Britannica Concise 2005

futurology Study of current trends in order to forecast future develop¬ ments. The field originated in the “technological forecasting” developed near the end of World War II and in studies examining the consequences of nuclear conflict. Studies in the 1960s sought to anticipate future social patterns and needs. The Limits of Growth by Dennis Meadows, et al. (1972), focused on global socioeconomic trends, projecting a Malthusian vision in which the collapse of the world order would result if popula¬ tion growth, industrial expansion, pollution, food production, and natural- resource use continued at current rates. Later reports reiterated many of these concerns, with critics contending that futurologists’ models were flawed and futurologists responding that their analytic techniques were becoming increasingly sophisticated. Other notable works include Alvin Toffler’s Future Shock (1970), Daniel Bell’s The Coming of Post- Industrial Society (1973), Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth (1982), and Nigel Calder’s The Green Machines (1986).

Fuzhou or Fu-chou Vfu-'joN conventional Foochow Vfii-'chaCA/or- merly Minhow City (pop., 2003 est.: 1,387,266), capital of Fujian prov¬ ince, China. Located on the bank of the Min River, it was the capital of the kingdom of Yue in the 2nd century bc. Fuzhou, important militarily in the 1st century ad, came later under the Tang dynasty. During the Song dynasty (960-1279), it was a centre for overseas trade and also an impor¬ tant cultural centre. It reached its height of prosperity when it was opened as a treaty port after the Opium War of 1839-42. It is now a centre for industrial chemicals. In the city and nearby hills are notable examples of traditional Chinese architecture, including pagodas and temples.

Fuzuli \fu-zu-'le\, Mehmed bin Suleyman (b. c. 1495, Karbala 5 —d. 1556, Karbala 5 ) Turkish poet. Considered the greatest figure in classical Turkish literature, he composed poems with equal facility and elegance in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. His works transcended the highly formalized Islamic literary aesthetic and influenced many poets up to the 19th century. His most famous poems include his rendition of the Muslim classic Leyla ve Mecnun, a celebrated allegory depicting the attraction of the human spirit for divine beauty. His two poetry antholo¬ gies, one in Azerbaijani Turkish and one in Persian, contain his most lyri¬ cal verses.

fuzzy logic Logic based on the concept of fuzzy sets, in which mem¬ bership is expressed in varying probabilities or degrees of truth—that is, as a continuum of values ranging from 0 (does not occur) to 1 (definitely occurs). As additional data are gathered, many fuzzy-logic systems are able to adjust the probability values assigned to different parameters. Because some such systems appear able to learn from their mistakes, they are often considered a crude form of artificial intelligence. The term and concept date from a 1965 paper by Lotfi A. Zadeh (born 1921). Fuzzy- logic systems achieved commercial application in the early 1990s. Advanced clothes-washing machines, for example, use fuzzy-logic sys-

© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Fw 190 » Fyodor III I 723

terns to detect and adapt to patterns of water movement during a wash cycle, increasing efficiency and reducing water consumption. Other prod¬ ucts using fuzzy logic include camcorders, microwave ovens, and dish¬ washers. Other applications include expert systems, self-regulating industrial controls, and computerized speech- and handwriting- recognition programs.

Fw 190 See Focke-Wulf 190

Fyodor Vfyo-dorV I Russian Fyodor Ivanovich (b. May 31, 1557, Moscow, Russia—d. Jan. 7, 1598, Moscow) Tsar of Russia (1584-98) whose death ended the rule of the Rurik dynasty. The son of Ivan IV, Fyo¬ dor was feebleminded and took no part in the government, which was dominated by his wife’s brother, Boris Godunov. Godunov was respon¬ sible for the major achievements of Fyodor’s reign, including elevation of the metropolitan see of Russia to a patriarchate (1589), recovery of lands near the Gulf of Finland (1595), and strengthening of Russia’s con¬ trol over western Siberia and territory in the Caucasus. The childless Fyo¬ dor was succeeded by Godunov.

