–21; Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 217.
1815
Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars, 240–44.
1816
Giglio, Kennedy Presidency, 218–20.
1817
Frank Costigliola, «The Failed Design: Kennedy, de Gaulle, and the Struggle for Europe», Diplomatic History 8 (Summer 1984), 227–41; Francis J. Gavin, «The Gold Battle Within the Cold War: American Monetary Policy and the Defense of Europe», Diplomatic History 26 (Winter 2002), 70–78.
1818
Costigliola, «Failed Design», 243–51; Gavin, «Gold Battle», 70–78.
1819
Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars, 250–55; Gordon H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972 (Stanford, Calif., 1990), 242–47.
1820
Цитируется по George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (3rd ed., New York, 1996), 75.
1821
December 5, 1960, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, vol. 1 (Washington, 1986), 707–11.
1822
Benjamin Bradlee, Conversations with Kennedy (New York, 1976), 59.
1823
Herring, America’s Longest War, 103–4.
1824
Dallek, Unfinished Life, 684.
1825
Там же, 623.
1826
Bass, Any Friend, 240.
1827
Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 1–2; Bass, Any Friend, 240–45; Frank Costigliola, «Like Children in the Darkness: European Reaction to the Assassination of John F. Kennedy», Journal of Popular Culture 20 (Winter 1986), 120–21.
1828
Dallek, Unfinished Life, 709–11. Убедительное опровержение см. Ronald Steel, «Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam?» New York Times, May 25, 2003.
1829
Freedman, Kennedy’s Wars, 400–413; Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and Escalation of the War in Vietnam (Berkeley, Calif., 1999), 396–400.
1830
Kennedy’s November 22, 1963, address may be found at www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03TradeMart 11221963htm.
1831
Thomas Alan Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson and Europe: In the Shadow of Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 237. Наиболее актуальные биографии Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (New York, 1998) и более проницательная Randall B. Woods, LBJ: Architect of American Ambition (New York, 2006).
1832
Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York, 2001), 218–63.
1833
Dallek, Flawed Giant, 86.
1834
Schwartz, Johnson, 154.
1835
H. W. Brands, The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power (New York, 1995), 25.
1836
George C. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin, Tex., 1994), 7.
1837
Там же, 6–9.
1838
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 259–61; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 272–74.
1839
Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, «Threats, Opportunities, and Frustrations in East Asia», in Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, eds., Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World (New York, 1994), 105–10; Arthur Waldron, «From Nonexistent to Almost Normal: U.S.-Chinese Relations in the 1960s», in Diane Kunz, ed., The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s (New York, 1994), 233–41.
1840
Frank Costigliola, «Lyndon B. Johnson, Germany, and’the End of the Cold War’», in Cohen and Tucker, Johnson, 192–97. Цитата взята из p. 197.
1841
Dallek, Flawed Giant, 84–90; Waldo Heinrichs, «Lyndon B. Johnson: Change and Continuity», in Cohen and Tucker, Johnson, 26–27; Brands, Wages of Globalism, 26–29.
1842
William O. Walker, «The Struggle for the Americas: The Johnson Administration and Cuba», paper in possession of author.
1843
Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 175–83; Walker, «Cuba», 60–61.
1844
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 31 (Washington, 2004), 28–29.
1845
Там же, 418.
1846
Там же, 448.
1847
Там же, 779. Хороший недавний анализ Alan McPherson, «Courts of World Opinion: Trying the Panama Flag Riots of 1964», Diplomatic History 28 (January 2004), 83–112.
1848
Телефонный разговор ЛБДЖ с Расселом, 10 января 1964 года, in Michael R. Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes (New York, 1997), 155.
1849
FRUS, 1964–1968 31:836.
1850
Brands, Wages of Globalism, 40–41.
1851
Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1979), 14–48.
1852
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 32, (Washington, 2005), 62, 65, 89, 100.
1853
Там же, 100.
1854
Rabe, Most Dangerous Area, 191; Dallek, Flawed Giant, 266–67.
1855
Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 193–94.
1856
Цитируется по Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (New York, 1991), 178.
1857
Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York, 1976), 251.
1858
Jack Valenti in Vietnam: A Television History, episode 4, «LBJ Goes to War.»
1859
Kearns, Johnson, 252. Logevall, Choosing War, contends that Johnson could have chosen not to go to war.
1860
VanDeMark, Quagmire, xv, 60.
1861
Авторитетное мнение Edwin E. Moise, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996).
1862
VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire, 153–214; Logevall, Choosing War, chapters 10 and 11.
1863
Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 184.
1864
Herring, America’s Longest War, 161–73.
1865
Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 67.
1866
George C. Herring, «‘Peoples Quite Apart’: Americans, South Vietnamese, and the War in Vietnam», Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990), 5–14.
1867
Цитируется по Thomas Powers, Vietnam: The War at Home (Boston, 1984), 118. The standard accounts of the anti-war movement are Charles DeBenedetti with Charles Chatfield, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era (Syracuse, N.Y., 1990), Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York, 1995), and Melvin Small, Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America’s Hearts and Minds (Wilmington, Del., 2002).
1868
McNamara made the statement during a conference in Hanoi, June 1997.
1869
Herring, America’s Longest War, 191–99.
1870
George C. Herring, «Fighting Without Allies: The International Dimensions of America’s Failure in Vietnam», in Marc Jason Gilbert, ed., Why the North Won the Vietnam War (New York, 2002), 82–83.
1871
Costigliola, «Johnson», 207.
1872
Там же, 117.
1873
Там же, 174.
1874
Herring, «Without Allies», 79–80.
1875
Там же, 80.
1876
Brands, Wages of Globalism, 94; Schwartz, Johnson, 105.
1877
Costigliola, «Johnson», 196–97.
1878
Brands, Wages of Globalism, 108–9.
1879
Gordon H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972 (Stanford, Calif., 1990), 227.