Fyodor II Russian Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (b. 1589—d. June 10, 1605, Moscow, Russia) Tsar of Russia for three months in 1605, during the Time of Troubles. The son and successor of Boris Godunov, Fyodor was immediately challenged by the first False Dmitry. After his military commander shifted his support to the pretender, Fyodor’s mother tried to take power. Her action angered the boyars, who provoked a Mos¬ cow mob to riot and murder Fyodor and his mother. The pretender then assumed the throne.

Fyodor III Russian Fyodor Alekseyevich (b. May 30, 1661, Mos¬ cow, Russia—d. April 27, 1682, Moscow) Tsar of Russia (1676-82). He ascended the throne on the death of his father, Alexis, but youth and poor health prevented him from actively participating in government. Various advisers dominated his administration, notably Vasily Golitsyn, who insti¬ tuted military reforms, limited the power of the aristocracy, and fostered the development of Western culture. The childless Fyodor was succeeded by his brother Ivan V and half brother Peter I, for whose widespread reforms Fyodor’s reign had laid the groundwork.

© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

724 i G. intestinalis ► Gabon

G. intestinalis See Giardia lamblia

Gabar Vga-bsrX Derogatory name applied to Iranian Zoroastrians. The word may derive from the Arabic kafir (“infidel”). After the Muslim con¬ quest of Persia in the 7th century bc, the Zoroastrians became an outcast minority, saddled with many social and economic disabilities. Since the 19th century they have received support from the Parsis of India. Perse¬ cuted after the Islamic fundamentalist revolution of 1978-79, they cur¬ rently number a few thousand. See also Zoroastrianism and Parsiism.

gabbro Any of several medium- or coarse-grained rocks that consist primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Gabbros are found widely on the Earth and on the Moon. They are sometimes quarried for dimen¬ sion stone (“black granite”), but the direct economic value of gabbro is minor. Far more important are the nickel, chro mium, and platinum minerals that occur almost exclu¬ sively in association with gabbroic or related rocks Magnetite (iron) and ilmenite (titanium) are also found in gabbroic complexes.

Gabin \ga-'ba n \, Jean orig. Jean-Alexis Moncorge (b. May 17, 1904, Paris, France—d.

Nov. 15, 1976, Paris) French film actor. The son of a music-hall comedian, he began as a performer at the Folies-Bergere (1923). After making his film debut in 1931 he earned critical and popular acclaim in Maria Chapdelaine (1934), Pepe le moko (1937), Grand Illusion (1937), The Human Beast (1938), and Daybreak (1939), often portraying the silent, tough antihero surviving in a world of social outcasts. He appeared in several films as Georges Sime- non’s detective character, Inspector Maigret, and also in Speaking of Murder (1959), Money, Money, Money (1962), and The Upper Hand (1967).

gable Triangular section formed by a roof with two slopes, extending from the eaves to the ridge where the two slopes meet. It may be min¬ iaturized over a dormer window or entrance way. If the gable end projects above the roof level to form a parapet, the edge is often trimmed to form an ornamental silhouette (e.g., curved or stepped), as in Dutch town houses of the 16th and 17th centuries. In Asia, gables often feature pro¬ jecting roof tiles and grotesque sculptures of animals at the ridge and eaves.

Gable, (William) Clark (b. Feb. 1, 1901, Cadiz, Ohio, U.S.—d. Nov. 16, 1960, Hollywood, Calif.) U.S. film actor. He debuted on Broadway in 1928 and went to Hollywood in 1930. After an initial rejection MGM signed him, and within a year he was playing romantic leads. He tri¬ umphed in It Happened One Night (1934, Academy Award). His sardonic virility and lighthearted charm appealed to men as well as women, and he became known as “the King.” Among his 70-odd films are Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), San Francisco (1936), Saratoga (1937), and, most memorably, Gone with the Wind (1939). After the death of his third wife, Carole Lombard, he became disenchanted with the film industry and joined the Army Air Corps, receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal for his wartime bombing missions. He later returned to Hollywood, starring in films such as The Hucksters (1947), Mogambo (1953), and The Misfits (1961).