1880
Tucker, «Threats», 111–15.
1881
Там же, 116–27.
1882
Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations (College Station, Tex., 2000), 154–65.
1883
Michael Schaller, «Altered States: The United States and Japan During the 1960s», in Kunz, Crucial Decade, 276.
1884
Там же, 263–79; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 339–47.
1885
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), 377. For problems with the allies, see Herring, «Fighting Without Allies», 79–81.
1886
Brands, Wages of Globalism, 187.
1887
Little, American Orientalism, 97–99; Zach Levey, «The United States Skyhawk Sale to Israel, 1966: Strategic Exigencies of an Arms Deal», Diplomatic History 28 (April 2oo4), 255–76.
1888
Douglas Little, «Choosing Sides: Lyndon Johnson and the Middle East», in Robert A. Divine, ed., The Johnson Years, vol. 3, LBJ at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 173.
1889
Там же, 175.
1890
Little, American Orientalism, 100–101.
1891
Хорошая военная история — это Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York, 2002).
1892
John Omicinski, Gannett News Service, September 2, 2005.
1893
James Bamford, Body of Secrets (New York, 2001), 203.
1894
Little, American Orientalism, 241–42.
1895
Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 19 (Washington, 2004), 398–402.
1896
Там же, 409.
1897
Oren, Six Days, 305–27.
1898
Little, «Choosing Sides», 179–84.
1899
Там же, 181–83.
1900
James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 172.
1901
Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 165.
1902
Carole Fink, Phillip Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed (New York, 1998), 1–27.
1903
Mitchell Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy (Lawrence, Kans., 2002), especially 5–23 and 231–37.
1904
Herring, America’s Longest War, 210.
1905
George C. Herring, «Tet and the Crisis of Hegemony», in Fink et al., 1968, 39–41.
1906
Acheson to John Cowles, March 14, 1968, Dean G. Acheson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn., box 7.
1907
Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 684.
1908
Herring, America’s Longest War, 225–26.
1909
Herring, «Crisis of Hegemony», 44–48.
1910
Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 56–62.
1911
Hal Brands, «Progress Unseen: U.S. Arms Control Policy and the Origins of Détente, 1963–1968», Diplomatic History 30 (April 2006), 253–85.
1912
Mark Kramer, «The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine», in Fink et al., 1968, 121–51.
1913
Schwartz, Johnson, 214–17.
1914
Там же, 217.
1915
Там же, 220.
1916
Vojtech Mastny, «Was 1968 a Strategic Watershed in the Cold War?» Diplomatic History 29 (January 2005), 176.
1917
Gottfried Niedhart, «Ostpolitik: The Role of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Process of Détente», in Fink et al., 1968,173–92; Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 178–80.
1918
Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, «Introduction», in Fink et al., eds. 1968, 9.
1919
Dallek, Flawed Giant, 226–27; Borstelmann, Cold War, 194–95.
1920
Nancy Tucker, «Lyndon Johnson: A Final Reckoning», in Cohen and Tucker, Johnson, 312–18.
1921
Herring, America’s Longest War, 265.
1922
Brands, Wages of Globalism, 256–57.
1923
«U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970s», February 18, 1970, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 1 (Washington, 2003), 196.
1924
Метафора взята из William P. Bundy, A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency (New York, 1998).
1925
Gordon H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972 (Stanford, Calif., 1990), 285–86; Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1990), 176.
1926
Terry Anderson, The Sixties (New York, 1999), 94.
1927
Роль Киссинджера в американской внешней политике анализируется в Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York, 1992), Jussi Hanhimaki, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York, 2004), Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York, 2007), и Jeremi Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (2007).
1928
Современной биографии Никсона не существует. Stephen E. Ambrose’s Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972 (New York, 1989) and Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990 (New York, 1991) подробно рассказывают о президентстве. Помимо Даллека и Банди, наиболее ценным анализом президентства Никсона являются Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (Lawrence, Kans., 1999).
1929
Dallek, Partners in Power, 615–18.
1930
Bundy, Tangled Web, 54–55.
1931
Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 482.
1932
FRUS, 1969–19761:191.
1933
Там же, 53–55.
1934
Richard M. Nixon, «Asia After Vietnam», Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967), 111.
1935
William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New York, 1975), 121.
1936
FRUS, 1969–1976 1:81,109.
1937
Henry A. Kissinger, «The Vietnam Negotiations», Foreign Affairs 47 (January 1969), 234.
1938
H. R. Haldeman, The Ends of Power (New York, 1978), 83. «Теория безумца» анализируется в Jeffrey Kimball, The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy (Lawrence, Kans., 2004), 15–20, 54–59.
1939
William Burr and Jeffrey Kimball, «Nixon’s Secret Nuclear Alert: Vietnam War Diplomacy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test, October 1969», Cold War History 3 (January 2003), 113–56.
1940
Tad Szulc, The Illusion of Peace (New York, 1973), 158.
1941
George C. Herring, «‘Peoples Quite Apart’: Americans, South Vietnamese, and the War in Vietnam», Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990), 17–18.
1942
George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 284.
1943
Там же, 287.
1944
FRUS, 1969–1976 1:106.
1945
Herring, America’s Longest War, 290.
1946
Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 204–5.
1947
John M. Shaw, The Cambodia Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 2005).
1948
Herring, America’s Longest War, 293–95.
1949
Safire, Before the Fall, 190.
1950
Henry Brandon, The Retreat of American Power (New York, 1974), 146–47.
1951
Associated Press report, November 17, 2005.
1952
Herring, America’s Longest War, 295.
1953
Vernon A. Walters, Silent Missions (New York, 1978), 516.
1954
Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Détente (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 213–17.
1955
Evelyn Goh, «Nixon, Kissinger, and the’Soviet Card’ in the U.S. Opening to China», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 475.