Gable, Dan(iel Mack) (b. Oct. 25, 1948, Waterloo, Iowa, U.S.) U.S. freestyle wrestler and coach. Gable never lost a wrestling match in his high school years. After an outstanding career at Iowa State University, he won the 1971 world and Pan-American championships. At the 1972 Olympics he won a gold medal, not losing a single point. From 1972 he coached at the University of Iowa, winning 9 consecutive national titles and 12 Big Ten championships; he coached the 1980 and 1984 U.S. Olympic wrestling teams.

Gabo Vga-bo\, Naum orig. Naum Pevsner (b. Aug. 5, 1890, Bry¬ ansk, Russia—d. Aug. 23, 1977, Waterbury, Conn., U.S.) Russian-born U.S. sculptor. He studied at the University of Munich, and in 1913 he was introduced to avant-garde art in Paris by his brother, Antoine Pevsner. In 1920 the brothers returned to Russia and issued the “Realist Manifesto,” setting forth the principles of European Constructivism. Gabo produced abstract works of such unorthodox materials as glass, plastic, and wire to achieve a sense of movement. After some years in Europe he settled in the U.S. in 1946 and taught at Harvard’s architecture school. He received

many awards and public commissions. A pioneer of the Constructivist movement, he was one of the earliest artists to experiment with kinetic SCULPTURE.

Gabon \ga-'bo n \ officially Gabonese Republic Country, central Africa. Area: 103,347 sq mi (267,667 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 1,384,000. Capital: Libreville. Gabon has more than 40 ethnic groups: the Fang, more than one-fourth of the total population, live north of the Ogooue River; the largest groups south of the river are the Sira (includ¬ ing the Punu) and Nzebi. Languages: French (official), several Bantu lan¬ guages (notably Fang). Religions: Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic; also Protestant, other Christians); also Islam, traditional beliefs. Currency:

CFA franc. Gabon straddles the Equator on the western coast of Africa. It has a narrow coastal plain and becomes hilly in the south and north. The basin of its chief river, the Ogooue, covers most of the country; about three-fourths is equatorial rainforest, which sup¬ ports numerous plant and animal species. Gabon has reserves of manganese that are among the largest in the world; it also has huge deposits of petroleum and natu¬ ral gas. Gabon has a developing mixed economy based largely on the exploitation of these mineral and timber resources. Its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister; the parliament consists of two houses. Artifacts dat¬ ing from late Paleolithic and early Neolithic times have been found in Gabon, but it is not known when the Bantu speakers who established Gabon’s ethnic com¬ position arrived. Pygmies were probably the original inhabitants. The Portuguese began arriving in the late 15th century and were followed by French, Dutch, and English traders. The Fang started migrating there in the late 18th century. The slave trade dominated commerce in the 18th and much of the 19th century. The French then took control, and Gabon was administered (1843-86) with French West Africa. In 1886 the colony of French Congo was established to include both Gabon and the Congo; in 1910 Gabon

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became a separate colony within French Equatorial Africa. An overseas territory of France from 1946, it became an autono¬ mous republic within the French Community in 1958 and declared its independence in

Rule by a sole political party was established in the 1960s, but dis¬ content with it led to riots in Libreville in 1989. Legalization of opposi¬ tion parties enabled new elections in 1990. The country continued to face economic difficulties despite large revenues from petroleum exports.

© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Gabon Estuary ► Gaelic revival I 725

Gabon Estuary Inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, western Gabon. Fed by the Como and Mbei' rivers, it is 40 mi (64 km) long and 9 mi (14 km) wide at its mouth. It was explored in the 1470s by Portuguese navigators and was long considered the finest harbour of the West African coast. Libreville is its main port.