1956
Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 26.
1957
Там же, 33.
1958
James K. Libbey, American-Russian Economic Relations, 1770S–1990S (Claremont, Calif., 1989), 164–65.
1959
Garthoff, Détente, 37–53.
1960
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 270.
1961
Small, Nixon Presidency, 101.
1962
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 99.
1963
Small, Nixon Presidency, 104.
1964
Garthoff, Détente, 137.
1965
Isaacson, Kissinger, 327.
1966
Hanhimaki, Kissinger, 129.
1967
Small, Nixon Presidency, 119.
1968
Там же, 119–20; Schaller, United States and China, 176–77.
1969
Schaller, United States and China, 180–82.
1970
Там же, 179.
1971
Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York, 1997), 226.
1972
Bundy, Tangled Web, 165–67; Schaller, United States and China, 181.
1973
Suri, Power and Protest, 240; Schaller, United States and China, 183.
1974
James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 31.
1975
Там же, 32.
1976
Там же, 30–36; New York Times, March 3, 2002.
1977
Schaller, Altered States, 228–29.
1978
Там же, 228.
1979
Small, Nixon Presidency, 127.
1980
Там же, 148–49.
1981
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 86.
1982
Bundy, Tangled Web, 178.
1983
Garthoff, Détente, 116–21.
1984
Bundy, Tangled Web, 116; FRUS, 1969–1976 1:290.
1985
Garthoff, Détente, 120, n. 30.
1986
Bundy, Tangled Web, 261–64; Schaller, Altered States, 234; Francis J. Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 193–94.
1987
Small, Nixon Presidency, 208.
1988
Bundy, Tangled Web, 263–64.
1989
Small, Nixon Presidency, 210.
1990
Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power, 196; Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York, 1994), 143.
1991
Schaller, Altered States, 211–13; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 349–51.
1992
Small, Nixon Presidency, 144–45.
1993
Schaller, Altered States, 211, 224.
1994
Там же, 231–41.
1995
Small, Nixon Presidency, 63. Ценным анализом является Jeffrey Kimball, «The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding», Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36 (March 2006), 59–74.
1996
Small, Nixon Presidency, 63; Bundy, Tangled Web, 68; FRUS, 1969–1976 1:92.
1997
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 53–54.
1998
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 233.
1999
Small, Nixon Presidency, 144.
2000
Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 195.
2001
FRUS, 1969–1976 1:101, 204–6.
2002
Gilderhus, Second Century, 196.
2003
New York Times, September 13, 1998.
2004
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 102, 104.
2005
New York Times, September 13, 1998.
2006
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 104.
2007
Там же, 104–5. Обвинение в совершении военного преступления изложено в Christopher Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (London, 2001).
2008
Dallek, Partners, 338; BBC News report, June 29, 2005.
2009
Bundy, Tangled Web, 269.
2010
Small, Nixon Presidency, 107.
2011
Bundy, Tangled Web, 288–89.
2012
Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 233.
2013
Там же, 233.
2014
Small, Nixon Presidency, 144.
2015
Tyler Powell, «Advertising and Designing Nixon’s ‘China Picture Show’» (Senior Thesis, University of Kentucky, 2000), 9, 17, 25, 27.
2016
Isaacson, Kissinger, 402.
2017
Mann, About Face, 45–59.
2018
Там же, 50–51; Small, Nixon Presidency, 124–25.
2019
Herring, America’s Longest War, 307; Atlantic Monthly, September 2004, 103.
2020
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 223–24.
2021
Garthoff, Détente, 289–92.
2022
Isaacson, Kissinger, 429–36.
2023
Small, Nixon Presidency, 114.
2024
Bundy, Tangled Web, 327; Isaacson, Kissinger, 436.
2025
Isaacson, Kissinger, 436.
2026
Там же, 438.
2027
Kimball, Vietnam War Files, 24–28.
2028
Herring, America’s Longest War, 311–13.
2029
Kenneth Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York, 205), 103.
2030
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 145.
2031
New York Times, November 29, 2007; National Security Archive Update, April 28, 2006.
2032
Small, Nixon Presidency, 129.
2033
Там же, 130–31.
2034
Little, Orientalism, 106.
2035
David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 182.
2036
Isaacson, Kissinger, 479.
2037
Small, Nixon Presidency, 274–86.
2038
Marvin and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 433.
2039
Там же, 434.
2040
Small, Nixon Presidency, 116–17.
2041
Noam Kochavi, «Insights Abandoned, Flexibility Lost: Kissinger, Soviet Jewish Emigration, and the Demise of Détente», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 503–30.
2042
Goh, «Soviet Card», 485–86.
2043
Там же, 499.
2044
Small, Nixon Presidency, 131–33.
2045
Little, Orientalism, 242–43.
2046
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 313–17.
2047
Bundy, Tangled Web, 442.
2048
Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 325–31.
2049
Там же, 338.
2050
Bundy, Tangled Web, 463–64.
2051
Там же, 463.
2052
Small, Nixon Presidency, 293.
2053
Bundy, Tangled Web, 469.
2054
«The Fading of America», Economist, April 4. 1975, 12.
2055
George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 349.
2056
Yanek Mieczkowski, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s (Lexington, Ky., 2005), 5.
2057
Там же, 2–3, 148–56.
2058
Там же, 305–10.
2059
Там же, 20.
2060
John R. Greene, The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 101–12.
2061
Mieczkowski, Ford, 273.
2062
Карьера Форда описана в книге Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York, 1979) и James Cannon, Time and Chance: Gerald Ford’s Appointment with History (New York, 1994).
2063
Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York, 1979), 175–82.
2064
Jacob K. Javits, «The Debate over the War Powers Resolution, 1945–1970», and John H. Sullivan, «The Impact of the War Powers Resolution», in Michael Barnhart, ed., Congress and United States Foreign Policy: Controlling the Use of Force in the Nuclear Age (Albany, N.Y., 1987), 55–76.