Gaborone \,ga-bo-'ro-na\ formerly (until 1969) Gaberones X.ga-bo-'ro-nosV City (pop., 2001 prelim.: 185,891), capital of Botswana. It is located in southeastern Botswana near the border with South Africa. The seat of government was transferred there from Mafikeng, S.Af., in 1965, one year before Botswana became independent of Britain. Gabor¬ one is on the Cape-Zimbabwe railway and is the site of government offices, parliament buildings, health facilities, a thermal power station, and an airport. It is the seat of the University of Botswana (1976) and also has a national museum and art gallery (1968).

Gabriel In the Bible and the Qur’an, one of the archangels. In the Bible he was the heavenly messenger sent to explain Daniel’s visions; he also revealed to Zechariah the coming birth of John the Baptist and appeared to Mary in the Annunciation to tell her she was to be the mother of Jesus. In Christian tradition it is believed that he will blow the trumpet on Judg¬ ment Day. In the Qur’an he is known as JibrIl, and Muslims believe that he brought God’s revelations to Muhammad.

Gabriel or Gabriel Prosser (b. c. 1775, near Richmond, Va.—d. September 1800, Richmond, Va., U.S.) American slave who planned the first slave rebellion in U.S. history. Born to an African-born mother, he grew up as the slave of Thomas H. Prosser. In 1800 the deeply religious Gabriel planned a slave insurrection to create an independent slave state in Virginia with himself as king. Intending to attack Richmond and kill all whites except Frenchmen, Methodists, and Quakers, he assembled 1,000 slaves outside the city on August 30, but a violent rainstorm washed out bridges and scattered the rebels. Before they could reassemble, Gov. James Monroe learned of the plot and ordered out the state militia. Gab¬ riel and 34 others were arrested, tried, and hanged.

Gabrieli \,ga-bre-'e-le\, Andrea and Giovanni (respectively b. c. 1510-20, Venice—d. late 1586, Venice; b. c. 1556, Venice—d. Aug. 12?, 1612, Venice) Venetian composers. Andrea worked at the Bavarian court in Munich and in 1566 became an organist at St. Mark's Basilica in Ven¬ ice, where he remained the rest of his life. He wrote more than 200 mad¬ rigals and much other secular vocal music. His sacred vocal works, which number more than 150, include many splendid settings for church festi¬ vals; many were published posthumously in a collection called Concerti (1587). His nephew and student, Giovanni, joined him as organist at St. Mark’s in 1584. Like Andrea, he wrote numerous festive works for choirs and instrumental groups. His best-known works are those for instruments, especially wind instruments (canzonas, ricercars, sonatas, toccatas, etc.), which employ dramatic dynamic and spatial effects. His student Heinrich Schutz conveyed the Venetian style to Germany.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (b. Feb. 11, 1900, Marburg, Ger.—d. March 13, 2002, Heidelberg) German philosopher whose system of philosophi¬ cal hermeneutics, derived in part from the ideas of Wilhelm Dilthey, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, was influential in 20th-century Continental philosophy, aesthetics, theology, and literary criticism. The son of a chemistry professor, Gadamer studied the humanities at the univer¬ sities of Breslau, Marburg, Freiburg, and Munich, earning a doctorate in philosophy under Heidegger at Freiburg in 1922. He later taught at the universities of Frankfurt am Main (1947-49) and Heidelberg (from 1949), where he became professor emeritus in 1968. In his most important work, Truth and Method (1960), Gadamer developed a general theory of under¬ standing and interpretation modeled on the experience of art.

Gaddi Ygad-de\, Taddeo (b. c. 1300, Florence—d. 1366?, Florence) Italian painter active in Florence. He was the son of a painter and mosa- icist and a student of Giotto. His best-known works are frescoes in the church of Santa Croce in Florence. He directed a flourishing workshop for three decades, producing pictures in the style of Giotto but featuring more vivid picturesque effects with narrative detail. His son and pupil Agnolo (c. 1350-96) was an influential and prolific artist who likewise produced a notable series of frescoes for Santa Croce, The Legend of the True Cross (c. 1388-93).

Gaddis, William (Thomas) (b. Dec. 29, 1922, New York, N.Y., U.S.—d. Dec. 16, 1998, East Hampton, N.Y.) U.S. novelist. He attended Harvard University and later wrote speeches and screenplays. His long

experimental novels are characterized by complex and allusive plotting and language and a dark (if often humorous) view of contemporary Ameri¬ can society. His first, The Recognitions (1955), a multileveled examina¬ tion of spiritual bankruptcy, was only belatedly recognized as a masteipiece. Discouraged by its reception, he published nothing more until JR (1975, National Book Award), which depicts greed, hypocrisy, and banality in business. His later novels are Carpenter’s Gothic (1985) and A Frolic of His Own (1994, National Book Award).

Gadsden, James (b. May 15, 1788, Charleston, S.C., U.S.—d. Dec. 26, 1858, Charleston) U.S. soldier and diplomat. He was appointed an officer in the U.S. Army in 1812. He established military posts in Florida in 1820 and supervised the forced removal of Seminole Indians to reser¬ vations in southern Florida in 1823. In 1832 he negotiated a treaty for the removal of the Seminoles to the West, and he served in the war that fol¬ lowed the refusal of some Seminoles to leave Florida (see Seminole Wars). From 1840 to 1850 he was president of a South Carolina railroad. In 1853 he was appointed U.S. minister to Mexico and was instructed to buy land from Mexico for a southern railroad route (see Gadsden Purchase).

Gadsden Purchase (Dec. 30, 1853) U.S. purchase of land in Mexico. Following the conquest of much of northern Mexico in the Mexican War (1848), advocates of a southern transcontinental railroad endorsed the purchase of 30,000 sq mi (78,000 sq km) of northern Mexican territory, now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. The purchase was nego¬ tiated by James Gadsden, U.S. minister to Mexico, for $10 million. The acquisition fixed the borders of the later 48 contiguous states.

gadwall Small dabbling duck ( Anas strepera) that is a popular game bird, found throughout the upper Northern Hemisphere. Its largest breeding populations in North America are in the Dakotas and in Canada’s prairie provinces. The gadwall is brownish gray with white patches, visible only during flight, on the rear of the wings. Its preferred diet is stems and leaves of aquatic plants, supplemented by seeds and algae. Gadwalls often live in shallow freshwater ponds and marshes, often in mixed flocks with wigeons. Unlike wigeons, they rarely feed on land.

Gaea Vje-o\ Greek goddess of the earth. She was both mother and wife to Uranus, or Heaven, from whom she was separated by her son Cro¬ nus, a Titan. According to Hesiod, she was the mother of all 12 Titans, as well as of the Furies and the Cyclo¬ pes (see Cyclops). She may have originated as a mother goddess wor¬ shiped in pre-Hellenic Greece before the introduction of the cult of Zeus.

Gaelic Yga-lik\ football Irish sport, an offshoot of the violent medieval game melee. In the modern game, sides are limited to 15 players.

Players may not throw the ball but may dribble it with hand or foot and may punch or punt it toward their opponents’ goal. Goals count as either one or three points, depending on whether the ball passes above (one) or below (three) a crossbar attached to the goalposts. It is played mostly in Ireland and the U.S.

Gaelic language See Irish lan¬ guage; Scottish Gaelic language

Gaelic revival Resurgence of interest in Irish language, literature, history, and folklore inspired by the growing Irish nationalism of the early 19th century. With the 17th- century English conquest and settlement of Ireland, Irish almost disap¬ peared as a literary language. By the mid-19th century, translations of heroic tales from ancient Irish manuscripts led to the popularity, among the educated classes, of poets who wrote in patterns echoing ancient bardic verse. The revival laid the scholarly and nationalistic groundwork for the Irish Literary Renaissance. See also bard.

Gaea, terra-cotta statuette from Tana- gra, Greece; in the Mu see Borely, Marseille.