2065
Robert David Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (New York, 2006), xiv, xix, xx-xxi, 190–241.
2066
Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 131; Thomas Franck and Edward Weisband, Foreign Policy by Congress (New York, 1979), 61.
2067
Kissinger, Years of Renewal, 37, 1064.
2068
Речь Форда на присяге 9 августа 1974 года можно найти в www.ford/utexasedu/LIBRARY/speeches/740001/html.
2069
Greene, Ford Presidency, 39–52, 56.
2070
Там же, 117–19.
2071
Franck and Weisband, Congress, 61.
2072
Ford, Time to Heal, 302.
2073
Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 201.
2074
Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 1069–73. Идея «одностороннего двойного стандарта» обсуждается на с. 1073.
2075
Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York, 1992), 612–13.
2076
Garthoff, Détente, 454–56.
2077
Isaacson, Kissinger, 316.
2078
Greene, Ford Presidency, 124.
2079
Isaacson, Kissinger, 626–28.
2080
Garthoff, Détente, 446–53; Isaacson, Kissinger, 628–29.
2081
Herring, Longest War, 331.
2082
Там же, 332–33.
2083
New York Times, April 18, 1975.
2084
Herring, Longest War, 336.
2085
New Orleans Times-Picayune, April 23, 1975.
2086
Newsweek, May 1, 2000, 37–42.
2087
Herring, Longest War, 346–47.
2088
Newsweek, April 28, 1975, 17.
2089
Mieczkowski, Ford, 293–94.
2090
Herring, Longest War, 359–60; T. Christopher Jespersen, «The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–1976», Diplomatic History 24 (Spring 2000), 265–93.
2091
Greene, Ford Presidency, 144.
2092
Там же, 150.
2093
Mieczkoswki, Ford, 296.
2094
Ralph Weterhahn, The Last Battle: The Mayaguez Incident and the End of the Vietnam War (New York, 2001), 253–66.
2095
Garthoff, Détente, 521.
2096
Greene, Ford Presidency, 115; Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 221–23.
2097
Garthoff, Détente, 519–36.
2098
Greene, Ford Presidency, 151–52.
2099
Mieczkowski, Ford, 297–98.
2100
Garthoff, Détente, 478.
2101
Robert G. Kaufman, Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics (Seattle, 2000), 293.
2102
Leo P. Ribuffo, «Is Poland a Soviet Satellite? Gerald Ford, the Sonnenfeldt Doctrine, and the Election of 1976», Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990), 394.
2103
Mieczkowski, Ford, 299.
2104
Isaacson, Kissinger, 669–72.
2105
Greene, Ford Presidency, 164, 166, 168, 170–73.
2106
Ribuffo, «Election of 1976», 398–403.
2107
James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 74; Richard A. Melanson, American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 123.
2108
Melanson, Consensus, 96–97; David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2004), 161–63.
2109
Картер рассказывает свою собственную историю в книге Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982).
2110
Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 41; Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy (New York, 1983).
2111
Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 284.
2112
James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 249; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York, 1985).
2113
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in a Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 250–52. On Young, see also Andrew J. DeRoche, Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador (Wilmington, Del., 2003).
2114
Burton I. Kaufman and Scott Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2nd ed., Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 135–36; Kathy B. Smith, «The First Lady Represents America: Rosalynn Carter in South America», Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Summer 1997), 514–39.
2115
Melanson, Consensus, 91, 107.
2116
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 56–57.
2117
Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York, 1997), 84–94.
2118
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 288–89.
2119
Garthoff, Détente, 564.
2120
Там же, 566.
2121
John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 300.
2122
Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1989 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 204.
2123
Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1979), 204–6.
2124
Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 236.
2125
LaFeber, Panama Canal, 210.
2126
Там же, 214–16.
2127
Там же, 228–50.
2128
Larry Grubbs, «‘Hands on Presidency’ or ‘Passionless Presidency?’ Jimmy Carter and Ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties», SHAFR Newsletter 30 (December 1999), 1–17.
2129
Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 276.
2130
Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 203–9; James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 78–84, 97–98.
2131
Mann, About Face, 94–95.
2132
Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 90–91.
2133
Mann, About Face, 100–114.
2134
William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (rev. ed., Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 198–99.
2135
David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 260.
2136
Там же, 260–67; Little, American Orientalism, 289–93.
2137
Quandt, Peace Process, 204.
2138
Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 133–34; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 243–48.
2139
Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 143–45; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 254–55.
2140
Andrew J. DeRoche, «Standing Firm for Principles: Jimmy Carter and Zimbabwe», Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999), 657–85.
2141
Thomas Borstelmann, «The United States and the Final Years of White Rule in Zimbabwe», Diplomatic History 27 (January 2003), 155.
2142
Piero Gleijeses, «Truth or Credibility: Castro, Carter, and the Invasion of Shaba», International History Review 18 (February 1996), 70–103.
2143
Там же, 103.
2144
О политике Картера в области прав человека см. Joshua Murachik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986) и Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980).
2145
Kenneth Cmiel, «The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States», Journal of American History 86 (December 1999), 1248.
2146
Carter, Keeping Faith, 144.
2147
Инаугурационная речь Картера, 20 января 1977 года, www.bartleby.com/124/pres60.html.
2148
Kenton Clymer, «Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia», Diplomatic History 27 (April 2003), 245–78.
2149
Gilderhus, Second Century, 206–8.
2150
David F. Schmitz and Vanessa Walker, «Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post Cold War Foreign Policy», Diplomatic History 28 (January 2004), 119.
2151
David Farber, Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage Crisis and America’s First Encounter with Radical Islam (Princeton, N.J., 2005), 4–5.
2152
Bill, Eagle and Lion, 233.
2153
Там же, 240.