GIRAUDON/ART RESOURCE, NEW VORK

© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

726 i Gafencu ► galactic halo

Gafencu Xga-'fen-kiiV Grigore (b. Jan. 30,1892, Bucharest, Rom.—d. Jan. 30, 1957, Paris, France) Romanian politician. A journalist, he became editor of Argus (1924) and in the 1930s founded Timpul, which became Bucharest’s leading daily journal. He was elected to the Parliament in 1928 and served in various cabinet-level posts. In 1938 he was appointed foreign minister as a gesture to the Western democracies. He tried to maintain Romania’s neutrality in World War II, but in 1940 he was dis¬ missed to appease the Axis Powers. He left Romania in 1941 and even¬ tually settled in Paris.

gag rule Parliamentary device to limit debate; specifically, one of a series of resolutions passed by the U.S. Congress that tabled without dis¬ cussion petitions regarding slavery (1836-40). It was introduced by pro¬ slavery members to postpone consideration of antislavery petitions encouraged by the American Anti-Slavery Society. It was repealed in 1844 due to efforts of John Quincy Adams and others.

gagaku \ga-'ga-ku\ Traditional court and religious music of Japan. It first appeared in Japan as an import from Korea in the 5th century ad and had become established at court by the 8th century. Though little nota¬ tion from before the 12th century survives, a mostly later body of music continues to be performed at Shinto ceremonies. Gagaku employs trans¬ verse flute ( ryuteki ), double-reed pipe ( hichiriki ), mouth organ ( slid ), gong (shdko), drums, and stringed instruments including the biwa (see pipa) and koto. It may accompany dance ( bugaku ) or be played independently (kan- gen)\ it is further classified either as togaku, the so-called music of the left (which included Chinese and Indian materials), or as komagaku, the music of the right (including Korean examples). (The terms left and right were derived from the Confucian-based administration system of the capi¬ tal during the Heian period.)

Gagarin \g3-'gar-3n\, Yury (Alekseyevich) (b. March 9, 1934, near Gzhatsk, Russian S.F.S.R.—d. March 27, 1968, near Moscow) Soviet cosmonaut. Son of a carpenter on a collective farm, he graduated from the Soviet air force’s cadet school in 1957. In April 1961, aboard Vostok 1, he became the first human to travel into space. The spacecraft orbited Earth once in 1 hour 29 minutes. Gagarin’s flight brought him worldwide fame, and he was much honoured in the Soviet Union. He never went into space again, but he trained other cosmonauts. He was killed at age 34 when his jet crashed during a training flight.

Gahadavala dynasty \g9-h3-do-'va-l3\ (c. 1050-c. 1250) One of the many ruling families of North India on the eve of the 12th-13th century Muslim conquests. Its history illustrates all the features of the early medi¬ eval North Indian polity—dynastic hostilities and alliances, feudal-state structure, absolute dependence on Brahmanical social ideology, and vul¬ nerability in the face of external aggression. Muslim expansion eclipsed the Gahadavala dynasty in the early 13th century.

Gahanbar \ga-,han-'bar\ In Zoroastrianism, any of six festivals occur¬ ring at irregular intervals during the year and marking the change of sea¬ sons in Iran. Globally they are aligned with the six stages in the creation of the world: the heavens, water, the earth, vegetation, animals, and humanity. Each festival lasts five days. The Parsis celebrate the Gahanbar festivals in two stages, beginning with liturgical rites and sacrificial offer¬ ings and concluding with a solemn feast.

Gaia VgI-o\ hypothesis Model of the Earth in which its living and nonliving parts are viewed as a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. Developed c. 1972 largely by British chemist James E. Lovelock and U.S. biologist Lynn Margulis, the Gaia hypothesis is named for the Greek Earth goddess. It postulates that all living things have a regulatory effect on the Earth’s environment that pro¬ motes life overall; the Earth is homeostatic in support of life-sustaining conditions. The theory is highly controversial.