2154
Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York, 2004), 125.
2155
Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 188.
2156
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 158.
2157
Bill, Eagle and Lion, 280.
2158
Там же, 285; Farber, Taken Hostage, 120–27.
2159
Mark Bowden, «Among the Hostage Takers», Atlantic Monthly, December 2004, 77–96
2160
Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 161.
2161
Farber, Taken Hostage, 1–2.
2162
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 165–77, 228–30.
2163
Farber, Taken Hostage, 143–44; Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 177–84.
2164
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 159–63.
2165
Kaufman, Jackson, 385; Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 243–46.
2166
Garthoff, Détente, 828–29.
2167
Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 49.
2168
Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York, 1994), 251–55; «The Soviet Union and Afghanistan, 1978–1989: Documents from Russian and East German Archives», Cold War International History Project Bulletin (Winter 1996–1997), 133–84.
2169
Речь Картера, 4 января 1980 года, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32911 andst=andst1=.
2170
William J. Daughtery, Executive Secrets: Covert Operations and the Presidency (Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.
2171
Garthoff, Detente, 945–57.
2172
Mann, About Face, 110–11.
2173
Там же, 109–14.
2174
Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 580; William E. Odom, «The Origins and Design of Presidential Directive–59: A Memoir», in Henry D. Sokoloski, Getting MAD (Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 2004), 175–96.
2175
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 231.
2176
Там же, 197.
2177
Там же, 221–22.
2178
Там же, 225–27.
2179
Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York, 1984), 241–42.
2180
Farber, Taken Hostage, 141–71.
2181
Mark Bowden, «The Desert One Debacle», Atlantic Monthly, May 2006, 62–77.
2182
Bill, Eagle and Lion, 302–3.
2183
Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 213.
2184
Там же, 239–46.
2185
Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York, 1993), 276–277; Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York, 1996), 270–73.
2186
Don Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the End of the Soviet Union, 1983–1991 (Baltimore, Md., 1998), 353; the Bush quote is from David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2005), 260.
2187
Например, Peter Schweizer, Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle and Final Victory over Communism (New York, 2003). Триумфалистский аргумент критически оценивается в Robert J. McMahon, «American Foreign Policy during the Reagan Years», Diplomatic History 19 (Spring 1995), 367–84, and Jeremi Suri, «Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?» Journal of Cold War Studies 4 (Fall 2002), 60–92.
2188
Ronald Reagan, An American Life: The Autobiography (New York, 1990) tells the story. Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (New York, 1987) предлагает глубокий анализ, сосредоточенный на первых годах жизни.
2189
Richard A. Melanson, American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 136–37.
2190
Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York, 1991), 185.
2191
Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987 (New York, 1987).
2192
Rothkopf, Running the World, 212–14.
2193
Richard Pipes, Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 153–54.
2194
James A. Baker III, Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York, 1995), 26–27.
2195
March 8, 1983, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1983 (Washington, 1983), 363–64.
2196
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 85.
2197
Pipes, Vixi, 171.
2198
Там же, 188–203.
2199
Walker, Cold War, 266.
2200
Paul S. Boyer, «Selling Star Wars: Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative», paper delivered at Florida Atlantic University, February 2007, 7.
2201
Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 1024.
2202
Walker, Cold War, 267.
2203
Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York, 1984), 158.
2204
Garthoff, Détente, 1026.
2205
Boyer, «Selling Star Wars», 11–14; самый полный отчет Frances FitzGerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York, 2000).
2206
Boyer, «Selling Star Wars», 15–19, 26–27.
2207
Garthoff, Détente, 1016.
2208
Washington Post, February 10, 1999.
2209
David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 273–74–
2210
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 111; Laurence L. Barrett, Gambling with History: Reagan in the White House (New York, 1984), 271.
2211
Schoenbaum, United States and Israel, 286.
2212
Cannon, Reagan, 390.
2213
Там же, 401.
2214
Там же, 406.
2215
Reagan, American Life, 437.
2216
Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York, 1996), 281.
2217
Там же, 302–3; Caspar W. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon (New York, 1990), 8–9, 31; George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 649–51.
2218
Little, Orientalism, 212–14.
2219
«Terrorism», in Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, 4 vols. (New York, 1997), 4:186–91.
2220
Reagan, American Life, 511, 514, 517–19.
2221
Little, Orientalism, 248–49.
2222
Cannon, Reagan, 589–738, содержит полный анализ; официальный отчет находится в President’s Special Review Board, Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President’s Special Review Board (New York, 1987).
2223
Cannon, Reagan, 541, 609–11, 630–31.
2224
Там же, 596, 613, 627–41.
2225
Там же, 640, 647–52.
2226
Там же, 639.
2227
Little, Orientalism, 250–52.
2228
Там же, 295–97.
2229
Time, April 1, 1985.
2230
James M. Scott, Deciding to Intervene: The Reagan Doctrine and American Foreign Policy (Durham, N.C., 1996), 19–21.
2231
William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency (Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.
2232
Там же, 186, 201–3.
2233
Scott, Reagan Doctrine, 108–10.
2234
Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 260–61.
2235
Scott, Reagan Doctrine, 207.
2236
Там же, 121, 147.
2237
Там же, 47, 58.
2238
Alan J. Kuperman, «The Stinger Missiles and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan», Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 2 (1999), 220, 244–45.
2239
Там же, 235–53.
2240
Там же, 253–58; John Prados, «Notes on the CIA’s Secret War in Afghanistan», Journal of American History 89 (September 2002), 466–71.
2241
Michael Schaller, «Reagan and the Cold War», in Kyle Longley et al., Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America’s Fortieth President (Armonk, N.Y., 2007), 25–26.
2242
John H. Coatsworth, Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus (New York, 1994), 166.
2243
Kathleen M. Blee, «The Catholic Church and Central American Politics», in Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds., The Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Policy (Wilmington, Del., 1985), 55–71.
2244
Stephen Kinzer, «Nicaragua: The Beleaguered Revolution», New York Times Magazine, August 28, 1983, 23.
2245
William M. LeoGrande, Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 54–56.
2246
Cannon, Reagan, 344.
2247
LeoGrande, Backyard, 81–82, 86–88.
2248
Cannon, Reagan, 344–45.
2249
Walter LaFeber, «The Reagan Policy in Historical Perspective», in Coleman and Herring, Central American Crisis, 4–6.
2250
LeoGrande, Backyard, 281.
2251
Там же, 564–66; Coatsworth, Central America, 170–76.
2252
Cannon, Reagan, 446–47; Richard A. Gabriel, Military Incompetence: Why the American Military Doesn’t Win (New York, 1985), 149–50.
2253
Cannon, Reagan, 448.
2254
Gabriel, Military Incompetence, 185.
2255
Reagan, American Life, 455, 458; Cannon, Reagan, 449.
2256
LeoGrande, Backyard, 331.
2257
Там же, 301–3, 317–18, 33o–40, 363–4.
2258
Там же, 300.
2259
Schaller, «Reagan and the Cold War», 27.
2260
LeoGrande, Backyard, 400.
2261
Там же, 407.
2262
President’s Special Review Board, The Tower Commission Report (New York, 1987), 51–61.
2263
LeoGrande, Backyard, 638.
2264
Там же, 507–47.
2265
Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds., Understanding the Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict, U.S. Policy, and Options for Peace (Wilmington, Del., 1991), 221–23.
2266
LeoGrande, Backyard, 548.
2267
Coleman and Herring, Understanding the Central American Crisis, 221–23.
2268
Edwin Meese in McMahon, «Reagan Years», 370.
2269
Reagan, American Life, 611.
2270
Cannon, Reagan, 744.
2271
Archie Brown, «Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War», in Richard K. Herrmann and Richard Ned Lebow, eds., Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation, and the Study of International Relations (New York, 2004), 49–50.
2272
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 72.
2273
Alan P. Dobson, «The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close Down the Cold War», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 547, 555.
2274
Cannon, Reagan, 289–91, 475.
2275
Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry, «Who Won the Cold War?» Foreign Policy 87 (Summer 1992), 126–28, 132, 137.
2276
Walker, Cold War, 291.
2277
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 154.
2278
Cannon, Reagan, 740, 755.
2279
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 67.
2280
Cannon, Reagan, 756, 757.
2281
Matthew Evangelista, «Turning Points in Arms Control», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 90–92.
2282
Cannon, Reagan, 742–43, 758–59.
2283
Walker, Cold War, 293–94.
2284
FitzGerald, Out There in the Blue, 407–9.
2285
Cannon, Reagan, 779–81.
2286
James Mann, «Tear Down That Myth», New York Times, June 10, 2007.
2287
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 264–65.
2288
New York Times, May 22, 1988.
2289
Evangelista, «Arms Control», 102–3; Walker, Cold War, 308–9.
2290
David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals (New York, 2001), 71.
2291
John Newhouse, «Shunning the Losers», New Yorker, October 26, 1992, 40; John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 11–26.
2292
Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York, 1992), 18; Newhouse, «Losers», 40–41; Greene, Bush Presidency, 45–50.
2293
James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 134–47.
2294
Greene, Bush Presidency, 93–94.
2295
Там же, 94–95.
2296
Там же, 95: Mann, About Face, 206–8.
2297
Mann, About Face, 215.
2298
Там же, 223.
2299
Melanson, Search for Consensus, 212.
2300
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 347–48; James W. Davis and William C. Wohlforth, «German Unification», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 150.
2301
Vladislav Zubok, «New Evidence on the End of the Cold War», Cold War International History Project Bulletin 12/13 (Fall/Winter 2001), 9.
2302
Jacques Levesque, «The Emancipation of Eastern Europe», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 112–14.
2303
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 361.
2304
Там же, 363–86.
2305
Там же, 364. См. также Mikhail Gorbachev et al., «Defrosting the Cold War», New Perspectives Quarterly 13 (Winter 1996), 20.
2306
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 392.
2307
Там же,393–97, 415–17; Davis and Wohlforth, «German Reunification», 132–33.
2308
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 404.
2309
Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, 1994), 406.
2310
Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 410–33.
2311
Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 524.
2312
James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 184–86.
2313
Freedman and Karsh, Gulf Conflict, 290–94.
2314
Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, The General’s War (Boston, 1995), 355–99.
2315
Greene, Bush Presidency, 138.
2316
Tampa Tribune, May 19, 2007.
2317
Robert A. Divine, «The Persian Gulf War Revisited: Tactical Victory, Strategic Failure», Diplomatic History 24 (Winter 2000), 37.
2318
Gordon and Trainor, General’s War, 456; Mann, Vulcans, 193.
2319
Gordon and Trainor, General’s War, 477.
2320
Arnold Isaacs, Vietnam Shadows: The War, Its Ghosts, and Its Legacy (Baltimore, Md., 1997), 65.
2321
Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 347.
2322
Bush and Scowcroft, World Transformed, 563–565.
2323
Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, «Reagan and the Russians», Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, 35–37.
2324
Deudney and Ikenberry, «Cold War», 134–35.
2325
Washington Post, June 27, 2004.
2326
Mark Danner, «How the Foreign Policy Machine Broke Down», New York Times Magazine, March 7, 1993, 32–34.
2327
John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York, 1987). В рецензии Уоррена Кимбалла на книгу «Долгий мир» отмечается, что в период с 1945 по 1988 год в семидесяти войнах погибло восемь миллионов человек, многие из которых были связаны с холодной войной; American Historical Review 94 (June 1989), 921–22.
2328
Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War (New York, 1992), 194–95.