Gainsborough, Thomas (baptized May 14, 1727, Sudbury, Eng.—d. Aug. 2, 1788, London) British painter. At 13 he left his native Suffolk to study in London. By c. 1750, back in Suffolk, he had estab¬ lished a reputation in portraiture and landscape painting. He painted land¬ scapes for pleasure; portraiture was his profession. In 1759 he moved to the fashionable spa of Bath, where his works would be seen by a wider and wealthier public. In 1768 he became a founding member of the Royal Academy of Art. He developed an elegant, formal portrait style inspired by Anthony Van Dyck, whose influence can be seen in such portraits as his famous Blue Boy (1770). In 1774 he moved to London and became a favourite of the royal family, preferred above the official court painter,

Joshua Reynolds. His love of land¬ scape came from studying 17th- century Dutch artists and later Peter Paul Rubens, whose influence is evi¬ dent in The Watering Place (1777).

His output was prodigious; he pro¬ duced many landscape drawings in various media, and in his later years he also created images of seascapes, pastoral subjects, and children.

Gaitskell, Hugh (Todd Nay¬ lor) (b. April 9, 1906, London,

Eng.—d. Jan. 18, 1963, London)

British politician. He taught political economy at the University of Lon¬ don and in World War II served in the ministry of economic warfare. He entered the House of Commons in 1945 and became minister of fuel and power (1947-50) and chancellor of the Exchequer (1950-51). Chosen to succeed Clement R. Attlee as Labour Party leader in 1955, he reunited the party and moderated its policies before his sudden death.

Gajah Mada \'ga-ja-'ma-da\ (d. 1364) Prime minister of the Majapahit empire and a national hero in Indone¬ sia. Born a commoner, Gajah Mada rose to power on his intelligence, courage, and loyalty to King Jayana- gara (r. 1309-28), whom he restored to power after an insurrection. His feelings for the king changed when the latter took possession of his wife, and he subsequently had the king killed. During the reigns of Jayana- gara’s daughter Tribhuvana and grandson Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350- 89), Gajah Mada was the most pow¬ erful figure in Majapahit, conquering territories that may have included the entire Indonesian archipelago and part of Malaysia. A law book that had great significance in Javanese history was compiled under his instructions, and the principal poet of the era, Pra- pancha (fl. 14th century), eulogized Gajah Mada (his patron) in Nagarakrtagama, the epic of Majapahit.

Gajdusek Vgl-do-.shekV D(aniel) Carleton (b. Sept. 9, 1923, Yon¬ kers, N.Y., U.S.) U.S. physician and researcher. He received his M.D. from Harvard University. He provided the first medical description of the central-nervous-system disorder kuru, unique to the Fore people of New Guinea, and concluded that it was spread by their funeral custom of ritu¬ ally eating the deceased’s brains. With Clarence Gibbs, Jr., he proposed that it was caused by an extremely slow-acting virus. Though kuru is now known to be caused by prions, his study had significant implications for research into multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, and other degenerative neurological conditions. He shared a 1976 Nobel Prize with Baruch S. Blumberg.

galactic cluster See open cluster

galactic coordinate In astronomy, a galactic latitude or longitude, useful for describing the relative positions and motions of components of the Milky Way Galaxy. Galactic latitude is measured in degrees north or south of the plane of the Milky Way. Galactic longitude is measured in degrees east of the galactic centre in the constellation Sagittarius.

galactic halo In astronomy, a nearly spherical volume of thinly scat¬ tered stars, globular clusters, and tenuous gas observed surrounding spi¬ ral galaxies. It may extend far beyond the disk and contain most of the galaxy’s mass. The halo of the Milky Way Galaxy is thought to have a radius greater than 100,000 light-years and to be predominantly composed Of DARK MATTER.

The Morning Walk, oil on canvas by Thomas Gainsborough, 1785; in the National Gallery, London.

Terra-cotta head identified as Gajah Mada; in the Trawulan Site Museum, Indonesia