2329
Bush and Scowcroft, World Transformed, 563–64.
2330
William Safire, «On Language», New York Times Magazine, July 22, 2003.
2331
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
2332
John Lewis Gaddis, «Toward the Post-Cold War World», Foreign Affairs 70 (Spring 1991), 1°2–5.
2333
Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone (New York, 2002), 41–51.
2334
Walter LaFeber, Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism (New York, 1999), 14–15, 135; New York Times, April 21, 1996.
2335
New York Times, May 3, 1992.
2336
Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York, 1999), предлагает воспевание глобализации. Критический анализ William Greider, One World., Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York, 1997).
2337
New York Times, May 3, 1992.
2338
Gaddis, «Post-Cold War World», 105.
2339
New York Times, February 7, 1993.
2340
Robert Kaplan, «The Coming Anarchy», Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, 44–76.
2341
Nye, Paradox, 11.
2342
Charles Krauthammer, «The Unipolar Moment», Foreign Affairs 70 (America and the World, 1990–1991), 23.
2343
Stephen M. Walt, «Two Cheers for Clinton’s Foreign Policy», Foreign Affairs 79 (March/April 2000), 65.
2344
John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 141–64.
2345
James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 209–15.
2346
William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (rev. ed., Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 296.
2347
Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 297–99.
2348
Там же, 300.
2349
Quandt, Peace Process, 312–14.
2350
Thomas Friedman column, New York Times, May 31, 1992.
2351
David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals (New York, 2001), 267–68.
2352
Friedman column, New York Times, May 31, 1992.
2353
Klaus Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’: Bush, Clinton, and the Abdication of American Leadership in the Former Yugoslavia, 1990–1995», Journal of European Integration History 10 (July 2004), 192.
2354
Mann, Vulcans, 222–23; Halberstam, War, 250–52.
2355
New York Times, December 20, 1992.
2356
Jason DeParle, «The Man Inside Bill Clinton’s Foreign Policy», New York Times Magazine, August 20, 1995, 34.
2357
Halberstam, War, 204–7, 415–19.
2358
David Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2004), 306–10, 344–49.
2359
Nye, Paradox, 41.
2360
Rothkopf, Running the World, 348.
2361
Там же, 348–52; James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 274–308.
2362
Newsweek, May 5, 1994, 54; DeParle, «Man Inside», 35.
2363
Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down (New York, 1999).
2364
Halberstam, War, 270–71.
2365
Thomas Friedman column, New York Times, October 1, 1993.
2366
Там же.
2367
Там же; New York Times, January 29, 1994; Washington Post, May 6, 1994.
2368
Samantha Power, «Bystanders to Genocide», Atlantic Monthly, September 2001, 84.
2369
David Remnick, «The Wanderer», New Yorker, September 18, 2006, 63.
2370
DeParle, «Man Inside», 35; Bob Sacochis, The Immaculate Invasion (New York, 1999).
2371
Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 196–97.
2372
Halberstam, War, 331.
2373
Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 201.
2374
Halberstam, War, 303–6, 317.
2375
Там же, 358; Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 200–201.
2376
Max Frankel, «The Shroud», New York Times Magazine, November 17, 1994.
2377
Halberstam, War, 404–9.
2378
Elaine Sciolino, «Madeleine Albright’s Audition», New York Times Magazine, September 22, 1996, 66–67, 87–88, 104.
2379
Halberstam, War, 409–10.
2380
Colin L. Powell with Joseph Persico, My American Journey (New York, 1995), 576.
2381
Halberstam, War, 409, 423.
2382
Там же, 475.
2383
Там же, 457–60.
2384
George C. Herring, «Analogies at War: The United States, the Conflict in Kosovo, and the Uses of History», in Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo, 2000), 355.
2385
G. John Ikenberry, «The Costs of Victory: American Power and the Use of Force in the Contemporary Order», in Schnabel and Thakur, Kosovo, 87–88.
2386
Halberstam, War, 482–83.
2387
George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 365, 367–68.
2388
Little, American Orientalism, 301–4.
2389
Newsweek, April 7, 1997.
2390
Garry Wills, «The Clinton Principle», New York Times Magazine, January 19, 1997, 44.
2391
Rothkopf, Running the World, 385; Washington Post Weekly, January 7–13, 2002.
2392
Newsweek, March 6, 1996.
2393
New York Times, October 17, 1996.
2394
Ikenberry, «Costs of Victory», 97.
2395
Michael C. Desch, «Liberals, Neocons, and Realcons: The Politics of Humanitarian Interentions», Orbis 46 (Fall 2001), 528.
2396
Mann, Vulcans, 163.
2397
New York Times, July 31, 2001.
2398
Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 50–51.
2399
New York Times, July 25, 2004; The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (New York, 2004), 254–77; Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York, 2004), 227–46.
2400
9/11 Commission Report, 339–60.
2401
September 20, 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
2402
Там же.
2403
Michael Kelly, «Myths of the Month», Washington Post, October 31, 2001; John Leo, «Quagmire, Schagmire», U.S. News and World Report, November 26, 2001, 52.
2404
Seymour Hersh, «The Other War», New Yorker, April 12, 2004, 40–47; Michael Ignatieff, «Nation-Building Lite», New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002, 26–31, 54, 57, 59.
2405
Истоки фразы «ось зла» обсуждаются в David Frum, The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George Bush (New York, 2003), 238–45, 268–71.
2406
Nicholas Lemann, «The War on What?» New Yorker, September 16, 2002, 44.
2407
The text is in New York Times, September 20, 2002.
2408
John Lewis Gaddis, «A Grand Strategy for Transformation», Foreign Policy 133 (November/December 2002), 22.
2409
New York Times, September 20, 2002.
2410
Stanley Hoffmann, «The High and the Mighty», American Prospect, January 13, 2003, 28–29.
2411
Clarke, Against All Enemies, 32.
2412
George Packer, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq (New York, 2005), 45; Mann, Vulcans, 332–34; Bryan Burrough et al., «The Path to War», Vanity Fair, May 2004, 240.
2413
Elizabeth Drew, «The Neocons in Power», New York Review of Books, June 12, 2003, 20–22. For Wolfowitz, see Bill Keller, «The Sunshine Warrior», New York Times Magazine, September 22, 2002, 48–54, 84, 86, 96. Also Jacob Heilbrun, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (New York, 2007).
2414
Washington Post, March 30, 2003. Важность сибирской язвы отмечается в Jacob Weisberg, «Fishing for a way to Change the World», Newsweek, January 28, 2008, 31–32.
2415
Elizabeth Drew, «The Enforcer», New York Review of Books, May 1, 2003, Internet version.
2416
Bill Keller, «Reagan’s Son», New York Times Magazine, January 26, 2003, 26–31, 43, 49; Frum, Right Man, 24–25; Ron Suskind, «Without a Doubt», New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004, Internet version.
2417
Так называемый меморандум Даунинг-стрит от 21 июля 2002 года был впервые опубликован в (London) Sunday Times, May 1, 2005.
2418
Suskind, «Without a Doubt.»
2419
Burrough, «Path», 282; Michael Isikoff and David Corn, Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War (New York, 2006), chapters 2–11.
2420
Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 33.
2421
Burroughs, «Path», 282.
2422
New York Times, August 25, 2002.
2423
Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2002; Jeffrey Goldberg, «Breaking Ranks», New Yorker, October 31, 2005, 58–60.
2424
New York Times ad; Christopher Lehmann, «The War on What?» New Yorker, September 16, 2002, 36–44.
2425
George Packer, «Smart-Mobbing the War», New York Times Magazine, March 9, 2003, 46–49.
2426
New York Times, October 6, 2002.
2427
Там же, June 10, 2002, August 27, 2002, September 8, 2002, October 7, 2002; USA Today, September 18, 2002.
2428
New York Times, August 26, 2002.
2429
Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: America’s Military Adventure in Iraq (New York, 2006), 88; Thomas Powers, «The Vanishing Case for War», New York Review of Books, December 9, 2003, 1–8.
2430
Karen DeYoung, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell (New York, 2006), 411.
2431
Burrough, «Path», 289.
2432
New York Times, September 28, 2003.
2433
Burrough, «Path», 289.
2434
DeYoung, Soldier, 439.
2435
Там же, 440–51; Ricks, Fiasco, 93–94.
2436
Paul Krugman in New York Times, March 19, 2003.
2437
Rick Atkinson, In the Company of Soldiers (New York, 2004) это живой рассказ «внедренного» журналиста. Bernard E. Trainor and Michael R. Gordon, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York, 2006) является более тщательным и критичным.
2438
Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 137–142; Ricks, Fiasco, 135–38.
2439
New York Times, August 13, 2003.
2440
James Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», Atlantic Monthly, January/February 2004, 53–74; David Rieff, «Blueprint for a Mess», New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2003, 28–33, 44, 58, 76–78; Ricks, Fiasco, 85–111; Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 100–148.
2441
Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», 66; Seymour Hersh, «Offense and Defense», New Yorker, April 7, 2003, 43–45.
2442
Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 111.
2443
Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», 73; Newsweek, August 6, 2003, 35.
2444
Ricks, Fiasco, 158–65. См. также Roger Cohen in New York Times, August 17, 2007.
2445
Mark Danner, «Delusions in Baghdad», New York Review of Books, December 18, 2003, 1–9.
2446
Powers, «Vanishing Case for War», 1–8; Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 211–30. История Curveball рассказывается в Bob Drogin, Curveball: Spies, Lies, and the Con Man (New York, 2007).
2447
Ricks, Fiasco, 291.
2448
National Intelligence Estimate; New York Times, August 19, 2007.
2449
John Mueller, «The Iraq Syndrome», Foreign Affairs 84 (November/December 2005), 44–46.
2450
New York Times, December 2, 30, 2007.
2451
Michael Gordon in New York Times, January 20, 2008.
2452
Newsweek, October 2, 2006; New York Times, August 12, 20, 2002, December 16, 2007.
2453
Mueller, «Iraq Syndrome», 53–54.
2454
Boston Globe, August 1, 2007; New York Times, December 9, 2007, January 20, 2008.
2455
New York Times, July 30, 2006.
2456
Bruce Hoffman in Washington Post, September 9, 2007.
2457
Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 47; Samantha Power, «Our War on Terror», New York Times Book Review, July 29, 2007, 8.
2458
Роль Райса анализируется в Glenn Kessler, The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy (New York, 2007) and Elisabeth Bumiller, Condoleezza Rice: A Biography (New York, 2008).
2459
New York Times, September 17, 2007.
2460
Michael Oren in New York Times, December 2, 2007.
2461
Fareed Zakaria, «The Rise of the Rest», Newsweek, May 12, 2008, 27.
2462
Там же; Roger Cohen in New York Times, March 17, 2008. Важность Второй мировой обсуждается в Parag Khanna, «Waving Goodbye to Hegemony», New York Times Magazine, January 27, 2008, 37, 39, 40–41, 62.
2463
Цитируется по Cohen, New York Times, November 12, 2007.
2464
James Traub, «Persuading Them», New York Times Magazine, November 25, 2007, 19–20.
2465
This view is set forth in Philip Bobbitt, Terror and Consent: The Wars for the Twentieth Century (New York, 2008).
2466
See, for example, Robert Kagan, The Return of History and the End of Dreams (New York, 2008).
2467
Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York, 2008).
2468
Второе ежегодное послание Линкольна, 1 декабря 1862 года, in James C. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1925), 7:3343.
2469
Cohen in New York Times, October 1, 2007.
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